| | PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World GO ! | | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
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| | PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them GO ! | | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
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| | PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
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| | PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
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| | PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
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| | PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
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| | PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
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| | PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
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| | PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
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| | PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | | VA : | Bronzino is born | | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
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| | M : | Thomas Tallis born | | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| | PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Windsor | | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
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| | PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
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| | PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
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| | RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
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| | PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
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| | PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
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| | PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
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| | PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
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| | PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
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| | DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | | RP : | End of Lateran Council | | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
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| | PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
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| | PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
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| | PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | | RP : | Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
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| | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
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| | PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
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| | PH : | James V, King of Scotland | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | | RP : | Luther: German Mass | | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
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| | PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | | PH : | The Sack of Rome | | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
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| | RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
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| | PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | | ED : | University of Granada founded | | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
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| | M : | Orlande de Lassus born | | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| | PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | | VA : | Correggio dies |
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| | PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | | ST : | First diving bells | | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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| | PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| | PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| | RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd born | | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| | PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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| | PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
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| | ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
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| | PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | | ED : | University of Messina founded | | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
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| | RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
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| | ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | | ED : | University of Lima founded | | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
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| | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
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| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
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| | PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
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| | PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
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| | M : | Thomas Morley born | | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | | ED : | University of Jena founded | | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | | PH : | French retake Calais |
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| | PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | | ED : | University of Geneva founded | | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
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| | RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
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| | PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
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| | M : | John Dowland born | | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salò moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | | DL : | Plague in Paris | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton born | | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | | RP : | Council of Trent ends | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
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| | PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | | RP : | Scots' Psalter | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
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| | RP : | Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration | | ED : | Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae | | RP : | Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps | | RP : | Pope Pius IV dies | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections | | ST : | Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science | | DL : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London | | DL : | Pencils manufactured in England | | DL : | Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England |
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| | PH : | Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey | | RP : | Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland | | PH : | Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession | | RP : | Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V | | DL : | Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice |
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| | PH : | Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent | | PH : | Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency | | PH : | In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government | | ED : | Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.) | | RP : | Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy | | ED : | University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded | | ST : | Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean | | PH : | Rio de Janeiro founded | | DL : | Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May |
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| | PH : | Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II | | PH : | Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France | | PH : | Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king | | DL : | First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys | | RP : | First translation of the Bible into Czech | | RP : | Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible | | ED : | English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England | | RP : | Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts | | ST : | Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain | | DL : | Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder born |
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| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin | | ST : | Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter | | ST : | Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use | | DL : | 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic | | DL : | Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty | | PH : | Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden | | PH : | Imperial Diet meets at Speyer | | DL : | Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade | | PH : | Turks declare war on Venice | | LT : | Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama | | M : | Jean Antoine de Baïf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris | | ED : | Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education | | RP : | Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits | | RP : | Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I | | RP : | Missale Romanum issued by Pius V | | M : | Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy | | M : | Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso) | | ST : | Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps | | DL : | Nuremberg postal services begin |
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| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty | | PH : | Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots | | DL : | Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England | | RP : | Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy | | ED : | Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public | | RP : | Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments | | ED : | Harrow School founded by John Lyon | | ED : | Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price |
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| | LT : | John Donne born | | PH : | Dutch War of Independence begins | | PH : | Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective | | RP : | Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there | | PH : | Fourth War of Religion begins in France | | ED : | Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion | | ED : | Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae | | RP : | Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae | | RP : | Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII | | M : | "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona | | ST : | Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel | | ST : | Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way | | ST : | Society of Antiquaries founded in London | | DL : | Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem | | VA : | Bronzino dies | | LT : | Ben Jonson born 11 June |
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| | PH : | Peace of Constantinople ends war between Turks and Venice | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected King of Poland; returns to France to succeed his brother Charles IX | | PH : | Fourth Fr. War of Religion ends; Huguenots granted an amnesty | | PH : | Wan-Li begins reign as 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty in China | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum established in Rome | | RP : | François Hofman: Francogallia, a treatise on election and deposition of kings | | M : | Orlando di Lasso: Patrocinium musices | | ST : | Francis Drake sees Pacific Ocean for first time | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) born |
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| | PH : | Charles IX of France dies; succeeded by his brother Henry III, King of Poland | | PH : | Selim II, Sultan of Turkey dies; succeeded by Murad III | | PH : | Fifth French War of Religion | | RP : | First auto-da-fé in Mexico | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Discours sur les causes de l'extrême cherté en France, on luxury | | RP : | Hubert Languet: Vindiciae contra tyrannos, political theories of the Huguenots | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Ulissi Aldovrandi: Antidotarii Bononiensis epitome, a treatise on drugs | | ST : | Conrad Dasypodius builds the famous Strasbourg clock | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari dies |
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|
| | M : | Thomas Tallis : Motets, Cantiones sacrae
published jointly with William Byrd
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
(joint collection with Thomas Tallis
| | PH : | King Henry III of France crowned at Rheims | | PH : | Stephen Báthory of Transylvania becomes King of Poland | | PH : | Freedom from arrest granted by Eng. Parliament for its members and their servants | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain | | ED : | University of Leiden founded by William of Orange | | ST : | Tycho Brahe constructs an observatory at Uraniborg for Frederick II of Denmark | | ST : | George Turberville: Book of Falconrie | | DL : | Outbreaks of plague in Sicily, spreading through Italy up to Milan |
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| | PH : | Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed in Delft | | RP : | Edict of Beaulieu tolerating Reformed religion in France | | PH : | Emperor Maximilian II dies; succeeded by his brother Rudolf II | | ED : | Académy du Palais founded in Paris by Henry III, associated with Baïf's Académie of 1570 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: La république, advocating constitutional change | | RP : | League of Torgau, supporting opinions of the Lutherans, draws up Articles of Faith | | ED : | University of Warsaw, Poland, founded | | ST : | Clusius publishes his treatise on flowers of Spain and Portugal; beginning of modern botany | | ST : | Robert Norman, English hydrographer, discovers magnetic 'dip', or inclination | | ST : | François Viète introduces decimal fractions | | VA : | Titian dies |
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|
| | PH : | Henry of Navarre recognised head of Huguenot party | | PH : | Perpetual Edict to settle civil war in the Netherlands issued by Don John of Austria; rejected by William of Orange | | PH : | Sixth Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Peace of Bergerac ends sixth War of Religion | | RP : | William Allot: Thesaurus Bibliorum | | ED : | Richard Eden: History of Travel in East and West Indies | | RP : | Lutheran Book of Concord drafted | | ED : | William Harrison: Description of England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens born |
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| | PH : | Sebastian, King of Portugal, killed at Alcazar during invasion of Morocco | | PH : | John III of Sweden secretly converted to Catholicism | | PH : | Mohammed Khudabanda becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Otomo Yoshishige, one of chief rulers of Japan, converted to Christianity | | ED : | Jacques Cujas: Commentaries on Roman Law | | ED : | Eng. College of Douai removed to Rheims | | ST : | Catacombs of Rome discovered | | DL : | Work begun on Pont Neuf, oldest bridge over Seine River, Paris |
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| | PH : | Signing of Union of Utrecht marks foundation of Dutch Republic | | LT : | Stephen Gosson: The Schools of Abuse, against the theatre | | LT : | Thomas Lodge: A Defense of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays, answer to Gosson | | RP : | St. John of the Cross: Dark Night of the Soul |
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| | PH : | Seventh Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, kills his son and heir with his own hands | | RP : | Last performance of a miracle play in Coventry | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Démonomanie des sorciers, against witchcraft | | RP : | Jesuits Edmund Campion and Robert Parson land in England, begin Jesuit mission | | ED : | François de la Noue: 24 Discours politiques et militaires, Huguenot point of view on Fr. Wars of Religion | | RP : | Michel de Montaigne: Essais | | ST : | Francis Drake returns to England from voyage of circumnavigation | | DL : | Venice imports coffee from Turkey to Italy | | DL : | Earthquake in London | | DL : | New building banned in London to restrict growth of city | | VA : | Frans Hals born (year approximate) |
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|
| | RP : | Edmund Campion, Eng. Jesuit, tried for treason and executed | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII attempts to reconcile Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches | | PH : | James VI of Scotland signs Second Confession of Faith | | ED : | Lancelot Popelinière: Premier Livre de l'idée de l'histoire accomplieé, contemporary history | | M : | Vincenzo Galiglei: Dialogo della musica antica e moderna | | ST : | William Borough: A Discourse on the Variation of the Compass or Magneticall Needle | | ST : | Elizabeth I knights Francis Drake at Deptford | | ST : | Galileo Galilei discovers isochronous property of the pendulum | | DL : | Sedan chairs in general use in England |
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|
| | PH : | Raid of Ruthven: James VI kidnapped by Protestant nobles | | DL : | Gregorian Calendar adopted in Papal States, Spain, and Portugal, France and the Netherlands and Scandinavia | | PH : | Nobunaga, ruler of Japan, assassinated | | PH : | Venetian Constitution amended; authority of Council of Ten restricted | | ED : | George Buchanan: Rerum Scoticarum historiae | | RP : | Jesuit mission founded in China | | ED : | Utrecht Library founded | | ED : | University of Edinburgh founded | | ED : | Richard Hakluyt: Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America | | ST : | Urbain Hémand investigates the anatomy of the teeth | | DL : | Royal Navy gets graduated pay according to rank | | DL : | London's first waterworks founded; water wheels installed on London Bridge |
|
|
| | DL : | England adopts Gregorian Calendar | | PH : | James VI of Scotland escapes from hands of Ruthven raiders after 10 months | | LT : | Queen's Company of Players formed in London by Sir Edmund Tilney | | RP : | Francesco Sansovino: Del Governo et ammistrazione di diversi regni et republiche | | ED : | Joseph Justus Scaliger: Opus de emendatione temporum, foundation of modern chronology | | RP : | Sir Thomas Smith: De repubica Anglorum, on government machinery in England | | DL : | First known life insurance in England, on life of William Gibbons | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi born in September |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, dies; succeeded as Czar of Russia by his son Fyodor, who relinquishes most of his powers to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov | | ED : | Foundation of Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Lucca | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: Spaccio della bestia trionfante | | RP : | Nicholas Sanders: De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani | | RP : | Reginald Scot: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, attacking superstition | | ED : | Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay | | ED : | Uppingham School founded | | DL : | Dutch trading post founded at Archangel, Russia | | ST : | Sir Walter Raleigh discovers and annexes Virginia | | DL : | Banco di Rialto founded in Venice | | ST : | Oldest extant wave-swept lighthouse erected at Cordouan, at the mouth of the Gironde River |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England decline sovereignty of the Netherlands; but Elizabeth takes the Netherlands under her protection | | PH : | Hideyoshi sets up dictatorship in Japan | | LT : | Teatro Olimpico, in Vicenza, opened | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII dies; Cardinal Felice Peretti becomes Pope Sixtus V | | ED : | Jesuit University founded in Graz, Austria | | ST : | Simon Stevin formulates the law of equilibrium | | ST : | Lucas Janszoon Waghearen: Spiegel der Zeevaart, a book of sailing directions | | ST : | Bartholomew Newsam constructs first Eng. travelling and standing clocks | | M : | Heinrich Schütz born 9 October | | M : | Thomas Tallis dies 23 November |
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| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason at Fotheringay; sentence is pronounced against her; Elizabeth confirms it | | PH : | Abbas I becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, dies | | LT : | Beginning of Kabuki theatre, Japan | | LT : | William Webbe: Discourse of English Poetrie | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Annales ecclesiastici, history of the Roman Catholic Church | | PH : | Ludwig Pfyffer forms League of the Seven Swiss Catholic Cantons | | ED : | William Camden: Britannia, guide to the counties of Britain | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V fixes number of cardinals at 70; issues bull, "Detestablilis", forbidding usury | | DL : | Corn severely short in England |
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| | M : | Samuel Scheidt born | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book I of Madrigals
| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, executed at Fotheringay | | PH : | A son of King John of Sweden succeeds Stephen Báthory as Sigismund III of Poland | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V proclaims Catholic crusade for invasion of England | | LT : | First company of Eng. players in Germany | | RP : | Antonio Agustino: Dialogo de medallas y inscriciones, on numismatics (posth.) | | RP : | John Knox: Hystory of the Reformation in Scotland (posth.) | | RP : | Rederijckkunst, Dutch manual on rhetoric | | M : | Zeminoth Israel publishes early collection of Jewish songs | | DL : | Construction of Rialto Bridge, Venice, by Antonio da Ponte |
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| | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Sonets & Songs
| | PH : | Frederick II of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian IV | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, assassinated by order of Henry III; another brother, the Duke of Mayenne, becomes leader of Catholic League | | RP : | William Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh | | RP : | Jan Blahoslav's Czech translation of New Testament incorporated in Kralice Bible | | RP : | Thomas Stapleton: Tres Thomae, controversial Roman Catholic tract | | ED : | Vatican Library opened in Rome | | ST : | Joachim Camerarius: Hortus medicus | | ST : | Timothy Bright: An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character, manual of shorthand | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd : Songs of Sundrie Natures
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry III, King of France, last of the house of Valois, assassinated; on his deathbed he recognises Henry, King of Navarre, as his successor, who, as Henry IV, is the first Burbon to become King of France | | PH : | House of Commons first appoints a Standing Committee for Privileges | | LT : | Thomas Nashe: Anatomie of Absurdities, criticism of contemporary literature | | LT : | George Puttenham: The Arte of English Poesie | | RP : | Amador Arrais: Dialogues de Dom Frei Amador Arraiz, Port. conversations on moral and religious themes | | PH : | Boris Godunov asserts Moscow's religious independence of Constantinople | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Politicorum sive Civilis Doctrinae | | ED : | Kiev Academy founded | | ED : | Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Thoinot Arbeau: Orchésographie, early treatise on dancing, with several dance tunes | | ST : | Richard Hakluyt: The Principall Navigations and Discoveries of the English Nation | | DL : | Forks used for the first time at Fr. court | | DL : | The Reverend William Lee (Cambridge) invents the stocking frame, first knitting machine |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VI | | PH : | Catholic League proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon King Charles X of France in Jan; he dies in May | | PH : | Shah Abbas I of Persia makes peace with Turkey | | LT : | Ital. Commedia dell' arte company, "I Accesi", begins activities | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V dies; Cardinal Giambattista Castagna succeeds him as Pope Urban VII and dies 12 days later; Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrato becomes Pope Gregory XIV | | RP : | José de Acosta: Historia natural y moral de las Indias | | ST : | Galileo: De Motu, description of experiments on dropping of various bodies | | ST : | Coal mining begins in the Ruhr |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton: Harmonie of the Church | | M : | William Byrd : My Ladye Nevells Book
collection of keyboard pieces
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry IV of France excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIV | | PH : | Christian I of Saxony dies; succeeded by his eight-year-old son Christian II | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: De immenso et innumerabilis seu de universo et mundis | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIV dies; Cardinal Antonio Facchinetti becomes Pope Innocent IX | | ED : | Trinity College, Dublin, founded by Elizabeth I | | ST : | François Viète: In Artem analyticam isagoge, on using letters for algebraic quantities | | DL : | Skittle alleys, in use since the end of the 12th century, become popular in Germany | | LT : | Robert Herrick born in August |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard III and The Comedy of Errors | | LT : | John III of Sweden dies; succeeded by Sigismund III of Poland | | LT : | Emperor Rudolf II makes peace with Poland | | LT : | Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII | | LT : | Thomas Sanchez: De sacramento matrimonii, on religious and legal aspects of marriage | | LT : | Lodovico Zacconi: Prattica di musica, original edition | | LT : | Galileo: Della scienza mechanica, problems of raising weights | | ST : | Ruined Roman city of Pompeii discovered | | DL : | Plague kills 15,000 people in London | | DL : | Windmills used in Holland to drive mechanical saws |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus and The Taming of the Shrew | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Idea, the Shepherd's Garland and Peirs Gaveston | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
| | PH : | Rudolf II renews war against Turkey | | PH : | Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic, hearing Mass at St. Denis: "Paris is well worth a mass" | | LT : | London theatres closed because of the plague | | RP : | Pierre Charron: Les Trois Vérités, Fr. theological treatise | | ST : | First Fr. botanical gardens established by University of Montpellier | | ST : | Giambattista della Porta: De refractione, optices parte, with an account of binocular vision | | DL : | Sant' Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan | | LT : | George Herbert born 3 April | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, King John | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Matilda and Idea's Mirror | | M : | Thomas Morley : Madrigals to Four Voyces
| | PH : | Henry IV, having been crowned King of France at Chartres, enters Paris | | RP : | Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship | | LT : | London theatres open again in May | | ST : | Giordano Bruno seized by the Vatican for supporting Copernican theory of the universe | | RP : | Richard Hooker: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (vols 1-4) | | ED : | Piere Matthieu: Histoire des derniers troubles de France | | M : | Elizabeth I sends a Thomas Dallam organ to Sultan of Turkey | | M : | Dafne, by Jacopo Peri, first opera | | ST : | Galileo's Golden Rule | | VA : | Tintoretto dies | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies 2 February | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin born | | M : | Orlande de Lassus dies 14 June |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Endymion and Phoebe | | M : | Thomas Morley : First Book of Canzonets to Two Voyces
| | M : | Thomas Morley : First Book of Balletts
| | PH : | Henry IV declares war on Spain | | PH : | Dutch begin to colonise E. Indies | | PH : | Sultan Murad III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Mohammed III | | PH : | Peasant revolt in Upper Austria | | PH : | Pope Clement VIII absolves Henry IV, recognising him as King of France | | ED : | Andrew Maunsell: The Catalogue of English Printed Books | | ST : | Andreas Libavius: Opera omnia medicochymica | | ST : | Mercator's atlas published (posth.) | | ST : | English army abandons bow as weapon of war | | DL : | First appearance of heels on shoes | | DL : | Warsaw, capital of Poland |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Robert, Duke of Normandy and Mortimeriados | | PH : | Decrees of Folembray end war of Catholic League in France | | PH : | Pacification of Ireland | | PH : | Peace between Japan and China after Japanese fail to invade Korea | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Martyrologum Romanum | | ED : | Gresham College, London, founded | | ST : | Galileo invents thermometer | | ST : | J.Kepler: Di admirabili proportione coelestium orbium | | ST : | G.D. Rheticus: Trigonometric Tables (posth.) | | ST : | Ludolph van Ceulen's "Van den Circkel" gives ration of the diameter to the circumference of a circle to twenty places | | DL : | Tomatoes introduced in England | | DL : | First water closets installed at the Queen's Palace, Richmond |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Merry Wives of Windsor | | LT : | Michael Drayton: England's Heroical Epistles | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
or Little Short Airs to Five and Six Voices
| | M : | John Dowland : First Booke of Songes or Ayres
| | PH : | Second Span. Armada leaves for England; scattered by storms | | PH : | Philip II opens peace talks with Henry IV | | PH : | Re-Catholicisation of Upper Austria effected by force | | PH : | William V, Duke of Bavaria, abdicates in favour of his son Maximilian I, then retires to a monastery | | ED : | Aldine Press, Venice, founded 1494, ceases after publication of 908 works. | | RP : | Sir Francis Bacon: Essays, Civil and Moral | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Inventaire général de l'histoire de France | | RP : | James VI of Scotland: Demonologie, on witchcraft | | M : | John Dowland: First Book of Songes | | M : | Thomas Morley: A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musick | | DL : | Engl. Act of Parliament prescribes sentences of transportation to colonies for convicted criminals | | DL : | Eng. merchants expelled from Holy Roman Empire in retaliation for treatment of the Hanseatic League in London | | ST : | First field hospitals and field dispensaries |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry IV, Much Ado About Nothing | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Every Man in His Humour | | PH : | Fyodor I of Russia dies; Boris Godunov, seizing throne, formally elected Czar of Russia by national assembly | | PH : | Treaty of Ponts de Cé ends civil war in France | | PH : | Peace of Vervins: Philip II resigns claim to Fr. crown; country united under Henry IV as single sovereign | | PH : | King Philip II of Spain dies; succeeded by Philip III | | PH : | Hideyoshi of Japan dies; his successor, Ieyasu Tokugawa, restores shogunate which endures until the revolution of 1867-68 | | RP : | Juan de Mariana: De rege et regis institutione, on kingship | | RP : | Edict of Nantes grants Fr. Huguenots freedom of worship (revoked, 1685) | | ED : | John Florio: A World of Wordes, Eng.-Ital. dictionary | | RP : | John Manwood: Treatise on the Laws of the Forest | | RP : | Philibert Mareschal: Le Guide des arts et sciences | | ED : | Francis Meres: Palladis Tamia, anthology of quotations for 125 Eng. writers | | ED : | Sir Thomas Bodley begins rebuilding of library at Oxford | | ED : | Reorganisation of the University of Paris by Henry IV | | ST : | Carlo Ruini: Dell' anatomia e dell' infirmità de cavallo, e suoi remedii, manual of veterinary science | | ST : | Korean Admiral Visunsin invents iron-clad warship | | ST : | Tycho Brahe: Astronomicae Instauratae Mechanica, account of his discoveries and description of his instruments | | VA : | Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It | | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Every Man Out of His Humour | | PH : | Duke of Sully, Fr. superintendent of finances, reforms taxation, economic policy, overseas trade and agriculture | | PH : | Swedish Diet, deposing Sigismund III, proclaims Charles of Södermanland ruler as Charles IX | | LT : | Building of the Glove Theatre, Southwark, London, where Shakespeare's plays are performed | | RP : | James VI of Scotland: Basilikon doron, on divine right of kings | | ST : | Ulissi Aldrovandi, Ital. naturalist, publishes his studies in ornithology | | ST : | In Marseilles first chamber of commerce founded | | DL : | Outbreak of plague in Spain | | DL : | First postal rates fixed in Germany | | VA : | Anthony van Dyck born | | VA : | Diego Velázquez born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Hamlet | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Cynthia's Revels | | LT : | Michael Drayton: The First Part of Sir John Oldcastle | | M : | Thomas Morley : First
Book of Ayres
| | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.II
| | PH : | Henry IV marries Maria de'Medici | | PH : | Ieyasu, defeating his rivals at Sekigahara, sets himself up as unquestioned ruler in Japan; he moves capital from Kyoto to Ydo (Tokyo) | | LT : | Fortune Theatre, London, opened | | RP : | Giordano Bruno burned as heretic in Rome | | RP : | Persecution of Catholics in Sweden under Charles IX | | ED : | Scottish College founded in Rome | | M : | Harps used in orchestras | | M : | Recorder becomes popular in England | | ST : | William Gilbert: De Magnete, treatise on magnetism and electricity | | ST : | Ger. Athanasius Kircher invents magic lantern | | ST : | Dutch opticians invent the telescope | | DL : | Amsterdam Bank founded | | DL : | Wigs and dress trains become fashionable |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, Troilus and Cressida | | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Poetaster | | M : | Thomas Morley : Triumphs of Oriana
| | PH : | Earl of Essex leads revolt against Elizabeth I; is tried for treason and executed | | PH : | Michael, Prince of Moldavia, assassinated by Hungarians | | PH : | Elizabeth I, in her "Golden Speech" to Parliament, surveys achievements of her reign | | DL : | Abolition of monopolies in England | | PH : | The "False Dmitri", claiming to be a son of Czar Ivan IV, appears in Poland, winning support for an invasion of Russia | | RP : | Pierre Charron: De la sagesse, a system of Stoic philosophy | | ED : | University of Parma founded | | M : | Caccini's new vocal style: "Nuove musiche" | | ST : | Kepler becomes astronomer and astrologer to Emperor Rudolf II | | ST : | John Lancaster leads first East India Company voyage from Torbay to Sumatra | | RP : | Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci admitted to Peking | | DL : | Postal agreement between Germany and France | | DL : | Many Ger. "Badestuben" (type of brothel) closed by authorities, owing to spread of venereal disease |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well | | PH : | War between Persia and Turkey | | LT : | Thomas Campion Observations in the Art of English Poesie | | RP : | Conrad Kircher: A Concordance to the Septuagint | | RP : | Emperor Rudolf II, continues persecution of Protestants in Hapsburg lands, Moravian Brethren meetings suppressed | | ED : | Ambrosian Library, Milan, founded | | ED : | Bodleian Library, Oxford, opened | | ST : | Thomas Blondeville: Theoriques of the Planets | | ST : | Tycho Brahe: Astronomia Instaurate progymnasmata gives plans of 777 fixed stars (posth.) | | DL : | Dutch East India Company founded (first modern public company) | | ST : | Galileo investigates laws of gravitation and oscillation | | DL : | Paris Charité founded | | M : | Thomas Morley dies in October |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Sejanus, His Fall | | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.III
| | PH : | Queen Elizabeth I of England dies; suceeded by her cousin James VI of Scotland as James I of England and Ireland | | PH : | Amnesty in Ireland | | PH : | Mohammed III, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Ahmad I | | PH : | Revolts in Transylvania against Emperor Rudolf II | | PH : | Tokugawa family obtains shogunate in Japan and keeps it | | LT : | Samuel Daniel: A Defence of Rhyme, in reply to Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesie | | ED : | The Standard Grammer by Nudozersky leads to development of modern Czech language | | RP : | Johannes Althusias: Politica methodice digesta a grammar of politics | | RP : | Richard Knolles: General Historie of the Turkes | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Besard: Thesaurus harmonicus collection of lute music | | M : | Thomas Robinson: School of Musicke | | ST : | Founding of Accademia dei Lincei, Rome | | ST : | Benedito de Goes, a lay Jesuit, sets out for India in search of Cathay | | ST : | Fabricio di Acquapendente discovers the valves in vein | | DL : | Heavy outbreak of plague in England | | LT : | Elizabeth I dies 24 March |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, Othello | | M : | Orlande de Lassus : Magnum opus musicum
Volume of 516 motets that his sons published after his death
| | M : | John Dowland : Lachrimae
(Seaven Teares Figured in Seven Passionate Pavans for lutes, viols, or violins in five parts)
| | PH : | "False Dmitri", claimant to Russ. throne, defeated by Czar Boris Godunov | | PH : | Sigismund III of Sweden finally deposed, his uncle Charles IX assuming title of king | | PH : | Peace between England and Spain | | PH : | England and France sign commercial treaty | | RP : | Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London, elected Archbishop of Canterbury | | RP : | Robert Cawdrey: A Table Alphabetical | | ED : | University of Oxford and University of Cambridge granted privilege of Parliamentary representation (withdrawn 1948) | | VA : | Karel van Mander: Het Schilderboek, history of art | | M : | Company of Musicians incorporated in London | | M : | Negri: Inventioni di balli, on dance technique | | ST : | Voyages of Engl. East India Company to Java, the Moluccas, and Agra | | ST : | King James I: Counterblast to Tobacco | | ST : | Johann Kepler: Optics | | DL : | Tomsk founded by Russ. Cossacks |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: King Lear | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Blacknesse | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Volpone, or The Fox | | M : | William Byrd : Gradualia
Vol.I
| | PH : | Czar Boris Godunov dies; succeeded by his son Fyodor II; on entry of "False Dmitri" into Moscow Fyodor is assassinated, Dmitri being crowned Czar of Russia | | PH : | Akbar, Mogul Emperor of India dies; succeeded by his son Jahangir | | PH : | Guy Fawkes arrested in cellars of Parliament, accused of trying to blow up House of Lords during James I's state opening of Parliament (The Gunpowder Plot) | | PH : | Ieyasu retires; his son Hidetada succeeds him as ruler of Japan | | LT : | First permanent Ger. theatre in Cassel | | RP : | Sir Francis Bacon: The Advancement of Learning | | RP : | Pope Clement VIII dies; Alessandro de'Medici elected Pope Leo XI | | RP : | Pope Leo XI dies; Camillo Borghese elected Pope Paul V | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Monita et exemplá politica, on organization of the state | | ST : | Gaspard Bauhin: Theatrum anatomicum, modern anatomy | | DL : | Eng. government farms all customs revenue to a London consortium of merchants for an annual rent | | DL : | Newspaper Nieuwe Tijdenghen issued in Antwerp | | DL : | Bibliotteca Anglica, first public library in Rome, founded |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Poems Lyric and Pastoral | | PH : | King James I's proclamation for a national flag | | PH : | "False Dmitri" assassinated by the boyar Vasili Shuisky; Shhisky is elected Czar | | PH : | Peace treaty between Turks and Austrians signed at Zsitva-Torok | | RP : | Johann Arndt: Wahres Christentum | | RP : | Joseph Justus Scaliger:Thesaurus temporum, chronology of ancient times | | M : | First open-air opera in Rome | | ST : | Galileo Galilei invents proportional compass | | ST : | Founding of Society of Apothecaries and Grocers, and of Fruiterer's Company in London | | VA : | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, Pericles | | LT : | John Donne: Divine Poems | | M : | William Byrd : Gradualia
Vol.II
| | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.IV
| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, La Favola d'Orfeo
('The Fable of Orpheus')
| | PH : | Charles IX crowned King of Sweden | | PH : | Union of England and Scotland rejected by Eng. Parliament | | RP : | Joseph Calasanza organises in Rome the Brotherhood of Piarists | | ED : | John Cowell: The Interpreter, a law dictionary | | ST : | Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, first Engl. settlement on American mainland | | ST : | John Norden, Eng. topographer: The Surveyors' Dialogue, manual of surveying | | DL : | Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Beauty | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi :
Set of open-score fantasias
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of madrigals
| | PH : | Protestant States of Rhineland form Protestant Union under Christian of Anhalt and Frederick IV of the Palatinate | | PH : | Jesuit State of Paraguay established | | RP : | St.Francis de Sales: Introduction à la vie dévote | | ED : | Edward Grimestone: A General History of the Netherlands | | RP : | William Perkins: A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchecraft (posth.) | | ST : | Dutch scientist Johann Lippershey invents the telescope | | ST : | Samuel de Champlain founds a Fr. settlement at Quebec | | ST : | Galileo constructs astronomical telescope | | DL : | First checks "cash letters" in use in Netherlands | | DL : | Royal Blackheath Golf Club, London, founded |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Cymbeline; unauthorized publication of Sonnets | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Queens and Epicoene: or, The Silent Woman | | M : | Orlande de Lassus : Jubilus B. Mariae Virginis
100 settings of the Magnificat, published by his sons after his death
| | PH : | Twelve years truce between Spain and Holland | | RP : | Bacon: De sapienta veterum | | RP : | Catholic League of Ger. princes formed at Munich against Protestant Union of May 1608 | | ED : | Garcilaso de la Vaga: History of the Conquest of Peru | | RP : | Congregation of Female Jesuits founded (dissolved by Pope Urban VIII) | | RP : | Hugo Grotius: Mare Librum , advocating freedom of the sea | | RP : | The Emperor Rudolf II permits freedom of religion in Bohemia | | M : | Orlando Gibbons: Fantazies of Three Parts., first example of engraved music in England | | ST : | Charles Butler: De fiminine monarchie, or a Treatise concerning Bees | | ST : | Henry Hudson explores Delaware Bay and Hudson River | | ST : | Johann Kepler: De motibus stellae Maris | | DL : | Founding of Bank of Amsterdam | | DL : | Founding of Charterhouse public school | | DL : | Tea from China shipped for first time to Europe by Dutch East India Company | | DL : | Tin-enameled ware made at Delft |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale | | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Alchemist | | LT : | John Donne: Pseudo-Martyr and A Funerall Elegie | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Vespers
| | PH : | Henry IV of France assassinated; succeeded by his son Louis XIII (age 9), with Maria de'Medici as Regent | | PH : | Prince Henry, eldest son of King James I, created Prince of Wales | | PH : | Czar Vasili Shisky deposed; Russ throne offered to Vladislva, son of Sigismund III of Poland | | PH : | Elector Palatine Frederick IV dies; succeeded by his son Frederick V | | LT : | Academy of Poetry founded at Padua | | RP : | John Cowell's Interpreter burned by the common hangman for enhancing authority of the crown | | RP : | St. Francis de Sales founds, with Mme. de Chantal, Order of the Visitation nuns | | ED : | Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham found Wadham College, Oxford | | ST : | Jean Beguin: Tyrocinium chymicum, first textbook on chemistry | | ST : | Galileo observes Jupiter's satellites, naming them "sideria Medicea" | | ST : | Thomas Harriott discovers sunspots | | ST : | Nicolas Pieresc discovers Orion nebula | | ST : | John Speed: Theatrum of Great Britain, collection of maps | | DL : | Dutch East India Company introduces the term "share" | | ED : | The Stationers' Company begins to send a copy of every book printed in England to Bodleian Library, Oxford | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) dies |
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|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Tempest | | LT : | John Donne: An Anatomy of the World and Ignatius his Conclave | | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Songs & Sonnets
| | PH : | Dissolution of Parliament by James I | | PH : | War of Calmar declared by Denmark on Sweden | | PH : | Archduke Matthias crowned King of Bohemia; the Emperor Rudolf II resigns Bohemian crown | | PH : | Charles IX of Sweden dies , Gustavus II elected King | | LT : | George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Iliad | | RP : | Authorized version of the Holy Bible "King James Bible" published | | RP : | Etienne Pasquier: Les Recherches de la France | | ED : | John Speed: A History of Great Britain | | ED : | University of Rome founded | | ST : | Marco de Dominis published scientific explanation of rainbow | | DL : | Dutch merchants permitted to trade in Japan | | DL : | James I institutes the baronetage as a means of raising money |
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| | LT : | Anne Bradstreet born | | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VIII | | LT : | George Herbert publishes first verses (two memorial poems in Latin on the death of Prince Henry, the heir apparent) | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Poly-Olbion | | LT : | John Donne: Of the Progress of the Soul | | PH : | The Emperor Rudolf II dies; succeeded by Matthias, King of Bohemia | | PH : | Treaty between the Dutch and the King of Kandy in Ceylon | | ED : | Accademia della Crusca publishes the Ital. Vocabolario | | RP : | Jakob Böhme: Aurora, oder Morgenröte im Aufgant, mystical philosophy | | RP : | Last recorded burning of heretics in England | | RP : | Sir John Davies: Discoverie of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Not Entirely Subdued | | RP : | Roger Fenton: Treatie of Usurie | | ST : | Simon Marius rediscovers Andromeda nebula | | ST : | Antonio Neri: L'Arte vetraria, manual on glassmaking | | ST : | Bartholomew Pitiscus, Ger. Mathematician, uses decimal point in his trigonometrical tables | | ST : | John Smith: A Map of Virginia | | ST : | Earliest colonisation of the Bermudas from Virginia | | DL : | Tobacco planted in Virginia |
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|
| | PH : | Peace of Knärod ends Dan.-Swed. War of Calmar | | PH : | Protestant Union of Germany signs treaty of alliance with Holland | | PH : | Eng. colonists in Virginia destroy Fr. settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; prevent Fr. colonisation of Maryland | | PH : | Michael Romanov, son of the patriarch of Moscow, elected Czar of Russia, founding the House of Romanov | | PH : | Turks invade Hungary | | LT : | Fire destroys Globe Theatre, London | | RP : | Oliver de Serra: The Causes of Wealth | | RP : | Francisco Suarez: Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores | | M : | Pietro Cerone: El Malopeo y maestro, musical history and theory | | ST : | Samuel de Champlain explores Ottawa River to Alumette Island | | DL : | Amsterdam Exchange built | | DL : | Belfast granted charter of incorporation | | DL : | Copper coins come into use | | DL : | John Dennys: The Secrets of Angling |
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|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Bartholomew Fair | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book VI of Madrigals
(including 'Arianna's Lament')
| | PH : | James I's second Parliament - "The Addled Parliament" - meets and refuses to discuss finance; dissolved | | PH : | Maria, Queen Regent of France, summons the States General of France to counteract power of nobility | | PH : | Treaty of Xanten: Jülich-Cleves divided between Brandenburg and Neuburg | | PH : | Virginian colonists prevent Fr. settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia | | ED : | Sir Walter Raleigh: The History of the World | | DL : | Danish East India Company founded | | ED : | University of Groningen, Holland, founded | | RP : | John Napier: Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio | | ST : | Santorio Santorio: De medicina statica, study of metabolism and perspiration | | DL : | Founders' Company, London, incorporated | | DL : | The North American Pocahontas, an Indian princess, marries John Rolfe; from their son descend many celebrated persons |
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|
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : First Book of Toccatas
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of ricercari
| | PH : | Peace of Tyrnau: the Emperor Matthias recognises Bethlen Gabor as Prince of Transylvania; confirms treaty with Turks | | LT : | George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Odyssey | | RP : | William Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum, of the reign of Elizabeth I | | ED : | Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné's Histoire Universelle, a Huguenot-inspired survey from 1553 to 1602, officially burnt in Paris | | RP : | Jesuits count 13,112 members in 32 provinces | | RP : | Antoine de Montchrétien: Traité de l'économie politique, mercantilistic tendencies | | ST : | Galileo Galilei faces the inquisition for the first time | | DL : | Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung founded by Egenolph Emmel | | DL : | Merchant Adventurers granted monopoly for export of Eng. cloth |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Devil is an Ass and Works, in folio | | PH : | Sir Walter Raleigh released from Tower to lead expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado | | PH : | Ieyasu of Japan dies; succeeded by Hidetada, a militant enemy of Christianity | | PH : | James I begins to sell peerages to improve serious financial position | | PH : | War between Venice and Austria | | RP : | Johann Valentin Andrea: Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosenkreutz, beginning of formation of the Rosicrucians | | RP : | Paulus Bolduanus: Bibliotheca philosophica | | RP : | Catholic oppression intensified in Bohemia | | RP : | St.Francis de Sales: Traité de l'amour de Dieu | | RP : | Notre Dame Cathedral, Antwerp, finished | | M : | Collegium Musicum founded at Prague | | ST : | William Baffin discovers Baffin Bay while searching for a Northwest Passage | | ST : | First rounding of Cape Horn by Willem Schouter and Jacob Lemaire | | ST : | Galileo prohibited by Catholic Church from further scientific work | | ST : | John Smith: A Description of New England GO ! | | ST : | Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius discovers the law of refraction | | DL : | Gustavus Selenus: Chess, or the Game of Kings | | LT : | William Shakespeare dies 23 April |
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| | PH : | Peace of Stolbovo ends war between Russia and Sweden; Gustavus Adolphus recognises Czar Michael, returns to Novgorod, and obtains Karelia | | LT : | James I makes Ben Jonson poet laureate | | ED : | Duytsche Academie founded in Amsterdam | | RP : | Papal bull of Leo X: Epistolae obscurorum virorum | | M : | J.H.Schein: Banchetto musicale, first dance suite | | ST : | Willebrord Snellius established technique of trigonometrical triangulation for cartography | | DL : | "Stuart collars" become a fashion for men and women | | VA : | Gerard Ter Borch born |
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| | LT : | John Donne: Holy Sonnets | | PH : | Peace of Madrid ratified, ending war between Venice and Austria | | PH : | Prince Philip William of Orange dies; succeeded by his brother Maurice of Nassau | | PH : | Count Matthias von Thurn leads Bohemians to revolt against Catholic policy of the Regents in Prague | | PH : | Defenestration in Prague, when the Regents Jaroslav von Martinitz and William Slawata are thrown down from windows in Hradcany Palace by the rebels; beginning of Thirty Years' War | | PH : | Ferdinand of Styria crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Duke Alber of Prussia dies; his possessions pass to the Electorate of Brandenburg | | PH : | Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England and is executed | | PH : | Poland signs two-year truce with Sweden, 14-years truce with Turkey | | LT : | Marquise de Rambouillet starts her literary salon in Paris | | LT : | Teatro Farnese opened at Parma | | RP : | Robert Balfour: Commentarii in organum logicum Aristotelis | | RP : | John Stow and E.Howes: Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles | | ST : | Martin Böhme: Ein neu Buch von bewehrten Rosz-Arzteneyen, veterinary science | | DL : | Founding of Dutch West African Company | | ST : | Kepler: Harmonices mundi, stating the third law of planetary motion | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, issues Pharmacopoia Londinensis | | ST : | Johann Jakob Scheuchzer: Natural History of the Swiss Landscape | | DL : | James I: Book of Sports, the Puritans object to playing of popular sports | | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh dies 29 October | | LT : | Richard Lovelace born 6 December |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Psalmen Davids
| | PH : | Maria de'Medici challenges power of her son Louis XIII of France; Treaty of Angoulém ends conflict | | PH : | The Emperor Matthias dies; Archduke Ferdinand, who assumes crown of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Bohemian Diet deposes Ferdinand, and elects Frederick V, Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James I of England, King of Bohemia; Frederick, "The Winter King", crowned in Prague | | PH : | First representative colonial assembly in America held at Jamestown, VA | | RP : | Johann Valentin Andreae: Chritianopolis | | RP : | Jakob Böhmne: On the Principles of Christianity | | RP : | Hugo Grotius: De veritate religionis Christianae | | RP : | Pietro Sarpi: Istoria del Concilio Tridentino published in London | | RP : | Luciló Vanini, Ital. Catholic philosopher, burned as a heretic | | ED : | Dulwich College, London, founded | | ST : | John Bainbridge: An Astronomical Description of the Late Comet | | ST : | Jan Pieters Coen, Dutch explorer founds Batavia | | ST : | William Harvey announces his discovery of the circulation of the blood | | DL : | Giro-Bank, Hamburg, founded to improve "desolate state of currency" | | DL : | A Dutch ship brings the first permanent African settlers to Jamestown |
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| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Cantiones sacrae
| | PH : | Revolt of Fr. nobles against Louis XIII; Richelieu makes peace | | PH : | War between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline | | PH : | Agreement of Ulm between Ger. Catholic League and Protestant Union | | PH : | Pilgrim Fathers, leave Plymouth, England, in "Mayflower" and found Plymouth Colony in Mass. GO ! | | RP : | Battle of the White Mountain near Prague: Protestant clergy expelled | | RP : | Johan Heinrich Alsted: Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta | | RP : | Francis Bacon: Instauratio magna: novum organum scientiarum | | M : | Michael Praetorius: Syntagma musicum, musical encyclopedia | | ST : | Edmund Gunter: Canon triangulorum, treatise on logarithms | | ED : | Uppsala University Library founded | | ST : | J.P. Bonet: The Art to Teach Dumb People to Speak, Span. manual | | DL : | Oliver Cromwell denounced because he participates in the "disreputable game of cricket" | | VA : | Aelbert Cuyp born |
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| | PH : | Frederick V, Elector Palatine, placed under the ban of the Holy Roman Empire; war moves from Bohemia to the Palatinate | | PH : | Francis Bacon, charged in Parliament with corruption, is fined £40,000, imprisoned, and declared incapable of holding office; pardoned by the King | | PH : | Philip III of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Philip IV | | PH : | Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII | | PH : | Twelve years truce between Holland and Spain ends; war resumed | | LT : | Fortune Theatre, London, burnt down | | RP : | Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy | | RP : | Pope Paul V dies; Alexander Ludovisi becomes Pope Gregory XV | | ST : | English attempt to colonise Newfoundland and Nova Scotia | | ST : | Dutch West India Company chartered | | ST : | Johann Kepler: The Epitome of the Copernican Astronomer banned by the Roman Catholic Church | | ED : | University of Strasbourg opened | | DL : | Corante, or newes from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine, and France, first periodical published with news issued in London | | DL : | Potatoes planted in Germany for first time | | LT : | Andrew Marvell born 31 March | | LT : | Henry Vaughan born 17 April | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck dies 16 October |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand II and Bethlen Gabor sign peace treaty | | PH : | Treaty of Montpellier ends rebellion of the Huguenots | | PH : | James I dissolves Eng. Parliament | | ED : | Francis Bacon: History of the Regin of Henry VII | | RP : | Jaboc Böhme: De signatura rerum | | RP : | Pope Gregory XV canonises Philip Neri and grants Piarists a constitution | | RP : | Bacon: Historia naturalis et experiementalis | | ED : | Benedictine University of Salzburg founded | | RP : | Camillio Baldo: Treatise of How to Perceive from a Letter the Nature and Character of the Person Who Wrote It | | DL : | Papal chancellery adopts 1 January as beginning of the year - up to then, 25 March | | DL : | Weekeley Newes issued in London for the first time |
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| | PH : | Commercial treaty between Holland and Persia | | PH : | Gustavus Adolphus reforms central administration of Sweden | | LT : | Maciej Sarbiewski, the "Polish Horace", crowned laureate in Rome by the Pope | | RP : | William Drummond: A Cypresse Grove philosophical thoughts on death | | RP : | Pope Gregor XV dies; Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII | | ED : | Bibliotheca Palatina removed from Heidelberg to Rome | | ST : | New Netherlands in America formally organised as a province | | ST : | First Eng. settlement in New Hampshire | | DL : | Patents law in England, to protect inventors | | M : | William Byrd dies 4 July |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of caprices
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Tabulatura Nova
| | PH : | James I's last Parliament; monopolies declared illegal | | PH : | England declares war on Spain | | PH : | Virginia Company charter annulled; Virginia becomes crown colony | | PH : | Cardinal Richelieu made first minister of France | | LT : | Saruwaka Kanzaburo opens first Jap. theatre in Yedo | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De veritate, foundation of theory of Eng. deism | | RP : | John Donne: Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions | | ST : | Henry Briggs: Arithmetica logarithmica | | RP : | Antonio de Andrade leaves Jesuit mission at Agra to explore the Himalayas and Tibet | | ED : | Pembroke College, Oxford, founded | | ED : | Captain John Smith: A General Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles | | ST : | Dutch settle in New Amsterdam | | ST : | First Eng. settlement in eastern India | | ST : | Johannes Baptista van Helmont, Belg. scientist, coins the name "gas" for compressible fluid |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Staple of News | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Cantiones sacrae
| | PH : | James I of England (James VI of Scotland) dies; succeeded by Charles I of England and Scotland | | DL : | Plague in London | | LT : | Martin Opitz crowned poet laureate in Vienna | | RP : | Francis Bacon: Of Masques and Triumphs | | ED : | Hugo Grotius: De jure belli et pacis, on international law | | RP : | Order of Sisters of Mercy founded in Paris | | ST : | Johann Rudolf Glauber discovers Glauber's salt | | DL : | First Eng. settlement on Barbados, under Sir William Courteen | | DL : | First fire engines in England | | DL : | Hackney coaches appear in streets of London | | DL : | Introduction of full-bottomed wigs in Europe | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder dies |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Der Psalter nach Cornelius Becker
| | PH : | Knighthoods for all Englishmen with property over £40 year, to help king's revenue | | PH : | Peace of La Rochelle between Huguenots and Fr. crown | | PH : | Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain confirms independence of the Grisons | | PH : | Duchy of Urbino bequeathed to the Pope by last of the Della Rovere family | | RP : | John Donne: Five Sermons | | RP : | Joseph Hall: Contemplations | | ED : | Irish College in Rome founded | | RP : | Sir Henry Spelman: Glossarium archeologicum | | M : | Professorship of music founded at Oxford University | | ST : | Fr. "Company for the Islands of America" incorporated | | ST : | Jardin des Plantes established in Paris | | ST : | Salem, Mass settled | | ST : | Santorio Santorio, Ital. physician, measures human temperature with the thermometer for the first time | | DL : | A royal edict condemns anyone to death who kills his adversary in a duel in France | | PH : | Peter Minuit, director-general of Dutch West India Company's settlement in N. America, buys the entire Island of Manhattan from native Indian chiefs | | PH : | Dutch colony of New Amsterdam founded on Hudson river | | M : | John Dowland dies 21 January |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton: The Battle of Agincourt, The Miseries of Queen Margaret, and Nymphidia, the Court of Faëry | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Second Book of Toccatas
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Opera, Dafne
| | PH : | Huguenots rise again | | PH : | Vincent II, Duke of Mantua, last of the Gonzagas, dies; Charles, Duke of Nevers, claims succession | | PH : | Korea becomes a tributary state of China | | PH : | Richelieu signs treaty with Spain | | PH : | Shah Jahan, succeeding his father Jahangir, becomes the Great Mogul of India | | LT : | Lope de Vega made theological doctor by the Pope | | ED : | Collegium de Propaganda Fide founded | | RP : | Gabriel Naude: Avis pour dresser une bibliothèque, on librarianship | | RP : | Alessandro Tassoni: Manifesto, attacks the House of Savoy | | M : | Heinrich Schütz: Dafne, first Ger. opera, libretto by Martin Opitz, given at Torgau | | VA : | Francis Bacon: New Atlantis, plans for a national museum of science and art (posth.) | | ST : | Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company | | ST : | Johann Kepler compiles the Rudophine Tables, giving places of 1,002 fixed stars | | DL : | "Company of New France", Canada, incorporated by Richelieu | | DL : | Swedish South Sea Company founded |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of instrumental canzoni
(revised in 1634)
| | PH : | Third Parliament of Charles I meets; Oliver Cromwell enters it as Member for Huntingdon | | PH : | Swed-Dan. treaty for defence of Stralsund; Gustavus Adolphus enters Thirty Years' War | | RP : | The Alexandrian Codex presented to Charles I by patriarch of Constantinople | | ED : | Johann Amos Comenius: Informatorium der Mutterschul, on primary education | | RP : | René Descartes: Règles pour la direction de l'esprit | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola canonised by Pope Gregory XV | | ED : | Henry Spelman: Glossary of Law Terms | | ST : | First harbour with sluices being constructed at Le Havre |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The New Inn | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
I
| | PH : | Charles I dissolves Parliament; it does not meet again until 1640 | | PH : | Edict of restitution of church property in Germany, secularised since Peace of Augsburg in 1555 | | PH : | Peace of Susa ends war between England and France | | PH : | Peace of Lübeck: Christian IV undertakes not to intervene in imperial affairs | | PH : | Peace of Alais ends Huguenot revolt | | PH : | Truce of Altmark signed between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Commercial treaty signed between Russia and France | | RP : | Lancelot Andrewes: XCVI Sermons | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes translates The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides | | ST : | Dutch mathematician Albert Gerard uses brackets and other abbreviations in mathematics | | ST : | John Parkinson: Paradisi in sole Paradisus terrestris, on flowers | | DL : | Royal charter granted to Guild of Spectacle Makers, London | | DL : | Colony of Massachusetts founded |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Arie Musicali
Two books of songs
| | PH : | John Winthrop, Engl. Puritan leader, sails with Plymouth Company's expedition, founds Boston - the "Great Migration" | | PH : | Treaty of Madrid ends Anglo-Fr. war | | PH : | "Day of Dupes" in France; Richelieu overthrow conspiracy of Maria de'Medici, the Queen Mother | | LT : | Andres Christensen Arrabo initiates modern Dan. literature with his religious poem Hexaëmeron | | RP : | Congregation of the Engl. Ladies founded in Munich | | VA : | Beginning of the High Baroque period in Italy | | ST : | Franic Higginson: New England's Plantation, on living conditions in America | | DL : | Pirates of all nationalities, called "buccaneers", settle in Tortuga | | DL : | Eng. poet Sir John Suckling invents the card game cribbage | | DL : | Fr. Philanthropist Théophraste Renaudot founds the Bureau d'adresse, a labor-exchange charity organisation |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton dies | | PH : | Ger. Protestant princes hold a convention at Neu Brandenburg, and decide to form alliance with Gustavus Adolphus | | PH : | Pope Urban VIII annexes Urbino | | PH : | Maria de'Medici exile to Brussels | | RP : | Friedrich Spee von Lagenfeld: Cautio criminalis, against witch-hunting | | ST : | Dutch West India Company founds settlement at the Delaware River | | ST : | Eng. mathematician William Oughtred proposes symbol "X" for multiplication | | DL : | T. Renaudot founds the Gazette in Paris | | DL : | Eng. settlement of Leeward Islands begins at St. Kitts | | DL : | Earthquake in Naples; eruption of Vesuvius | | LT : | John Donne dies 31 March | | LT : | John Dryden born 9 August |
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| | PH : | Queen Christina ascends throne of Sweden (five regents, headed by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, govern country) | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland, dies; succeeded by Vladislav IV | | ST : | Antonio Bosio: Roma sotterranea, report on excavation of catacombs in Rome | | ED : | John Davies: Welsh Dictionary | | RP : | John Selden: Mare Clausum, on England's sovereignty of the sea | | RP : | Johann Angelus Werdenhagen: Introductio universalis in omnes republicas, on comparative politics | | M : | Monteverdi takes holy orders | | ST : | Galileo: Dialogho sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo published, on terrestrial double motion | | ST : | Leiden University Observatory founded | | DL : | First coffee shop opens in London | | DL : | Eng. settlers in Antigua and Montserrat | | DL : | Russian fur trade centre established in Yakutsk, Siberia | | VA : | Johannes Vermeer born | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Lully born 28 November |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: A Tale of a Tub | | LT : | Robert Herrick: A Priest to the Temple | | PH : | Charles I crowned King of Scotland in Edinburgh | | PH : | Charles I revives forest eyre to raise money by fines | | RP : | Outbreak of plague in Bavaria leads to passion play vow in Oberammergau | | ST : | Galileo forced by the Inquisition to abjure the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | First Baptist church formed at Southwark, London | | RP : | Edmund Spenser: A View of the Present State of Ireland (posth.) | | RP : | John Cotton becomes a religious leader in Boston | | ST : | Eng. trading post established in Bengal | | PH : | Dutch settle in Connecticut | | RP : | Trial of the Lancashire witches | | DL : | The Royal Scots, oldest regular regiment in Brit. Army, established | | DL : | Wind sawmill erected near the Strand, London | | LT : | George Herbert dies 1 March |
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| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier born | | PH : | Treaty of Polianovsky: King Vladislav of Poland renounces claim to Russia | | RP : | The Oberammergau Passion Play given for first time; re-enacted every 10 years | | RP : | Méric Casubon: The Meditations of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius | | RP : | Anne Hutchinson, religious controversialist, migrates to Massachusetts | | ST : | Jean Nicolet lands on Green Bay; explores Wisconsin | | ED : | Founding of University of Utrecht | | DL : | Covent Garden market, London, opened |
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| | LT : | Richard Lovelace: The Scholars | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Fiori musicale
| | PH : | Franco-Swed. treaty of alliance signed by Richelieu and Oxtenstierna | | PH : | Peace of Prague signed between the Emperor Ferdinand II and the Elector John George of Saxony; Thirty Years' War is now a conflict between France and Sweden against the House of Hapsburg | | PH : | Treaty of Stuhmsdorf: 20 year truce between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Treaty of St. Germain-en-Layes agrees on regular Fr. subsidies to the army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar | | PH : | Dutch occupy Formosa, English Virgin Islands, French Martinique | | RP : | Giulio Alenio, Ital. Jesuit, published first life of Christ in Chinese | | RP : | Cornelius Jansen: Mars gallus, against Richelieu | | ED : | Académie Française founded by Richelieu | | ED : | Budapest University established | | ED : | Eng. High and Latin Schook, Boston, Mass., oldest secondary school in N. America, founded | | DL : | Speed limit on hackney coaches in London: 3 m.p.h. | | DL : | First inland postal service in Britain between London and Edinburgh | | DL : | Sale of tobacco in France restricted to apothecaries, only on doctors' prescriptions |
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| | LT : | Thomas Traherne born | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte
Book I
| | PH : | The Emperor Ferdinand II has his son, Archduke Ferdinand, elected Ferdinand III, King of the Romans | | PH : | Manchus proclaim the Ch'ing Dynasty at Muken | | PH : | Dutch settle in Ceylon | | LT : | Italian Fedeli Company performs Commedia dell'art at the Fr. court | | RP : | Welsh Puritan Roger Williams banished from Mass; established Providence, R.I.; proclaims complete religious freedom | | RP : | Peter Heylyn: The History of the Sabbath | | RP : | George Sandys: A Paraphrase Upon the Psalmes | | M : | Fr. theorist Marin Mersenne publishes his most important work, Harmonie Universelle, with full descriptions of all contemporary musical instruments | | ED : | Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass | | DL : | Tea appears for the first time in Paris | | PH : | Beginning of Pequot War GO ! |
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| | M : | Dietrich Buxtehude born | | PH : | Ferdinand II dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Ferdinand III | | PH : | Bogislav XIV, last Duke of Pomerania dies | | PH : | William Prynne, Puritan parliamentarian condemned, with Henry Burton and John Bastwick, for seditious writing, to be pilloried and mutilated | | PH : | Extermination of Christianity in Japan; prohibition of foreign books; European contacts prohibited | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique, based on Aristotle | | RP : | Introduction of new liturgy into Scotland causes riots | | LT : | Teatro San Cassiano, first public opera house, opens in Venice | | ST : | René Descartes: Géométrie | | PH : | Eng. emigration to America restricted by royal proclamation | | DL : | Eng. traders established in Canton | | ST : | Fr. traders settle at St. Louis, at mouth of the Senegal River | | DL : | Commercial collapse of Dutch tulip trade | | LT : | Ben Jonson dies 6 August |
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| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book VIII of Madrigals, Madrigali guerrieri e amorosi
('Madrigals of War and Love') including 'The Combat Between Tancredi and Clorinda')
| | PH : | Elector of Brandenburg moves his capital to Königsberg | | PH : | Franco-Swed. alliance renewed for three years | | LT : | Schouwburg Theatre opens in Amsterdam | | RP : | William Chillingworth: The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation | | RP : | Scot. Covenant drawn up and signed; Charles I abandons liturgy and canons in Scotland | | ST : | Galileo : Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche | | RP : | Anne Hutchinson, leader of the New England Antinomians, is banished from Boston, Mass, and sets up a community in Rhode Island | | DL : | New Haven, Conn, founded | | DL : | Soldier-student becomes a common type in Germany | | DL : | Torture abolished in England | | PH : | 21 September - The Treaty of Hartford ends Pequot War: Surviving Pequot are divided as slaves among Indian allies and English, Pequot forbidden to inhabit former Pequot territory, and
the name Pequot is to be expunged |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte
Book II
| | PH : | First Bishops' War in Scotland; episcopacy abolished in Scotland | | LT : | Drury Lane Theatre, London, receives its first patent | | ED : | Académie Française compiles dictionary of the Fr. language | | M : | Marco Marazzoli and Vergilio Mazzochi: Chi soffre, speri, first comic opera | | ST : | Gérard Désargues published his book on modern geometry | | ST : | William Gascoigne invents micrometer | | ST : | Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus, which he had predicted | | ST : | Quinine increasingly used for medicinal purposes | | DL : | English settle at Madras | | DL : | First printing press in N. America at Cambridge, Mass |
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| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, Il Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria
('The Return of Ulysses to his Homeland')
| | PH : | Short Parliament (April-May) and Long Parliament (November-1653) in England | | PH : | Second Bishops' War | | PH : | Portugal becomes independent under John IV of Braganza | | PH : | Elector George William of Brandenburg dies; succeeded by the "Great Elector" Frederick William | | PH : | Sultan Murad IV of Turkey dies; succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim | | RP : | John Donne: Eighty Sermons (posth.) | | RP : | John Eliot: Bay Psalm Book, oldest surviving book printed in America | | RP : | Cornelius Jansen: Augustinus, treatise against Jesuit doctrines (posth.) | | RP : | John Milton: Of Reformation Touching Church discipline in England | | ED : | Abo University, Finland, founded | | ST : | Coke made from coal for first time | | ST : | James Howell: Dondona's Grove, or The Vocall Forrest, manual of dendrology | | ST : | John Parkinson: Theatrum botanicum, a herbal | | DL : | Eng. settlers found Fort St. George in Bengal | | DL : | First European café opens in Venice | | DL : | Eight postal lines running in England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens dies |
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| | PH : | Massacre of the Ulster Protestants; Catholic rebellion in Ireland | | RP : | René Descartes: Méditations métaphysiques | | ED : | William Habington: Observations Upon Historie | | PH : | General Court of Massachusetts Bay Company codifies 100 laws | | RP : | George Wither: Hallelujah, or Britain's Second Remembrances, collection of hymns | | ST : | Arsenic prescribed for medicinal purposes for first time | | ST : | Cotton goods begin to be manufactured in Manchester | | DL : | Diurnal Occurrences, a weekly periodical issued in London | | PH : | French settle in Michigan | | DL : | Théophraste Renaudot publishes his plan for free medical treatment of needy in Paris; three years later faculty of medicine forbids him to practice | | VA : | Sir Anthony van Dyck dies |
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| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, L'Incoronazione di Poppea
('The Coronation of Poppea')
| | PH : | Charles I marches to Westminster to arrest five members of the Commons; attempt fails; he flees with his family to Hampton Court | | PH : | Eng. Civil War begins | | DL : | Inflation in Spain | | LT : | All theatres in England closed by order of the Puritans | | RP : | Johann Amos Comenius: A Reformation of Schooles, trans by Samuel Hartlib | | RP : | Thomas Fuller: The Holy State and the Profane State | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: De cive | | ED : | James Howell: Instruction for Foreign Travel | | RP : | Thomas Lechford: Plain Dealing, or Newes from New England, political survey | | RP : | Pope Urban VIII issues bull Universa per Orbem, reducing annual feast days to 32 | | ST : | Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand | | ED : | University of Ancona founded | | DL : | Income and property tax introduced in England | | DL : | Loire-Seine canal finished | | DL : | Montreal, Canada, founded |
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| | PH : | Unsuccessful peace talks between the Cavaliers and Roundheads at Oxford | | PH : | Louis XIII of France dies; succeeded by his five-year-old son Louis XIV with Mazarin as principal minister | | PH : | Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother, invested with supreme power | | PH : | Confederation of New England formed GO ! | | LT : | Molière founds "Illustre Théâtre" in Paris | | ED : | Sir Richard Baker: A Chronicle of the Kings of England | | ED : | François Eudes de Mézeray: Histoire de France | | RP : | John Milton: The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce | | ED : | William Prynne: The Soveraigne Power of Parliaments and Kingdomes | | ED : | Roger Williams: Key into the Language of America | | ST : | Ital. physicist Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer | | DL : | Christiania Almanack, first Norw. printed book, appears | | DL : | Coffee drinking becomes popular in Paris | | DL : | Parcel post established in France | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi dies 1 March | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi dies 29 November |
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| | PH : | Queen Christina begins her actual reign in Sweden | | PH : | Ming dynasty in China ends, Manchu dynasty in power | | LT : | Pegnitzischer Blumenorden, Ger. poetical society founded at Nuremberg | | RP : | René Descartes: Principia philosophicae | | RP : | Henry Hammond: A Practical Catechism | | ED : | Sir Henry Manwayring: The Seaman's Dictionary | | RP : | John Milton: Areopagitica, for the freedom of the press | | RP : | Samuel Rutherford: Lex rex, on the elective nature of the monarchy | | RP : | Pope Urban VIII dies; Giovanni Battista Pamfili becomes Pope Innocent X | | RP : | Roger Williams: Queries of Highest Consideration, separation of church and state | | VA : | Last age of fine Chin. porcelain | | DL : | Dutch settlement in Mauritius | | DL : | Tasman charters parts of northern and western Australia (New Holland) |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi :
Set of keyboard canzoni (published posthumously)
| | PH : | Michael I, Czar of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexis I | | PH : | Peace talks open between Holy Roman Empire and France at Münster and Osnabrück | | PH : | Turk.-Venetian war over Crete | | RP : | Sirk Kenelm Digby: A Treatise on Bodies and of Man's Soul | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De causis errorum | | M : | La Finta Pazza by Francesco Paolo Sacrati given as possibly first opera in Paris | | RP : | Capuchin monks sail up Congo River | | ED : | University of Palermo founded | | DL : | Ordinarie Post-Tidende begins to appear in Stockholm |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Poems with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished | | PH : | Engl. Civil War ends with surrender of Oxford to Roundheads; Parliamentary commissioners present Charles I with the Newcastle Propositions | | RP : | Jeremy Taylor: A Discourse Concerning Prayer | | ST : | Ger. mathematician Athanasius Kircher constructs first projection lantern (laterna magica) |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
II
| | PH : | Treaty of Ulm | | RP : | Eng. Civil War: Charles I agrees to abolish episcopacy and restore Presbyterianism | | PH : | Frederick Henry of Orange dies; succeeded by his son William II of Orange | | PH : | Revolt against Czar Alexis I in Moscow | | RP : | Calvinists acknowledged by Lutheran as co-religionists | | ED : | Thomas May : History of the Long Parliament | | RP : | Dismissal of Anglican professors at Oxford University | | VA : | Dresden Academy of Arts founded | | ST : | Johan Hevel: Selenographia, on the lunar surface | | DL : | First newspaper advertisement | | DL : | Yellow fever in Barbados |
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| | LT : | Robert Herrick: Hesperides | | PH : | King Christian IV of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III | | PH : | Naples restored to Span. rule | | PH : | Outbreak of the Fronde in France | | PH : | Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War; is condemned by Pope Innocent X (bull Zelo Domus Dei) | | PH : | John II Casimir succeeds his brother Vladislav IV as King of Poland | | RP : | George Fox founds the Society of Friends (Quakers) | | RP : | John Lilburne: The Foundation of Freedom | | RP : | John Stearne: Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft | | RP : | Sabbatai Zevi, self-proclaimed Messiah, founds a Jewish sect | | M : | Aria and recitative become two distinct unities in opera | | ED : | University of Bamberg founded | | ST : | John Wilkins: Mathematical Magic | | DL : | Mirrors and chandeliers are being manufactured in Murano |
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| | LT : | Richard Lovelace: Lucasta | | PH : | War of the Fronde begins in France; ended by Treaty of Ruel; followed shortly by outbreak of second Fronde | | PH : | Charles I tried and beheaded; Prince of Wales takes title Charles II and is proclaimed king by the Scots in Edinburgh | | PH : | England declared a Commonwealth (The Interregnum) | | PH : | Sultan Ibrahim deposed and murdered; succeeded by his son Mohammed IV | | PH : | Maryland Assembly passes act of toleration, professing belief in the Holy Trinity GO ! | | RP : | René Descartes: Les Passions de L'âme | | DL : | In Great Britain, English becomes language of all legal documents in place of Latin | | RP : | John Lilburne: An Agreement for the Free People of England | | RP : | John Milton: The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates , defence of Charles I's execution | | ST : | Dutch physician Isbrand de Diemerbrock publishes his study of the plague, De peste | | PH : | Puritan exiles from Virginia settle in Providence, Md. | | ST : | First Brit. navy frigate, "Constant Warwick", constructed | | DL : | Free enterprise in England receives state support |
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| | LT : | Anne Bradstreet: Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America published by her brother without her knowledge | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
III
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Tablatur-Buch
harmonised accompaniments for 100 sacred songs and psalms
| | PH : | Charles II lands in Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Nuremberg between the Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden amplifies Peace of Westphalia | | LT : | Beginning of modern development of Jap. "No" drama | | RP : | Richard Baxter: The Saints' Everlasting Rest | | ED : | Mathew Hale: Analysis of the Civil Law | | ED : | Thomas Hobbes: The Elements of Law, Moral and Political | | ED : | Gilles Ménage: Dictionnaire étymologique | | ED : | James Ussher: Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti (giving beginning of world as 4004 B.C.) | | M : | Beginning of modern harmony; development of modulation | | M : | Athanasius Kircher: Musurgia universalis, theory | | M : | The overture as musical form emerges in two types, Italian and French | | DL : | Opening of first coffee house in England, at Oxford | | DL : | First fiacres in Paris | | DL : | Tea first drunk in England | | DL : | Sir Richard Weston, Eng. agriculturist, advocates cultivation of turnips | | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Olor Iscanus | | PH : | Charles II crowned King of Scots; flees to France after his defeat by Cromwell at Worcester | | PH : | Parliament votes for release of Condé, Fronde leader | | PH : | Treaty between Czar Alexis I and the Cossacks | | PH : | King Louis XIV attains majority | | PH : | Eng. Navigation Act, gives Eng. ships monopoly of foreign trade GO ! | | PH : | Yetuna, new shogun of Japan, overcomes two rebellions in Edo | | LT : | First public "Comedy-house" in Vienna | | RP : | John Donne: Essays in Divinity (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, defence of absolute monarchy | | RP : | Jeremy Taylor Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying | | M : | The young King Louis XIV of France appears as a dancer in a court ballet | | DL : | Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope | | ED : | Mazarin's library closed by order of the Parlement | | ST : | Ital. astronomer Giovanni Riccioli introduces in his map of the moon many of the modern names of lunar features | | LT : | Division of publisher and printer begins in book trade |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Solitary Devotions and The Mount of Olives | | PH : | Eng. Parliament passes Act of Pardon and Oblivion to reconcile Royalists | | PH : | Provisional Fronde government set up in Paris | | PH : | Louis XIV re-establishes lawful government, recalling Mazarin | | RP : | Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac: Cocrate Chrétien, religious dialogues | | RP : | John Donne: Paradoxes, Problems (posth.) | | ED : | Hayashi Shunsai: O-Dai-Ichi-Ran, a history of Japan | | RP : | Gerrard Winstanley: The Law of Freedom in a Platform | | M : | The minuet comes into fashion at Fr. court | | M : | First opera house in Vienna | | ED : | Imperial Ger. Academy of Naturalists founded | | ST : | Ger. scientist Otto von Guericke invents the air pump | | DL : | First London coffee house opened in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi dies | | PH : | Start of first Anglo-Dutch war |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand IV becomes King of the Romans | | PH : | End of Fronde | | PH : | The "Great Elector" abolishes the estates; establishes a standing army | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Bern under Nikolaus Leuenberg | | ED : | Chetham's Library, Manchester, founded | | RP : | Blaise Pascal joins the Jansenists at Port-Royal | | ED : | The London Polyglot Bible (in 10 languages) | | ST : | Armamentarium chirurgicum, work of Ger. surgeon Johann Schultes on surgical instruments and procedures (posth.) | | DL : | Izaak Walton: The Compleat Angler | | DL : | First letter boxes in Paris | | M : | Johann Pachelbel born 30 August |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Flores Solitudinis | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster ends first Anglo-Dutch war; Dutch recognise Navigation Act | | PH : | Treaty of Commerce between England and Sweden | | PH : | Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates on becoming a Roman Catholic; succeeded by her cousin Charles X | | PH : | Coronation of Louis XIV at Rheims | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | DL : | Johann Amos Comenius publishes in Nuremberg first picture book for children, Orbis sensualium pictus | | RP : | John Milton: Defensio secunda | | ST : | Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat state the theory of probability | | DL : | Entailor, fee tail, after Span. model, introduced in Germany | | M : | Samuel Scheidt dies 30 March |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans, second part | | PH : | Cromwell dissolves Parliament and divides England into 11 districts | | RP : | Anglican services prohibited in England | | PH : | Outbreak of first Northern War | | ED : | Pierre Borel: Tréso des recherches et antiquités Gauloises | | RP : | Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews into England | | ED : | William Drummond: A History of the Five Jameses (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Fuller: Church History of Britain | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: Elementorum philosophia | | RP : | Pope Innocent X dies; Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII | | RP : | Thomas Stanley: A History of Philosophy | | ST : | Chin. scientist and naturalist Ch'en yüan-lung publishes Ko-chih-ching-yüan, on new inventions | | DL : | First regular newspaper in Berlin |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Königsberg and Alliance of Marienberg between Sweden and Brandenburg | | PH : | Second Protectorate Parliament | | PH : | King John IV of Portugal dies; succeeded by his son Alfonso VI | | RP : | Manasseh ben Israel: Vindiciae Judaeorum, reply to attacks on Cromwell's readmission of Jews | | RP : | John Bunyan: Some Gospel Truth Opened | | RP : | Marchamont Needham: The Excellency of a Free State | | RP : | Blaise Pascal: Lettres provinciales against Jesuits | | RP : | Spinoza excommunicated | | VA : | Academy of Painting in Rome founded | | M : | Opening of first London opera house | | ST : | Thomas Wharton describes anatomy of glands | | DL : | Regiment of grenadier guards formed | | DL : | Hôpital général, Paris, opens, combining hospital, poorhouse, and factory |
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| | LT : | Richard Lovelace dies | | LT : | Henry Vaughan: The Chemist's Key | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand III dies; his son Leopold I succeeds him | | PH : | Oliver Cromwell rejects offer of title "king" | | PH : | Creation of a new House of Lords increases Cromwell's power | | PH : | Treaty of Bromberg: Brandenburg allied with Poland against Sweden | | RP : | Richard Baxter: A Call to the Unconverted | | RP : | Johann Amos Comenius: Opera didactice omnia | | ED : | Le Sieur Saunier: L'encyclopédie des beaux esprits, believed to be first reference book with "encyclopédie" in title | | ED : | Accademia de Cimento founded in Florence | | ST : | Dutch scientist Christiann Huygens designs first pendulum clocks | | DL : | Drinking chocolate introduced in London | | DL : | First stockings and fountain pens manufactured in Paris |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Roskilde between Sweden and Denmark ends first war | | PH : | Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, and succeeds him as Mogul Emperor | | PH : | Charles X begins Second Northern War | | PH : | Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard | | PH : | Leopold I elected Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Formation of Rhenish League under Fr. protectorate | | RP : | James Harrington: The Prerogative of Popular Government | | ED : | Edward Phillips: A New World of Words | | RP : | Société des missions étrangères founded in Paris | | ST : | J.R. Glauber: De natura salium | | ST : | Jan Swammerdam first observes red blood corpuscles | | ST : | Robert Hooke, naturalist and philosopher, invents the balance spring for watches | | DL : | Swed. Financier Johann Palmstruck devises first bank note, issued by the Swed. state bank |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell born | | PH : | Richard Cromwell resigns | | PH : | Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain | | RP : | Henry More: The Immortality of the Soul | | ED : | William Somner: Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum | | ST : | Eng. physician Thomas Willis describes first typhoid fever | | ED : | Prussian State Library, Berlin, founded |
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| | PH : | Charles X of Sweden dies; succeeded by Charles XI | | PH : | Parliament invites Charles II to return to England (The Restoration) | | PH : | Peace of Oliva signed, ending war between Austria, Poland, Sweden, and Brandenburg, and recognising the "Great Elector's " sovereignty in E. Prussia | | PH : | Peace of Copenhagen ends war between Sweden and Denmark | | PH : | Dan. crown becomes hereditary | | LT : | Patents granted for reopening of London theatres | | RP : | James Harrington: Political Discourse | | ED : | James Howell: Lexicon Tetraglotten, Eng.-Fr.-Ital.-Span. dictionary | | DL : | Dutch peasants (Boers) settle in S. Africa | | DL : | Royal African Company founded | | DL : | Famous "Café Procope" opens in Paris | | DL : | Water closets arrive from France in England | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti born 2 May | | VA : | Diego Velázquez dies |
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| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes born | | PH : | Cardinal Mazarin dies; Louis XIV begins his personal rule | | PH : | Coronation of Charles II | | PH : | Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden ends Northern War | | PH : | "Cavalier Parliament" meets | | DL : | Famine in India, no rain since 1659 | | PH : | Mohammed Kiuprili, Grand Vizier of Turkey dies; succeeded by his son Ahmed Kiuprili | | LT : | Sir William Davenant, poet and dramatist, opens Lincoln's Inn Theatre, London | | RP : | John Eliot translates the Bible into Algonquin (first Amer. Bible edition) | | RP : | Joseph Glanvilil: The Vanity of Dogmatizing | | M : | Académie Royale de Danse founded by Louis XIV | | M : | Mathew Lock made court composer to Charles II | | M : | Edward Lowe: Short Direction for the Performance of Cathedra Servies, to revive organ accompaniment, suppressed during Commonwealth | | ST : | Robert Boyle: The Skeptical Chymist, with definition of chemical elements | | ST : | Christian Huyghens invents the manometer for ascertaining elastic forces of gases | | ST : | John Evelyn: Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke of London Dissipated, an early attack on air pollution | | ED : | Kongelige Bibliothek, Copenhagen, founded | | VA : | Antoine Coypel born 11 March |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Wild Gallant | | PH : | Elizabeth of Bohemia, "the Winter Queen", dies | | PH : | Shun Chih, first Manchu Emperor of China dies; succeeded by his son K'ang-hsi | | RP : | Act of Uniformity gives assent to revised Eng. prayer book | | ED : | Thomas Fuller: The worthies of England, biographical reference work (posth.) | | VA : | Louis XIV begins to build palace of Versailles | | ED : | Founding of the Academia Leopoldina in Vienna | | ST : | The Royal Society receives charter from Charles II | | DL : | Last silver pennies minted in London |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Rival Ladies | | PH : | Turks declare War on Holy Roman Empires | | LT : | Colbert founds Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in Paris | | LT : | The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, opens | | RP : | Robert Boyle: Concerning the Usefulness of Experimental Philosophy | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De religione gentilium (posth.) | | RP : | Writings of Descartes put on the Index | | ST : | Guericke constructs a frictional electrical machine | | ST : | John Newton discovers the binomial theorem | | DL : | First gold guinea pieces coined in England | | DL : | Hearth tax in England | | DL : | Turnpike tolls introduced in England |
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| | PH : | Alliance between France and Brandenburg | | PH : | Truce of Vasvar between Turks and Austrians | | RP : | Conventicle Act, against Nonconformists, forbids meetings of more than five people | | RP : | The Trappist Order founded at La Trappe, Normandy | | M : | French horn becomes an orchestral instrument | | ST : | Thomas Willis: Cerebri anatome on the nervous system | | DL : | "Compagnie des Indes Occidentales" formed to control Fr. trade in Canada, S.America, W.Africa and W. Indies | | DL : | Introduction of large periwig style | | DL : | First Royal Marine Regiment | | PH : | Start of second Anglo-Dutch war |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Indian Emperor | | PH : | Philip IV of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Charles II | | PH : | Absolutism introduced into Denmark by Lex Regia | | LT : | Journal des Savants, first literary periodical, started in Paris | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Holy City | | ED : | Codex Theodosianus, ed by Jacques Godefroy | | RP : | John Eliot: Communion of Churches, privately printed at Harvard, Mass. | | RP : | Five-Mile Act put restrictions on Nonconformist ministers | | ST : | Philosophical Transactions, first scientific journal in England | | ST : | Giovanni Cassini determines rotations of Jupiter, Mars, and Venus | | ST : | Peter Chamberlen invents midwifery forceps | | ST : | Francis Grimaldi: Physico-mathesis de lumine (posth.) explains diffraction of light | | ST : | Robert Hooke: Micrographia, on the microscope | | ED : | University of Kiel founded | | PH : | Colony of New Jersey founded | | ST : | Issac Newton experiments on gravitation; invents differential calculus | | ED : | First modern census taken in Quebec | | ED : | Caleb Cheeshateaumuck, first N. Amer. Indian to take an A.B. Degree at Harvard | | DL : | First issue of the London Gazette | | DL : | The Prince Archbishop of Münster sells 7,000 of his subjects as solders | | DL : | The Great Plague of London begins, killing 68,596 | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin dies |
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| | PH : | France and Dutch declare war on England | | PH : | Quadruple alliance between Holland, Brandenburg, Brunswick, and Denmark to secure safety of Holland | | PH : | Treaty of Cleves between Brandenburg and Neubrug for partition of Jülick-Cleves | | PH : | Hungarian noblemen revolt against Emperor Leopold I | | RP : | First Armenian Bible printed | | RP : | John Bunyan: Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners | | RP : | Leibniz: De arte combinatoria | | RP : | Raskol (Great Schism) breaks out in Russ. Church | | RP : | John Tillotson: The Rule of Faith | | M : | Antonio Stradivari labels his first violin | | ST : | Issac Newton measures the moon's orbit | | DL : | First Cheddar cheese | | DL : | Great Fire of London | | VA : | Gobelin workshops established in Paris by Colbert | | DL : | Cricket Club founded at St. Alban's , Herfordshire, England | | VA : | Frans Hals dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Maiden Queen, Sir Martin Marall and an adaptation of The Tempest | | PH : | Truce of Andrusovo ends 13-year war between Russia and Poland | | PH : | Secret treaty between Louis XIV and Charles II against Spain | | PH : | War of Devolution begins as Fr. troops invade Netherlands | | PH : | Shah Abbas II of Persia dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman | | PH : | Alfonso VI of Portugal banished to the Azores by his brother Pedro, the regent | | PH : | Peace of Breda between the Dutch, France and England | | RP : | Pope Alexander VII dies; Giulio Rospigliosi becomes Pope Clement IX | | ED : | Fr. jurist Guillaume Lamoignon compiles the Code Louis | | RP : | Leibniz: Nova methodus discendique juris | | RP : | Samuel Pufendorf: De statu republicae Germanicae | | ST : | National Observatory, Paris , founded | | DL : | Fr. army uses hand grenades | | PH : | Treaty of Breda ends second Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Alessandro Magnasco born |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Mock Astrologer and Tyrannic Love, or the Royal Martyr | | PH : | Alliance of the Hague signed by English and Dutch | | PH : | Treaty of Lisbon: Spain recognises independence of Portugal | | PH : | Brit. East India Company obtains control of Bombay | | PH : | Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Devolution between France and Spain | | PH : | John II Casimir, King of Poland abdicates | | PH : | Treaty between Louis XIV and Leopold I concerning future partition of Span. realms | | RP : | Joseph Glanvill: Plus ultra, or Progress of Knowledge since Aristotle | | RP : | Henry More: Divine Dialogues | | RP : | William Penn: Sandy Foundation Shaken, questions the doctrine of the Trinity | | RP : | Sir Josiah Child: Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money | | ST : | Robert Hooke: Discourse on Earthquakes | | ST : | Isaac Newton constructs reflecting telescope | | DL : | Oder-Spree Canal finished | | M : | François Couperin born 10 November |
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| | PH : | Michael Wisniowiecki, a Lithuanian, elected King of Poland | | PH : | John Locke's constitution for Carolina approved, S. Carolina founded GO ! | | PH : | Venetians lose Crete, their last colonial possession, to the Turks | | RP : | Aurangzeb bans Hindu religion in India | | PH : | Last meeting of the Hanseatic League | | RP : | Pope Clement IX dies | | RP : | William Penn: No Cross, No Crown | | M : | Royal patent for founding Académie Royale des Opéras granted | | M : | Mathew Locke: The Treasury of Musick | | ED : | Edmund Castell: Lexicon Heptaglotton | | ST : | Phosphorus prepared for first time | | ST : | Nicolaus Steno begins the modern study of geology | | ST : | Jan Swammerdam: History of the Insects | | DL : | Outbreak of cholera in China | | DL : | Earliest Fr. trading station in India | | VA : | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: first and second parts of Almanzor and Almahide, or the Conquest of Granada | | PH : | Defensive alliance between France and Bavaria | | PH : | Treaty of Dover between England and France | | PH : | Frederick III, King of Denmark, dies; succeeded by Christian V | | PH : | Rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks crushed | | LT : | John Dryden appointed historiographer royal and poet laureate | | LT : | First Ital. "commedia dell'arte" companies appear in Germany | | RP : | Cardinal Emilio Altieri becomes Pope Clement X | | ED : | John Milton: The Historie of Britain | | RP : | Pascal: Pensées (posth.) | | RP : | Spinoza: Tractatus theologico-politicus | | ST : | Paul Amman: Medicina critica | | ST : | Ital. scientist Giovanni Borelli attempts to use artificial wings for flying | | ST : | Engl. physician Thomas Willis describes for first time typical symptoms of diabetes | | PH : | Hudson's Bay Company incorporated by royal charter to trade in region of N. America draining into Hudson Bay | | DL : | Louis XIV's Minister of War introduces uniforms and paper cartridges in Fr. army | | DL : | First minute hands on watches |
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| | PH : | Turks declare war on Poland | | RP : | First Bible edition in Arabic, printed in Rome | | RP : | John Bunyan: A Confession of My Faith | | ED : | Stephen Skinner: Etymologicon linguae anglicanae | | M : | Paris Opéra opens | | ST : | Leibniz defines nature and existence of the ether | | DL : | Eng. Crown resumes direct control of customs system | | DL : | Founding of the Fr. Senegal Company | | M : | Tomaso Albinoni born 14 June |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Marriage à la Mode and The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery | | DL : | Stop of Eng. exchequer; cash payments suspended for 12 months | | PH : | Declaration of Indulgence issued by Charles II (withdrawn in 1673) | | PH : | Britain declares war on the Dutch | | PH : | France declares war on the Dutch | | ED : | Clarendon Press, official printers of Oxford University, founded | | ED : | Elias Ashmore: Institutions, Laws, Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter | | RP : | William Cave: Primitive Christianity | | RP : | Confessions of faith of the Greek Orthodox Church revived by the Synod of Jerusalem | | ED : | William Tempel: Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands | | DL : | Fulham Pottery, London, founded | | M : | First public concert at Whitefriars, London | | ST : | Root ipecacuanha introduced for medicinal purposes in Europe | | ST : | Flexible hose for use in fighting fires introduced | | ST : | John Josselym: New England's Rarities Discovered, on local flora and fauna | | DL : | Charter granted to the Royal African Company | | PH : | Start of third Anglo-Dutch war | | LT : | Anne Bradstreet dies 16 September | | M : | Heinrich Schütz dies 6 November |
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| | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Roman Forgeries | | LT : | John Dryden: Amboyna | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Incidental music
to Molière's play Le Malade imaginaire ('The Hypochondriac')
| | PH : | Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from office in England | | PH : | After preliminary peace between Brandenburg and France the "Great Elector" promises, in Treaty of Vossen, not to support any enemies of Louis XIV | | PH : | Emperor Leopold I declares war on France | | PH : | King Michael of Poland dies | | PH : | Fr. expedition against Ceylon | | ED : | Robert Clave; Catalogue of All the Books Printed in England Since the Dreadful Fire of London in 1666 | | LT : | Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie, first Russ. autobiography | | M : | Mathew Locke: The Present Practice of Music Vindicated | | ED : | University of Innsbruck founded | | ST : | Stalactic grotto of Antiparos (Aegean Sea) discovered | | DL : | Financier Richard Hoare founds Hoare's Bank, London | | DL : | Mitsui family's trading and banking house in Japan founded |
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| | LT : | Thomas Traherne dies | | LT : | John Dryden: The State of Innocence | | PH : | Jan Sobieski elected as Jan III, King of Poland | | PH : | Sivaji Bhonsla declares himself independent of the Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb; founds Mahratta state and is crowned at Raigarh | | PH : | Office of Stadholder of the United Provinces becomes hereditary in the House of Orange | | LT : | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, rebuilt after the fire and reopened | | ED : | Anthony à Wood: Historia et antiquitates universitatis Oxoniensis | | RP : | Nicolas Malebranch: De la recherche de la vérité | | ED : | Louis Moreri: Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, first encyclopedic reference work on history | | ST : | John Mayow: Tractatus quinque medico-physici, on the nature of combustion | | ST : | Thomas Willis: Pharmaceutice rationalis | | LT : | Robert Herrick dies in October |
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| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini born | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill born | | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Christian Ethicks | | PH : | Alliance between France and Poland | | PH : | War between Sweden and Denmark | | PH : | Charles II of England receives 500,000 crowns from Louis XIV and is able to prorogue Eng. Parliament for 15 months | | PH : | King Charles II of Spain attains majority | | LT : | Poems of Basho (pseudonym of Matsuo Munefusa) help popularise Jap. haiku poetry | | RP : | Jacques Savary: Le Parfait Négociant | | RP : | Philipp Jacob Spener: Pia desideria | | RP : | Spinoza finishes his Ethics | | RP : | Thomas Traherne: Christian Ethics (posth.) | | ST : | Greenwich Observatory established | | ST : | Leibniz invents differential and integral calculus | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Opticks | | ST : | Finite velocity of light established by Olaus Romer | | VA : | Johannes Vermeer dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Aurengzebe | | PH : | Czar Alexis of Russia dies; succeeded by his son Feodor III | | PH : | Ahmed Kiuprili dies; succeeded as grand Vizier of Turkey by his brother-in-law Kara Mustafa | | RP : | "Declaration of the People of Virginia" by Nathaniel Bacon gains support for rebellion against authorities | | RP : | Pope Clement X dies; Benedetto Odescalchi becomes Pope Innocent XI | | RP : | Benjamin Thompson; New England's Crisis | | RP : | Roger Williams: George Fox Digg'd Out of His Burrowes, anti-Quaker tract | | ST : | Thomas Sydenham: Obervationes medicae | | DL : | Influenza epidemic in England | | RP : | Legal protection of Sabbath observance in England |
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| | RP : | William Cave: History of Martyrdoms | | ED : | Johann Jacob Hofmann: Lexicon Universale, on science and arts | | RP : | John Houghton: England's Great Happiness, or A Dialogue between Content and Complaint | | RP : | Increase Mather: The Troubles That Have Happened in New England | | DL : | Ice cream becomes popular as dessert in Paris |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Thalia Rediviva | | LT : | John Dryden: All for Love and Limberham | | LT : | Anne Bradstreet: Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning (posth.) | | PH : | Peace of Nijmegen between France and the Dutch and France and Spain | | PH : | "Popish Plot" in England revealed; trials of many leading Roman Catholics | | PH : | Roman Catholics in England excluded from both Houses of Parliament | | PH : | Hungarian rebellion against Hapsburgs under Emeric Tökölyi | | PH : | Outbreak of war between Russia and Sweden | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress, part I | | RP : | Ralph Cudworth: The True Intellectual System of the Universe | | M : | Thomas Britton, Eng. patron of music, introduces weekly concerts in Clerkenwell, London | | M : | First Ger. opera house opens in Hamburg | | ST : | Ital. mathematician Giovanni Ceva states the geometrical theorem on the nature of concurrency | | ST : | Christian Huygens records his discovery of the polarisation of light | | ST : | Robert de La Salle explores the Great Lakes | | ST : | Thomas Thatcher: A Brief Rule in Small Pocks or Measles, first medical treatise published in America | | DL : | First chrysanthemums arrive in Holland from Japan | | DL : | Import of all Fr. goods to England prohibited | | PH : | End of third Anglo-Dutch war | | M : | Antonio Vivaldi born 4 March | | LT : | Andrew Marvell dies 18 August |
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| | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Gli equivoci nel sembiante
| | PH : | Peace of Nijmegen between Louis XIV and Leopold I | | PH : | Habeas Corpus Amendment Act in England | | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between Sweden and Brandenburg | | PH : | Peace Treaty of Lund between Denmark and Sweden | | RP : | Gilbert Burnet: History of the Reformation of the Church of England, vol I | | RP : | Sir William Petty: A Treatise on Taxes and Contributions | | RP : | Abraham a Sancta Clara: Merk's Wien!, sermons against corruption of morals in Vienna | | ST : | Elias Ashmole founds Ashmolean Museum at Oxford | | ST : | Edmund Halley: Catalogus stellarum australium | | ST : | Fr. Jesuit Louis Hannepin discovers Niagara Falls | | DL : | Edict against duelling in France | | DL : | First German coffeehouses in Hamburg | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy born 27 January |
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| | PH : | Absolutism in Sweden under King Charles XI | | PH : | Maximilian II Emanuel becomes Elector of Bavaria | | PH : | Tsunayoshi becomes Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Comédie Français formed by merging Théâtre Guénéguad Paris, with Théâtre de'Hôtel de Bourgogne | | RP : | Robert Filmer: Patriarche, or The Natural Power of Kings | | ED : | César-Pierre Richelet: Dictionnaire François | | RP : | Sir William Temple: An Essay on Government | | M : | First ballets arrive in Germany from France | | M : | Stradivari makes his earliest known cello | | ST : | First Brandenburgian expedition to W. Africa | | DL : | Dodo, flightless bird of the Raphidae family, extinct | | DL : | Penny post established in London | | PH : | Start of fourth Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Spanish Friar | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Divertissement, Les Plaisirs de Versailles
('The Pleasures of Versailles')
| | PH : | Defensive alliances between Brandenburg and France and between Brandenburg and Sweden | | PH : | European Congress meets at Frankfurt | | ED : | Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: Discours sur l'histoire universelle | | ED : | Jean Mabillon: De re diplomatica, study of historical documents as foundation of historical criticism | | RP : | James Dalrymple of Stair: Institutions of the Law of Scotland | | M : | Female professional dancers appear for first time at the Paris Opéra | | ED : | Academy of Sciences, Moscow, founded | | ST : | Canal du Midi, joining Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, finished | | DL : | Founding of the Chelsea Hospital, London, for wounded and discharged soldiers | | DL : | First checks in England | | M : | Johann Mattheson born 28 September | | VA : | Gerard Ter Borch dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, The Medal and Religio Laici | | PH : | Czar Feodor III of Russia dies; his sister Sophia becomes Regent for her infant brothers, Ivan and Peter | | PH : | Emeric Tökölyi proclaimed King of Hungary by Turks | | ST : | Pierre Bayle: Thoughts on the Comet of 1680, against superstitions on comets | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Holy War | | ED : | François Eudes de Mézeray: De l'origine des Français | | RP : | 58,000 Fr. Huguenots forced to conversion | | ED : | Sir George MacKenzie founds Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, later to becomes Scot. national library | | RP : | Sir William Petty: Essay Concerning Multiplications of Mankind | | ED : | Acta eruditorum, first learned periodical appears (in Latin) in Leipzig | | DL : | Versailles becomes royal residence | | DL : | Weaving mill with 100 looms established in Amsterdam | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta born 13 February |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell : Ode for St. Cecelia's Day
(2 composed in this year, 2 more later)
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Dramatic oratorio, La Descente d'Orphée aux enfers
('The Descent of Orpheus into the Underworld')
| | PH : | Pol.-Aust. alliance against Turks | | PH : | Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II discovered | | PH : | Turks begins siege of Vienna | | PH : | Spain declares war on France | | PH : | Alfonso VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by his brother Peter II | | PH : | Dutch traders admitted to Canton | | PH : | League of The Hague: the Emperor Leopold I and Charles II of Spain join Dutch-Swed. alliance against France | | PH : | Manchus conquer Formosa | | PH : | Peace treaty between William Penn and N. American Indians | | RP : | Mathew Hale: A Discourse Touching Provision for the Poor | | ED : | William Penn: A General Description of Pennsylvania | | ED : | Sir William Petty: The Growth of the City of London | | ST : | Eng. navigator William Dampier begins voyage around the world | | ST : | Newton explains mathematical theory on tides under gravitational attraction of sun, moon, and earth | | DL : | First coffeehouses in Vienna | | DL : | Wild boars become extinct in Great Britain |
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| | PH : | The Emperor, Poland and Venice conclude Holy League of Linz against Turks | | PH : | Bermudas become crown colony | | PH : | The "Great Elector" offers Fr. Huguenots refuge in Brandenburg | | LT : | Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, literary review, published | | LT : | Takemoto Gidayu begins puppet theatre "Joruri" in Tokyo | | RP : | 93 Jewish families expelled from Bordeaux | | RP : | Increase Mather: Remarkable Providences | | ST : | Giovanni Cassini: Les Éléments de l'astronomie vérifiés | | ST : | Ger. explorer Engelbert Kämpfer travels to Persian Gulf, Java, and Japan | | DL : | First attempts in London to light the streets | | PH : | Siamese embassy arrives at court of Louis XIV at Versailles | | PH : | End of fourth Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau born 10 October |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell : Rejoice in the Lord Alway
| | PH : | Charles II of England dies; succeeded by his brother James II | | PH : | Charles, the Elector Palatinates, dies; electorate claimed by Louis XIV for his sister-in-law Liselotte | | DL : | All Chin. ports opened to foreign trade | | ED : | César de Rochefort: Dictionnaire général et curieux | | RP : | Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, exiles thousands of Fr. Protestants | | ST : | David Abercromby: De pulsis variatione | | DL : | Fr. Huguenots begin silk manufacture in Great Britain | | M : | George Frideric Handel born 23 February | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier born 17 March | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach born 21 March |
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| | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Roman Catholics readmitted to Eng. army | | LT : | First Swed. theatre opens in Stockholm | | RP : | Ger. pietist and educator begins at Leipzig his Collegum Philobiblicum for the study of the Bible | | ST : | Halley draws first meteorological map | | ED : | Jean Le Clerc: Bibliothèque universelle et historique, 25 vols | | ST : | Francis Willughby: Historia piscium (posth.) | | DL : | Maison St. Cyr founded as convent school for daughters of poor gentlefolk | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry born 17 March |
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| | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni born | | LT : | John Dryden: The Hind and the Panther | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Divertissement, Idle sur le retour de la santé du roi
('Idyll on the King's Return to Health')
| | PH : | James II issues Declaration of Indulgence for liberty of conscience | | PH : | Papal nuncio received by James II | | PH : | Hungarian diet of Pressburg recognises the crown as hereditary possession of the male line of Hapsburgs | | PH : | Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey deposed; succeeded by Suleiman III | | ED : | Fénelon: Traité de l'éducation des filles | | RP : | Samuel von Pufendorf: The Relation of Religious Liberty to Civilian Life | | RP : | John Wallis: Institutio logicae | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica | | ST : | Sir Hans Sloane begins his botanical collection on a visit to Jamaica | | ED : | University of Bologna founded | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Lully dies 22 March |
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| | VA : | François Le Moyne born | | M : | Henry Purcell : Song
'Evening Hymn'
| | PH : | Frederick William, the "Great Elector" dies; succeeded by his son Frederick III | | PH : | Transylvania becomes province under King of Hungary | | PH : | Seven Eng. lords invite William of Orange to England (the "Glorious Revolution") | | PH : | War between France and the Empire | | RP : | Jacques- Bénigne Boussuet: Histoires des variations des églises protestantes | | DL : | Joseph de la Vega: Confusion de confusiones, description of transactions on Amsterdam Exchange | | DL : | London underwriters begin meeting regularly at Lloyd's Coffee House | | ST : | Plate glass being cast for first time | | DL : | Smyrna destroyed by earthquake | | LT : | Alexander Pope born 21 May |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell : Musik's Handmaid
for harpsichord (including a version of 'Lilliburlero')
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Opera, Dido and Aeneas
| | PH : | Parliament confirms abdication of James II | | PH : | Declaration of Rights in England, William and Mary proclaimed King and Queen for life (also in Scotland) | | PH : | Louis XIV declares war on Great Britain | | PH : | Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia | | PH : | Ger. diet declares war on France | | RP : | Pope Innocent XI dies; Pietro Ottoboni becomes Pope Alexander VIII | | ED : | John, Lord Somers: A Brief History of the Succession to the Crown of England | | RP : | William Sherlock: A Practical Discourse Concerning Death | | DL : | William III establishes Devonport Naval Dockyards | | DL : | First modern trade fair held in Leiden, Holland |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Don Sebastian and Amphitryon | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces d'orgue consistantes en deux messes, l'une à l'usage ordinaire des paroisses, l'autre propre pour les couvents de religieux et religieuses
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier :
Setting of the Te Deum
| | PH : | Joseph I elected King of the Romans | | PH : | Act of Grace passed in England | | PH : | Spain joins Great Alliance against France | | RP : | John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | | RP : | Sir William Petty: Political Arithmetics | | DL : | Calcutta founded by Eng. colonial administrator Job Charnock | | ST : | Huyghens publishes his theory of the undulation of light | | ST : | Fr. engineer Denis Papin devises pump with piston, raised by steam | | ED : | Academia dell' arcadia founded in Rome | | DL : | Calico printing introduced to Great Britain from France | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret born 22 January |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: King Arthur | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Six Suites
for two violins
| | M : | Henry Purcell :
Incidental music to King Arthur, play by John Dryden
| | PH : | Hapsburgs recognised as rulers of Transylvania | | DL : | New East India Company formed in London | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Ahmad II | | PH : | Treaty of Limerick ends Irish rebellion | | RP : | Pope Alexander VIII dies; Antonio Pignatelli becomes Pope Innocent XII | | RP : | Christian Faith Society for West Indies founded in London | | RP : | Claude Fleury: Histoire ecclésiastique begun (20 vols, completed in 1720) | | RP : | Kaspar Stieler: Teutsche Sprachschatz | | RP : | Henry Wharton: Anglia sacra | | ED : | Anthony à Wood: Athenae Oxonienses | | ST : | Leibniz: Protagaea, on geology | | DL : | First directory of addresses published in Paris | | VA : | Aelbert Cuyp dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Cleomenes | | M : | Henry Purcell : Songs
'Music for a While' and 'Nymphs and Shepherds'
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Masque or 'semi opera', The Fairy Queen
| | VA : | Antoine Coypel : Democritus | | PH : | Massacre of Clan Macdonald at Glencoe | | PH : | Duke Ernst August of Hanover becomes 9th Elector of the Holy Roman Empire | | LT : | Nahum Tate made poet laureate | | RP : | Edict of Toleration for Christians in China | | ED : | William and Mary College founded in Virginia | | ED : | Johann Konrad Amman: Der redende Stumme, manual of language for deaf-mutes | | DL : | The Bank, later becomes banking house of Coutts and Co., opened in Strand, London | | DL : | Earthquake in Jamaica | | DL : | Queen Mary II founds Greenwich Hospital for wounded sailors and pensioners |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: A Discourse concerning the Original and Progress of Satire | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Chorale Preludes
for organ
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Opera, Médée
| | PH : | Louis XIV begins his peace policy, reconciliation with the Vatican | | DL : | National Debt begins in England | | RP : | Edmund Halley: The Degrees of Mortality of Mankind | | RP : | Secret society, Knights of the Apocalypse, founded in Italy to defend the church against the antichrist | | ED : | Leibniz: Codex Juris gentium diplomaticus | | ED : | John Locke: Thoughts Concerning Education, on learning foreign languages | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Wonders of the Invisible World | | RP : | William Penn: An Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe | | DL : | Kingston, Jamaica, founded |
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| | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto born | | VA : | Charles-Antoine Coypel born | | LT : | John Dryden: Love Triumphant | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Il Pirro e Demetrio
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Ode
'Come Ye Sons of Art' (including aria, 'Sound the Trumpet')
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Zenobia
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni :
12 Trio Sonatas
| | DL : | Founding of the Bank of England | | PH : | Triennial Bill providing for new Parliamentary election every third year | | PH : | Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony | | PH : | Hussain becomes Shah of Persia | | ED : | Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, first edition, 2 vols. | | ST : | Rudolf Camerarius: De sexu plantarum epistola | | ED : | University of Halle founded | | DL : | Salt tax doubled in England |
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| | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Magnificat Fugues
for organ
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Semi opera, The Indian Queen
| | M : | Henry Purcell :
'The Golden Sonata' for 2 violins, viola de gamba, and keyboard
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Queen Mary's Funeral Music
| | PH : | Ahmad II, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Mustafa II | | DL : | End of government press censorship in England | | RP : | John Locke: The Reasonableness of Christianity | | ST : | Pendant barometer invented | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Magnesium sulfate isolated (epsom salts) | | ST : | John Woodward: Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies | | DL : | Royal Bank of Scotland founded | | DL : | Window tax in England | | LT : | Henry Vaughan dies 23 April | | M : | Henry Purcell dies 21 November | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater born 29 December |
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| | VA : | Louis Tocqué born | | DL : | New coinage in England carried out by John Locke and Isaac Newton | | PH : | Eng. Habeas Corpus Act suspended | | ED : | Nicolas Antonio: Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, Span. bibliography | | ED : | William Nicolson: The English Historical Library, 3 vols. | | VA : | Kunstakademie, Berlin, founded | | ED : | John Bellers: Proposals for Raising a College of Industry, on the education of children | | DL : | Board of Trade and Plantations founded in England | | DL : | First Eng. property insurance company founded | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo born 5 March |
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| | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, and La caduta dei Decemviri
| | PH : | Peter the Great, calling himself Peter Michailoff, sets out on a year-and-a-half journey to Prussia, Holland, England and Vienna to study European ways of life | | PH : | Charles XI, King of Sweden, dies; succeeded by Charles XII | | PH : | Augustus, Elector of Saxony, converted to Roman Catholicism, elected King of Poland in succession to Jan III | | PH : | In Treaty of Ryswick: France recognises William III as King of England | | PH : | China conquers western Mongolia | | ED : | Pierre Bayle: Dictionnaire historique et critique, 2 vols | | ED : | William Wotton: Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning | | DL : | Last remains of Maya civilisation destroyed by Spanish in Yucatan | | RP : | Daniel Defoe: An Essay Upon Projects, recommending income tax | | DL : | Sedan chair a popular means of transportation | | DL : | Court of Versailles becomes model for European courts | | DL : | Whitehall Palace, London, burns down | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal born 18 October | | VA : | William Hogarth born 10 November |
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| | PH : | Rebellion of Czar Peter's praetorian guard in Moscow; leaders executed | | PH : | Elector Ernest August of Hanover dies; his eldest son George Louis, future King George I of England, becomes electoral prince | | DL : | Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau introduces goose-stepping and iron ramrods in Prussian army | | RP : | Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) founded | | ED : | Bibliotheca Casanatense founded in Rome | | RP : | Algernon Sidney: Discourses Concerning Government (posth.) | | DL : | The General Society (New East India Trading Company) founded in London | | DL : | Paper manufacturing begins in N. America | | DL : | Tax on beards in Russia | | DL : | Mrs. White's Chocolate House opens in London, soon to become headquarters of Tory Party |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Fables | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Hexachordum Apollinis
six arias with variations for organ or harpsichord
| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Self-Portrait as a Huntsman | | PH : | Peace of Karlowitz signed by Austria, Russia, Poland and Venice with Turkey | | PH : | Denmark and Russia sign mutual defence pact | | PH : | Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe signed by Denmark, Russia, Poland, and Saxony for partition of Swed. empire | | PH : | Christian V, King of Denmark, dies; succeeded by Frederick IV | | RP : | Richard Bentley: Dissertation Upon the Epistles of Phalaris | | RP : | Gilbert Burnet: Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles | | ST : | William Dampier explores northwest coast of Australia | | ST : | Pierre Lemoyne founds first European settlement in Louisianna, at Fort Maurepas | | DL : | Billingsgate, London, becomes a market | | DL : | Peter the Great decrees that New Year in Russia will begin on January 1 instead of September 1 | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin born 2 November |
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| | PH : | The Great Northern War | | PH : | King Charles II of Spain dies, setting the stage for the War of the Spanish Succession | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Lesbina e Adolfo
| | LT : | Development of the Kabuki Theatre in Japan | | RP : | Pope Innocent XII dies; Gian Francesco Albani becomes Pope Clement XI | | DL : | Unmarried women taxed in Berlin | | ED : | Berlin Academy of Science founded | | M : | Joseph Saveur measures and explains vibrations of musical tones | | LT : | John Dryden dies 30 April |
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