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28 October, 2012
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(1800 - 1829)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.1
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : Nude Maja | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Portrait of Madame Récamier | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Lieutenant Colonel William Shirriff H.E.I.C.S.
| | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Lady Anne Torphicen | | VA : | William Blake : Job and his Daughters | | PH : | U.S. federal offices are moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. - the new capital city | | PH : | Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to draw up Civil Code | | RP : | Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII | | RP : | Fichte: Der geschlossene Handelsstaat | | RP : | Arnold Heeren: European Political Systems | | RP : | Schelling: System des transzendentalen Idealismus | | RP : | Church of United Brethren in Christ founded in the U.S. | | ST : | German physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology | | ST : | William Herschel discovers existence of infrared solar rays | | ED : | Royal College of Surgeons, London, founded | | ST : | Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell; first battery of zinc and copper plates | | ST : | Eli Whitney makes muskets with interchangeable parts | | DL : | Letter post introduced in Berlin | | DL : | Robert Owen takes over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms |
|
| | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Overture, Musica per la chiesa
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Oratorio
The Seasons
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Moonlight' Piano Sonata
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.3
| | PH : | Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force | | PH : | Peace of Lunéville between Austria and France marks the actual end of the Holy Roman Empire | | PH : | Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President of U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Czar Paul I assassinated; succeeded by Alexander I | | RP : | K.F. Gauss: Disquisitiones arithmeticae | | RP : | Hegel and Schelling published the Critical Journal of Philosophy | | ST : | M.F.X. Bichat: Anatomie générale | | ST : | American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces the first submarine "Nautilus" | | ST : | J.J. Lalande catalogues 47,390 stars | | DL : | Bank of France founded | | DL : | The Union Jack becomes official flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | | ST : | Victoria Regia discovered in Amazon Territory | | M : | Vincenzo Bellini born 3 November |
|
| | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.2
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Madame Récamier | | PH : | Napoleon becomes President of Italian Republic | | PH : | Peace of Amiens between Britain and France | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Civil and Penal Legislation | | ED : | G.F. Grotefend deciphers Babylonian cuneiform | | RP : | Daniel Webster: The Rights of Neutral Nations in Time of War | | VA : | Period of the Classicist Empire style | | ST : | John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry | | ST : | William Herschel discovers binary stars | | ST : | German naturalist Gottfried Trevinarus coins the term "biology" | | DL : | Peerage published in London by John Debrett | | DL : | The Duke of Richmond introduces horse racing at Goodwood | | DL : | "Health and Morals of Apprentices" Act in Britain | | VA : | George Romney dies 15 November |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in G
(lost)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Kreutzer' Violin Sonata
| | PH : | Swiss cantons regain independence (Act of Mediation) | | PH : | U.S. buys large tract of land from Louisiana Purchase GO ! | | PH : | Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior | | RP : | Greek patriot Adamantios Coräes publishes his Present Conditions of Civilisation in Greece | | RP : | Joseph Lancaster: Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes | | ST : | Claude Berthollet: Essai de statique chimique | | ST : | Lazare Carnot: Principes fondamentaux de l'équilibre et du mouvement | | ST : | Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power | | ST : | Henry Shrapnel invents shell | | ST : | Building of Caledonian Canal begins | | ED : | Technical College, Prague, founded | | M : | Adolphe Adam born 24 July | | M : | Hector Berlioz born 11 December |
|
| | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Waldstein' Piano Sonata
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.3 ('Eroica')
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : The Passage
of the St. Gothard | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon in the
Pesthouse at Jaffa | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Innocence Preferring Love to Wealth
| | PH : | Napoleon, proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate, is crowned in the presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris | | PH : | Francis II assumes the title of Emperor of Austria as Francis I | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britain | | RP : | British and Foreign Bible Society founded in London | | PH : | Code Napoléon promulgated | | ST : | Thomas Brown Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect | | VA : | English Water Colour Society founded | | ST : | Thomas Bewick completes his History of British Birds | | DL : | The first dahlias in England | | M : | Mikhail Glinka born 1 June |
|
| | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Elegiac Stanzas | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in D Minor
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Die lustigen Musikanten
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : 24 Caprices
for solo violin
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Opera, Fidelio
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Appasionata' Piano Sonata
| | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : The Empress Josephine | | VA : | Benjamin West : The Fatal Wounding of Sir Philip Sidney | | PH : | Thomas Jefferson begins his second term as President of U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against France, joined by Austria | | PH : | Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan | | PH : | Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France; Bavaria and Württemberg becomes kingdoms | | PH : | Establishment of modern Egypt; Mehemet Ali proclaimed Pasha | | RP : | Hosea Ballou: A Treatise on Atonement | | RP : | Lord Liverpool: Treatise on the Coins of the Realm | | ST : | Rockets, originally constructed by Sir William Congreve, are reintroduced as weapons into the British army | | ST : | F.W.A. Sartürner isolates morphine | | DL : | Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar | | ED : | Pestalozzi school at Yverdun, Switzerland | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze dies 21 March | | M : | Luigi Boccherini dies 28 May |
|
| | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Fugitive Pieces privately printed | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Symphony,
Eb
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Razumovsky' String Quartets
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Violin Concerto
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.4
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.4
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Napoleon | | PH : | Joseph Bonaparte named King of Naples | | PH : | Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland | | PH : | Napoleon's Berlin Decree begins "Continental System" | | PH : | Confederation of Rhine founded | | PH : | Peace of Posen: Saxony is made a kingdom | | ED : | J.C. Adelun: Mithridates, a History of Languages and Dialects | | RP : | Fichte: Bericht über die Wissenschaftslehre | | ED : | Institute de France created by combining Académie Française with other academies | | RP : | James Madison: An Examination of the British Doctrine which Subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not Open in Time of Peace | | RP : | Napoleon establishes a consistorial organisation for Jews in France | | ST : | P.A. Latreille: Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum | | ST : | Sir Francis Beaufort designs scale to indicate wind strength | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning born 6 March | | VA : | George Stubbs dies 10 July | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard dies 22 August |
|
| | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Poems in two volumes | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hours of Idleness | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet
for piano, two violins, viola, doublebass
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet
for harp, two violins, viola, cello
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Liebe und Eifersucht
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Symphonies
No.1 and No.2
| | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Portrait of Count Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy
| | PH : | Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon, the Czar, and the King of Prussia | | PH : | Jerome Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia | | PH : | Napoleon ensures dictatorship by suppressing Tribunate | | PH : | Sultan Selim III of Turkey deposed and succeeded by Mustafa IV | | DL : | Baron von Stein emancipates serfs | | PH : | France invades Portugal: dethroned Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil | | RP : | U.S. Evangelical Association, founded by Jacob Albright, holds its first convention | | PH : | Commercial Law Code introduced in France | | RP : | Hegel: Phänomenologie des Geistes | | RP : | Gottlieb Hufeland: New Foundations of Political Economy | | ST : | Charles Bell: System of Comparative Surgery | | ED : | Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland: Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, 1799-1804, on Spanish America (first of 30 volumes) | | DL : | Horse racing: First Ascot Gold Cup | | DL : | England prohibits slave trade | | DL : | Street lighting by gas in London |
|
| | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Colossus | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Marmion | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Canzoni
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Der Trank der Unsterblichkeit
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Für Elise' (completed 1810)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Symphonies No.5 and No.6
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Caroline Murat and her Children | | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : The Entombment of Atala | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon on the Battlefield
of Eylau on 9 February 1807 | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : David Johnston | | DL : | U.S. prohibits importation of slaves from Africa | | PH : | Joseph Bonaparte becomes king of Spain, Joachim Murat becomes King of Naples | | PH : | Erfurt Congress | | PH : | Rebellion in Madrid: King Joseph flees; Napoleon takes city | | LT : | Théâtre St. Philippe, New Orleans, opened | | RP : | John Dalton: New System of Chemical Philosophy | | RP : | J.F. Fries: New Critique of Reason | | RP : | Napoleon abolishes the Inquisition in Spain and Italy | | RP : | Schlegel: Von der Sprache und Weisheit der Inder | | ST : | J.L.Gay-Lussac: The Combination of Gases | | ST : | The source of the Ganges River discovered | | DL : | Baronetage published in London by John Debrett | | DL : | Disappearance of fashion of pigtails in men's hair | | ED : | Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii | | DL : | Henry Crabb Robinson, the first war correspondent, sent by The Times of London to Spain to report on the Peninsular War | | VA : | Hubert Robert dies 15 April |
|
| | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Abbey in an Oak Forest | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien dies | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Elective Affinities | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Piano Trio
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Miserere in Bb
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Incidental music
to the play Turandot
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.5 ('Emperor')
| | PH : | Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and Turkey | | PH : | War between France and Austria | | PH : | Peace of Schönbrunn | | PH : | Austria joins Continental System | | PH : | James Madison becomes 4th President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | King Gustavus IV of Sweden deposed; succeeded by Charles XIII | | PH : | Marshal Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Prince of Sweden | | PH : | Treaty of friendship between Britain and the Sikhs at Amritsar | | PH : | Napoleon annexes Papal States; Pope Pius VII taken prisoner | | PH : | Ecuador gains independence from Spain | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn born 3 February | | M : | Joseph Haydn dies 31 May | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson born 6 August |
|
| | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Morning in the Riesengebirge | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lady in the Lake | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Overture and incidental music to Egmont
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Cloister Graveyard in the Snow | | PH : | Napoleon annexes Holland, Hanover, Bremen, Hamburg, Lauenburg, and Lübeck | | PH : | Venezuela breaks away from Spain | | RP : | Lazare Carnot: De la défense des places fortes | | RP : | Société de Amis formed in Geneva by Protestant revivalists | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generation of Political Constitutions | | VA : | The "Nazarenes" founded by J.F. Overbeck to revive German religious art | | ST : | Gail and Spurzheim: Anatomie et physiologie du systèm nerveux | | ST : | Samuel Hahnemann founds homeopathy | | ST : | François Appert develops techniques for canning food | | DL : | First public billiards rooms in England at the Piazza, Covent Garden, London | | M : | Frederic Chopin born 1 March | | M : | Robert Schumann born 8 June |
|
| | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Eighteen Hundred And Eleven, A Poem | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Abu Hassan
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Archduke' Piano Trio
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Jupiter and Thetis | | PH : | George III of England insane; Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent | | DL : | Austria bankrupt | | PH : | Paraguay independent of Spain | | RP : | K.A. Böttiger: Kunstmythologie | | PH : | Civil Code introduced in Austria | | RP : | "Great Schism" of Welsh Protestants; two thirds leave Anglican Church | | ED : | Barthold G. Niebuhr: Roman History | | ED : | J.P.A. Récusat: Essai sur la langue et la littérature | | ED : | University of Christiania, Oslo, founded | | ED : | National University of Nicaragua founded | | DL : | John Rennie begins the building of Waterloo Bridge, London | | M : | Prague Conservatoire is opened | | ST : | Amadeo Avogadro: hypothesis of the molecular composition of gases | | ST : | Sir Charles Bell: New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain | | ST : | S.O. Poisson: Traité de Mécanique | | DL : | French Press Agency founded (later to becomes Agence Havas) | | DL : | "Luddites" destroy industrial machines in North England | | M : | Franz Liszt born 22 October |
|
| | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold cantos I and II, published | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Aurora
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La scala di seta
('The Silken Ladder')
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Symphonies No.7 and No.8
| | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Napoleon in His Study
| | PH : | U.S. declares war on Britain GO ! | | RP : | Baptist Union of Great Britain formed | | ED : | H.F. Genesius: Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary | | RP : | Hegel: Die objective Logik | | RP : | Jews in Prussia emancipated (Hardenberg reforms) | | VA : | Elgin Marbles brought to England | | M : | Founding of Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna | | VA : | Swiss explorer Burckhardt discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel | | ST : | Georges Cuvier: Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes | | ST : | Humphry Davy: Elements of Chemical Philosophy | | ST : | Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning flax | | ST : | Laplace: Thérie analytique | | DL : | Royal Yacht Squadron founded | | DL : | Gas, Light and Coke Company, London developed by F.A. Winsor | | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau born 15 April | | LT : | Robert Browning born 7 May |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Rokeby | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, L'italiana in Algeri
('The Italian Girl in Algiers')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Le streghe
('Witches Dance')
| | PH : | Prussia declares war on France | | PH : | Austria declares war on France | | PH : | French expelled from Holland; return of William of Orange | | PH : | Simón Bolivar becomes dictator of Venezuela | | PH : | Mexico declares itself independent | | RP : | J.F. Herbart: Introduction to Philosophy | | RP : | Methodist Missionary Society founded | | RP : | Robert Owen: A New View of Society | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom sureichenden Grunde | | M : | London Philharmonic Society founded | | DL : | Last gold guinea coins issued in England | | M : | The waltz conquers the European ballrooms | | M : | Richard Wagner born 22 May | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi born 10 October |
|
| | | LT : | William Wordsworth: The Excursion | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Waverly | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Corsair and Lara published | | M : | Franz Schubert : Song, Gretchen am Spinnerade
('Gretchen and the Spinning Wheel')
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Third of May, 1808 | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Grand Odalisque | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Raphael
and the Fornarina | | PH : | Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba | | PH : | Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up the throne as his hereditary right | | PH : | Congress of Vienna opens | | PH : | Christian Frederick of Denmark elected King of Norway | | PH : | Treaty of Ghent ends British-American war GO ! | | PH : | Hanover proclaimed a kingdom | | PH : | Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, declares war on the Gurkhas (Nepal) | | ED : | Chateaubriand: De Buonaparte et le Bourbons | | RP : | Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisistion | | RP : | Savigny: The Claim of Our Age on Legislation | | VA : | Dulwich Gallery, London, opened | | M : | J.N. Maelzel invents the metronome | | ST : | Berzelius: Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity | | ST : | M.J.B. Orfila: Toxicologie générale | | ST : | At Killingworth Colliery, George Stephenson constructs the first practical steam locomotive | | DL : | English Statute of Apprentices (1563) repealed | | M : | Johann Friedrich Reichardt dies 27 June | | VA : | Jean-François Millet born 4 October |
|
| | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Collected Poems | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Guy Mannering | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lord of the Isles | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Biographia Literaria | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hebrew Melodies | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Quintet
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Songs, Der Erlkönig, Heidenröslein
| | PH : | Napoleon leaves Elba; the "Hundred Days"; Napoleon abdicates again and is banished to St. Helena | | PH : | Swiss Federal Pact ratified; the Confederation now consists of 22 cantons | | PH : | Joachim Murat, King of Naples executed after attempt to regain Naples | | PH : | Brazil declares itself an independent empire | | RP : | Protestant Baseler Missiongesellschaft founded | | RP : | T.R. Malthus: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent | | ED : | Savigny: History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages | | RP : | Dugald Stewart: Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy | | VA : | The Biedermeier styles arrives | | ST : | Miner's safety lamp invented | | ST : | Augustin Fresnel: research on the diffraction of light | | ST : | Lamarck: Histoire naturelle des animaux | | ST : | L.J. Prout: hypothesis on relation between specific gravity and atomic weight | | DL : | Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain | | DL : | British income tax ended | | DL : | British road surveyor John Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone | | DL : | Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in Indonesia - more than 50,000 dead | | ED : | Technological College, Vienna, founded | | VA : | Ernest Meissonier born 21 February |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Tales of my Landlord | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold canto III and The Prisoner of Chillon | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Siege of Corinth and Parisina | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Undine
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphonies
No.4 'Tragic', and No.5
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Il barbiere di Siviglia
('The Barber of Seville')
| | PH : | Maria I, Queen of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son, Dom John VI | | PH : | Argentina declared independent | | PH : | Prince Metternich opens Diet of German Confederation at Frankfurt | | RP : | American Bible Society founded | | ED : | Nikolai Karamzin: History of the Russian Empire | | ST : | Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope | | ST : | Stethoscope invented | | DL : | Blackwood's Magazine founded, Edinburgh | | DL : | English economic crisis causes large-scale emigration to Canada and U.S. |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Rob Roy | | LT : | John Keats: Poems | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Manfred | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: Thanatopsis | | M : | Franz Schubert : Songs, Die Forelle ('The Trout'), Der Tod und das Mädchen (Death and the Maiden'), An die Musik
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Armida
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, La gazza ladra
('The Thieving Magpie')
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La Cenerentola
('Cinderella')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.1
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Cemetery at Dusk | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : City at Moonrise | | PH : | James Monroe inaugurated as fifth President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German students | | RP : | August Böckh: The Public Economy of Athens | | RP : | Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union | | RP : | Hegel: Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences | | RP : | H.F.R. de Lamennais: Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion | | ED : | Juan Llorente, a former secretary of the Inquisition, publishes his History of the Inquisition in Spain | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Du Pape | | ED : | Braccia Nuova begins building of Vatican Museum, Rome | | ST : | Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium | | ST : | Karl Ritter: Geographie in ihrer Beziehung zu Natur und Geschichte | | DL : | Riots in Derbyshire, England, against low wages | | DL : | Opening of Waterloo Bridge, London (replaced 1945) | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny born 15 February |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Heart of Midlothian | | LT : | John Keats: Endymion | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Beppo and Childe Harold canto IV | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Mosè in Egitto
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Hammerklavier' Piano Sonata
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Wanderer above the Sea of Fog | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : Severed Heads | | PH : | Act suspending Habeas Corpus is repealed | | PH : | Charles XIII of Sweden dies; succeeded by Jean Bernadotte as Charles XIV | | PH : | Chile proclaims its independence | | PH : | Border between Canada and U.S. agreed upon | | ED : | Bonn University founded | | ED : | Josef Dobrovsky: History of the Czech language | | ED : | Henry Hallam: The View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages | | ED : | Prado Museum, Madrid, founded | | ST : | F.W. Bessel: Fundamenta Astronomiae, catalog of 3,222 stars | | ST : | Berzelius publishes molecular weights of 2,000 chemical compounds | | ST : | Cadmium discovered | | DL : | British Order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent | | DL : | "Savannah" becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic (26 days) | | M : | Charles-François Gounod born 18 June |
|
| | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Peter Bell and The Waggoner | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor, Ivanhoe, and A Legend of Montrose | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Mazeppa and Don Juan cantos I and II | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Invitation to the Dance
for piano (later orchestrated by Berlioz)
| | M : | Franz Schubert : 'Trout' Quintet
| | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : The Raft of the Medusa | | VA : | John Crome : Yarmouth Beach | | PH : | Florida purchased by U.S. from Spain | | PH : | Bolivar becomes President of Colombia | | RP : | Georg Hermes: Philosophical Introduction to Christian Theology | | RP : | Jean Sismondi: Nouveaux principes d'economie politique | | ST : | Mitscherelich discovers isomorphism | | ST : | David Napier constructs the flat-bed cylinder for printing | | ST : | Danish physicist Hans Oersted discovers electromagnetism | | DL : | Opening of Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London | | VA : | Mehemet Ali presents Cleopatra's Needle to Britain | | DL : | Freedom of the press in France | | DL : | Maximum 12-hour working day for juveniles in England | | M : | Franz von Suppé born 18 April | | LT : | Walt Whitman born 31 May | | VA : | Gustave Courbet born 10 June | | M : | Jacques Offenbach born 20 June | | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann born 13 September |
|
| | | LT : | John Clare: Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Battle of Marathon | | LT : | William Blake: Jerusalem | | VA : | John Constable : Dedham Lock and Mill | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Solitude at Dawn | | PH : | Revolution in Spain - King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812 | | PH : | King George III of England dies; succeeded by Prince Regent as George IV | | DL : | U.S. Land Law fixes land price at a minimum of $1.25 per acre | | RP : | Thomas Brown: Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind | | RP : | Thomas Erskine: Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion | | RP : | J.J. Görres: Germany and the Revolution | | RP : | Jesuits driven out of Rome | | RP : | T. R. Malthus: Principles of Political Economy | | VA : | Discovery of the Venus de Milo | | ST : | André Ampère: Laws of the Electrodynamic Action | | DL : | Washington Colonization Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negros | | VA : | Benjamin West dies 11 March | | LT : | Joseph Rodman Drake dies 21 September |
|
| | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Great He-Goat | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Kenilworth | | LT : | John Clare: The Village Minstrel | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Marino Faliero, Don Juan cantos III-V, Cain, The Two Foscari, and Sardanapalus | | VA : | John Constable : Study of Clouds at Hampstead | | VA : | John Constable : The Hay Wain | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Der Freischütz
| | PH : | James Monroe begins second term as U.S. president | | PH : | Revolution in Piedmont: Victor Emmanuel abdicates, names his brother Charles Felix successor | | PH : | Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks | | PH : | Peru proclaimed independent from Spain, followed by Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo | | ED : | Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies | | RP : | George Grote: Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform | | RP : | Hegel: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts | | ED : | Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rosetta Stone | | ST : | Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation | | ST : | T.J. Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity | | ST : | Sir Charles Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction | | DL : | London Co-operative Society founded | | DL : | Manchester Guardian founded | | LT : | John Keats dies 23 February | | VA : | John Crome dies 22 April |
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| | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Ecclesiastical Sketches | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Fortunes of Nigel and Halidon Hill | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Vision of Judgment | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Dante and Virgil
in Hell | | M : | Franz Schubert : Fantasia
in C, 'Wanderer' Fantasy
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.8, 'Unfinished'
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Mass
in D (Missa Solemnis)
| | VA : | William Blake : The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins | | PH : | Greeks adopt liberal republican constitution and proclaim independence | | PH : | Augustin de Iturbide elected Emperor of Mexico | | PH : | Brazil becomes independent of Portugal | | PH : | Congress of Verona opens to discuss European problem | | PH : | Bottle riots in Dublin, viceroy attacked by Orangemen | | ED : | Colebrooke founds Royal Asiatic Society (study of Eastern languages) | | RP : | Jean B. J. Fourier: Thèorie analytique de la chaleur | | ST : | J.V. Poncelet: Traité des propriétés projectives des figures on projective geometry | | M : | Royal Academy of Music, London, founded | | VA : | Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama, paintings illuminated in dark room to give illusion of reality | | ST : | A.J. Fresnel perfects lenses for lighthouses | | DL : | Streets of Boston, Mass., lit by gas | | DL : | Sunday Times, London, founded | | M : | Franz Strauss born 26 February | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann dies 25 June | | LT : | Mathew Arnold born 24 December |
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| | | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel born | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Macduff's Cross, Peveril of the Peak and Quentin Durward | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Don Juan cantos VI-XIV | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Euryanthe
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Moments Musicaux
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Incidental music
to Rosamunde
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Die schöne Müllerin
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Semiramide
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Diabelli' Piano Variations
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.9 ('Choral')
| | PH : | Mexico becomes republic, Iturbide forced to abdicate | | PH : | Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central America | | PH : | The Monroe Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers GO ! | | RP : | Oxford Union Society founded | | RP : | Pope Pius VII dies; succeeded by Pope Leo XII (Annibale de la Genga) | | RP : | Saint-Simon: Catéchisme des industriels | | ED : | Louis Thiers: Histoire de la Révolution Française | | ED : | Sir Robert Smirke designs British Museum, London | | ST : | Charles Babbage's early attempts to construct a calculating machine | | ST : | Faraday succeeds in liquefying chlorine | | ST : | Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric | | ED : | Mechanic's Institute founded in London and Glasgow | | ST : | Walter Oudney, discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa | | ST : | British medical journal The Lancet first issued | | DL : | First Cologne Carnival festivities | | DL : | Death penalty for over 100 crimes abolished in Britain | | ED : | George IV presents the library of George III to British Museum | | DL : | Founding of Royal Thames Yacht Club | | DL : | Rugby Football originates at Rugby School, England | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon dies 16 February | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn dies 8 July |
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| | | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson dies | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Massacre at Chios | | M : | Franz Schubert : Sonata
for two pianos, 'Grand Duo'
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Octet
in F
| | M : | Franz Schubert : String Quartet
No.14, 'Der Tod und das Mädchen
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Symphony in B-flat
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Last five string quartets
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Evening | | PH : | Bolivar proclaimed Emperor of Peru | | PH : | Frontier treaty signed between Russia and U.S. | | PH : | U.S. House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four candidates wins a majority in the national election GO ! | | ED : | August Böckh: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecum (ed.) | | ED : | Carlo Botta: History of Italy, 1789-1814 | | ED : | Leopold von Ranke: History of the Latin and Teutonic People, 1494-1535 | | RP : | Sunday School Union formed in U.S. | | VA : | National Gallery, London, founded | | ST : | Portland Cement developed | | ST : | Nicolas Carnot: Puissance motrice du feu (on therodynamics) | | DL : | Founding of Athenaeum Club, London | | DL : | Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed; British workers are allowed to unionise | | DL : | Le Globe, Paris begins publication | | DL : | R.S.P.C.A. founded in London | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault dies 26 January | | M : | Bedrich Smetana born 2 March | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron dies 19 April | | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme born 11 May | | M : | Anton Bruckner born 4 September |
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| | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Female Nude
Reclining on a Divan | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Talisman | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Octet
for strings
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Adelson e Salvini
| | VA : | William Blake : The Body of Abel Found by Adam & Eve | | VA : | William Blake : Queen Katherine's Dream | | PH : | Ferdinand IV of Naples dies; succeeded by Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Russian Treaty of British territory in north-western N. America | | PH : | Bolivia becomes independent of Peru, Uruguay of Brazil | | PH : | Maximilian I, King of Bavaria, dies; succeeded by his son Louis I | | PH : | Czar Alexander I dies; succeeded by Nicholas I | | RP : | William Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits | | RP : | French law makes sacrilege a capital offence | | ED : | Augustin Thierry: Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands | | ST : | Faraday isolates benzene | | ST : | Oxygen-hydrogen limelight invented | | ED : | Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest | | DL : | Opening of Stockton-Darlington railroad - the first line to carry passengers | | DL : | A Baseball Club organised at Rochester, New York | | DL : | Tea roses from China introduced in Europe | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld dies 9 March | | VA : | Henry Fuseli dies 16 April | | M : | Johann Strauss II born 25 October | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau born 30 November | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David dies 29 December |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Woodstock | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: An Essay on Mind and Other Poems published anonymously | | LT : | William Blake: Job | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Oberon
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.9
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.3
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.2, including La campanella ('The Little Bell')
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, A Midsummer Night's Dream
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Bianca e Gernando
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Les Francs-juges
| | VA : | William Blake : Satan Inflicting Boils on Job
| | PH : | Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese War | | PH : | John VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by Peter IV | | PH : | Russia declares war on Persia | | PH : | Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul | | RP : | Ngüan Ngüan edits the writings of Confucius | | VA : | U.S. Academy of Design founded | | ST : | André Ampère: Electrodynamics | | ST : | N.J. Lobachevsky develops his system of non-Euclidean geometry | | ED : | Munich University founded | | ST : | Galvanometer invented | | DL : | Unter den Linden, Berlin, lit by gas | | ST : | Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society, London | | DL : | First railroad tunnel, on Liverpool-Manchester line, in England | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber dies 5 June |
|
| | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Death of Sardanapalus | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems by Two Brothers | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter and Life of Napoleon | | LT : | John Clare: The Shepherd's Calendar with Village Stories and Other Poems | | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Winterreise
('Winter Journey')
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Nocturne
in E-flat
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
Variations for piano and orchestra on 'La ci darem la mano' (aria from Mozart opera Don Giovanni
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Il pirata
('The Pirate')
| | PH : | Count Kapodistrias elected President of Greece | | PH : | By the Treaty of London the Allies agree to force a truce on the Sultan | | RP : | John Darby founds the Plymouth Brethren | | ED : | Henry Hallam: The Constitutional History of England | | RP : | John Keble: The Christian year | | ST : | J. J. Audubon : Birds of North American | | ST : | Karl von Baer: Epistola de Ova Mammalium et Hominis Generis | | ST : | English physician describes Bright's disease | | VA : | Joseph Niepce produces photographs on a metal plate | | ST : | George Ohm formulates Ohm's Law, defining electrical current potential and resistance | | ST : | James Simpson constructs sand filter for purification of London's water supply | | DL : | Karl Baedeker begins publishing his travel guides | | DL : | Evening Standard, London, appears | | DL : | Sulfur friction matches introduced by John Walker | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven dies 26 March | | VA : | William Holman Hunt born 26 April | | LT : | William Blake dies 12 August |
|
| | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Anne of Geierstein | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works (3 volumes) and Work without Hope | | M : | Franz Schubert : String Quintet
in C
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Schwanengesang
('Swan Song')
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Le Comte Ory
('Count Ory')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, Waverly
| | PH : | Maria II deposed, Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portugal | | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Mehemet Ali agrees to Britain's demand to quit Greece | | PH : | Uruguay becomes independent republic following Treaty of Rio de Janeiro | | PH : | Liberal revolt in Mexico, Vincente Guerrero becomes president | | DL : | British Test and Corporation Acts repealed; Catholics and Nonconformists may hold public office | | VA : | German scholar K.O. Müller publishes his treatise on Etruscan antiquities | | ED : | University College, London, opened | | ED : | American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah Webster, published | | ST : | John Franklin publishes an account of his Arctic explorations | | ST : | Cap and ring spinning machines invented | | ST : | Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea begins organic chemistry | | DL : | London weekly Athenaeum issued | | DL : | The Spectator, London weekly periodical, founded | | DL : | Working Men's Party founded in New York | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes dies 16 April | | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May | | M : | Franz Schubert dies 19 November |
|
| | | VA : | Anthony Frederick Sandys born | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Guillaume Tell
('William Tell')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini :
Variations on 'God Save The King' for violin and orchestra
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
Book I of 'Songs Without Words' (Lieder ohne Worte), for piano
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Zaira
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La straniera
('The Foreigner')
| | PH : | Andrew Jackson inaugurated at President of the U.S. GO ! | | DL : | New Act of Parliament establishes an effective police force in London | | PH : | Peace of Adrianople ends Russo-Turk. war | | DL : | Slavery abolished in Mexico | | PH : | President Guerrero of Mexico overthrown by General Anastasio Bustamante | | DL : | Catholic Emancipation Act allows Roman Catholics in Great Britain to sit in Parliament and to hold almost any public office | | RP : | Pope Leo XII dies; Cardinal Francisco Castiglione elected Pope Pius VIII | | M : | The concertina patented | | VA : | L.J.M. Dagueerre forms a partnership with J.N. Niepce for the development of their photographic inventions | | ST : | Dobereiner: classification of similar elements | | ST : | Von Drayse invents the breechloading needle gun | | ST : | American physicist John Henry constructs and early version of the electromagnetic motor | | ST : | Hydropathy, the system of treating diseases by water, developed by Silesian farmer Vincenz Priessnitz | | DL : | The first co-operative stores in America | | DL : | The omnibus becomes part of London public transport | | DL : | First Oxford-Cambridge boat race takes place at Henley; Oxford wins | | DL : | Suttee, the Indian custom of immolating a widow along with her dead husband, abolished in British India | | DL : | The first U.S. patent on a typewriter granted this year | | ST : | The Royal Zoological Society takes over the menagerie at the Tower of London (origin of the London Zoo at Regent's Park) | | PH : | Uruguay declares war against Argentina | | PH : | Treaty of London settles the dispute between the Dutch and their former Belg. subjects | | PH : | Outbreak of First Opium War between Britain and China | | PH : | Frederick IV, King of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian VIII | | PH : | The independent republic of Natal founded by the Boers | | PH : | Abdul Mejid becomes Sultan of Turkey | | ED : | Franz Bopp identifies Celtic as part of the Indo-European language family | | ED : | John Lloyd Stephens discovers and examines the antiquities of the ancient Maya culture in Central America | | ST : | Charles Goodyear makes possible the commercial use of rubber by discovering the process of "vulcanisation" | | ST : | Metallic element lanthanum discovered | | ST : | Ozone discovered | | ST : | First electric clock built | | DL : | Electrotyping process developed by Moritz Jacobi | | DL : | Abner Doubleday lays out first baseball field and conducts first baseball game ever played | | RP : | Louis Blanc publishes: L'Organization du Travail | | DL : | First Grand National run at Aintree, England | | DL : | Prussia restricts juvenile labour to a maximun of 10 hours a day | | ED : | Lowell Institute, Boston, founded | | DL : | George Weed's anti-slavery pamphlet, Slavery As It Is | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk born 8 May | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais born 8 June | | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein born 28 November |
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