Elizabeth Barret Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese
LT :
Robert Browning: Christmas Eve and Easter Day
VA :
Camille Corot : Morning, the Dance of the Nymphs
M :
Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.3, 'Rhenish'
M :
Franz Liszt : Liebersträume
(Dreams of Love), for piano
M :
Franz Liszt : Consolations
for piano
M :
Adolphe Adam : Opera, Giralda
M :
Hector Berlioz : Te Deum
VA :
William Holman Hunt : Claudio and Isabella
VA :
William Holman Hunt : A Converted British Family
Sheltering a Christian Missionary
from the Persecution of the Druids
PH :
Outbreak of Anglo-Kaffir War
PH :
Prussia and Denmark sign Peace of Berlin on Schleswig-Holstein
PH :
U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore becomes 13th president GO !
PH :
Taiping rebellion in China; Hung Hiu-tseun proclaims himself emperor
RP :
Church council to manage Protestant churches in Prussia
ED :
Public Libraries Act in Britain
RP :
Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena
RP :
Herbert Spencer: Social Statics, beginnings of sociology
M :
Foundation of Bach-Gesellschaft to publish the complete works of J.S. Bach
ST :
R.W. Bunsen produces gas burner
ST :
Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics, and kinetic theory of gases
ST :
The speed of nervous impulse established
ST :
Pafnut Chebyshev: On Primary Numbers
DL :
Old age insurance in France
ST :
Royal Meteorological Society founded
ED :
School of Mines, London (to becomes College of Science and Technology), founded
ED :
University of Sydney, Australia, established
LT :
William Wordsworth dies 23 April
1851
VA :
Sir John Everett Millais : Ophelia
LT :
Elizabeth Barret Browning: Casa Guidi Windows
VA :
Charles-François Daubigny : Harvest
M :
Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Rigoletto
M :
Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Mazeppa
M :
Franz Liszt : Transcendental Studies
for piano
M :
Mikhail Glinka : Souvenir d'une nuit d'été à Madrid
(Second Spanish Overture)
M :
Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Symphony No.2, Ocean
VA :
Sir John Everett Millais : Mariana
PH :
Cuba declares its independence
PH :
Beginning of Basuto War
PH :
Coup d'état of Louis Napoleon; plebiscite in France favours new constitution
PH :
Danilo II converts Montenegro into a secular principality
RP :
Vincenzo Gioberti: Il Rinnovamento civile d'Italia
ST :
Franz Neumann: law of electromagnetic induction
ST :
Isaac Singer devises the continuous stitch sewing machine
RP :
Mary Carpenter: Reformatory Schools...for Juvenile Offenders
DL :
First double-decker bus introduced
DL :
The New York Times appears
DL :
Maine and Illinois begins to enforce prohibition against liquor
VA :
Joseph Mallord William Turner dies 19 December
1852
LT :
William Cullen Bryant: The Fountain, and other Poems
LT :
Mathew Arnold: Empedocles on Etna, and Other Poems
M :
Louis Moreau Gottschalk : El Sitio Zaragoza
M :
Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Il Trovatore
('The Troubadour')
M :
Adolphe Adam : Opera, Si j'étais roi
('If I Were King')
M :
Johannes Brahms :
Piano Sonatas No.1 and No.2
M :
Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Thomas the Fool
VA :
Arthur Hughes : Ophelia
VA :
Sir John Everett Millais : A Huguenot on St Bartolomew's Day
VA :
William Holman Hunt : On English Coasts
PH :
South African Republic (Transvaal) established
PH :
New French constitution gives president monarchical powers, Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor Napoleon III
PH :
Outbreak of Second Burmese War
RP :
The Convocation of the Church of England revived
ST :
Delisle begins the study of modern paleography
RP :
First Plenary Council of American Roman Catholics held in Baltimore
ED :
Rank: History of France
ST :
C.F. Gerhardt: New Theory of Organic Compounds
ST :
David Livingstone explores Zambezi
ST :
Dutch army surgeon Mathysen impregnates bandages with plaster
ST :
Herbert Spencer: The Development Hypothesis (first use of the word "evolution")
ST :
James Sylvester: Calculus of Forms
DL :
The U.S. imports sparrows from Germany as defence against caterpillars
DL :
First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets in London
DL :
Formation of United All-English Cricket Eleven
VA :
Edwin Austin Abbey born
1853
VA :
Lord Frederic Leighton : The Reconciliation
VA :
Edmund Blair Leighton born
VA :
Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee born
LT :
Mathew Arnold: Poems with the famous "preface" (Arnold's first important critical essay)
M :
Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Traviata
('The Woman Gone Astray')
M :
Robert Schumann : Scenes
from Goethe's Faust, for chorus and orchestra
M :
Franz Liszt : Piano Sonata
in B-minor
VA :
William Holman Hunt : The Awakening Conscience
PH :
Peace between Britain and Burma
PH :
Crimean War begins
PH :
Maria II of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son Pedro V
RP :
Johann Herzog: Encyclopaedia of Protestant Theology
ED :
Mommsen: History of Rome
RP :
Hippolyte Taine: Essai sur les fables de La Fontaine
M :
Henry Steinway and his three sons begins the New York firm of piano manufacturers
ED :
Melbourne University founded
ST :
Alexander Wood uses hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections
ST :
Queen Victoria allows choloroform to be administered to her during the birth of her seventh child, thus ensuring its place as an anaesthetic in Britain
DL :
Telegraph system established in India
DL :
Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain
VA :
Howard Pyle born
VA :
Vincent van Gogh born 30 March
1854
M :
Richard Wagner : Opera, Das Rheingold
M :
Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Orpheus
M :
Hector Berlioz : Oratorio, The Childhood of Christ
VA :
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Joan of Arc
VA :
William Holman Hunt : The Scapegoat
PH :
Convention of Bloemfontein
PH :
Britain and France conclude alliance with Turkey and declare war on Russia
PH :
"War for Bleeding Kansas" between free and slave states in U.S. GO !
PH :
Elgin Treaty between Britain and U.S. on Canadian trade
RP :
George Boole: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities
RP :
Jewish seminary established at Breslau
DL :
Juvenile Offenders Act in Great Britain
RP :
Pope Pius IX declares the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary to be an article of faith
ST :
Christian Ehrenberg: Microgeology
ST :
Laryngoscope invented
ST :
First form of lightbulb developed
ST :
Georg Riemann: On the Hypotheses Forming the Foundation of Geometry
ED :
University College, Dublin, founded
DL :
Northcote-Trevelyan report leads to British Civil Service Commission
ED :
Working Men's College, London, founded
PH :
Abbas I, Viceroy of Egypt assassinated; succeeded by Mohammed Said
M :
Leoš Janácek born 3 July
M :
John Phillip Sousa born 6 November
1855
VA :
Arthur Hughes : April Love
VA :
Sir John Everett Millais : Autumn Leaves
LT :
Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass
LT :
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Maud
LT :
Robert Browning: Men and Women
LT :
Mathew Arnold: Poems, Second Series
VA :
Gustave Courbet : The Painter's Studio
M :
Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Les Deux aveugles
('The Two Blind Men')
M :
Georges Bizet : Symphony in C
PH :
Czar Nicholas I of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexander II
PH :
Britain and Afghanistan join against Persia in Treaty of Peshawar
PH :
Taiping Rebellion ends
RP :
Henry Milman: History of Latin Christianity
RP :
Herbert Spencer: Principles of Psychology
DL :
George Audemars patents rayon production
ED :
Professorship of technology created at Edinburgh University
ST :
Printing telegraph invented
ST :
Tungsten steel developed
ST :
Mathew Maury: Physical Geography of the Sea
DL :
First iron Cunard steamer crosses Atlantic
DL :
Founding of The Daily Telegraph, London
DL :
London sewers modernised after outbreak of cholera
ST :
Florence Nightingale introduces hygienic standards into military hospitals during Crimean War
1856
VA :
Arthur Hughes : Home from the Sea
VA :
Lord Frederic Leighton : The Fisherman and the Siren
M :
Richard Wagner : Opera, Die Walküre
('The Valkyrie')
M :
Franz Liszt : Dante Symphony
M :
Mikhail Glinka : Valse-fantaisie, ('Fantasy Waltz') for orchestra
M :
Adolphe Adam : Ballet, Le Corsaire
M :
Georges Bizet : Operetta, Le Docteur Miracle
VA :
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : The Source
DL :
Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross
PH :
Reform edict in Turkish Empire; peace conference in Paris recognises integrity of Turkey
PH :
Anglo-Chin. war begins
PH :
Brit.-Persian war begins
ED :
J.A. Foude: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Deafeat of the Armada
ED :
Theodor Goldstücker: Sanskrit Dictionary
RP :
Rudolf Lotze: Mikrokosmos
RP :
Hippolyte Taine: Les Philosophes classiques du XIXe siècle en France
ED :
Alexis de Tocqueville: L'Ancien régime et la révolution
ST :
Pure cocaine extracted from cocoa beans
ED :
Neanderthal skull found in Feldhofer Cave near Düsseldorf
DL :
"Big Ben" cast at Whitechapel Bell Foundry
VA :
John Singer Sargent born
M :
Heinrich Heine dies 17 February
M :
Adolphe Adam dies 3 May
M :
Robert Schumann dies 29 July
1857
LT :
Elizabeth Barret Browning: Aurora Leigh
M :
Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Simon Boccanegra
(later revised)
M :
Franz Liszt : Faust Symphony
PH :
Peace of Paris ends Anglo-Persian war
PH :
Indian Mutiny against British rule
PH :
Garibaldi forms Italian National Association for unification of the country
PH :
Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded
ED :
Henry T. Buckle: History of Civilisation in England
RP :
Ernest Renan: Etudes d'histoire religieuse
VA :
Victoria and Albert Museum, London, opened
M :
Charles Hallé founds the Hallé concerts in Manchester
ST :
Pasteur proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms
DL :
Alpine Club, London, founded
DL :
Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe, caused by speculation in U.S. railroad shares
DL :
Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain
DL :
First safety elevator installed
ED :
Science Museum, South Kensington, London, founded
DL :
Transatlantic cable laid
DL :
Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs in Russia
M :
Mikhail Glinka dies 15 February
M :
Edward Elgar born 2 June
1858
M :
Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Scherz, List und Rache
('Joke, Trick and Revenge')
M :
Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Un Ballo in maschera
('A Masked Ball')
M :
Johann Strauss II : Polkas, Champagne and Tritsch-Tratsch
M :
Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Orphée aux enfers
('Orpheus in the Underwold'), later revised
M :
Johannes Brahms : Serenade
No.1 for orchestra
M :
Hector Berlioz : Opera, The Trojans
PH :
Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chin. war
PH :
British proclaim peace in India
PH :
Prince William of Prussia declared regent for the insane King Frederick William IV
PH :
Alexander Karageorgevich deposed by Serbian Diet; Milos Obrenovic declared king
RP :
The Blessed Virgin Mary reputed to have appeared at Lourdes, France
RP :
Henry Carey: Principles of Social Science
ED :
Thomas Carlyle: Frederick the Great
RP :
The Paulist Fathers founded by American Catholic priest Issac Hecker
RP :
Lionel de Rothschild becomes first Jewish member of British Parliament
RP :
Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church
M :
New York Symphony gives its first public concert
ST :
T.H. Huxley: The Theory of the Vetebrate Skulls
ST :
Mirror galvanometer invented
DL :
National Association of Baseball Players organised in America
DL :
Ottawa becomes capital of Canada
DL :
South Foreland lighthouse lit by electricity
M :
Giacomo Puccini dies 29 November
M :
Giacomo Puccini born 23 December
1859
VA :
Arthur Hughes : Knight of the Sun
M :
Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Symphony No.1, La Nuit des Tropiques
VA :
Charles-François Daubigny : On the Oise
VA :
Charles-François Daubigny : The Flood-Gate at Optevoz
