| | PH : | Alfred "The Great" crowned as the first king of a unified England GO ! |
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| | PH : | Bohemia and Moravia united | | PH : | King Olaf of Norway killed in the Battle of Svolder; Norway becomes Danish | | PH : | Piasts rule in Poland | | PH : | King Rajaraja of the Chola dynasty conquers Ceylon | | PH : | King Stephen of Hungary receives from the pope the title of Apostolic Majesty | | PH : | Sancho III, the Great, of Navarre | | LT : | Beowulf, heroic poem written in Old English GO ! | | RP : | Archbishopric of Gniezno established | | RP : | King Stephen of Hungary founds the Monastery of Gran | | RP : | Christianity reaches Iceland and Greenland | | RP : | Spiritual centre of Judaism switches from Mesopotamia to Spain | | VA : | Artistic revival in Italy (fresco and mosaic paintings) | | M : | Musical notation improved by Guido d'Arezzo | | PH : | Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, is supposed to have discovered America (Nova Scotia) | | ST : | Indian mathematician Sridhara recognises the importance of the zero | | ST : | Arabs and Jews become court physicians in Germany | | DL : | Widespread fear of the End of the World and the Last Judgement | | DL : | Danegeld - general tax in England | | DL : | Potatoes and corn planted in Peru | | DL : | The Frisians build dikes against floods and invasions | | ST : | Chinese perfect their invention of gunpowder | | DL : | Saxons settle at Bristol |
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| | PH : | Otto III dies; succeeded by his cousin Henry II, the Saint | | PH : | Massacre of St. Brice's Day; Dan. settlers in England murdered by order of Ethelred II | | PH : | Almanzor dies: beginning of the fall of caliphate of Cordoba | | PH : | Muzaffar, Caliph of Cordoba |
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| | PH : | War between Germany and Poland | | RP : | Pope John XVII | | RP : | Founding of Bamberg Cathedral under Henry II |
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| | PH : | King Henry's first Ital. campaign: he defeats Ardoin and is crowned King of Lombardy at Pavia | | PH : | Henry's war against Boleslav | | PH : | Arabs sack Pisa | | PH : | China becomes tributary to the Tungusic Khitans | | RP : | Pope John XVIII |
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| | PH : | Malcom II, King of Scotland |
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| | DL : | Mohammedans settle in northwestern India |
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| | PH : | Ethelred II pays 30,000 pounds to the Danes to gain two years' freedom from attacks |
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| | PH : | Mahmud of Ghazni defeats Hindus at Peshawar | | M : | Berno, Abbot of Reichenau writes his books on musical theory |
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| | PH : | The Mohammedans sack the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem | | PH : | First Imperial Diet at Goslar | | RP : | Bruno of Querfurt martyred by the Prussians | | RP : | Thietmar, Bishop of Merseburg: Chronical | | RP : | Pope Sergius IV |
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| | PH : | Robert II of France proclaims the "Peace of God" | | RP : | Richer of St. Remy, author of Historia Remensis ecclesiae |
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| | PH : | Ethelred invades South Wales, and the Danes take Canterbury | | RP : | The "Handkerchief of St. Veronica" kept in a special altar in Rome |
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| | PH : | Ethelred pays additional 48,000 pounds to the Danes | | RP : | First persecution of heretics in Germany | | RP : | The "Decretum" of Bishop Burchard of Worms | | RP : | Pope Benedict VIII |
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| | PH : | The Danes masters of England (Reign of Sweyn); Ethelred flees to Normandy |
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| | PH : | On Henry's second Ital. campaign he is crowned emperor in Rome | | PH : | End of Norse rule in Ireland | | PH : | Western part of Bulgaria to Byzantium | | PH : | Sweyn dies; succeeded by Canute: Ethelred returns GO ! |
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| | PH : | Wessex submits to Canute | | PH : | Arabs conquer Sardinia | | PH : | Jaroslav, Prince of Kiev | | PH : | King Olaf II, the Saint, restores Norw. independence and Christianity | | M : | At Pomposa Monastery, near Ravenna, sight singing is introduced | | DL : | First mention of Leipzig (Slav settlement) | | DL : | Municipal self-government at Benevento - first "communitas" |
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| | PH : | Ethelred II, the Unready, dies; Edmund II declared king by Londoners, Canute chosen by the Witan; the two make peace leaving Edmund with Wessex and Canute with Mercia and Northumbria. On Edmund's death in November, Canute is king of all England
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| | PH : | Canute divides England into four earldoms |
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| | PH : | End of war between Germany and Poland | | PH : | Union of southern and northern Scotland | | PH : | Byzantium regains Macedonia; Bulgarians submit | | PH : | Council of Oxford: Canute confirms laws of Edgar |
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| | DL : | Jaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev, codifies Russ. law and builds cities, schools, and churches | | PH : | Pisa annexes Corsica | | PH : | Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys recognise Olaf Haraldsson as king | | PH : | Rebellion of Bernard II, Duke of Saxony | | RP : | Bamberg Cathedral consecrated by Pope Benedict VIII |
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| | DL : | St. Vitus' dance epidemics in Europe |
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| | PH : | The Emperor Henry II defeats the Greeks in southern Italy | | RP : | Synod of Pavia insists on celibacy of higher clergy |
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| | PH : | Henry II dies; succeeded as Ger. king of Conrad II, the Salic, first of Franconian line | | RP : | Pope John XIX |
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| | PH : | Boleslav I accepts title King of Poland | | PH : | Beginning of decline of Byzantine power | | VA : | Takayoshi founds Tosa school of painting |
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| | M : | Guido d'Arezzo introduces solmisation in music (do, re, me, fa, sol, la) |
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| | RP : | Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor at Rome |
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| | PH : | Canute conquers Norway | | PH : | Romanus III, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Sancho of Navarre takes Castile |
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| | DL : | Jaroslav of Kiev founds Dorpat | | DL : | Vienna mentioned for the first time in documents (Wien) |
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| | PH : | Henry I, King of France | | PH : | Pol.-Hung. frontier treaty | | PH : | The caliphate of Cordoba abolished |
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| | PH : | Rudolph III of Burgundy dies, and Conrad unites Burgundy with the Empire | | RP : | Pope Benedict IX |
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| | PH : | The Germans and Russians defeat Mieczyslav II of Poland, which becomes fief of the Empire | | PH : | Castile becomes a separate kingdom |
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| | PH : | Malcom II of Scotland dies; succeeded by his grandson Duncan | | PH : | Bratislav, Duke of Bohemia | | PH : | Michael IV, the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor |
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| | PH : | Canute dies, his kingdom is divided among his three sons: England to Harold, Norway to Sweyn, and Denmark to Hardicanute GO ! | | PH : | Ferdinand I of Castile |
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| | DL : | Conrad II issues the Constitutio de feudis, which makes fiefs of small holders hereditary in Italy |
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| | PH : | After the death of Stephen of Hungary, Abo usurps the throne, and Peter, the legal heir, flees to Germany | | RP : | Founding of the Order of Vallombrosa |
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| | PH : | Conrad II dies; succeeded by Henry III |
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| | PH : | Duncan of Scotland murdered by Macbeth, who becomes king | | PH : | Harold dies; succeeded by Hardicanute GO ! | | PH : | "Truce of God" proclaimed in Aquitaine | | ST : | Petrocellus: Practica important medical work of the school of Salerno |
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| | PH : | Siward murders Eardwulf and becomes sole ruler of Northumbria |
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| | PH : | Hardicanute dies; succeeded by Ethelred's son Edward the Confessor GO ! | | PH : | Magnus, King of Denmark | | PH : | Constantine IX Monomachus, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Rise of the Seljuk Turks |
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| | RP : | Pope Gregory VI, the papacy being sold by the deposed Pope Benedict IX | | DL : | Copenhagen first mentioned |
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| | PH : | King Peter returns to Hungary and does homage to Henry III |
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| | PH : | Henry III crowned emperor in Rome | | RP : | Both popes dethroned; Synod of Rome elects Pope Clement II, a Saxon |
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| | PH : | Sweyn Estrithson, King of Denmark | | PH : | Harald Hardrada, King of Norway | | PH : | Henry III reestablishes the duchies of Carinthia, Bavaria, and Swabia | | PH : | Andrew I, King of Hungary | | RP : | Pope Benedict IX |
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| |
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| | RP : | Pope Leo IX, a German |
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| | PH : | Egypt collapses under military dictatorship | | PH : | Normans penetrate into England | | LT : | The Mabinogion, collection of Welsh tales | | ED : | Ssu-ma-Kuang: History of China from 500 b.c. to a.d.1000 | | RP : | The oldest Russ. monasteries, in Kiev | | M : | Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chant | | M : | Sys willekommen heirre kerst, first Ger. Christmas carol | | M : | The harp arrives in Europe | | M : | Time values given to musical notes | | ST : | Geographer Adam of Bremen believes the Baltic Sea to be an ocean open to the east | | ST : | Important astronomic instruments (astrolabes) arrive in Europe from Eastern countries | | DL : | Earliest references to Nuremberg, Oslo, Delhi, and Timbuctu | | DL : | Eng. monks excel in embroidery |
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| | PH : | Rebellion of Conrad, Duke of Bavaria | | PH : | Return of Earl Godwin |
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| | PH : | The Norman Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy and founds Norman empire there | | DL : | Danegeld abolished | | PH : | Henry IV, son of Henry III, elected and crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Harold succeeds his father Godwin as Earl of Wessex |
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| | PH : | Jaroslav of Kiev dies; followed by decline of his empire | | PH : | Poland recaptures Silesia from Bohemia | | RP : | The papal chair remains empty for one year | | RP : | Cleavage between Roman and Eastern Churches becomes permanent | | DL : | Expansion of commercial relations between Italy and Egypt |
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| | PH : | Siward of Northumbria dies; succeeded by Tostig, son of Godwin | | PH : | Spitigniev II of Bohemia | | RP : | Pope Victor II, a Bavarian |
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| | PH : | Henry III dies; succeeded by Henry IV, till 1065 under the guardianship of Empress Agnes | | PH : | Michael VI, eastern Emperor | | PH : | Beginning of the democratic Pataria movement in Milan |
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| | PH : | Macbeth murdered by Malcom; succeeded by his stepson Lulach | | PH : | Leofric of Mercia dies; succeeded by Alfgar | | PH : | Isaac Comnenus, Eastern emperor | | RP : | Pope Stephen X | | RP : | Ostronomic Gospel written in Novgorod |
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| | PH : | Malcom slays Lulach and becomes King of Scotland | | PH : | Boleslav II, Duke of Poland | | RP : | Pope Benedict X |
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| | PH : | Philip I made coregent in France | | PH : | Treaty of Melfi: Robert Guiscard and Richard of Aversa, Prince of Capua, become papal vassals | | PH : | Constantine X, Eastern Emperor | | RP : | Pope Nicholas II | | RP : | Papal decree establishing papal elections by cardinals only |
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| | PH : | Henry I of France dies; succeeded by Philip I | | PH : | Bela I, King of Hungary |
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| | PH : | Normans conquer Messina | | RP : | Pope Alexander II |
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| | PH : | Coup d'etat of Kaiserswerth; Archbishop Anno II of Cologne seizes Henry IV | | RP : | Berengar of Tours opposes doctrine of transubstantiation | | DL : | Marrakesh founded |
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| | PH : | Harold and Tostig subdue Wales | | PH : | Victorious Ger. campaign against Hungary | | PH : | Alp Arslan, ruler of the Seljuks |
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| | PH : | The Seljuks conquer Armenia | | PH : | Hungarians seize Belgrade from Byzantium |
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| | PH : | Sancho II, King of Castile | | PH : | Henry IV comes of age | | M : | Wilhelm von Hirsau, Ger. Benedictine monk, writes manuals on musical theory | | PH : | Edward the Confessor dies 1 May; Harold II crowned 1 June; Harold killed in Battle of Hastings on 14 October; William I, the Conqueror, crowned 25 Dec. GO ! | | VA : | Beginning of Norman (Romanesque) architecture | | DL : | Appearance of comet, later called "Halley's Comet" |
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| | DL : | She-tsung, Emperor of China: nationalisation of agricultural production and distribution | | PH : | Nationalist risings in the north and west of England crushed by William I | | VA : | Shotoku Taishi Eden, oldest extant painting of Yamatoe style |
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| | PH : | Rising in Ely under Hereward | | PH : | Bavaria bestowed upon Welf IV by Henry IV | | DL : | Amalfi merchants found in Jerusalem the Order of St. John |
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| | PH : | Normans conquer last Byzantine possessions in Italy | | PH : | Romanus IV defeated and captured by Seljuks at Manzikert | | PH : | Michael VII, Eastern Emperor | | ST : | Constantine the African brings Greek medicine to Western world |
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| | PH : | Normans under Robert Guiscard conquer Palermo |
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| | RP : | Pope Gregory VII, Hildebrand of Soana | | RP : | Reorganisation of Eng. Church; York subordinated to Canterbury |
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| | PH : | Peace of Gerstungen between Henry IV and the Saxons | | PH : | Geza I, King of Hungary | | RP : | Excommunication of married priests |
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|
| | PH : | Syria and Palestine subdued by Seljuk leader Malik Shah | | RP : | Dictatus papae on papal world dominance |
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|
| | PH : | Gregory VII, challenged by Ger. bishops at the Synod of Worms, dethrones and excommunicates Henry IV |
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| | PH : | Boleslav II of Poland takes Kiev | | PH : | Romanus IV, Eastern Emperor | | VA : | Work begins on Bayeux tapestry | | PH : | Henry IV goes as penitent to Canossa and is absolved by Gregory VII | | RP : | First Eng. Cluniac monastery at Lewes |
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| | PH : | Nicephorus III, Eastern Emperor | | DL : | Building of Tower of London begins |
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| | DL : | Founding of Newcastle |
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|
| | PH : | Canute IV, the Saint, King of Denmark | | PH : | Henry IV again deposed and excommunicated | | PH : | Armenian state established in Cilicia | | ST : | Toledan table of positions of stars |
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| | PH : | Alexius I Comnenus, Eastern Emperor | | DL : | Commercial treaty between Venice and Byzantium |
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| | PH : | Henry IV extends the "Peace of God" over his whole empire | | PH : | Toledo taken from the Arabs by Alfonso VI | | PH : | Vratislav, Duke of Bohemia, crowned king |
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| | PH : | Almoravid dynasty revives Mohammedan rule in Spain | | DL : | Compilation of Domesday book (survey of assessment for tax) | | RP : | Pope Victor III | | RP : | Bruno of Cologne founds Carthusian Order |
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|
| | PH : | William the Conqueror dies; succeeded by William II "Rufus" in England and Robert in Normandy GO ! | | DL : | St. Paul's, London, burns down and is rebuilt |
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|
| | DL : | The Patzinak Turks settle between the Danube and the Balkans | | RP : | Pope Urban II |
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|
| | PH : | Ingo I, King of Sweden | | ST : | The first water-driven mechanical clock constructed in Peking |
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|
| | PH : | Treaty of Caen between William II and Robert of Normandy | | ST : | Walcher of Malvern notes eclipse of the moon in Italy |
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|
| | PH : | William II conquers Cumberland | | PH : | Vratislav II of Bohemia dies | | PH : | Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah dies; capital moved from Iconium to Smyrna |
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|
| | PH : | Malcom of Scotland killed during invasion of England; succeeded by his brother Donald Bane | | RP : | Hugh le Gros founds Benedictine monastery, Chester |
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| | PH : | The Cid takes Valencia from the Moors | | DL : | The first record of gondolas in Venice |
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|
| | PH : | Eric I, King of Denmark | | PH : | The Hungarians conquer Croatia and Dalmatia | | RP : | Council of Clermon: Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade |
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|
| | PH : | Start of the First Crusade with Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and Tancred, nephew of Robert Guiscard |
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|
| | PH : | Edgar, son of Malcom, becomes King of Scotland |
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|
| | M : | Hildegard von Bingen born | | PH : | Louis VI made coregent of Philip I of France | | PH : | Orkneys, Hebrides, and Isle of Man seized by Magnus II of Norway | | RP : | Monastery of Citeaux, the first Cistercian house, founded by St. Robert | | ST : | Nicholas Prevost of Tours: Antidotarum, a collection of 2650 medical prescriptions from Salerno |
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|
| | PH : | Crusaders take Jerusalem; Godfrey, appointed Defender of the Holy Sepulcher, defeats Egyptians at Ascalon | | RP : | Pope Paschal II |
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|
| | PH : | William Rufus killed accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrel in the New Forest; succeeded by Henry I GO ! | | PH : | Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem | | LT : | Chanson de Roland, Fr. heroic poem | | DL : | The dialect of the Il-de-France becomes the prevailing idiom of France | | DL : | Middle English supersedes Old English | | VA : | Appearance of Gothic architecture | | M : | Beginnings of secular music | | M : | Music school of St. Martial at Limoges develops polyphonic style | | ST : | Decline of Islamic science begins | | DL : | Munich and Stettin mentioned in records | | ST : | Probable colonisation of Polynesia from S. America |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Alton; Robert of Normandy is bought off after invading England | | PH : | King Conrad dies | | PH : | Roger II, Count of Sicily | | PH : | Minsk, capital of independent principality | | PH : | Accession of the Emperor Hai-tsung |
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|
| | PH : | Boleslav III, Duke of Poland |
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|
| | PH : | Magnus III of Norway invades Ireland and is killed | | PH : | Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire |
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|
| | PH : | Henry IV is captured by his son and abdicates | | DL : | Colonisation of eastern Germany begins |
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|
| | PH : | Henry IV dies; succeeded by Henry V, the last Salic emperor |
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|
| | PH : | Edgar of Scotland dies; succeeded by his brother Alexander I |
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|
| | PH : | Philip I of France dies; succeeded by Louis VI |
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| |
|
| | LT : | Earliest record of a miracle play, Dunstable, England |
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|
| | PH : | Henry V crowned emperor in Rome |
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|
| | PH : | Henry V excommunicated by the Synod of Vienne |
|
|
| | PH : | Balearic Islands conquered by Pisa | | PH : | Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev | | ED : | "Leges Henrici" codified | | RP : | Order of Knights Hospitalers of St. John, Jerusalem, founded | | RP : | St. Bernard joins the Cistercian Order |
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|
| | PH : | Stephen II, King of Hungary | | PH : | State of Chin established in northern China | | PH : | Florence becomes free republic | | RP : | Founding of Clairvaux with St. Bernard as first abbot |
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|
| | PH : | John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor | | RP : | Pope Galasius II |
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|
| | PH : | Charles the Good, Count of Flanders | | RP : | Pope Calixtus II, a Burgundian monk | | ED : | Bologna University founded |
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|
| | PH : | Peace between Henry I of England and Louis VI of France | | PH : | Disaster of the "White Ship"; the only legitimate son of Henry I of England drowned off Harfleur | | RP : | Full development of Scholastic philosophy | | DL : | The Chinese may have invented playing cards |
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|
| | PH : | The Ger. princes meet at Würzburg to work out a compromise between the pope and Emperor Henry V | | RP : | The Synod of Soissons condemns Abelard's teachings on the Trinity |
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|
| | PH : | The Byzantines exterminate Patzinak Turks | | PH : | Henry I creates earldom of Gloucester for his illegitimate son Robert of Caen | | RP : | Concordat of Worms settles investiture question |
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|
| | PH : | The Byzantine Emperor John II defeats Serbs | | RP : | First Lateran Council suppresses simony and marriage of priest | | DL : | Founding of St. Bartholomew's hospital, London |
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|
| | PH : | Alexander I of Scotland dies; suceeded by David I | | PH : | The Emperor John II defeats Hungarians | | RP : | William of Malmesbury: On the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury | | RP : | Pope Honorius II | | DL : | First Scottish coinage struck |
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|
| | PH : | Henry V dies; succeeded by Lothar of Saxony as king | | ED : | Tarnenari: O-Kagami, Japanese history | | M : | Beginning of troubadour and trouvère music in France | | ST : | Alexander Neckam: De utensilibus (earliest account of mariner's compass) |
|
|
| | PH : | The Eng. barons accept Matilda, widow of Emperor Henry V and daughter of Henry I of England, as successor to Henry I GO ! | | PH : | Lothar III makes his son-in-law Henry the Proud (Welf) Duke of Bavaria, and (from 1137) Duke of Saxony | | DL : | Venetian commercial privileges in Byzantine Empire renewed |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso I, King of Portugal | | RP : | Order of the Templars recognised by the pope | | RP : | Abbey of Holyrood founded by David I of Scotland |
|
|
| | PH : | Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo | | RP : | Pope Innocent I | | RP : | Anaceltus II, antipope; a distinguished scholar and diplomat, he is canonically more acceptable than Innocent II but fails to get secular backing because he is the son of a rich, converted Jew, founder of the influential Pierleani family |
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|
| | DL : | Henry I of France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry |
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|
| | PH : | Lothar III crowned emperor by Pope Innocent II | | RP : | Diocese of Carlisle founded | | DL : | St. Bartholomew's Fair, Smithfield, London (until 1855) |
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|
| | PH : | The Emperor Lothar III invests Albert the Bear with the Nordmark |
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|
| | PH : | King Conrad, Frederick of Swabia, the King of Denmark, and the Duke of Poland submit to Lothar III | | PH : | King Henry I of England dies; succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Boulogne, a grandson of William the Conqueror GO ! | | PH : | Foundation of the Italian line of the House of Este |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda asserts her right to the Eng. throne | | LT : | Abelard: Historia calamitatum mearum, description of his love affair with Héloise |
|
|
| | PH : | Gruffydd, Prince of North Wales, dies; succeeded by Owain the Great | | PH : | Louise VI of France dies; succeeded by Louis VII | | PH : | The Emperor Lothar III dies | | PH : | Antioch becomes a vassal to Byzantium | | RP : | Creation of bishopric of Aberdeen |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad III elected king, first of the Hohenstaufen line | | PH : | Boleslav III of Poland dies after dividing his realm among his five sons | | RP : | Pretended Messiah appears in France and Persia |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda lands at Arundel: civil war in England GO ! | | PH : | Bavaria falls to Austria | | RP : | Second Lateran Council ends schism | | RP : | Decretum Gratiani, summary of Eng. ecclesiastical law |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav II of Bohemia | | RP : | Council of Sens condemns the heresies of Abelard |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda proclaimed queen at Winchester | | PH : | Geza II, King of Hungary |
|
|
| | PH : | Manuel I, Byzantine Emperor | | RP : | Pope Celestine II | | DL : | Founding of Lübeck |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seljuks take Edessa | | PH : | Republican regime established in Rome under Arnold of Brescia | | RP : | Pope Lucius II | | ST : | Robert of Chester: Liber de Compositione Alchemiae |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Eugene III | | PH : | Second Crusade proclaimed | | DL : | Bridge over Danube at Ratisbon completed |
|
|
| | PH : | Nureddin, Sultan of Syria | | ST : | Antidotarium Niclai, a treatise on drugs |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders perish in Asia Minor; failure of the Second Crusade | | ED : | Geoffrey of Monmouth: Historia regum Britanniae | | DL : | Moscow mentioned for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | Albert the Bear inherits Brandenburg | | PH : | Eric the Saint, King of Sweden | | PH : | Alauddin Husain, Sultan of Ghor, destroys the empire of Ghazni | | ED : | Founding of Paris University | | LT : | The Black book of Carmarthen, oldest Welsh manuscript | | M : | Troubadour music in southern France becomes organised | | ED : | Medical faculty at Bologna University | | DL : | Arabs in Spain manufacture paper |
|
|
| | PH : | Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou dies; succeeded by Henry, his son by Matilda of England | | RP : | Simon Darschan: Jalkut, Jewish commentaries to the Old Testament | | VA : | The Golden Age of Buddhist art in Burma | | M : | New dance forms develop in Europe | | ST : | "Civitas Hippocratica" founded by 20 Salerno physicians | | DL : | The first fire and plague insurance (in Iceland) | | DL : | The game of chess arrives in England | | DL : | The Chinese use explosives in warfare |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad III dies and his nephew Frederick II Barbarossa becomes king | | PH : | Louis VII divorces his queen, Eleanor, who marries Henry of Anjou, afterward King of England | | M : | Ladies' strophes, the earliest Ger. "Minnelieder" |
|
|
| | PH : | David I of Scotland dies; succeeded by his grandson Malcolm IV | | RP : | Pope Anastasius IV |
|
|
| | PH : | Stephen dies; Henry II, King of England; from now till 1485 the House of Plantagenet rules England GO ! | | RP : | Pope Hadrian IV, Nicholas Breakspeare, the only Eng. pope | | ST : | Mohammed al-Idrisi: Geography, published at Palermo |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Hadrian IV bestows Ireland on Henry II | | PH : | Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms and restores royal demesne | | RP : | Carmelite Order founded |
|
|
| | PH : | War of the Jap. clans Taira and Minamoto | | PH : | Austria made a duchy with special privileges |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric of Sweden conquers Finland |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa makes Vladislav II King of Bohemia | | DL : | Munich becomes centre of salt trade |
|
|
| | RP : | The great Pope Alexander III |
|
|
| | M : | Perotinus Magister (Pérotin) born | | PH : | Normans expelled from North Africa | | LT : | Tristan et Iseult, Celtic epic by Beroul and Thomas |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa destroys Milan | | RP : | Thomas à Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury |
|
|
| | M : | Magister Leoninus (Léonin) born | | PH : | Quarrel starts between Henry II and Thomas à Becket |
|
|
| | PH : | Becket flees to France | | LT : | Gautier d'Arras: Eracle |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcolm IV dies; succeeded by his brother William the Lion | | PH : | Byzantium allies with Venice against the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa |
|
|
| | M : | The Song of Canute, Eng. ballad by a monk of Ely | | DL : | Assize of Clarendon orders erection of jails in all Eng. counties and boroughs |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa crowned emperor | | ED : | Oxford University founded |
|
|
| | DL : | Milan rebuilt | | PH : | Bogolubsky sacks Kiev and assumes title of Grand Prince |
|
|
| | PH : | Although Henry II and Becket formally reconciled, Becket returns to Canterbury and is murdered by four Norman knights | | PH : | Albert the Bear dies | | PH : | Saladin of Damascus subdues Egypt | | LT : | Chrétien de Troyes: Lancelot, romance of courtly love | | RP : | Pope Alexander III establishes rules for canonisation of saints | | DL : | "Inquest of Sheriffs", financial inquiry, results in strengthening the Exchequer |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Eleanor raises Aquitaine against Henry II | | PH : | Reconciliation between Henry II and the Pope | | PH : | The Venice Grand Council restricts the powers of the doges | | ED : | Wace: Roman de Rou, chronicle of Norman dukes |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Eleanor imprisoned | | PH : | Béla III, King of Hungary | | RP : | Waldensian movement begins at Lyons | | DL : | First authenticated influenza epidemics |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Frederick I buys Tuscany, Spoleto, Sardinia, and Corsica from Welf VI | | PH : | Henry II does penance at Canterbury for murder of Becket | | DL : | Earliest horse races in England |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Frederick I defeated by the Lombard League at Legnano | | PH : | Saladin conquers Syria | | LT : | The first eisteddfod held at Cardigan Castle | | LT : | Romand de Renard, the first version of the Reynard the Fox fables, written in French | | LT : | Walter Map organises the Arthurian legends in their present form | | DL : | Assize of Northampton extends use of Grand Jury |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Ivry between Henry II and Louis VII | | PH : | Peace of Venice between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Alexander III | | DL : | Founding of Belfast |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy | | DL : | The famous bridge at Avignon built | | RP : | Richard Fitznigel: Dialogus de Saccario, on the financial administration of England |
|
|
| | M : | Hildegard von Bingen dies 17 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis VIII of France dies; succeeded by his son Philip II Augustus | | PH : | Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor | | DL : | Ranulf de Glanvill reforms Eng. judicial system | | DL : | Glass windows appear in Eng. private houses | | DL : | First windmills with vertical sails in Europe |
|
|
| | RP : | First Carthusian monastery in England at Witham | | RP : | Pope Lucius III |
|
|
| | PH : | Canute VI, King of Denmark | | RP : | The Jews banished from France |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Constance: Lombard League recognised under imperial overlordship | | PH : | The Emperor Alexius II murdered; succeeded by Andronicus I |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Mainz: the Emperor Frederick I's power at its height | | PH : | Cyprus frees itself from Byzantium | | PH : | Tamara, Queen of Georgia |
|
|
| | PH : | Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the brothers Ivan and Peter Asen | | RP : | Pope Urban III | | RP : | Knights Templars established in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VI, son of Frederick Barbarossa, marries Constance, heiress of Sicily, and assumes title of Caesar | | PH : | Beginning of the Kamakura era in Japan |
|
|
| | PH : | Saladin defeats Christians at Hittin and takes Jerusalem | | PH : | Pumjab conquered by Mohammed of Ghor | | RP : | Pope Gregory VIII, followed by Pope Clement III |
|
|
| | PH : | King Henry II of England dies; succeeded by Richard I, Coeur-de-Lion GO ! | | PH : | Third Crusade | | RP : | Massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I | | DL : | First silver florins minted at Florence | | DL : | Commercial treaty between Novgorod and Ger. merchants |
|
|
| | M : | Magister Leoninus (Léonin) dies | | PH : | Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in river Saleph in Cilicia; succeeded by his son Henry VI | | RP : | Order of German Hospitalers founded (transformed in 1198 into Teutonic Order) |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars | | LT : | The Nibelungenlied | | RP : | Pope Celestine III | | DL : | Tea arrives in Japan from China |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I returns from the Crusade and is captured by Leopold, Duke of Austria | | PH : | Dukedom of Styria becomes part of the Babenberg realm of Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard is handed over to Henry VI and imprisoned | | DL : | Indigo and brazilwood imported from India to Britain for dying purposes |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I is released and crowned for the second time | | PH : | Henry VI conquers Sicily and is crowned King of Sicily | | LT : | The Elder Edda, collection of Scandinavian mythology |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexius III, Byzantine Emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | Peter II, King of Aragon | | PH : | Emeric I, King of Hungary | | DL : | Heidelberg mentioned in records |
|
|
| | PH : | Ottokar I, King of Bohemia | | PH : | The Emperor Henry VI dies; succeeded by Otto IV |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent III | | RP : | William of Newburgh: Historia rerum Anglicarum |
|
|
| | PH : | King Richard I, Coeur-de-Lion, killed at a siege in France; succeeded by King John (Lackland), the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine GO ! | | PH : | Declaration of Speyer: Ger. princes confirm the right to elect a king | | DL : | Founding of Liverpool |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Le Goulet between England and France
| | ED : | Cambridge University founded
| | RP : | Development of Jewish cabalistic philosophy in southern Europe
| | RP : | Islam begins to replace Indian religions
| | VA : | Early Gothic in England
| | M : | Professional 'bards' in Ireland
| | M : | Cymbals introduced as musical instrument
| | M : | "Carmina Burana", Ger. collection of Latin monastic songs | | ST : | Alcohol is being used for medical purposes
| | DL : | Paris develops into a modern capital
| | DL : | Engagement rings come into fashion
|
|
|
| | ST : | Pass of St. Gotthard, Switzerland, opened |
|
|
| | ED : | Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci: Liber abaci introduces Arabic numerals in Europe | | PH : | Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Montferrat | | RP : | Decretal "Venerabilem" asserts superiority of papacy over empire | | DL : | The first court jesters at European courts |
|
|
| | ED : | Siena University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders take Constantinople and establish Latin Empire | | PH : | The Emperor Michael sets up independent Greek kingdom of Epirus | | ED : | Vincenza University founded | | DL : | Founding of Amsterdam, Holland |
|
|
| | PH : | Declaration of sultanate of Delhi | | PH : | Genghis Khan, chief prince of the Mongols |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent III places England under interdict | | PH : | Theodore Lascaris founds empire of Nicaea | | PH : | Philip of Swabia, Ger. King murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach |
|
|
| | RP : | Francis of Assisi issues first rules of his brotherhood (the Franciscans) | | PH : | Otto IV crowned emperor in Rome | | PH : | King John invades Scotland and is excommunicated |
|
|
| | PH : | Otto IV excommunicated by Pope Innocent III |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso II, King of Portugal |
|
|
| | DL : | Tiles replace thatched and wooden roofs of London houses | | PH : | Children's Crusade | | PH : | Frederick II elected Ger. king and makes Bohemia hereditary kingdom |
|
|
| | PH : | Council of St. Albans, precursor of Parliament | | PH : | King John of England submits to the Pope, making England and Ireland papal fiefs | | PH : | James I of Aragon |
|
|
| | RP : | Dominican Friars founded by the future St. Dominic, Span. priest | | PH : | Frederick II crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle | | PH : | King John seals Magna Carta at Runnymede GO ! | | RP : | Fourth Lateran Council prohibits trial by ordeal |
|
|
| | PH : | King John dies; succeeded by Henry III GO ! | | RP : | Pope Honorius III |
|
|
| | PH : | Haakon IV, King of Norway | | PH : | Crusade against sultanate of Egypt fails | | ED : | Salamanca University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Worcester between Henry III and Wales
| | PH : | Otto IV dies
| | DL : | Danneborg, the oldest national flag in the world, adopted by Denmark |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III crowned at Westminster | | PH : | Frederick II crowned emperor in Rome, his son Henry being elected Ger. king | | M : | Boy's Choir at the Kreuz-Kirche, Dresden, founded | | DL : | The first giraffes are shown in Europe | | M : | Perotinus Magister (Pérotin) dies |
|
|
| | LT : | The form of the sonnet develops in Ital. poetry | | DL : | Vienna becomes a city |
|
|
| | DL : | Council of Oxford establishes 23 April, St George's Day, as national holiday in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip II Augustus of France dies; succeeded by Louis VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-French war | | PH : | Henry VII proclaims Public Peace ("Treuga Henrici") at Würzburg | | RP : | St Berthold probable founder of the Carmelite Order | | ED : | Founding of Naples University | | ST : | Abdallah ur-Rüml: Mu'jam ul-Buldân, Arab geographical encyclopedia |
|
|
| | PH : | Magna Carta reissued for third time in definitive form | | DL : | Cotton manufactured in Spain |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis VIII dies; succeeded by Louis IX, the Saint |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III declares himself of age | | PH : | Truce in Anglo-Fr. war | | PH : | Genghis Khan dies; his empire is divided among his three sons | | RP : | Pope Gregory IX |
|
|
| | PH : | Sixth Crusade, led by Emperor Frederick II |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II, crowned King of Jerusalem, signs treaty with the Sultan of Egypt | | RP : | The Inquisition in Toulouse forbids Bible reading by all laymen | | ED : | Founding of Toulouse University |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of San Germano between the emperor and pope, Frederick II being absolved from excommunication | | PH : | Wenceslas I, King of Bohemia | | DL : | Leprosy imported to Europe by the Crusaders | | DL : | Founding of Berlin (on the site of former Slav settlements) |
|
|
| | PH : | Muhammad I, founder of Nasrid dynasty in Granada |
|
|
| | RP : | The "Great Halleluyah" penitential movement in northern Italy | | RP : | The pope entrusts the Dominicans with the Inquisition |
|
|
| | PH : | Rebellion of his son Henry VII suppressed by Frederick II; Henry imprisoned | | PH : | Mainz Public Peace, first imperial law in Ger. language |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander Nevski, Grand Duke of Novgorod |
|
|
| | M : | Adam de la Halle born |
|
|
| | PH : | Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Prince of Snowdon | | PH : | Crusade of Richard of Cornwall and Simon de Montfort to Jaffa | | PH : | Border fixed between England and Scotland | | LT : | Guido Guinizelli, Ital. poet establishes a school of poetry ("dolce stil nuovo") | | VA : | Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) born in Florence (year approximate) |
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | Kiel established as a town |
|
|
| | PH : | Five-year truce between England and France |
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | First "Dunmow Flitch" competition |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II deposed by the Council of Lyons |
|
|
| | PH : | Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX |
|
|
| | ED : | University College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | ST : | Existence of explosives recorded |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II dies; succeeded by Conrad IV | | PH : | Valdeman I, King of Sweden | | ED : | Establishment of four national colleges at Paris University | | M : | The "Portatio", a portable small organ | | ST : | Vincent of Beauvais: Speculum naturale, historiale, doctrinale | | ST : | Jordanus Rufus: De medicina equorum | | DL : | Hats come into fashion | | DL : | Goose quill used for writing |
|
|
| | PH : | Kublai Khan becomes Governor of China |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile | | RP : | The Inquisition begins to use instruments of torture | | DL : | Golden florins minted at Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Ottokar II, King of Bohemia | | DL : | Linen first manufactured in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad IV dies | | RP : | Pope Alexander IV | | ED : | Court chaplain Robert de Sorbon founds the Paris School of Theology (will become the Sorbonne) |
|
|
| | DL : | Prague and Stockholm become towns |
|
|
| | PH : | "Hundred Years War" between Venice and Genoa | | RP : | Founding of the Order of Augustine Hermits |
|
|
| | PH : | Llywelyn assumes the title Prince of Wales, and establishes peace between England and Wales | | PH : | Richard of Cornwall elected King of the Romans and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle (he was soon dispossessed) |
|
|
| | PH : | Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II, crowned King of Sicily at Palermo | | PH : | Establishment of House of Commons ("Provisions of Oxford") GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Kublai Khan becomes Mongol ruler |
|
|
| | RP : | The first flagellant movement in southern Germany and northern Italy | | M : | The first mastersinger school (Mainz) |
|
|
| |
|
| | M : | Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de la Feuillée |
|
|
| | ED : | Balliol College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | RP : | Thomas Aquinas: Summa contra Gentiles | | RP : | Roger Bacon: De computo naturali | | ED : | Merton College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Clement IV | | M : | Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix develop the musical form of the motet (musica mensurata) |
|
|
| | PH : | Balban, Sultan of Delhi | | RP : | Roger Bacon: Opus maius |
|
|
| | DL : | The guilds of goldsmiths and tailors of London fight each other in fierce street battles |
|
|
| | RP : | Three years' vacancy in the papacy |
|
|
| | DL : | The first toll roads in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis IX dies on the Eighth Crusade, and is succeeded by Philip III | | PH : | Stephen V of Hungary |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory X | | ST : | Marco Polo journeys to China |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III of England dies; succeeded by Edward I GO ! | | PH : | Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, elected king and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle | | RP : | Thomas Aquinas: Summa theologica |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward I crowned at Westminster |
|
|
| | RP : | Moses de León, Jewish theologian, author of Zohar, the fundamental work on Jewish mysticism | | ST : | William of Saliceto: Chirurgia, earliest record of human dissection |
|
|
| | RP : | The year of the four popes: Pope Gregory X, Pope Innocent V, Pope Hadrian V, and Pope John XXI |
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | Ottokar takes up arms and is defeated by Rudolf and killed at Dürnkrut, Marchfeld; succeeded by Wenceslas II | | DL : | 278 Jews hanged in London for clipping coin; Christians guilty of the same offense, fined |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric II of Norway | | PH : | Asen dynasty in Bulgaria extinquished, the country becoming subject to Serbs, Greeks, and Mongols | | PH : | Kublai Khan founds Yüan dynasty in China | | DL : | Rebellion of the textile workers of Flanders against their exploiters |
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | The Teutonic Order completes subjection of Prussia | | PH : | A false "Emperor Frederick II" appears in Germany |
|
|
| | DL : | The "Pied Piper of Hamelin" | | DL : | Sequins first coined in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip III dies; succeeded by Philip IV, the Fair | | RP : | Pope Honorius IV | | M : | Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander III of Scotland dies; succeeded by his infant niece Margaret, "the Maid of Norway", under six guardians |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf proclaims Public Peace at the Diet of Würzburg |
|
|
| | PH : | Osman I, founder of Ottoman Empire | | RP : | Pope Nicholas IV | | ED : | Founding of Montpellier University | | M : | Adam de la Halle dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Invention of spectacles |
|
|
| | PH : | Kaikobad, Sultan of Delhi, murdered; succeeded by Jalaluddin | | ED : | Lisbon University founded | | M : | Jean de Muris born |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf I dies | | PH : | Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden | | PH : | Mamelukes conquer Acre, ending Christian rule in the East | | PH : | End of the Crusades: Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus | | M : | Philippe de Vitry born 31 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Scottish throne to John Baliol | | PH : | Adolf, Count of Nassau, elected Ger. King; crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Celestine V, followed by Pope Boniface VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance between France and Scotland |
|
|
| | PH : | John Baliol resigns Scot crown to Edward I | | PH : | Frederick II, King of Sicily | | PH : | Jalaluddin of Delhi murdered; succeeded by Alauddin Khilji | | PH : | Scot. coronation stone moved from Scone to Westminster |
|
|
| | DL : | Moas, giant giraffe birds of New Zealand, die out |
|
|
| | PH : | Adolf of Nassau dethroned by the electors and killed in battle; succeeded as Ger. King by Albert I of Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaties between Venice and the Turks, and France and Germany |
|
|
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut born | | PH : | Edward I invades Scotland
| | PH : | Wenceslas II of Bohemia elected King of Poland
| | LT : | Development of Chinese drama
| | M : | The 'Jongleurs', professional musical entertainers in France | | DL : | In the Ger. cities apothecaries become popular
| | DL : | Temporary end of European slave trade |
|
|
| | PH : | Andrew III of Hungary, last of the Arpads dies
| | PH : | Edward I's son made Prince of Wales
|
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. truce
| | RP : | Papal bull "unam sanctam" pronounces highest papal claims to supremacy
| | VA : | Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) dies in Florence (year approximate) |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Boniface VIII quarrels with Philip IV of France and dies a prisoner in the Vatican
| | ED : | Rome University founded
| | ST : | Bernard of Gordon; first medical reference to spectacles
|
|
|
| | ED : | Peterhouse College, Cambridge, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Wenceslas II, King of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, dies | | RP : | Pope Clement V | | DL : | Edward I standardises the yard and the acre
|
|
|
| | PH : | Robert Bruce crowned King of Scots and defeated by the English at Methuen and Dalry
| | PH : | Wenceslas III, last of the Premyslids, dies - Albert invests his son Rudolf with Bohemia
| | RP : | Philip IV expels the Jews from France
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward I dies; succeeded by Edward II
GO ! | | PH : | The legendary Rutli vow of the three Swiss cantons | | LT : | Dante composes his Divina Commedia
| | RP : | Archbishopric of Peking set up
|
|
|
| | PH : | Coronation of Edward II
| | PH : | Albert I murdered; Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg is elected Ger. King
| | DL : | King Philip IV builds one of the earliest indoor tennis courts in Paris |
|
|
| | RP : | Clement V fixes papal residence at Avignon - beginning of the "Babylonia Captivity", during which Rome is not the papal seat
| | M : | Marchettus of Padua pleads for the introduction of counterpoint into musical composition
| | ED : | Founding of Orleans University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Council of Ten established in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | English barons force King Edward II to appoint "lord ordainers", and slowly transfer power away from him
GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Vienna: Lyons incorporated into France
| | PH : | Henry VII of Luxembourg crowned emperor in Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VII of Luxembourg dies
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip IV of France dies; succeeded by his son Louis X
| | PH : | Double election of Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria
| | RP : | Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, burned at the stake in Paris for alleged heresy
| | RP : | Vacancy in the papal chair for more than two years |
|
|
| | PH : | Swiss League renewed
| | DL : | Lyons silk industry developed by Ital. immigrants
| | PH : | King John of France dies and Philip V (called The Tall) proclaims himself king |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland
| | PH : | Murberak, last of the Khilji rulers of Delhi
| | RP : | Pope John XXII
| | PH : | Philip V succeeds Louis X
|
|
|
| | PH : | Salic Law, excluding women from succession to throne, adopted in France
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Bruce killed in Battle of Faughart
| | PH : | Truce between Swiss League and Hapsburgs
|
|
|
| | PH : | Gharzi Khan, Sultan of Delhi
| | PH : | Peace of Paris between Flanders and France
| | PH : | Vladislav I Lokietek, King of Poland, crowned in Crakow
| | M : | Philippe de Vitry coins the name "Ars nova" for the new, strongly contrapuntal style of music
|
|
|
| | RP : | Monte Cassino becomes bishopric
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip V succeeded by Charles IV
| | M : | The pope forbids the use of counterpoint in church music
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward II of England signs a truce with Robert the Bruce
|
|
|
| | RP : | Pope John XXII excommunicates Louis IV (called the Bavarian) | | PH : | Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, and a Turkish leader, dies |
|
|
| | M : | Francesco Landini born | | PH : | Louis of Bavaria accepts Frederick of Austria as co-regent
| | LT : | Development of No plays in Japan
| | M : | Organ pedals come into use
|
|
|
| | PH : | Osman I, ruler of Turkey, dies
| | ED : | Founding of Oriel College, Oxford, and Clare College, Cambridge
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward II, deposed by Parliament and murdered at Berkeley Castle, is succeed by Edward III
| | DL : | The great fire of Munich
| | DL : | Avignon's public sanitation was so deficient that the stench forced historian Petrarch to move out to nearby Vaucluse "to prolong my life." |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV, last of the direct line of the Capets, dies; succeeded by Philip VI of the House of Valois
| | PH : | Louis IV of Bavaria crowned emperor in Rome; declares Pope John XXII deposed for heresy
| | PH : | Moscow becomes capital of Russia
| | ST : | Invention of the sawmill
|
|
|
| | PH : | David II, King of Scots
|
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick of Austria dies; Louis IV of Bavaria is recognised as emperor
| | RP : | Monastery of Ettal, Bavaria, founded
| | M : | Paris Musicians' Guild, Ménétriers
|
|
|
| | PH : | Disputed Imperial succession in Japan leads to civil war against Hojo regents
| | ST : | First record of weaving in England (York)
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Baliol, crowned King of Scots, recognises Edward III of overlord
| | PH : | Lucerne joins Swiss League
| | PH : | First record of Parliament divided into two houses
| | M : | Company of mastersingers formed at Toulouse
| | DL : | Bubonic plague originates in India
|
|
|
| | PH : | Casimir III of Poland
| | PH : | Yusuf I, Caliph of Granada: zenith of Arabic civilisation in Granada
|
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | Edward III, claiming Fr. crown, assumes title King of France
| | PH : | Beginning of the Hundred Years' War
| | ST : | William Merlee of Oxford attempts first scientific weather forecasts
|
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance of Coblenz between Louis IV and Edward III
| | ED : | Founding of Pisa University
|
|
|
| | ED : | Founding of Grenoble University
|
|
|
| | ED : | Queen's College, Oxford, founded
|
|
|
| | LT : | Petrarch crowned poet on the Capitol, Rome
|
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | Bankruptcy of the great Florentine banking house of Bardi and Peruzzi
|
|
|
| | PH : | Cola di Rienzi, tribune of the people, rules Rome from April until December
| | PH : | Louis IV dies; Charles IV of Luxembourg succeeds him as emperor
| | DL : | Black Death devastates Europe
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward III founds the Order of the Garter
| | ED : | Prague University founded by Charles IV
| | ED : | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, founded
|
|
|
| | RP : | Persecution of the Jews in Germany
| | DL : | Black Death kills a third of population of England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip VI of France dies; succeeded by John II
| | PH : | Treaty of Bautzen: Charles IV cedes Brandenburg and Tirol to the Wittelsbachs
| | M : | Cambrai, instead of Paris, becomes centre of French music
| | M : | Lute playing popular in Europe
| | M : | Mastersinger movement in Germany
| | DL : | The Shogun of Japan prohibits the drinking of tea
|
|
|
| | M : | Jean de Muris dies | | PH : | Zurich joins Swiss League
| | PH : | Firoz Shah, Sultan of Delhi
| | PH : | Leopold III, Duke of Austria
| | DL : | Tennis becomes an open-air game in England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Glarus and Zug join Swiss League
| | RP : | Pope Innocent VI
| | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded
|
|
|
| | PH : | Bern joins Swiss League
| | PH : | Rupert I elector palatine
|
|
|
| | ST : | The mechanical clock at Strasbourg Cathedral
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV of Luxembourg crowned emperor at Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV issues "Golden Bull", settling election of Ger. kings
|
|
|
| | PH : | Revolution in Paris against the Dauphin, led by Marcel and Robert le Coq
|
|
|
| | PH : | The Hapsburgs, twice defeated at Zurich, sign peace treaty with Swiss League
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of London restores Fr. possessions once held by Henry II of England to Eng. crown
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Calais between Edward III and Philip of Burgundy
| | M : | Beginnings of the development of the clavichord and cembalo
| | DL : | The first francs coined in France
|
|
|
| | DL : | Black Death reappears in England
| | M : | Philippe de Vitry dies 9 June |
|
|
| | PH : | Dmitri IV Donskoi, Grand Duke of Moscow
| | RP : | Pope Urban V
|
|
|
| | PH : | Timur the Lame (Tamerlaine) begins conquest of Asia
| | ST : | Guy de Chauliac: Chirugia magna (on surgery in the Middle Ages) |
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| | PH : | John II of France dies; succeeded by Charles V
| | PH : | Revolts in Crete against Venetian rule
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut: La Messe Notre Dame |
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| | PH : | Charles V crowned King of Burgundy at Arles
| | PH : | Leopold III, Duke of Austria
| | ED : | Founding of Vienna University
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| | PH : | Adrianople made Turkish capital
| | PH : | English Parliament refuses to pay feudal dues to the pope
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| | PH : | Mongol Yüan dynasty in China overthrown by national Ming dynasty
| | PH : | Timur ascends throne of Samarkand
| | PH : | Restoration of the Great Wall of China
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| | DL : | Building of the Bastille, Paris |
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| | PH : | Casimir III of Poland, last of the House of Piasts dies; Louis of Hungary elected king
| | RP : | Pope Gregory XI
| | DL : | Steel crossbow used as weapon of war
| | VA : | Approximate date of birth of the Limbourg Brothers |
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| | PH : | Robert II, King of Scots: accession of the House of Stewart
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| | RP : | Oxford becomes the spiritual centre of England
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| | DL : | Tunnage and poundage imposed on merchants in England
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| | PH : | Truce of Bruges between England and France
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| | PH : | The Black Prince dies
| | PH : | Wenceslas, son of Charles IV, crowned King of the Romans
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| | PH : | Edward III dies; succeeded by his grandson Richard II
GO ! | | RP : | Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome; end of the Church's "Babylonian Captivity"
| | M : | The musicians of the papal chapel, Avignon, return with the court; beginnings of Rome as the centre of music
| | DL : | Playing cards displace dice in Germany
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut dies 13 April |
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| | PH : | Renewal of Anglo-Fr. war
| | PH : | Charles IV of Luxembourg dies; succeeded by Wenceslas IV
| | RP : | The Great Schism begins: after the death of Pope Gregory XI, two popes elected; Urban VI at Rome, Clement VII at Avignon
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| | PH : | Treaty of Neuberg: Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories between them
| | ED : | William of Wykeham founds New College, Oxford
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| | PH : | Charles V of France dies; succeeded by Charles VI, the Mad
| | VA : | Robert Campin, artist, born |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce for six years
| | PH : | Peasants' Revolt in England under Wat Tyler
| | PH : | Venice wins the "hundred years war" against Genoa |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed
| | PH : | Jadviga, daughter of King Louis I, crowned "king" of Poland
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| | PH : | Anglo-Fr. war renewed
| | DL : | The first Fr. court ball at the wedding of Charles VI and Isabella of Bavaria
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| | PH : | Leopold III of Austria defeated and killed by the Swiss and Sempach
| | PH : | Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania marries Jadviga and becomes Vladislav II, King of Poland
| | ED : | Heidelberg University
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| | PH : | Sigismund of Brandenburg, son of Charles IV, becomes King of Hungary by marriage
| | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico is born |
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| | ED : | Cologne University founded
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| | PH : | Truce between England, Scotland, and France
| | PH : | Bajazet I, Emir of the Turks
| | RP : | Pope Boniface IX elected at Rome
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| | PH : | Robert III, King of Scots
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| | PH : | Charles VI seized with madness; his brother Louis becomes Duke of Orleans
| | PH : | Succession dispute in Japan: the Ashikagas become shoguns of Muromachi
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| | PH : | Irish rulers do homage to Richard II, receive amnesty
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| | PH : | Richard II of England marries Isabella of France at Calais; Anglo-Fr. truce extended to 28 years
| | LT : | Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence: beginning of revival of Greek literature in Italy
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| | PH : | Union of Kalmar between Sweden, Denmark, and Norway
| | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) is born | | M : | Francesco Landini dies 2 September |
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| | PH : | Richard II deposed: Henry of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt, succeeds to the throne as Henry IV
| | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden is born |
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| | ST : | Alchemy becomes more and more a field for swindlers | | M : | First mention of the dulcimer | | VA : | Early Renaissance period | | ED : | Jean Froissart: Chronicles | | LT : | Earliest known literature written in Cornish tongue | | LT : | Flourishing of the ecclesiastical drama in Italy | | PH : | Ascent of the Medici in Florence | | PH : | Wenceslas IV deposed and succeeded by Rupert III of the Palatinate | | PH : | Richard II murdered GO ! | | PH : | Henry IV suppresses rebellion of the barons |
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| | PH : | Klause Störtebeker, the pirate, executed at Hamburg | | VA : | Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) is born |
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| | ED : | Compilation of Yung Lo Ta Tien, Chin. encyclopaedia in 22,937 vols. (only three copies made) | | PH : | Bajazet dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman I |
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| |
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| | ST : | Konrad Kyeser: Bellifortis, book of military technology | | PH : | Timur dies; succeeded by Shah Rokh |
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| | RP : | Pope Gregory XII | | PH : | Robert II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James I, who is imprisoned in England | | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi is born |
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| | DL : | Bethlehem Hospital, London, Bedlam, becomes an institution for the insane | | PH : | Louis, Duke of Orleans, murdered by Burgundians; start of civil war in France |
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| | RP : | Cardinals of Rome and Avignon meet to end Great Schism |
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| | ED : | Leipzig University founded by Ger. refugees from Prague | | RP : | Pope Gregory XII abdicates; Council of Pisa, Pope Alexander V |
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| | RP : | Hus and his followers excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague | | RP : | Pope John XXIII, antipope | | PH : | King Rupert dies |
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| | ED : | Founding of St. Andrews University, Edinburgh | | RP : | Pope John XXIII excommunicates Jan Hus | | PH : | Sigismund, King of Hungary, son of Charles IV, elected Ger. King, and crowned emperor |
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| | VA : | Filippo Bruneleschi: Rules of Perspective |
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| | RP : | The Disputation of Tortosa (Spain): Joseph Albo defends the Jewish faith | | PH : | Henry IV dies; succeeded by his son Henry V |
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| | DL : | The Medici of Florence becomes bankers to the papacy | | RP : | Thomas à Kempis: Imitatio Christi | | RP : | The Council of Constance to settle "causa unionis, reformationis, fedei" |
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| | RP : | Hus burned at the stake at Constance for heresy | | RP : | Pope John XXIII deposed |
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| | RP : | Jerome of Prague, a follower of Hus, burned for heresy | | VA : | The Limbourg Brothers die, probably of plague |
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| | RP : | Pope Martin V elected in Rome: end of Great Schism | | RP : | Council of Constance deposes Pope Benedict XIII, who holds out as pretender-pope until his death |
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| | PH : | Ex-King Wenceslas dies; Sigismund obtains Bohemia | | PH : | War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites | | PH : | Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Troyes; Henry V, recognised by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne, marries Catherine of France and enters Paris | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca born |
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| | PH : | Henry V of England dies; succeeded by nine-month-old Henry VI | | PH : | Charles VI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VII |
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| | PH : | James I of Scotland released by the English |
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| | PH : | John VIII, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Struggles in Bohemia between Ziska's followers, the Utraquists, and the radical Taborites |
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| | M : | Holland becomes the centre of European music | | ED : | Louvain University founded |
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| | PH : | Itzcoatl, King of the Aztecs, in Mexico, enlarges his empire | | ED : | Lincoln College, Oxford, founded | | VA : | Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) dies |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Delft: peace between England and Flanders | | PH : | Joan of Arc leads Fr. armies against England |
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| | PH : | Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans; Charles VII crowned in Rheims | | PH : | Henry VI crowned at Westminster | | PH : | Philip of Burgundy creates the Order of the Golden Fleece |
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| | LT : | Modern English develops from Middle English | | VA : | Beginning of first Dutch school | | DL : | "Mad Marjorie", the great cast-iron gun, introduced |
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| | PH : | Joan of Arc burned at the stake at Rouen | | PH : | Henry VI of England crowned King of France in Paris | | PH : | First Ger. peasant revolt at Worms | | RP : | Pope Eugene IV | | ED : | Universities of Caen and of Poitiers founded | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna born |
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| | ST : | Port sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores |
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| | PH : | Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | DL : | The double-eagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors |
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| | PH : | Vladislav III, King of Poland | | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici becomes ruler of Florence | | RP : | Revolt in Rome; Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence |
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| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy | | PH : | Swed. Parliament (Riksdag) meets for the first time |
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| | PH : | Compact of Iglau ends Hussite Wars, Emperor Sigismund acknowledged as King of Bohemia |
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| | PH : | James I murdered at Perth; succeeded by James II | | PH : | Emperor Sigismund dies; last of the House of Luxembourg; succeeded as king of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany by his son-in-law, Albert V | | M : | John Dunstable develops counterpoint in musical composition | | ED : | All Soul's College, Oxford, founded |
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| | PH : | Nine-years' truce between England and Scotland | | PH : | Pachacutec founds Inca rule in Peru |
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| | PH : | The heirs to the Fr. throne receive the title Conte du Dauphiné |
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| | PH : | Frederick of Styria and Carinthia elected Ger. King | | ED : | Platonic Academy, Florence, founded |
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| | ED : | Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, founded | | ST : | Port. navigators find the first Negroes near Cape Blanc, western Africa, and start slave trade again |
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| | DL : | Eng. plague order on quarantine and cleansing |
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| | PH : | Vladislav III of Poland and Hungary killed by the Turks at the Battle of Varna | | ED : | Cosimo de' Medici founds the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence | | VA : | Robert Campin dies |
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| | ST : | Port. navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde | | PH : | Copenhagen becomes Dan. capital | | VA : | Botticelli born, day unknown |
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| | PH : | János Hunyady elected regent of Hungary | | VA : | Artist Perugino born in Umbria |
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| | PH : | Scanderbeg defeats Murad II, and gains independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan | | RP : | Pope Nicholas V | | ED : | Founding of Palermo University |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed, Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England | | PH : | Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden | | PH : | Constantine XI Palaeologus the last Byzantine Emperor |
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| | PH : | English break truce with France, capture Fougères | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) born |
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| | PH : | Jack Cade's rebellion in England | | LT : | Vatican Library founded | | LT : | Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book | | VA : | Florence under the Medici becomes centre of Renaissance and humanism | | DL : | Mocha in south-western Arabia becomes main port for coffee export | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch born |
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| | PH : | Mohammed I, Sultan of the Turks | | ED : | Glasgow University founded |
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| | PH : | Frederick III crowned emperor | | PH : | George of Podebrad elected Regent of Bohemia | | ST : | Metal plates are used for printing | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci is born in Tuscany |
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| | PH : | Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of the Byzantine Empire | | PH : | End of Hundred years' War between England and France | | ST : | Gutenberg and his financier print the 42-line bible at Mainz |
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| | PH : | Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan | | PH : | Richard, Duke of York, named "Protector of England" during insanity for Henry VI; Edward, son of Henry, named Prince of Wales | | DL : | Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data |
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| | PH : | Duke of York, excluded from Council, defeats royal forces at St. Albans, May, and becomes again "Protector": Beginning of the Wars of the Roses | | ST : | The Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores the Senegal River | | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico dies |
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| | PH : | The trial of Joan of Arc annulled | | PH : | János Hunyadi dies |
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| | PH : | Ladislas V Posthumus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, dies; Frederick III inherits Upper and Lower Austria |
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| | PH : | The Hussite leader, George of Podebrad, becomes King of Bohemia | | PH : | Matthias Corvinus, son of János Hunyady, becomes King of Hungary | | RP : | Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II |
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| | PH : | Renewal of civil war in England |
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| | PH : | James II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James III | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder born |
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| | PH : | Edward, son of Richard of York, crowned Edward IV, King of England | | PH : | Charles VII of France dies; succeeded by Louis XI | | PH : | Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania |
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| | PH : | Emperor Frederick III recognises Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, who recognises Hapsburg claims to succession | | LT : | François Villon, saved from gallows, disappears | | DL : | Monte di Pietà at Orvieto: money loaned at low interest to poor people |
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| | PH : | Peace between England and Scotland | | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, dies | | RP : | Pope Paul II | | DL : | Louis XI establishes Fr. royal mail service | | DL : | Scot. Parliament decrees that "fute-ball and golfe not to be used" | | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden dies |
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| | M : | First printed music | | DL : | Edward IV passes edict forbidding "hustling of stones" and other bowling-like sports |
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| | LT : | Johann Mental prints first Ger. Bible (Strasbourg) |
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| | PH : | Philip II of Burgundy dies; succeeded by Charles the Bold |
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| | RP : | Bishopric of Vienna established |
|
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| | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Magnificent", ruler of Florence | | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi dies |
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| | ST : | Port. navigators discover Gold Coast, West Africa | | ST : | First Fr. printing press set up at the Sorbonne, Paris |
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| | PH : | Edward IV, King of England, defeats and kills Richard, Earl of Warwick at Barnet, defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkesbury, and enters London; Henry VI murdered in the Tower | | PH : | King George of Bohemia dies; succeeded by Vladislav II | | RP : | Pope Sixtus IV | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer is born |
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| | PH : | Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder born |
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| | PH : | Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg |
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| | PH : | Isabella I, Queen of Aragon | | LT : | William Caxton prints the first book in English |
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| | M : | John Taverner born | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald is born | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
born in Florence | | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence |
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| | LT : | Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
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| | PH : | Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state | | ED : | Copenhagen University founded | | DL : | After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry |
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| | PH : | Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians | | PH : | Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan | | RP : | Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate) |
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| | PH : | Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks | | RP : | Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church |
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|
| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
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| | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
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| | PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
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|
| | PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
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|
| | VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
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|
| | PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
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|
| | PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
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|
| | PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
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| | PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World GO ! | | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
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