| M : | Orlande de Lassus born | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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| PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | VA : | Correggio dies |
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| PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | ST : | First diving bells | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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| PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| M : | William Byrd born | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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| PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
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| ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
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| PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
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| PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | ED : | University of Messina founded | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
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| PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
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| RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
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| ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | ED : | University of Lima founded | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
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| LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
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| PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
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| PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
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| PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
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| PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
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| M : | Thomas Morley born | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
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| PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | ED : | University of Jena founded | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | PH : | French retake Calais |
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| PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | ED : | University of Geneva founded | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
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| RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
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| PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
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| M : | John Dowland born | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salò moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | DL : | Plague in Paris | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
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| LT : | Michael Drayton born | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | RP : | Council of Trent ends | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
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| PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | RP : | Scots' Psalter | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
|
|
| RP : | Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration | ED : | Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae | RP : | Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps | RP : | Pope Pius IV dies | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections | ST : | Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science | DL : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London | DL : | Pencils manufactured in England | DL : | Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England |
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| PH : | Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey | RP : | Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland | PH : | Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562 | RP : | Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history | RP : | Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession | RP : | Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V | DL : | Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice |
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| PH : | Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent | PH : | Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency | PH : | In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government | ED : | Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.) | RP : | Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy | ED : | University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded | ST : | Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean | PH : | Rio de Janeiro founded | DL : | Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever | M : | Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May |
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| PH : | Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II | PH : | Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France | PH : | Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king | DL : | First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys | RP : | First translation of the Bible into Czech | RP : | Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible | ED : | English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England | RP : | Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan | RP : | Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun | ST : | Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts | ST : | Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain | DL : | Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder born |
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| PH : | Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin | ST : | Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter | ST : | Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use | DL : | 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic | DL : | Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies |
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| PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty | PH : | Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden | PH : | Imperial Diet meets at Speyer | DL : | Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade | PH : | Turks declare war on Venice | LT : | Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama | M : | Jean Antoine de Baïf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris | ED : | Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education | RP : | Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits | RP : | Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics | RP : | Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I | RP : | Missale Romanum issued by Pius V | M : | Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy | M : | Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso) | ST : | Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps | DL : | Nuremberg postal services begin |
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|
| PH : | Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty | PH : | Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots | DL : | Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England | RP : | Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy | ED : | Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public | RP : | Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments | ED : | Harrow School founded by John Lyon | ED : | Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price |
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| LT : | John Donne born | PH : | Dutch War of Independence begins | PH : | Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective | RP : | Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there | PH : | Fourth War of Religion begins in France | ED : | Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy | ED : | Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion | ED : | Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae | RP : | Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae | RP : | Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII | M : | "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona | ST : | Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel | ST : | Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way | ST : | Society of Antiquaries founded in London | DL : | Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem | VA : | Bronzino dies | LT : | Ben Jonson born 11 June |
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|
| PH : | Peace of Constantinople ends war between Turks and Venice | PH : | Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected King of Poland; returns to France to succeed his brother Charles IX | PH : | Fourth Fr. War of Religion ends; Huguenots granted an amnesty | PH : | Wan-Li begins reign as 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty in China | ED : | Collegium Germanicum established in Rome | RP : | François Hofman: Francogallia, a treatise on election and deposition of kings | M : | Orlando di Lasso: Patrocinium musices | ST : | Francis Drake sees Pacific Ocean for first time | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) born |
|
|
| PH : | Charles IX of France dies; succeeded by his brother Henry III, King of Poland | PH : | Selim II, Sultan of Turkey dies; succeeded by Murad III | PH : | Fifth French War of Religion | RP : | First auto-da-fé in Mexico | RP : | Jean Bodin: Discours sur les causes de l'extrême cherté en France, on luxury | RP : | Hubert Languet: Vindiciae contra tyrannos, political theories of the Huguenots | ED : | University of Berlin founded | ST : | Ulissi Aldovrandi: Antidotarii Bononiensis epitome, a treatise on drugs | ST : | Conrad Dasypodius builds the famous Strasbourg clock | VA : | Giorgio Vasari dies |
|
|
| M : | Thomas Tallis : Motets, Cantiones sacrae
published jointly with William Byrd
| M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
(joint collection with Thomas Tallis
| PH : | King Henry III of France crowned at Rheims | PH : | Stephen Báthory of Transylvania becomes King of Poland | PH : | Freedom from arrest granted by Eng. Parliament for its members and their servants | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain | ED : | University of Leiden founded by William of Orange | ST : | Tycho Brahe constructs an observatory at Uraniborg for Frederick II of Denmark | ST : | George Turberville: Book of Falconrie | DL : | Outbreaks of plague in Sicily, spreading through Italy up to Milan |
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|
| PH : | Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed in Delft | RP : | Edict of Beaulieu tolerating Reformed religion in France | PH : | Emperor Maximilian II dies; succeeded by his brother Rudolf II | ED : | Académy du Palais founded in Paris by Henry III, associated with Baïf's Académie of 1570 | RP : | Jean Bodin: La république, advocating constitutional change | RP : | League of Torgau, supporting opinions of the Lutherans, draws up Articles of Faith | ED : | University of Warsaw, Poland, founded | ST : | Clusius publishes his treatise on flowers of Spain and Portugal; beginning of modern botany | ST : | Robert Norman, English hydrographer, discovers magnetic 'dip', or inclination | ST : | François Viète introduces decimal fractions | VA : | Titian dies |
|
|
| PH : | Henry of Navarre recognised head of Huguenot party | PH : | Perpetual Edict to settle civil war in the Netherlands issued by Don John of Austria; rejected by William of Orange | PH : | Sixth Fr. War of Religion breaks out | PH : | Peace of Bergerac ends sixth War of Religion | RP : | William Allot: Thesaurus Bibliorum | ED : | Richard Eden: History of Travel in East and West Indies | RP : | Lutheran Book of Concord drafted | ED : | William Harrison: Description of England | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens born |
|
|
| PH : | Sebastian, King of Portugal, killed at Alcazar during invasion of Morocco | PH : | John III of Sweden secretly converted to Catholicism | PH : | Mohammed Khudabanda becomes Shah of Persia | PH : | Otomo Yoshishige, one of chief rulers of Japan, converted to Christianity | ED : | Jacques Cujas: Commentaries on Roman Law | ED : | Eng. College of Douai removed to Rheims | ST : | Catacombs of Rome discovered | DL : | Work begun on Pont Neuf, oldest bridge over Seine River, Paris |
|
|
| PH : | Signing of Union of Utrecht marks foundation of Dutch Republic | LT : | Stephen Gosson: The Schools of Abuse, against the theatre | LT : | Thomas Lodge: A Defense of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays, answer to Gosson | RP : | St. John of the Cross: Dark Night of the Soul |
|
|
| PH : | Seventh Fr. War of Religion breaks out | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, kills his son and heir with his own hands | RP : | Last performance of a miracle play in Coventry | RP : | Jean Bodin: Démonomanie des sorciers, against witchcraft | RP : | Jesuits Edmund Campion and Robert Parson land in England, begin Jesuit mission | ED : | François de la Noue: 24 Discours politiques et militaires, Huguenot point of view on Fr. Wars of Religion | RP : | Michel de Montaigne: Essais | ST : | Francis Drake returns to England from voyage of circumnavigation | DL : | Venice imports coffee from Turkey to Italy | DL : | Earthquake in London | DL : | New building banned in London to restrict growth of city | VA : | Frans Hals born (year approximate) |
|
|
| RP : | Edmund Campion, Eng. Jesuit, tried for treason and executed | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII attempts to reconcile Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches | PH : | James VI of Scotland signs Second Confession of Faith | ED : | Lancelot Popelinière: Premier Livre de l'idée de l'histoire accomplieé, contemporary history | M : | Vincenzo Galiglei: Dialogo della musica antica e moderna | ST : | William Borough: A Discourse on the Variation of the Compass or Magneticall Needle | ST : | Elizabeth I knights Francis Drake at Deptford | ST : | Galileo Galilei discovers isochronous property of the pendulum | DL : | Sedan chairs in general use in England |
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| PH : | Raid of Ruthven: James VI kidnapped by Protestant nobles | DL : | Gregorian Calendar adopted in Papal States, Spain, and Portugal, France and the Netherlands and Scandinavia | PH : | Nobunaga, ruler of Japan, assassinated | PH : | Venetian Constitution amended; authority of Council of Ten restricted | ED : | George Buchanan: Rerum Scoticarum historiae | RP : | Jesuit mission founded in China | ED : | Utrecht Library founded | ED : | University of Edinburgh founded | ED : | Richard Hakluyt: Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America | ST : | Urbain Hémand investigates the anatomy of the teeth | DL : | Royal Navy gets graduated pay according to rank | DL : | London's first waterworks founded; water wheels installed on London Bridge |
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| DL : | England adopts Gregorian Calendar | PH : | James VI of Scotland escapes from hands of Ruthven raiders after 10 months | LT : | Queen's Company of Players formed in London by Sir Edmund Tilney | RP : | Francesco Sansovino: Del Governo et ammistrazione di diversi regni et republiche | ED : | Joseph Justus Scaliger: Opus de emendatione temporum, foundation of modern chronology | RP : | Sir Thomas Smith: De repubica Anglorum, on government machinery in England | DL : | First known life insurance in England, on life of William Gibbons | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi born in September |
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| PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, dies; succeeded as Czar of Russia by his son Fyodor, who relinquishes most of his powers to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov | ED : | Foundation of Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Lucca | RP : | Giordano Bruno: Spaccio della bestia trionfante | RP : | Nicholas Sanders: De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani | RP : | Reginald Scot: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, attacking superstition | ED : | Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay | ED : | Uppingham School founded | DL : | Dutch trading post founded at Archangel, Russia | ST : | Sir Walter Raleigh discovers and annexes Virginia | DL : | Banco di Rialto founded in Venice | ST : | Oldest extant wave-swept lighthouse erected at Cordouan, at the mouth of the Gironde River |
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| PH : | Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England decline sovereignty of the Netherlands; but Elizabeth takes the Netherlands under her protection | PH : | Hideyoshi sets up dictatorship in Japan | LT : | Teatro Olimpico, in Vicenza, opened | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII dies; Cardinal Felice Peretti becomes Pope Sixtus V | ED : | Jesuit University founded in Graz, Austria | ST : | Simon Stevin formulates the law of equilibrium | ST : | Lucas Janszoon Waghearen: Spiegel der Zeevaart, a book of sailing directions | ST : | Bartholomew Newsam constructs first Eng. travelling and standing clocks | M : | Heinrich Schütz born 9 October | M : | Thomas Tallis dies 23 November |
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| PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason at Fotheringay; sentence is pronounced against her; Elizabeth confirms it | PH : | Abbas I becomes Shah of Persia | PH : | Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, dies | LT : | Beginning of Kabuki theatre, Japan | LT : | William Webbe: Discourse of English Poetrie | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Annales ecclesiastici, history of the Roman Catholic Church | PH : | Ludwig Pfyffer forms League of the Seven Swiss Catholic Cantons | ED : | William Camden: Britannia, guide to the counties of Britain | RP : | Pope Sixtus V fixes number of cardinals at 70; issues bull, "Detestablilis", forbidding usury | DL : | Corn severely short in England |
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| M : | Samuel Scheidt born | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book I of Madrigals
| PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, executed at Fotheringay | PH : | A son of King John of Sweden succeeds Stephen Báthory as Sigismund III of Poland | RP : | Pope Sixtus V proclaims Catholic crusade for invasion of England | LT : | First company of Eng. players in Germany | RP : | Antonio Agustino: Dialogo de medallas y inscriciones, on numismatics (posth.) | RP : | John Knox: Hystory of the Reformation in Scotland (posth.) | RP : | Rederijckkunst, Dutch manual on rhetoric | M : | Zeminoth Israel publishes early collection of Jewish songs | DL : | Construction of Rialto Bridge, Venice, by Antonio da Ponte |
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| M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Sonets & Songs
| PH : | Frederick II of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian IV | PH : | Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, assassinated by order of Henry III; another brother, the Duke of Mayenne, becomes leader of Catholic League | RP : | William Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh | RP : | Jan Blahoslav's Czech translation of New Testament incorporated in Kralice Bible | RP : | Thomas Stapleton: Tres Thomae, controversial Roman Catholic tract | ED : | Vatican Library opened in Rome | ST : | Joachim Camerarius: Hortus medicus | ST : | Timothy Bright: An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character, manual of shorthand | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) dies |
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| M : | William Byrd : Songs of Sundrie Natures
| M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| PH : | Henry III, King of France, last of the house of Valois, assassinated; on his deathbed he recognises Henry, King of Navarre, as his successor, who, as Henry IV, is the first Burbon to become King of France | PH : | House of Commons first appoints a Standing Committee for Privileges | LT : | Thomas Nashe: Anatomie of Absurdities, criticism of contemporary literature | LT : | George Puttenham: The Arte of English Poesie | RP : | Amador Arrais: Dialogues de Dom Frei Amador Arraiz, Port. conversations on moral and religious themes | PH : | Boris Godunov asserts Moscow's religious independence of Constantinople | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Politicorum sive Civilis Doctrinae | ED : | Kiev Academy founded | ED : | Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, founded | M : | Thoinot Arbeau: Orchésographie, early treatise on dancing, with several dance tunes | ST : | Richard Hakluyt: The Principall Navigations and Discoveries of the English Nation | DL : | Forks used for the first time at Fr. court | DL : | The Reverend William Lee (Cambridge) invents the stocking frame, first knitting machine |
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| LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VI | PH : | Catholic League proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon King Charles X of France in Jan; he dies in May | PH : | Shah Abbas I of Persia makes peace with Turkey | LT : | Ital. Commedia dell' arte company, "I Accesi", begins activities | RP : | Pope Sixtus V dies; Cardinal Giambattista Castagna succeeds him as Pope Urban VII and dies 12 days later; Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrato becomes Pope Gregory XIV | RP : | José de Acosta: Historia natural y moral de las Indias | ST : | Galileo: De Motu, description of experiments on dropping of various bodies | ST : | Coal mining begins in the Ruhr |
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| LT : | Michael Drayton: Harmonie of the Church | M : | William Byrd : My Ladye Nevells Book
collection of keyboard pieces
| M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| PH : | Henry IV of France excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIV | PH : | Christian I of Saxony dies; succeeded by his eight-year-old son Christian II | RP : | Giordano Bruno: De immenso et innumerabilis seu de universo et mundis | RP : | Pope Gregory XIV dies; Cardinal Antonio Facchinetti becomes Pope Innocent IX | ED : | Trinity College, Dublin, founded by Elizabeth I | ST : | François Viète: In Artem analyticam isagoge, on using letters for algebraic quantities | DL : | Skittle alleys, in use since the end of the 12th century, become popular in Germany | LT : | Robert Herrick born in August |
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| LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard III and The Comedy of Errors | LT : | John III of Sweden dies; succeeded by Sigismund III of Poland | LT : | Emperor Rudolf II makes peace with Poland | LT : | Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII | LT : | Thomas Sanchez: De sacramento matrimonii, on religious and legal aspects of marriage | LT : | Lodovico Zacconi: Prattica di musica, original edition | LT : | Galileo: Della scienza mechanica, problems of raising weights | ST : | Ruined Roman city of Pompeii discovered | DL : | Plague kills 15,000 people in London | DL : | Windmills used in Holland to drive mechanical saws |
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| LT : | William Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus and The Taming of the Shrew | LT : | Michael Drayton: Idea, the Shepherd's Garland and Peirs Gaveston | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
| PH : | Rudolf II renews war against Turkey | PH : | Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic, hearing Mass at St. Denis: "Paris is well worth a mass" | LT : | London theatres closed because of the plague | RP : | Pierre Charron: Les Trois Vérités, Fr. theological treatise | ST : | First Fr. botanical gardens established by University of Montpellier | ST : | Giambattista della Porta: De refractione, optices parte, with an account of binocular vision | DL : | Sant' Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan | LT : | George Herbert born 3 April | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi born |
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| LT : | William Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, King John | LT : | Michael Drayton: Matilda and Idea's Mirror | M : | Thomas Morley : Madrigals to Four Voyces
| PH : | Henry IV, having been crowned King of France at Chartres, enters Paris | RP : | Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship | LT : | London theatres open again in May | ST : | Giordano Bruno seized by the Vatican for supporting Copernican theory of the universe | RP : | Richard Hooker: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (vols 1-4) | ED : | Piere Matthieu: Histoire des derniers troubles de France | M : | Elizabeth I sends a Thomas Dallam organ to Sultan of Turkey | M : | Dafne, by Jacopo Peri, first opera | ST : | Galileo's Golden Rule | VA : | Tintoretto dies | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies 2 February | VA : | Nicolas Poussin born | M : | Orlande de Lassus dies 14 June |
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