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Thomas Eakins
(1844 - 1916)

1846

DL : First painted Christmas card appears

1844

LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: publishes a two-volume edition of Poems
M : Franz von Suppé : Overture, Morning, Noon and Night in Vienna
M : Felix Mendelssohn : Violin Concerto
M : Frederic Chopin : Piano Sonata No.3
M : Hector Berlioz : Overture, Roman Carnival (from Benvenuto Cellini)
VA : Joseph Mallord William Turner : Rain, Steam and Speed
The Great Western Railway
PH : Charles XIV, King of Sweden and Norway since 1818 dies; succeeded by his son as Oscar I
RP : Emerson: Essays, second series
ED : Bishop Nikolais Grundtvig founds the first institute for adult education
ST : Hermann Günther Grassmann: Die Ausdehnungslehre (Calculus of extension)
DL : First public bath and wash houses opened in Liverpool, England
DL : Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers founded
DL : German humorous weekly paper Fliegende Blätter
DL : Wood-pulp paper invented by Friedrich Gottlob Keller
PH : Treaty of Tangier ends French war in Morocco
PH : Revolts of the weavers in Silesia
PH : China and the U.S. sign first treaty of peace, amity, and commerce
ST : A.W. Kinglake: Eothen
DL : Young Men's Christian Association founded in England
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov born 18 March
VA : Henri Rousseau born in Laval, France`
VA : Mary Cassatt born 22 May

1845

LT : Robert Browning: of Dramatic Romances and Lyrics
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Tannhäuser
M : Robert Schumann : Piano Concerto in A-minor
M : Robert Schumann : Symphony No.2
M : Felix Mendelssohn : 'Spring Song' and 'Bee's Wedding' from 'Songs Without Words'
M : Mikhail Glinka : Capriccio brillante (First Spanish Overture)
M : Frederic Chopin : Cello Sonata
PH : James K. Polk inaugurated as President of the U.S.    GO !
PH : Anglo-Sikh War begins
PH : Swiss Sonderbund for the protection of Catholic cantons formed
ED : Thomas Carlyle: Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches
RP : Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in London
ED : Sir Austen Layard begins excavations in Nineveh
RP : Max Stirner: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (egocentric anarchistic philosophy)
VA : First artistic photo portraits by David Octavius Hill
ST : Hydraulic craned patented
ST : Power loom for manufacturing carpets is constructed
ST : Arthur Cayler: Theory of Linear Transformations
ST : First submarine cable laid across English channel
ST : Machine for combing cotton and wool patented
ST : Acetic acid synthesised
ST : Compound steam engine developed
DL : Knickerbocker Baseball Club codifies rules of baseball
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré born 12 May
VA : Walter Crane born

1846

VA : Camille Corot : Forest of Fontainebleau
M : Franz von Suppé : Overture, Poet and Peasant
M : Felix Mendelssohn : Oratorio, Elijah
M : Franz Liszt : Hungarian Rhapsodies for piano
M : Frederic Chopin : Barcarolle
M : Hector Berlioz : Dramatic cantata, The Damnation of Faust
M : Clara Wieck Schumann : Cadenzas for Beethoven's C minor and G major concerti
VA : Joseph Mallord William Turner : Angel Standing in a Storm
PH : Treaty of Lahore ends First Sikh War
PH : Revolts break out in Poland
PH : Louis Napoleon escapes from the fortress of Ham to London
RP : Evangelical Alliance founded, London
RP : Pope Gregory XVI dies; succeeded by Cardinal Mastai-Rerretti as Pope Pius IX
RP : Friedrich Vischer: Aesthetics
RP : Theodor Waitz: Foundation of Psychology
RP : William Whewell: Elements of Morality
RP : Brigham Young leads the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake, Utah
DL : Electric arc lighting at the Opéra, Paris
ST : F.G.J. Henle: Manual of Rational Pathology
ST : Ether first used as an anaesthetic in dentistry
ST : Nitroglycerine first prepared
DL : Famine in Ireland caused by failure of potato crop
ED : Smithsonian Institution, Washington, founded
PH : 13 May - U.S. declares war against Mexico    GO !

1847

LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Princess
LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Blessed Damozel
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Macbeth (later revised)
PH : Liberia proclaimed independent republic
PH : Sonderbund War in Switzerland; Catholic cantons refuse to dissolve union
ED : W.H. Prescott: History of the Conquest of Peru
ED : Louius Blanc: History of the Revolution
RP : Karl Marx attacks Proudhon's Philosophy of Poverty in The Poverty of Philosophy
RP : The Mormons found Salt Lake City
RP : Leopold von Ranke: Neun Bücher preussicher Geschichte
ST : George Bool: Mathematical Analysis of Logic
ST : Evaporated milk made for the first time
DL : First Swiss railroad between Baden and Zurich opens
ST : Helmholtz: On the Conservation of Energy
ST : I.T. Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, discovers connection between childbed fever and puerperal infection
DL : British Factory Act restricts the working day for women and children (between 13 and 18) to 10 hours
DL : First Roman Catholic working men's club, Cologne, Germany
DL : Gold discoveries in California lead to first gold rush
M : Felix Mendelssohn dies 4 November

1848

VA : Sir John Everett Millais : Isabella
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Lohengrin
M : Franz Liszt : Trois études de concert (including 'Un Sospiro')
M : Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Les Préludes
M : Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage (Years of Pilgrimage) for piano, Book I
M : Mikhail Glinka : Overture, Kamarinskaya
PH : King Christian VIII of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III
PH : Revolt in Paris; Louis Philippe abdicates, Louis Napoleon elected President of French Republic in December
PH : Revolutions in Venice, Berlin, Milan and Parma
PH : Second Sikh War begins
PH : Sardinia declares war on Austria
PH : Revolutions in Vienna, the emperor abdicates in favour of his nephew who becomes Emperor Francis Joseph I
PH : Nasr-ed-Din becomes Shah of Persia
PH : Switzerland, by its new constitution, becomes a federal union
PH : Ibrahim, Viceroy of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas
PH : Revolt in Rome; Pius IX flees to Gaeta
ED : Jakob Grimm: History of the German Language
ED : Macaulay: History of England
RP : Communist Manifesto issued by Marx and Engels
RP : Spiritualism becomes popular in U.S.
DL : Böttger: first safety matches
ST : First appendectomy by Hancock
DL : Serfdom abolished in Austria
RP : Bismarck founds the Neue Preussische Zeitung, Marx the Neue Rheinische Zeitung
DL : First Public Health Act in Britain
DL : First settlers arrive in New Zealand
DL : New York News Agency founded (will become Associated Press in 1856)
DL : Sebastian Kneipp introduces cold-water cures as Worrishofen, Germany
PH : 2 February - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-U.S. war    GO !
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry born 27 February
M : Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti dies 8 April
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin born 7 June
VA : Gustave Caillebotte born 19 August

1849

LT : Mathew Arnold: The Strayed Reveller and other Poems
VA : Gustave Courbet : Stonebreakers
M : Robert Schumann : Incidental music to Byron's verse-drama Manfred
M : Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage Book II
M : Franz Liszt : Totentanz, (Dance of Death), for piano and orchestra
M : Franz Liszt : Piano Concertos No.1 and No.2
PH : Rome proclaimed a republic under Guiseppe Mazzini
PH : Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II
PH : Peace of Milan ends war
PH : Zachary Taylor inaugurated as President of the U.S.    GO !
PH : German National Assembly passes constitution; elects King Frederick William IV of Prussia "Emperor of the Germans"; he refuses to accept
PH : Hungarian Diet proclaims independence
PH : Revolts in Dresden and Baden
RP : French enter Rome and restore Pope Pius IX
ED : J.M. Kemble: History of the Saxons in England
ED : Who's Who begins publication
ST : Fizeau measures speed of light
ST : Amyl isolated
ED : Bedford College for Women, London, founded
DL : Amelia Bloomer begins American women's dress reform
VA : John William Waterhouse born 6 April
M : Frederic Chopin dies 17 October

1850

LT : William Wordsworth: The Prelude
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: In Memoriam
LT : William Cullen Bryant: The Letters of a Traveller
LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese
LT : Robert Browning: Christmas Eve and Easter Day
VA : Camille Corot : Morning,
the Dance of the Nymphs
M : Robert Schumann : Symphony No.3, 'Rhenish'
M : Franz Liszt : Liebersträume (Dreams of Love), for piano
M : Franz Liszt : Consolations for piano
M : Adolphe Adam : Opera, Giralda
M : Hector Berlioz : Te Deum
VA : William Holman Hunt : Claudio and Isabella
VA : William Holman Hunt : A Converted British Family
Sheltering a Christian Missionary
from the Persecution of the Druids
PH : Outbreak of Anglo-Kaffir War
PH : Prussia and Denmark sign Peace of Berlin on Schleswig-Holstein
PH : U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore becomes 13th president    GO !
PH : Taiping rebellion in China; Hung Hiu-tseun proclaims himself emperor
RP : Church council to manage Protestant churches in Prussia
ED : Public Libraries Act in Britain
RP : Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena
RP : Herbert Spencer: Social Statics, beginnings of sociology
M : Foundation of Bach-Gesellschaft to publish the complete works of J.S. Bach
ST : R.W. Bunsen produces gas burner
ST : Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics, and kinetic theory of gases
ST : The speed of nervous impulse established
ST : Pafnut Chebyshev: On Primary Numbers
DL : Old age insurance in France
ST : Royal Meteorological Society founded
ED : School of Mines, London (to becomes College of Science and Technology), founded
ED : University of Sydney, Australia, established
LT : William Wordsworth dies 23 April

1851

VA : Sir John Everett Millais : Ophelia
LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: Casa Guidi Windows
VA : Charles-François Daubigny : Harvest
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Rigoletto
M : Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Mazeppa
M : Franz Liszt : Transcendental Studies for piano
M : Mikhail Glinka : Souvenir d'une nuit d'été à Madrid (Second Spanish Overture)
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Symphony No.2, Ocean
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : Mariana
PH : Cuba declares its independence
PH : Beginning of Basuto War
PH : Coup d'état of Louis Napoleon; plebiscite in France favours new constitution
PH : Danilo II converts Montenegro into a secular principality
RP : Vincenzo Gioberti: Il Rinnovamento civile d'Italia
ST : Franz Neumann: law of electromagnetic induction
ST : Isaac Singer devises the continuous stitch sewing machine
RP : Mary Carpenter: Reformatory Schools...for Juvenile Offenders
DL : First double-decker bus introduced
DL : The New York Times appears
DL : Maine and Illinois begins to enforce prohibition against liquor
VA : Joseph Mallord William Turner dies 19 December

1852

LT : William Cullen Bryant: The Fountain, and other Poems
LT : Mathew Arnold: Empedocles on Etna, and Other Poems
M : Louis Moreau Gottschalk : El Sitio Zaragoza
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Il Trovatore ('The Troubadour')
M : Adolphe Adam : Opera, Si j'étais roi ('If I Were King')
M : Johannes Brahms : Piano Sonatas No.1 and No.2
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Thomas the Fool
VA : Arthur Hughes : Ophelia
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : A Huguenot on St Bartolomew's Day
VA : William Holman Hunt : On English Coasts
PH : South African Republic (Transvaal) established
PH : New French constitution gives president monarchical powers, Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor Napoleon III
PH : Outbreak of Second Burmese War
RP : The Convocation of the Church of England revived
ST : Delisle begins the study of modern paleography
RP : First Plenary Council of American Roman Catholics held in Baltimore
ED : Rank: History of France
ST : C.F. Gerhardt: New Theory of Organic Compounds
ST : David Livingstone explores Zambezi
ST : Dutch army surgeon Mathysen impregnates bandages with plaster
ST : Herbert Spencer: The Development Hypothesis (first use of the word "evolution")
ST : James Sylvester: Calculus of Forms
DL : The U.S. imports sparrows from Germany as defence against caterpillars
DL : First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets in London
DL : Formation of United All-English Cricket Eleven
VA : Edwin Austin Abbey born

1853

VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Reconciliation
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton born
VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee born
LT : Mathew Arnold: Poems with the famous "preface" (Arnold's first important critical essay)
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Traviata ('The Woman Gone Astray')
M : Robert Schumann : Scenes from Goethe's Faust, for chorus and orchestra
M : Franz Liszt : Piano Sonata in B-minor
VA : William Holman Hunt : The Awakening Conscience
PH : Peace between Britain and Burma
PH : Crimean War begins
PH : Maria II of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son Pedro V
RP : Johann Herzog: Encyclopaedia of Protestant Theology
ED : Mommsen: History of Rome
RP : Hippolyte Taine: Essai sur les fables de La Fontaine
M : Henry Steinway and his three sons begins the New York firm of piano manufacturers
ED : Melbourne University founded
ST : Alexander Wood uses hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections
ST : Queen Victoria allows choloroform to be administered to her during the birth of her seventh child, thus ensuring its place as an anaesthetic in Britain
DL : Telegraph system established in India
DL : Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain
VA : Howard Pyle born
VA : Vincent van Gogh born 30 March

1854

M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Das Rheingold
M : Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Orpheus
M : Hector Berlioz : Oratorio, The Childhood of Christ
VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Joan of Arc
VA : William Holman Hunt : The Scapegoat
PH : Convention of Bloemfontein
PH : Britain and France conclude alliance with Turkey and declare war on Russia
PH : "War for Bleeding Kansas" between free and slave states in U.S.    GO !
PH : Elgin Treaty between Britain and U.S. on Canadian trade
RP : George Boole: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities
RP : Jewish seminary established at Breslau
DL : Juvenile Offenders Act in Great Britain
RP : Pope Pius IX declares the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary to be an article of faith
ST : Christian Ehrenberg: Microgeology
ST : Laryngoscope invented
ST : First form of lightbulb developed
ST : Georg Riemann: On the Hypotheses Forming the Foundation of Geometry
ED : University College, Dublin, founded
DL : Northcote-Trevelyan report leads to British Civil Service Commission
ED : Working Men's College, London, founded
PH : Abbas I, Viceroy of Egypt assassinated; succeeded by Mohammed Said
M : Leoš Janácek born 3 July
M : John Phillip Sousa born 6 November

1855

VA : Arthur Hughes : April Love
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : Autumn Leaves
LT : Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Maud
LT : Robert Browning: Men and Women
LT : Mathew Arnold: Poems, Second Series
VA : Gustave Courbet : The Painter's Studio
M : Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Les Deux aveugles ('The Two Blind Men')
M : Georges Bizet : Symphony in C
PH : Czar Nicholas I of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexander II
PH : Britain and Afghanistan join against Persia in Treaty of Peshawar
PH : Taiping Rebellion ends
RP : Henry Milman: History of Latin Christianity
RP : Herbert Spencer: Principles of Psychology
DL : George Audemars patents rayon production
ED : Professorship of technology created at Edinburgh University
ST : Printing telegraph invented
ST : Tungsten steel developed
ST : Mathew Maury: Physical Geography of the Sea
DL : First iron Cunard steamer crosses Atlantic
DL : Founding of The Daily Telegraph, London
DL : London sewers modernised after outbreak of cholera
ST : Florence Nightingale introduces hygienic standards into military hospitals during Crimean War

1856

VA : Arthur Hughes : Home from the Sea
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Fisherman and the Siren
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Die Walküre ('The Valkyrie')
M : Franz Liszt : Dante Symphony
M : Mikhail Glinka : Valse-fantaisie, ('Fantasy Waltz') for orchestra
M : Adolphe Adam : Ballet, Le Corsaire
M : Georges Bizet : Operetta, Le Docteur Miracle
VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : The Source
DL : Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross
PH : Reform edict in Turkish Empire; peace conference in Paris recognises integrity of Turkey
PH : Anglo-Chin. war begins
PH : Brit.-Persian war begins
ED : J.A. Foude: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Deafeat of the Armada
ED : Theodor Goldstücker: Sanskrit Dictionary
RP : Rudolf Lotze: Mikrokosmos
RP : Hippolyte Taine: Les Philosophes classiques du XIXe siècle en France
ED : Alexis de Tocqueville: L'Ancien régime et la révolution
ST : Pure cocaine extracted from cocoa beans
ED : Neanderthal skull found in Feldhofer Cave near Düsseldorf
DL : "Big Ben" cast at Whitechapel Bell Foundry
VA : John Singer Sargent born
M : Heinrich Heine dies 17 February
M : Adolphe Adam dies 3 May
M : Robert Schumann dies 29 July

1857

LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: Aurora Leigh
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Simon Boccanegra (later revised)
M : Franz Liszt : Faust Symphony
PH : Peace of Paris ends Anglo-Persian war
PH : Indian Mutiny against British rule
PH : Garibaldi forms Italian National Association for unification of the country
PH : Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded
ED : Henry T. Buckle: History of Civilisation in England
RP : Ernest Renan: Etudes d'histoire religieuse
VA : Victoria and Albert Museum, London, opened
M : Charles Hallé founds the Hallé concerts in Manchester
ST : Pasteur proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms
DL : Alpine Club, London, founded
DL : Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe, caused by speculation in U.S. railroad shares
DL : Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain
DL : First safety elevator installed
ED : Science Museum, South Kensington, London, founded
DL : Transatlantic cable laid
DL : Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs in Russia
M : Mikhail Glinka dies 15 February
M : Edward Elgar born 2 June

1858

M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Scherz, List und Rache ('Joke, Trick and Revenge')
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Un Ballo in maschera ('A Masked Ball')
M : Johann Strauss II : Polkas, Champagne and Tritsch-Tratsch
M : Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Orphée aux enfers ('Orpheus in the Underwold'), later revised
M : Johannes Brahms : Serenade No.1 for orchestra
M : Hector Berlioz : Opera, The Trojans
PH : Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chin. war
PH : British proclaim peace in India
PH : Prince William of Prussia declared regent for the insane King Frederick William IV
PH : Alexander Karageorgevich deposed by Serbian Diet; Milos Obrenovic declared king
RP : The Blessed Virgin Mary reputed to have appeared at Lourdes, France
RP : Henry Carey: Principles of Social Science
ED : Thomas Carlyle: Frederick the Great
RP : The Paulist Fathers founded by American Catholic priest Issac Hecker
RP : Lionel de Rothschild becomes first Jewish member of British Parliament
RP : Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church
M : New York Symphony gives its first public concert
ST : T.H. Huxley: The Theory of the Vetebrate Skulls
ST : Mirror galvanometer invented
DL : National Association of Baseball Players organised in America
DL : Ottawa becomes capital of Canada
DL : South Foreland lighthouse lit by electricity
M : Giacomo Puccini dies 29 November
M : Giacomo Puccini born 23 December

1859

VA : Arthur Hughes : Knight of the Sun
M : Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Symphony No.1, La Nuit des Tropiques
VA : Charles-François Daubigny : On the Oise
VA : Charles-François Daubigny : The Flood-Gate at Optevoz
VA : Camille Corot : La Toilette
M : Richard Wagner : Music drama, Tristan and Isolde
M : Bedrich Smetana : Symphonic Poem, Wallenstein's Camp
M : Charles-François Gounod : Opera, Faust (later revised)
M : Johannes Brahms : Piano Concerto No.1
PH : Treaty of Alliance between Sardinia and France
PH : France declares war on Austria, armistice followed by peace of Billafranca, formalised by Treaty of Zurich
PH : King Ferdinand of the Two Sicilies dies; succeeded by Francis II
PH : King Oscar I of Sweden dies; succeeded by Charles XV
PH : German National Association formed; aimed at uniting German under Prussia
ST : Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
RP : Ferdinand Lassalle: The Italian War and the Mission of Prussia
RP : Karl Marx: Critique of Political Economy
RP : J.S. Mill: Essay on Liberty
ED : Rank: History of England in the 16th and 17th Centuries
RP : Ernest Renan: Essais de morale et de critique
ED : L.F.K.Tischendorf discovers Codex Sinaiticus
ED : Pasquale Villari: Life of Savonarola
ED : Anthropological Society, Paris, founded
ST : F.L.G. Planté: first practical storage battery
ST : Steamroller invented
DL : French tightrope walker Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on tightrope
DL : Work on Suez Canal begun
LT : A E Housman born 26 March
VA : Georges Seurat born 2 December

1860

LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: Poems Before Congress
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Acceleration
M : Franz Liszt : Mephisto Waltz No.1, for piano
M : Johannes Brahms : Serenade No.2 for orchestra
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : The Black Brunswicker
VA : Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau : Springtime
PH : Treaty of Turin cedes Nice and Savoy to France
PH : Garibaldi and his 1,000 redshirts ("i Mille") take Palermo and Naples
PH : Garibaldi proclaims Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy
PH : Second Maori War begins
PH : Treaty of Peking
PH : Abraham Lincoln elected President of the U.S.    GO !
RP : English Church Union founded
RP : J.S. Mill: Considerations on Representative Covernment
RP : Charles de Montalembert: Les Moines d'Occident
ED : J.L. Motley: The History of the United Netherlands
RP : Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in Jerusalem
ST : The elements cesium and rubidium discovered
ST : G.T. Fechner: Elements of Psychophysics
ST : Lenoir constructs first practical internal-combustion engine
DL : Cork linoleum invented
DL : The Catholic Times published
DL : Food and Drugs Act enacted in Britain
DL : British Open Golf Championship started
DL : Primitive form of typewriter: Christopher Sholes
DL : First horse-drawn tram
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz born 29 May
M : Gustav Mahler born 7 July

1861

LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Early Italian Poets
LT : Mathew Arnold: On Translating Homer
VA : Camille Corot : Orpheus Leading Eurydice
from the Underworld
M : Arthur Sullivan : The Tempest, incidental music
M : Johannes Brahms : Variations and fugue on a theme of Handel for piano
VA : Ernest Meissonier : The French Campaign
PH : Frederick William IV of Prussia died; succeeded by William I
PH : Outbreak of Civil War in the U.S.    GO !
PH : The King of Naples surrenders, Italy proclaimed a kingdom by Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II as king
PH : Warsaw Massacre- troops fire at demonstrators against Russian rule
DL : Emancipation of Russian serfs
PH : Sultan Abdul Mejid of Turkey dies; succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz
PH : Pedro V of Portugal dies; succeded by Louis I
ED : Vladimir Dahl: Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue
RP : Ferdinand Lassalle: System of Assigned Rights
RP : Herbert Spencer: Education: Moral, Intellectual, Physical
RP : Arthur P. Stanley: Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church
M : Royal Academy of Music, London, founded
ST : Archaeopteryx: skeleton of link between reptiles and bird discovered
ST : Thallium discovered
ST : First machine-chilled cold storage unit built
DL : Daily weather forecasts are begun in Britain
DL : Queen Victoria creates the Order of the Star of India
DL : U.S. introduces passport system
LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning dies 29 June
VA : John William Godward born 9 August

1862

LT : Christina Rossetti: Goblin Market and Other Poems
LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: Last Poems (posth.)
M : Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Union
M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Queen of Spades
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Forza del destino ('The Force of Destiny')
M : Johann Strauss II : Musical scherzo, Perpetuum Mobile
M : Anton Bruckner : String Quartet
M : Johannes Brahms : Piano Quintet
M : Hector Berlioz : Opera, Beatrice and Benedict
PH : King Otto I of Greece resigns after military revolt
ED : James Bruce: The Holy Roman Empire
ED : George Rawlinson: The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World
RP : Herbert Specner: First Principles
ST : Lion Foucault successfully measures the speed of light
ST : Helmholtz: The Doctrine of the Sensations of Tones
DL : Swiss humanist Jean Henri Duanant proposes in his book Souvenir de Solferinio the foundation of an international Voluntary relief organisation - the Red Cross
DL : International Exhibition, London
M : Frederick Delius born 29 January
VA : Gustav Klimt born 14 July
M : Claude Debussy born 22 August

1863

VA : Arthur Hughes : Ophelia
VA : Jessie Willcox Smith born
VA : Alexandre Cabanel : The Birth of Venus
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Die Loreley
M : Bedrich Smetana : Opera, The Brandenburgers in Bohemia
M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Petite messe solennelle ('Little Solemn Mass')
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso for violin and orchestra
M : Johannes Brahms : String Quartet No.2
M : Georges Bizet : Opera, Les Pêcheurs de perles ('The Pearl Fishers')
VA : Jean Léon Gérôme : The Dance of the Almeh
VA : Edouard Manet : Olympia
PH : Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation    GO !
PH : Mohammed Said, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Ismail
PH : William, Prince of Denmark, becomes George I, King of Greece
PH : Civil War breaks out in Afghanistan after the death of Dost Mohammed
PH : Frederick VII, King of Denmark dies, succeeded by Christian IX
PH : French capture Mexico City and proclaim Archduke Maximilian of Austria emperor
ED : S.R. Gardiner: History of England...1603-1642
RP : T.H. Huxley: Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature
ED : A.W. Kinglake: The Invasion of Crimea
RP : Charles Lyell: The Antiquity of Man
RP : J.S. Mill: Utilitarianism
ED : University of Mass, Amherst, founded as Mass. Agricultural College
DL : Ebenezer Butterick develops first paper dress patterns
ST : Sir Francis Galton: Meteorographica or Methods of Mapping the Weather
ED : National Academy of Sciences founded Washington, D.C.
ST : Microstructure of steel discovered leading to development of science of metallurgy
DL : Grand Prix de Paris first run at Longchamp
DL : A.F. Nadar makes ascent in his balloon "Le Géant"
DL : U.S. Congress establishes free city mail delivery
DL : Roller skating introduced to America
VA : Eugène Delacroix dies 13 August
VA : Paul Signac born
M : Pietro Mascagni born 7 December
VA : Edvard Munch born 12 December

1864

LT : Robert Browning: Dramatis Personae
M : Franz von Suppé : Biographical operetta, Franz Schubert
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Frithjof for baritone, female voices and orchestra
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Morning Papers
M : Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Belle Hélène
M : Edvard Grieg : Symphony (subsequently withdrawn by the composer)
M : Charles-François Gounod : Opera, Mireille
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony in D-minor, known as 'Number 0'
VA : Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Pink Dress
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Painter's Honeymoon
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : Golden Hours
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : La Loge
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Portrait of Alfred Sisley
PH : Peace of Vienna; Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Austria and Prussia
PH : Abraham Lincoln re-elected President of the U.S.    GO !
PH : King Maximilian II of Bavaria dies; succeeded by Louis II
DL : First International Workingmen's Association founded by Karl Marx, London and New York
LT : Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellscahft founded at Weimar
RP : Cesare Lombroso: Genius and Madness
RP : Cardinal Newman: Apologia pro Vita Sua
RP : Syllabus Errorum issued by Pope Pius Ix: condemns Liberalism, Socialsm, and Rationalism
ST : Joseph Bertrand: Treatise on Differential and Integral Calculus
ST : Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation (for wine)
DL : Geneva Convention establishes the neutrality of battlefield medical facilities
DL : Octavia Hill begins London tenement-dwelling reforms
DL : Knights of Pythias founded, Washington, D.C.
DL : Neue Freie Presse founded in Vienna
DL : "In God We Trust" first appears on U.S. coins
LT : John Clare dies 20 May
M : Richard Strauss born 11 June
VA : Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec born 24 November

1865

VA : Gustave Courbet : Woman with a Parrot
VA : Arthur Hughes : Goodnight
VA : Arthur Hughes : Sir Galahad
LT : Walt Whitman: Drum Taps
LT : Mathew Arnold: Essays in Criticism
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Madame Valpincon
with Chrysanthemums
M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Beautiful Galathea
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song, Après un rêve ('After a Dream')
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony No.1, 'Bells of Zlonice'
M : Franz Strauss : Horn concerto in c minor
PH : Confederate States of America surrender at Appomattox on 9 April    GO !
PH : Abraham Lincoln assassinated; succeeded by Andrew Johnson    GO !
PH : King Leopold I of Belgium dies; succeeded by his son Leopold II
DL : Thirteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery
PH : Outbreak of war between Boers of Orange Free State and Basutos
RP : Henri Baudrillart: La Liberté du travail
RP : W.E.H. Lecky: A History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe
RP : J.S. Mill: Auguste Comte and Positivism
ST : Line geometry invented (Julius Plücker)
RP : J.R. Seeley: Ecce Homo
DL : Atlantic cable finally completed
ST : Benzene ring theory explains the structure of aromatic compounds
ED : Mass Institute of Technology, founded
ST : Gregor Mendel enunciates his Law of Heredity
DL : Pasteur succeeds in curing silkworm disease, saving the French silk industry
ST : Ivan M. Sechenov: Reflexes of the Brain, on physiological basis of psychic processes
RP : Christian Revival Association organised (later the Salvation Army)
DL : First carpet sweeper comes into use
DL : Ku Klux Klan founded, Pulaski, Tenn.
DL : London Metropolitan Fire Service established
DL : First railroad sleeping cars appear
DL : San Francisco Examiner and San Francisco Chronicle founded
DL : First train holdup at North Bend, Ohio
DL : Edward Whymper climbs the Matterhorn
ED : First woman (Maria Mitchell) appointed as professor of astronomy, Vassar College
LT : William Butler Yeats born 13 June
M : Jean Sibelius born 8 December

1866

VA : Claude Monet : The Women in the Garden
LT : Christina Rossetti: Prince's Progress and Other Poems
VA : Gustave Courbet : A Thicket of Deer at the
Stream of Plaisir-Fontaine
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Lament
M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Light Cavalry
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Don Carlos (later revised)
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony No.1, 'Winter Daydreams'
M : Arthur Sullivan : Irish Symphony
M : Bedrich Smetana : Comic Opera, The Bartered Bride
M : Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Vie parisienne
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Songs 'The Seminarist', 'Darling Savishna'
M : Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage Book III
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.1
M : Léo Delibes : Ballet, La Source also known as Naila
M : Georges Bizet : Opera, La joie fille de Perth
VA : Claude Monet : Jeanne-Marguerite Lecadre
PH : Alexander Xuza, Prince of Rumania, dethroned; succeeded by Karl, Prince of Hohenzollern, as King Carol I
PH : Treaty of Vienna ends Austro-Ital. war
PH : Revolts in Crete against Turkish rule
ED : Pierre Larousse: Grand dictionnaire universel du XIX siècle
RP : Friedrich Lange: History of Materialism
RP : American Evangelical Alliance founded
ST : Aeronautical Society of Great Britain founded
ST : Ernst Haeckel: General Morphology (fundamental law of biogenetics)
ST : Dynamite invented
ST : Underwater torpedo invented
DL : "Black Friday" on London Stock Exchange
DL : Dr. T.J. Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children at Stepney, London
M : Erik Satie born 17 May
VA : Wassily Kandinsky born in Moscow

1867

LT : Walt Whitman: Democratic Vistas I
LT : Mathew Arnold: On the Study of Celtic Literature
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, La Grand'tante ('The Great Aunt')
M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Jolly Robbers
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg ('The Mastersingers of Nuremberg')
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Art and Literature
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltzes, The Blue Danube and An Artist's Life
M : Bedrich Smetana : Opera, Dalibor
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : 'Symphonic Picture', Sadko (later revised as an opera)
M : Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song 'Gathering Mushrooms'
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : St John's Night on the Bare Mountain for orchestra (later revised by Rimsky and Mussorgsky)
M : Franz Liszt : Oratorio, Christus
M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Pieces for Piano, Book I
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony No.1
VA : Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Artist's Family
on a Terrace near Montpellier
VA : Edouard Manet : The Execution
VA : Ernest Meissonier : Information:
VA : Alfred Sisley : Avenue of Chestnut Trees
Near Le Celle St. Cloud
VA : Gavin Hamilton : The Oath of Brutus
VA : William Holman Hunt : Self Portrait
DL : The Queensberry Rules, by John Graham Chambers of the London Amateur Athletic Club
PH : Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy created by "Ausgleich"; Francis Joseph I crowned King of Hungary at Budapest
PH : Brit. Parliamentary Reform Act
ST : Discovery of S. African diamond field
ED : E.A. Freeman: History of the Norman Conquest
PH : Fenian outrages in Ireland and in Manchester
ST : Gold discovered in Wyoming
ST : Livingstone explores Congo
RP : Marx: Das Kapital, vol. I
PH : N. German Confederation founded
PH : Napoleon III withdraws his support from Maximilian in Mexico; Maximilian executed
VA : Paris World's Fair introduces Japanese art to the West
DL : Pierre Michaux begins to manufacture bicycles
RP : Pope Pius IX, on the 18th centenary of the St. Peter and St. Paul, announces his intention to hold an ecumenical council
LT : Reclams Universal Bibliothek, first of all paperback series, founded at Leipzig
RP : Walter Bagehot: The English Constitution
VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres dies 14 January
VA : Arthur Rackham born
VA : Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau dies 22 December

1868

VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Rape
VA : Edouard Manet : The Balcony
VA : Jean-François Millet : Spring
VA : Dante Gabriel Rossetti : La Pia de'Tolomei
LT : Walt Whitman: Democratic Vistas II
LT : Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book
VA : Gustave Courbet : The Source
VA : Alexandre Cabanel : The Fallen Angel
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto No.1 in G-minor
M : Johann Strauss II : Polka, Thunder and Lightning
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Tales from the Vienna Woods
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Piano Concerto No.2
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Symphony No.2, 'Antar' (later revised as an 'Oriental Suite')
M : Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Périchole
M : Edvard Grieg : Piano Concerto in A-minor
M : Anton Bruckner : Mass No.3, for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
M : Johannes Brahms : A German Requiem
VA : Jean-Frédéric Bazille : View of the Village
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : Acme and Septimius
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : Jonathon's Token to David
RP : A.H. Stephens: A Constitutional View of the War between the States
ED : Aust. schools freed from Church control
RP : Bakunin founds Alliance internationale de la démocratie sociale
ST : Charles Darwin: The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication
VA : Development of French impressionist style
DL : Earliest recorded bicycle race at the Parc de St. Cloud, Paris
RP : Ernst Haeckel: Natural History of Creation
PH : King Michael III of Serbia assassinated; succeeded by Milan IV
PH : Revolution in Spain; Queen Isabella II is deposed and flees to France
PH : Shogun Kekei of Japan abdicates; shogunate abolished; Meiji dynasty restored
ST : Skeleton of Cro-Magnon man from Upper Paleolithic age found in France
DL : The game of badminton devised at the Kuke of Beaufort's residence, Badminton Hall, Gloucestershire
PH : U.S. President Johnson impeached for violating Tenure-of-Office Act but acquitted by Senate    GO !
DL : Whitaker's Almanack appears in England
DL : 14th Amendment to U.S. Constitution prohibits voting discrimination, denies government office to certain Civil War rebels, and repudiates Confederate war debts
M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini dies 13 November

1869

VA : Berthe Morisot : The Mother and
Sister of the Artist
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Holy Grail and Other Poems
LT : Mathew Arnold: Culture and Anarchy
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Oratorio, Der Turm zu Babel ('The Tower of Babel')
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Song, None But the Lonely Heart
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture fantasy, Romeo and Juliet
M : Arthur Sullivan : Oratorio, The Prodigal Son
M : Johannes Brahms : Hungarian Dances for piano duet
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Le Grenouillere
DL : British debtors' prisons are abolished
ST : Celluloid invented
RP : Eduard Hartmann: The Philosophy of the Unconscious
DL : First Nihilist Congress meets at Basel, Switzerland
DL : First postcards introduced in Austria
ST : Francis Galton: Hereditary Genius, pioneering treatise on eugenics
PH : General Grant inaugurated as President of the U.S.    GO !
ED : Girton College, Cambridge, founded
RP : J.S. Mill: On the Subjection of Women
RP : Mathew Arnold: Culture and Anarchy
ST : Mendeleyev formulates his periodic law for the classification of the elements
DL : Opening of Suez Canal by Empress Eugénie
PH : Parliamentary system reintroduced in France
PH : U.S. National Prohibition Party formed in Chicago
RP : W.E.H. Lecky: A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlesmagne
RP : Walter Bagehot: Physics and Politics, etx.
M : Hector Berlioz dies 8 March
M : Louis Moreau Gottschalk dies 18 December
LT : Edwin A Robinson born 22 December
VA : Henri Matisse born

1870

LT : Walt Whitman: Passage to India
LT : Christina Rossetti: Commonplace and Other Short Stories
LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Poems
LT : William Blake: Hesiod
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Aida
M : Arthur Sullivan : Overture di ballo
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Vienna Blood
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, The Nursery
M : Léo Delibes : Ballet, Coppélia
VA : Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Artist's Studio
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : The Knight Errant
ED : Dictionary of American Biography issued for the first time
PH : Bismarck's "Ems Telegram"
PH : End of Red River Rebellion; Manitoba becomes Canadian province
RP : First Vatican Council promulgates the dogma of papal infallibility
M : Founding of Société Nationale de Musique, France
ST : Heinrich Schliemann begins to excavate Troy
PH : Isabella of Spain abdicates in favour of Alfonso XII
ED : Keble College, Oxford, founded
PH : Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern accepts Span. throne but is forced to withdraw by the head of the House of Hohenzollern, King William I, following Fr. protest
PH : Revolt in Paris and proclamation of the Third Republic
ST : T.H. Huxley: Theory of Biogenesis
DL : W. G. Grace and his brothers found the Gloucester Cricket Club
M : Franz Lehár born 30 April
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish born 25 July

1871

LT : Thomas Hardy: Desperate Remedies
LT : Mathew Arnold: Friendship's Garland
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Siegfried
M : Arthur Sullivan : Hymn, 'Onward Christian Soldiers'
M : Arthur Sullivan : The Merchant of Venice, incidental music
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Omphale's Spinning Wheel
M : Georges Bizet : Opera, Djamileh
M : Georges Bizet : Jeux d'enfants for piano duet
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Der Demon
RP : "Kulturkampf" against Catholic Church in Prussia
RP : Adolph Wagner: The Social Question
M : Albert Hall, London, opened
DL : Bank Holidays introduced in England and Wales
DL : Brit. Act of Parliament legalises labour unions
ST : Charles Darwin: The Descent of Man
RP : First congress of Old Catholics meets in Munich
RP : Italian Law of Guarantees allows the Pope possession of Vatican
RP : Jehovah's Witnesses founded
RP : John Ruskin: Fors Clavigera
ST : Leprosy bacillus discovered
ED : Mommsen: Roman Constitutional Law
DL : P.T. Barnum opens his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth", in Brooklyn, N.Y.
ST : Pneumatic rock drill invented
PH : The Commune in Paris rules for two months
DL : The Great Fire in Chicago
PH : William I, King of Prussia, proclaimed Ger. Emperor at Versailles, Peace of Frankfurt
VA : Jean-Frédéric Bazille dies 28 November

1872

LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Gareth and Lynette
LT : Christina Rossetti: Sing-Song: a Nursery Rhyme Book
LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Stealthy School of Criticism, Rossetti's reply to The Fleshy School of Poetry is printed in The Athenaeum
LT : Thomas Hardy: Under the Greenwood Tree
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Children on a Doorstep
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : At the Races in the Country
VA : Charles-François Daubigny : Landscape with Cattle
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Odysseus for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony No.2, 'Little Russian'
M : Charles-François Gounod : Funeral March of a Marionette
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.2
M : Georges Bizet : Incidental music to Alphonse Daudet's play L'Arlésienne
VA : Berthe Morisot : The Cradle
VA : Dante Gabriel Rossetti : Veronica Veronese
VA : Alfred Sisley : The Rest by the Stream
ST : Automatic railroad air brake perfected
DL : Bakunin expelled from the First International at the Hague conference
DL : Ballot Act in Britain, voting by secret ballot
ST : Billroth makes first resection of esophagus
PH : Civil war in Spain - Carlists are defeated and Don Carlos escapes to France
DL : Compulsory military service introduced in Japan
RP : D.F. Strauss: The Old Faith and the New
ST : Edison perfects the "duplex" telegraph
DL : First U.S. ski club founded at Berlin, N.H.
DL : First international soccer game, England vs. Scotland
PH : Grant re-elected President of the U.S.    GO !
RP : Jesuits expelled from Germany
PH : T. F. Burgers elected President of Transvaal Republic
PH : Three-Emperors League established in Berlin; alliance between Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary
PH : U.S. General Amnesty Act pardons most ex-Confederates
VA : Aubrey Beardsley born
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams born 12 October

1873

LT : Thomas Hardy: A Pair of Blue Eyes
LT : Mathew Arnold: Literature and Dogma
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Wheel of Fortune
M : Giuseppe Verdi : String Quartet in E-minor
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Phaeton
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Cello Concerto No.1
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.3
M : Léo Delibes : Opera, Le Roi l'a dit ('The King has Spoken')
M : Johannes Brahms : Variations on a Theme by Haydn ('St.Anthony Variations') for orchestra
VA : Edouard Manet : La Gare
DL : Abolition of slaves markets and exports in Zanzibar
M : Carl Rosa Opera Company founded
VA : Colour photographs first developed
DL : Famine in Bengal
DL : Financial panic in Vienna (May) and New York (Sept)
DL : First typewriters produced
DL : Germany adopts the mark as its unit of currency
RP : Herbert Spencer: The Study of Sociology
RP : Hippolyte Taine: Les Origines de la France contemporaine
DL : Initiation of modern cricket county championship
ST : James Clerk Maxwell: Electricity and Magnetism
ST : Jean Charcot: Leçons sur les maladies du systèm nerveux
DL : Lawn tennis first introduced under the name Sphairistike
ST : Payer and Weyprecht discover Franz Josef Land (islands in the Arctic Ocean)
PH : Republic proclaimed in Spain
DL : The cities of Buda and Pest are united to form the capital of Hungary
PH : Thiers falls and MacMahon is elected French President
DL : Vienna World Exhibition
ED : Walter Pater: Studies in the History of the Renaissance
RP : Wilhelm Wundt: Physiological Psychology
M : Sergei Rachmaninov born 1 April
LT : Walter de la Mare born 25 April

1874

LT : Walt Whitman: A Prayer of Columbus and Song of the Redwood Tree
LT : Thomas Hardy: Far From the Madding Crowd
M : Richard Wagner : Der Ring des Nibelungen ('The Ring of the Nibelungs'), completed
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Götterdämmerung ('Twilight of the Gods')
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Requiem Mass
M : Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Die Fledermaus ('The Bat')
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Variations on a theme of Beethoven for two pianos
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Danse macabre
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, Sunless
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Pictures at an Exhibition for piano (orchestrated later by Ravel and others)
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Boris Godunov (later revised by Rimsky)
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.4 'Romantic'
M : Georges Bizet : Opera, Carmen
VA : Berthe Morisot : The Butterfly Chase
ST : A.T. Still founds osteopathy
PH : Alfonso XII, son of Queen Isabella, proclaimed King of Spain
DL : Civil marriage is made compulsory in Germany
PH : End of Ashanti war
RP : Ernst Haeckel: Anthropogenie
DL : First American zoo established in Philadelphia
VA : First impressionist exhibition
RP : Henry Sidgwick: Methods of Ethics
M : Paris Opéra completed
DL : Pressure-cooking methods for canning foods introduced
DL : Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in New York
ST : Streptococci and staphylococci discovered
PH : Swiss Constitution revised
DL : Tennis introduced to the U.S.
DL : Union Générale des Postes established in Berne, Switzerland
LT : Robert Frost born 26 March
M : Arnold Schoenberg born 13 September
M : Gustav Holst born 21 September
M : Charles Ives born 20 October

1875

LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Queen Mary
VA : Gustave Caillebotte : The Floor Strippers
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony No.3, 'Polish'
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Piano Concerto No.1
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Trial by Jury
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Piano Concerto No.4
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, Songs and Dances of Death (plus additional song, 'The Field Marshal', in 1877)
M : Edvard Grieg : Incidental music to the play Peer Gynt
M : Antonin Dvorák : Serenade for Strings
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony No.5
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Der Makkabäer ('The Maccabees')
VA : Claude Monet : Woman with a Parasol
VA : Berthe Morisot : A Woman at her Toilette
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Young Woman with a Veil
ST : Element gallium discovered
RP : Emile Laveleye: Le Protestantisme et le Catholicisme
DL : First roller-skating rink opens in London
DL : First swim across English Channel - Captain Matthew Webb
ED : Heinrich Schliemann: Troy and Its Remains
PH : Japanese courts of law are reformed
PH : Kwang Hsu becomes Emperor of China
ED : London Medical School for Women founded
RP : Mary Baker Eddy: Science and Health
DL : Public Health Act is passed in Britain
PH : Rebellion in Cuba
RP : Religious orders abolished in Prussia
PH : Risings in Bosnia and Herzegovina against Turk. rule
VA : The "Hermes" of Praxiteles found at Olympia, Greece
RP : Theosophical Society founded by Helena Blavatsky
VA : Jean-François Millet dies 20 January
VA : Camille Corot dies 22 February
M : Maurice Ravel born 7 March
M : Georges Bizet dies 3 June

1876

VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Star
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Hand of Ethelberta
M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Fatinitza
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Mirror of Venus
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Marche Slave
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Variations on a Rococo Theme for cello and orchestra
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphonic fantasy, Francesca da Rimini
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, Swan Lake
M : Bedrich Smetana : String Quartet No.1 ('From My Life')
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Quintet for piano and wind instruments
M : Edvard Grieg : Ballade in G-minor
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.5
M : Léo Delibes : Ballet, Sylvia
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony No.2
M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony No.1
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Ball at the
Moulin de la Galette
VA : John William Waterhouse : After The Dance
ST : Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone
ST : Anthrax bacillus discovered
M : Bayreuth Festspielhaus opens with first complete performance of Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen
DL : Deutsche Richsbank opens
RP : F.H. Bradley: Ethical Studies
DL : First Chin. railroad is completed
DL : First tennis tournament in U.S.
ED : Heinrich Schliemann excavates Mycenae
ED : Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, opens
PH : Korea becomes an independent nation
RP : Lombroso: The Criminal
PH : Montenegro declares war on Turkey
PH : Serbia declares war on Turkey
PH : Sultan Abdul Aziz deposed in May; his successor, Murad V, deposed in August and succeeded by Abdul Hamid II
DL : World Exhibition at Philadelphia
VA : Second Impressionist Exhibition
M : Manuel de Falla born 23 November

1877

VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper born
VA : Gustave Caillebotte : Street in Paris:
A Rainy Day
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Sorcerer
M : Arthur Sullivan : Ballad, 'The Lost Chord'
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Opera, Samson and Delilah
M : Antonin Dvorák : Stabat Mater
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphonic Variations
M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony No.2
VA : Dante Gabriel Rossetti : A Sea Spell
DL : "Blue Cross" Founded to fight alcoholism by Swiss theologian Louis Lucien Rochet
ST : Canals on Mars observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli
ST : Edison invents phonograph
DL : Famine in Bengal
PH : First Kaffir War
DL : First public telephones (U.S.)
RP : J.C.F. Zöllner: Treatise of Spiritualism
ST : Lord Rayleigh: Treatise on Sound
ST : Oxygen liquefied
DL : Patent Protection Law enacted in Germany
PH : Porfirio Diaz- President of Mexico
PH : Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India
PH : Russia declares war on Turkey and invades Rumania; Serbia declares war on Turkey
PH : Satsuma revolt in Japan suppressed
VA : Third impressionist exhibition, Paris
VA : Third Impressionist Exhibition
VA : Raoul Dufy born
VA : Frank E. Schoonover born
VA : Gustave Courbet dies 31 December

1878

LT : Thomas Hardy: The Return of the Native
VA : Gustave Caillebotte : The Orange Trees
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto No.2
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Violin Concerto
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony No.4
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Eugene Onegin
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, H.M.S. Pinafore
M : Antonin Dvorák : Serenade for Wind Instruments
M : Antonin Dvorák : Slavonic Dances, first series
M : Johannes Brahms : Violin Concerto in D
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Piano Concerto in F-minor
VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : Miranda
M : A. W. Ambros: Geschichte der Musik
PH : Anti-Socialist Law enacted in Germany
DL : Bicycle Touring Club founded in England
DL : C.I.D., New Scotland Yard, established in London
RP : Charles Pierce: How to Make Our Ideas Clear (Philosophy of Pragmatism)
VA : Cleopatra's Needle is moved to London
DL : Deutscher Fussballverein, Hanover, founded
DL : Electric street lighting is introduced in London
DL : First European crematorium established at Gotha, Germany
DL : First bicycles manufactured in America
M : George Grove begins Dictionary of Music and Musicians
RP : George Romanes: A Candid Examination of Theism
RP : German historian Heinrich Treitschke begins racial anti-Semite movement, and Berlin court preacher Adolf Stoecker founds Christlich-Soziale Arbeiterpartei
PH : Greece declares war on Turkey
ST : Iodoform first used as an antiseptic
DL : Karl Benz builds motorised tricycle with top speed of seven miles per hour
ST : Microphone invented
DL : Paris World Exhibition
RP : Pope Pius IX dies; Cardinal Count Pecci succeeds as Leo XIII
DL : Repeater rifle produced
PH : Turk-Russ. armistice signed
PH : Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy dies; succeeded by his son Humbert I
ED : W.E. Lecky: History of England in the Eighteenth Century
VA : Charles-François Daubigny dies 19 February
VA : Malevich born
M : Franz Schreker born 23 March
LT : John Masefield born 1 June
LT : William Cullen Bryant dies 12 June

1879

VA : Mary Cassatt : The Cup of Tea
VA : Mary Cassatt : At the Opera
M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Boccaccio
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Pirates of Penzance
M : Bedrich Smetana : Cycle of symphonic poems, collectively entitled Má Vlast ('My Fatherland')
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, May Night
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : 'The Song of the Flea'
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : String Quartet No.1
VA : Edouard Manet : In the Conservatory
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Irene Cahen d'Anvers
RP : A.J. Balfour: Defence of Philosophic Doubt
PH : Alexander of Battenberg elected Prince Alexander I of Bulgaria
RP : Anti-Jesuit Laws introduced in France
DL : Brit. churchman W. L. Blackly proposes a scheme for old-age pensions
ST : First electric tram exhibited at Berlin Trade Exhibition
RP : Henry George: Progress and Poverty
RP : Herbert Spencer: Principles of Ethics
PH : Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, deposed; succeeded by Tewfik
DL : London's first telephone exchange established
RP : Mary Baker Eddy becomes pastor of Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston
PH : Peace signed with Zulu chiefs
RP : Robert Giffen: Essay on Finance
ST : Saccharin discovered
ST : Scandium discovered
DL : The public granted unrestricted admission to the British Museum
PH : Treaty of Gandamak
ED : Treitschke: History of Germany in the XIXth Century
VA : Fourth Impressionist Exhibition
M : Ottorino Respighi born 9 July
LT : Wallace Stevens born 2 October
VA : Paul Klee born

1880

VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Dancers in Pink
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Ballads and Other Poems
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Trumpet-Major
VA : Mary Cassatt : Lydia in a Loge
Wearing a Pearl Necklace
VA : Gustave Caillebotte : View Across a Balcony
VA : Alexandre Cabanel : Phèdre
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Golden Stairs
M : Jules Massenet : Oratorio, La Vierge ('The Virgin')
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Scottish Fantasia for violin and orchestra
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Temptation
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Serenade for Strings
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Capriccio Italien
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture, 1812
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Roses from the South
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Violin concerto No.3
M : Jacques Offenbach : Opera, Les Contes d'Hoffmann ('The Tales of Hoffmann'); orchestration completed posthumously by Ernest Guiraud
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Sorochintsky Fair (completed by Anatol Lyadov and others)
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Khovanshchina (completed by Rimsky)
M : Gustav Mahler : Starts on song settings Des Knaben Wunderhorn ('Youth's Magic Horn')
M : Antonin Dvorák : Violin Concerto
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony No.6
M : Léo Delibes : Opera, Jean de Nivelle
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : In the Steppes of Central Asia
M : Johannes Brahms : Academic Festival and Tragic overtures
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Kupets Kalashnikov ('The Merchant Kalashnikov')
VA : Alfred Sisley : The Chemin de By
through Woods at Roches-Coutaut:
DL : Canned fruits and meats first appear in stores
ST : Chicken cholera vaccine developed by Pasteur
ST : First practical electric lights devised
RP : John Claird: Philosophy of Religion
M : London Guildhall School of Music founded
ST : Malarial parasite discovered
DL : New York streets are first lit by electricity
PH : Pacific War: Chile against Bolivia and Peru
DL : Parcel post introduced in England
PH : Transvaal declares itself independent of Britain
DL : World Exhibition takes place in Melbourne
VA : Fifth Impressionist Exhibition
M : Jacques Offenbach dies 5 October

1881

LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Cup
LT : Christina Rossetti: A Pageant and Other Poems
LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The King’s Tragedy and Ballads and Sonnets with The House of Life
LT : Thomas Hardy: A Laodicean
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Dance Class
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Hérodiade
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Kol Nidrei Adagio on Hebrew melodies, for cello and orchestra
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Patience
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Violin Sonata No.1
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Snow Maiden
M : Edvard Grieg : Norwegian Dances for piano duet
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.6
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Ballade for piano and orchestra
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Pièces pittoresques ('Picturesque Pieces') for piano
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : String Quartet No.2
M : Johannes Brahms : Piano Concerto No.2
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : At the Tepidarium
VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Luncheon of
the Boating Party
PH : Austro-Serbian treaty of alliance
LT : D'Oyly Carte builds the Savoy Theatre, London
RP : Edward Tylor: Anthropology
DL : Flogging abolished in Brit. Army and Navy
DL : Freedom of press established in France
PH : President Garfield is shot and killed in Sept. and succeeded by Chester Arthur    GO !
ED : Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, opened
RP : Persecution of Jews in Russia
PH : Political parties founded in Japan
DL : The first of all cabarets, "Chat Noir", Paris, founded
PH : Treaty of Pretoria: Britain recognises independent Transvaal Republic
ED : University College, Liverpool, founded
ED : Vatican archives opened to scholars
VA : Sixth Impressionist Exhibition
M : Béla Bartók born 25 March
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky dies 28 March
VA : Pablo Ruiz y Picasso born

1882

LT : Walt Whitman: Specimen Days and Collect
LT : Thomas Hardy: Two on a Tower
VA : Mary Cassatt : Girl Sewing
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Evening Mood
M : Richard Wagner : Music drama, Parsifal
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Iolanthe
M : Charles-François Gounod : Oratorio, La Rédemption
M : Léo Delibes : Incidental music to Victor Hugo's play Le Roi s'amuse, ('The King's Pleasure')
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Prelude and Fugue in G major
VA : Edouard Manet : Bar at the Folies-Bergere
DL : Bank of Japan founded
M : Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra founded
RP : Besant: All Sorts and Conditions of Men
ED : Charles University, Prague, divided into Ger. and Czech institutions
ST : Edison designs first hydroelectric plant in Wisconsin
RP : Leslie Stephen: Science of Ethics
DL : London Chamber of Commerce established
RP : Nietzche: Die fröliche Wissenschaft
PH : Prince Milan Obrenovich of Serbia proclaims himself king
DL : Queen Victoria gives Epping Forest to the nation
DL : Recoil-operated machine gun patented
PH : Triple Alliance between Italy, Austria, and Germany
DL : U.S. bans Chinese immigrants for 10 years
RP : Viennese physician Joseph Breuer uses hypnosis to treat hysteria (beginnings of psychoanalysis)
DL : World Exhibition in Moscow
VA : Seventh Impressionist Exhibition
LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies 10 April
VA : Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies 10 April
VA : Georges Braque born
M : Igor Stravinsky born 17 June
VA : Edward Hopper born in New York
VA : Newell Convers Wyeth born
M : Zoltán Kodály born 16 December

1883

M : Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Eine Nacht in Venedig ('A Night in Venice')
M : Richard Strauss : Horn Concerto No.1
M : Bedrich Smetana : String Quartet No.2
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.7
M : Antonin Dvorák : Scherzo Capriccioso
M : Léo Delibes : Opera, Lakmé (including the famous 'Flower Duet' and the 'Bell Song')
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Rhapsody España for orchestra
M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony No.3
DL : Bismarck introduces sickness insurance in Germany
DL : Brooklyn Bridge, New York, opened to traffic
RP : F. H. Bradley: The Principles of Logic
RP : Fabian Society founded in London
ST : First skyscraper built in Chicago, 10 stories
RP : Jr. R. Seeley: The Expansion of England
RP : Lester War: Dynamic Sociology
M : Metropolitan Opera House, New York, founded
RP : Nietzche: Thus Spake Zarathustra
DL : Orient Express Paris- Istanbul makes its first run
PH : Paul Kruger - President of South African Republic
ST : Robert Kock describes a method of preventive inoculation against anthrax
M : Royal College of Music, London, founded
ST : Synthetic fibre produced
DL : U.S. Civil Service reforms begin
DL : U.S. frontiersman W. F Cody ("Buffalo Bill") organises his "Wild West Show"
DL : World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam
M : Richard Wagner dies 13 February
VA : Edouard Manet dies 30 April
M : Sir George Dyson born 28 May
M : Edgard Varèse born 22 December

1884

M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Manon
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Princess Ida
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Le villi
M : Gustav Mahler : Song-cycle, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen ('Songs of a Wayfarer')
M : Edvard Grieg : 'Butterfly' and 'To the Spring' from Lyric Pieces, Book 3
M : Edvard Grieg : Holberg Suite
M : Anton Bruckner : Te Deum for chorus and orchestra
VA : Georges Seurat : Bathing at Asnieres
DL : Le Matin, Paris, issued
PH : Berlin Conference of 14 nations on African affairs
DL : Divorce re-established in France
ST : Electrical precipitation discovered
DL : First deep tube (underground railroad), London
ST : First practical steam turbine engine invented
PH : Fr. Law excludes members of former dynasties from presidency
DL : Gold discovered in the Transvaal, rise of Johannesburg
RP : Herbert Spencer: The Man versus the State
ST : Ilya Mechinikov: Theory of Phagocytes
RP : Kropotkin: Paroles du'un revolte
PH : London Convention on Transvaal
ED : Oxford English Dictionary begins publication
ST : Tetanus bacillus discovered
M : Bedrich Smetana dies 12 May
LT : Gerard Manley Hopkins born 28 July
LT : Sara Teasdale born 8 August

1885

LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Tiresias and Other Poems
LT : Christina Rossetti: Time Flies
VA : Mary Cassatt : The Sisters
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Cid
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Achilleus for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Manfred Symphony
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Mikado
M : Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Der Zigeunerbaron ('The Gypsy Baron')
M : Charles-François Gounod : Petite Symphonie for wind instruments
M : Charles-François Gounod : Oratorio, Mors et Vita
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony No.7
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Opera, Gwendoline
M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony No.4
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : A Tale from Homer
ED : Albert Sorel: Europe and the French Revolution
DL : First Leipzig Fair
PH : Grover Cleveland inaugurated as President of the U.S.    GO !
RP : Henry Maine: Popular Government
DL : John M. Fox introduces golf to America
RP : Karl Marx: Das Kapital, vol 2 (posth.)
PH : King Alfonso XII of Spain dies; Queen Maria Christina becomes regent
ST : Pasteur devises a rabies vaccine to cure hydrophobia
ST : Sir Francis Galton prove the individuality of fingerprints
RP : The Mormons split into polygamous and monogamous sections
RP : Tolstoi: My Religion
M : Alban Berg born 9 February
M : Domenico Scarlatti born 26 October

1886

LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Locksley Hall Sixty Years After
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Mayor of Casterbridge
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Tub
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Child at Bath
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Otello
M : Arthur Sullivan : Cantata, The Golden Legend
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Wedding Cake Caprice caprice for piano and strings
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Carnival of the Animals
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphony No.3, 'Organ Symphony'
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Piano Quartet No.2
M : Antonin Dvorák : Slavonic Dances, second series
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Souvenirs de Munich for piano duet
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony No.3 (completed by Glazunov)
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite española for piano
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Gladiator
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : Bubbles
VA : Georges Seurat : Sunday Afternoon in the
Park of the Island Grand Jatte
RP : Adolf von Harnack: History of Dogma
PH : Alexander of Bulgaria abdicates after coup d'état; Stefan Stambulov becomes regent
ST : Aluminum produced by electrolysis
DL : American Federation of Labor founded
ST : Aminopyrine and acitanelide discovered
RP : Andrew Carnagie: Triumphant Democracy
ED : Auguste Fournier: Napoleon I (3 vols)
ED : British School of Archaeology opens at Athens
M : Charles Mustel of Paris invents the celesta
DL : English Lawn Tennis Association founded
PH : First Indian National Congress meets
RP : Fluorine produced
ST : Germanium discovered
PH : Gladstone introduces bill for Home Rule in Ireland
ST : Hydroelectric installations are begun at Niagara Falls
PH : King Louis II of Bavaria dies; succeeded by Otto I; his uncle Luitpold becomes regent
ED : Pasteur Institute, Paris, founded
RP : Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis
ST : Steam first used to sterilise surgical instruments
VA : Last Impressionist Exhibition
LT : Emily Dickinson dies 15 May
M : Franz Liszt dies 31 July
LT : Joyce Kilmer born 6 December

1887

LT : Thomas Hardy: The Woodlanders
VA : Alexandre Cabanel : Cleopatra Testing Poisons
on Condemned Prisoners
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Depths
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Ruddigore
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Spanish Capriccio
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.8
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song, Claire de lune ('Moonlight')
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Pavane for orchestra (and optional chorus)
M : Antonin Dvorák : Piano Quintet
M : Frederick Delius : Florida Suite
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Opera, Le Roi malgré lui ('The Reluctant King')
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Opera, Prince Igor (completed by Korsakov and Glazunov)
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Rapsodia española for piano and orchestra (later arranged for piano)
M : Johannes Brahms : Double Concerto for violin and cello
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Women of Amphissa
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Cantata, Blest Pair of Sirens
VA : John William Waterhouse : Merriamne Leaving the
Judgement Seat of Herod
LT : Antoine founds the Théâtre Libre in Paris
DL : Edison and Swan combine to produce Ediswan electrical lamps
PH : First Colonial Conference opens in London
VA : H.W. Goodwin invents celluloid film
LT : I. Donnelly: The Great Cryptogram, Francis Bacon's Cypher in the So-called Shakespeare Play
ST : Joseph Lockyer: The Chemistry of the Sun
ST : Phenacetin, an analgesic drug, discovered
PH : Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected King of Bulgaria
DL : Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee
PH : Union Indo-Chinoise organised by France
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin dies 27 February
VA : Juan Gris born
VA : Marc Chagall born 7 July
VA : Marcel Duchamp born
LT : Rupert Brooke born 3 August
M : Christoph Willibald Gluck dies 15 November
LT : Marianne Moore born 15 November
VA : Georgia O'Keeffe born
M : Ernst Toch born 7 December

1888

LT : Walt Whitman: November Boughs
LT : Thomas Hardy: Wessex Tales
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture fantasy, Hamlet
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony No.5
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Yeoman of the Guard
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Juan
M : Erik Satie : Trois gymnopédies, for piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Russian Easter Festival Overture
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Symphonic Suite, Scheherazade
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Cavalleria rusticana ('Rustic Chivalry')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.1
M : Edward Elgar : Salut d'amour
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Marche Joyeuse for orchestra
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Semper fidelis
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Roses of Heliogabalus
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : The Vision after the Sermon
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : The Call to Arms
VA : Vincent van Gogh : Night Cafe
VA : Vincent van Gogh : Sunflowers
VA : John William Waterhouse : The Lady of Shalott
DL : "Jack the Ripper" murders six women in London
DL : The Financial Times, London, first published
RP : Bernard Bosanquet: Logic, or the Morphology of Knowledge
DL : Cecil Rhodes amalgamates Kimberley diamond companies
DL : Dunlop invents pneumatic tire
VA : Eastman perfects "Kodak" box camera
DL : First of all beauty contests held in Spa, Belgium
RP : G.J. Romanes: Mental Evolution in Man
PH : Ger. Emperor William I dies in May; succeeded by his son Frederick III, who dies in June and is succeeded by his son William II, the "Kaiser"
ED : James Bryce: The American Commonwealth
RP : James Martineau: The Study of Religion
ST : Nikola Tesla constructs electric motor
ST : Radio waves are identified as belonging to same family as light waves
LT : Mathew Arnold dies 15 April
LT : T S Eliot born 26 September

1889

VA : Alexandre Cabanel dies

1899

LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems

1889

LT : Robert Browning: Asolando
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Esclarmonde
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Sleeping Beauty
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Gondoliers
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Emperor
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Death and Transfiguration
M : Charles-François Gounod : Méditation sur le prélude de Bach for soprano and instrumental accompaniment (popularly known as the 'Ave Maria')
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Shylock
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony No.8
M : Claude Debussy : Petite suite (including 'En bateau')
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Washington Post March
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Thunderer
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : The Yellow Christ
VA : Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec : Toilette
VA : Vincent van Gogh : Self-Portrait
with Bandaged Head
VA : Vincent van Gogh : The Starry Night
VA : Alexander Gustave Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower for the Paris World Exhibition
DL : Barnum and Bailey's Circus at Olympia, London
PH : Benjamin Harrison inaugurated as 23rd President of the U.S.    GO !
ED : Catholic University, Washington D.C., opens
ST : Cordite invented
RP : Henri Bergson: Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience
PH : Johannes IV, Emperor of Abyssinia dies; succeeded by Menelik II
PH : London County Council formed
DL : London Dock Strike
PH : Milan Obrenovich abdicates from Serbian throne in favour of his son
PH : Pedro II abdicates; Brazil proclaimed a republic
DL : Punch card system created
ST : Schiaparelli discovers synchronous rotations of planets Mercury and Venus
RP : T.H. Huxley: Agnosticism
PH : The Aust. Crown Prince, Archduke Rudolf, commits suicide at his hunting lodge at Mayerling
DL : The first May Day celebration, Paris
ST : Von Mehring and Minkowski prove that the pancreas secretes insulin, preventing diabetes
LT : Gerard Manley Hopkins dies 8 June
LT : Robert Browning dies 12 December

1890

VA : Paul Cézanne : The Card Players
VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Basket of Apples
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, The Queen of Spades
M : Erik Satie : Trois gnossiennes, for piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Mlada
M : Edward Elgar : Concert overture 'Froissart'
M : Claude Debussy : Rêverie, for piano
M : Claude Debussy : Suite bergamasque for piano (including 'Clair de lune')
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Piano Suite, España
VA : Jean Léon Gérôme : Pygmalian and Galatea
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Bath of Psyche
VA : Vincent van Gogh : Crows in the Wheatfields
PH : Accession of Queen Wilhelmina; Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands
RP : Alfred Marshall: Principles of Economics
ST : Azoimide produced from organic sources
PH : Cecil Rhodes- Premier of Cape Colony
DL : Daughters of the American Revolution founded
ST : Emil von Behring announces the discovery of antitoxins
ST : First Eng. electrical power station, Deptford
PH : First general election in Japan
PH : Ger. Social Democrats adopt Marxist program at Erfurt Congress
DL : Global influenza epidemics ("Russian Flu")
RP : J.G. Frazer: The Golden Bough
ST : Rubber gloves used for the first time in surgery
DL : Swiss government introduces social insurance
ST : The first entirely steel -framed building erected in Chicago
RP : William Booth: In the Darkest England and the Way Out
RP : William James: The Principles of Psychology
VA : Vincent van Gogh dies 29 July

1891

LT : Walt Whitman: Goodbye My Fancy
LT : Thomas Hardy: A Group of Noble Dames and Tess of the d'Urbervilles
M : Charles Ives : Variations on America (organ)
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Star of Bethlehem
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto No.3
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Work Interrupted
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Yolanta
M : Arthur Sullivan : 'Romantic Opera', Ivanhoe
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Africa fantasy for piano and orchestra
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, L'amico Fritz ('Friend Fritz')
M : Antonin Dvorák : Overture, Carnival
M : Antonin Dvorák : Dumky Piano Trio
M : Johannes Brahms : Clarinet Quintet
M : Clara Wieck Schumann : Cadenzas for Mozart: Piano Concerto in D Minor
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Kiss
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : We hail the Mary
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Return of Persephone
RP : Rerum novarum, papal encyclical on the condition of the working classes
DL : All-Deutschland Verband founded
ST : Beginnings of wireless telegraphy
DL : Earthquake in Japan kills as many as 10,000 people
PH : Franco-Russ. entente
RP : Goldwin Smith: The Canadian Question
ED : In Java Dutch anthropologist Eugène Dubois discovers Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man)
LT : J.T. Grein founds Independent Theatre Society, London
RP : R.W. Church: History of the Oxford Movement (posth.)
ST : Samuel P. Langley: Experiments in Aerodynamics
ST : Trans-Siberian railroad construction begins
PH : Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria, Italy - renewed for 12 years
DL : W.L. Judson invents clothing zipper
DL : Widespread famine in Russia
PH : Young Turk Movement, hoping to secure liberal reforms, is formed in Geneva
M : Léo Delibes dies 16 January
VA : Ernest Meissonier dies 31 January
VA : Georges Seurat dies 29 March
M : Sergei Prokofiev born 23 April

1892

LT : Thomas Hardy: The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Falstaff
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Nutcracker
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, En Saga
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto No.1
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Morceaux de Fantasie for piano (including Prelude in C-sharp Minor)
M : Edward Elgar : Serenade for Strings
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : Spirit of the Dead Watching
VA : John William Godward : The Betrothed
VA : Edvard Munch : Melancholy
ST : Diesel patents his internal-combustion engine
RP : Emile Fagguet: Politiques et moralistes du six-neuvième siècle
ST : First automatic telephone switchboard introduced
DL : First cans of pineapples
PH : Giolitti becomes Premier of Italy
PH : Grover Cleveland elected U.S. President    GO !
DL : Iron and steel workers strike in U.S.
PH : Prince Ito becomes premier of Japan
PH : Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas II
ST : Viscose discovered (manufacture of rayon)
M : Arthur Honegger born 10 March
LT : Archibald MacLeish born 7 May
M : Darius Milhaud born 4 September
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson dies 6 October

1893

LT : W.B. Yeats: The Celtic Twilight
VA : Mary Cassatt : The Bath
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony No.6, 'Pathétique'
M : Jean Sibelius : Karelia Suite
M : Erik Satie : Danses gothiques, for piano
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Manon Lescaut
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, La Bonne Chanson ('The Good Song')
M : Antonin Dvorák : String Quartet 'American'
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony No.9 'From the New World'
M : Claude Debussy : String Quartet in G-Minor
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Manhattan Beach
VA : Edvard Munch : Death in the Sick-Room
VA : Edvard Munch : The Scream
VA : "Art Nouveau" appears in Europe
RP : F.H. Bradley: Appearance and Reality
PH : Franco-Russ. alliance signed
DL : Henry Ford builds his first car
ED : Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, founded
DL : Karl Benz constructs his four-wheel car
PH : Second Irish Home Rule bill passed by Commons but rejected by Lords
RP : W.T. Stead: If Christ Came to Chicago
DL : World Exhibition in Chicago
M : Charles-François Gounod dies 18 October
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky dies 6 November

1894

LT : Thomas Hardy: Life's Little Ironies
M : Charles Ives : 67th Psalm
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Thaïs
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.2 'Resurrection'
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony No.9 (Finale unfinished at his death)
M : Claude Debussy : Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune for orchestra
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Spring
VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : The Magic Crystal
VA : Edvard Munch : Ashes
VA : Edvard Munch : Despair
ST : Argon discovered
DL : Baron de Boubertin founds committee to organise modern Olympic Games
RP : Benjamin Kidd: Social Revolution
ST : Berliner uses a horizontal gramophone disc instead of a cylinder as a record for sound reproduction
ST : Cinematograph invented
PH : Czar Alexander III dies; succeeded by his son Nicholas II
DL : Death duties introduced in Britain
DL : Edison opens his Kinetoscope Parlor, New York
ST : Flagstaff Observatory erected, Arizona, U.S.
PH : Korea and Japan declare war on China
DL : New York Jockey Club founded
ED : Pollock and Maitland: History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I
ED : Sidney and Beatrice Webb: History of Trade Unionism
ST : Swed. explorer Sven Hedin travels in Tibet
ST : The Plague bacillus discovered
VA : Norman Rockwell born
M : Hans von Bülow dies 12 February
VA : Gustave Caillebotte dies 21 February
M : Emmanuel Chabrier dies 13 September
LT : ee cummings born 14 October
M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein dies 20 November
LT : Christina Rossetti dies 29 December

1895

VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples
PH : American pressure leads to arbitration of the British boundary dispute with Venezuela
PH : A revolt against Spanish rule breaks out in Cuba
LT : W.B. Yeats: Poems
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : The Abduction of Psyche
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Til Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
M : Jean Sibelius : Four Lemminkäinen Legends including The Swan of Tuonela
M : Erik Satie : Messe des pauvres, a Latin Mass with psalms, for voices and organ or piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Christmas Eve
M : Antonin Dvorák : Cello Concerto
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : Flaming June
VA : Edvard Munch : Madonna
VA : Edvard Munch : Puberty
VA : Edvard Munch : Self-Portrait with a Burning Cigarette
VA : Gustav Klimt : Love
ST : Auguste and Louis Lumière invent a motion-picture camera
RP : Cardinal Vaughan lays foundation stone of Westminster Cathedral
PH : End of Chin.-Jap war
DL : First public film show in Paris, at the Hôtel Scribe
RP : Karl Marx: Das Kapital, vol. 3 (posth.)
DL : King C. Gillette invents the safety razor
ST : Konstantin Isiolkovski formulates the principle of rocket reaction propulsion
ED : London School of Economics and Political Science founded
ST : Machine constructed for the liquefaction of air
ST : Marconi invents radio telegraphy
LT : Oscar Wilde's unsuccessful libel action against the Marquis of Queensberry
M : Robert Newman arranges the first Promenade Concerts at Queen's Hall, London
RP : Sigmund Freud: Studien über Hysterie
RP : Thomas Masaryk: The Czech Question
ST : Wilhelm Röntgen discovers x-rays
VA : Berthe Morisot dies 2 March
M : Franz von Suppé dies 21 May
M : Carl Orff born 10 July
LT : Robert Graves born 24 July
M : Paul Hindemith born 16 November

1896

LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Torrent and the Night Before
LT : A E Housman: A Shropshire Lad
M : Charles Ives : String Quartet, No.1 "Revival Service"
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Hope
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Also sprach Zarathustra ('Thus Spake Zoroaster')
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La Bohème ('Bohemian Life')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.3
M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Koanga (including 'La Calinda')
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Opera, Pepita Jiménez
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, El capitan
VA : John William Waterhouse : Hylas and the Nymphs
DL : Daily Mail issued
VA : Die Jugend and Simplicissimus, two important Ger. art magazines, appear in Munich
DL : Beginning of Klondike gold rush
ST : Ernest Rutherford: magnetic detection of electrical waves
DL : First modern Olympics held in Athens
RP : Five annual Nobel Prizes established
PH : Further massacres of Armenians in Constantinople
ST : Helium discovered
RP : Henri Bergson: Matière et mémoire
PH : Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, assassinated
VA : National Portrait Gallery, London, moved from Bethnal Green to Westminster
ST : Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant opens
ST : Radioactivity discovered
DL : Royal Victorian Order founded
PH : Russia and China sign Manchuria Convention
RP : Theodor Herzl: Der Judenstaat, foundation of Zionism
VA : Lord Frederic Leighton dies 25 January
M : Clara Wieck Schumann dies 20 May
VA : Sir John Everett Millais dies 13 August
VA : William Morris dies 3 October
M : Anton Bruckner dies 11 October
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson born 25 November
VA : David Alfaro Siqueiros born

1897

LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Children of the Night
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Well-Beloved
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Quixote
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony No.1
M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Pieces Book 9
M : Edvard Grieg : Symphonic Dances for orchestra
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Dolly Suite for piano duet (later orchestrated)
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Stars and Stripes Forever
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Her eyes are with her thoughts...
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : Where do we come from?
DL : Katzenjammer Kids, first Amer. comic strip, begun
PH : Crete proclaims union with Greece; Turkey declares war on Greece; Peace of Constantinople
DL : Founding of Royal Automobile Club, London
RP : Havelock Ellis: Studies in the Psychology of Sex
ST : J.J. Thomson discovers electron
ST : Julius Hann: Handbook of Climatology
PH : King of Korea proclaims himself emperor
DL : Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee
ST : Ronal Ross discovers malaria bacillus
DL : Severe famine in India
RP : Sidney and Beatrice Webb: Industrial Democracy
VA : Sir Henry Tate donates Tate Gallery, London, to the Brit. people
DL : The Sultan of Zanzibar abolishes slavery
PH : William McKinley inaugurated as President of the U.S.    GO !
DL : World Exhibition at Brussels
RP : Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland
M : Johannes Brahms dies 3 April

1898

LT : Thomas Hardy: Wessex Poems
M : Charles Ives : Symphony No.1
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Ein Heldenleben ('A Hero's Life')
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Tsar's Bride
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Iris
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Bride Elect
VA : John William Waterhouse : Ariadne
VA : Gustav Klimt : Pallas Athene
PH : "The Boxers", an anti-foreign, anti-Western organisation formed in China
RP : Bismarck: Reflections and Memoirs
ST : Dysentery bacillus discovered
PH : Empress Elizabeth of Austria murdered by Ital. anarchist in Geneva
ST : Ger. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds his airship
DL : Paris Métro opened
PH : Paul Kruger re-elected President of Transvaal
ST : Photographs first taken utilising artificial light
ST : Radium and polonium discovered
ST : Ramsay discovered the inert atmospheric gases zenon, crypton, and neon
VA : The Mackintosh School of Art in Glasgow
PH : U.S. declares war on Spain over Cuba; Treaty of Paris    GO !
LT : Lewis Carroll dies 14 January
VA : Aubrey Beardsley dies
LT : Walt Whitman dies 26 March
M : Ernst Bacon born 26 May
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones dies 17 June
VA : Maurits Cornelis Escher born
M : George Gershwin born 26 September
VA : René Magritte born

1899

LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wind Among the Reeds
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Cendrillon ('Cinderella')
M : Jean Sibelius : Finlandia
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony No.1
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Verklärte Nacht ('Transfigured Night'), for string sextet (arranged later for string orchestra)
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Jack-in-the-box
M : Maurice Ravel : Pavane pour une infante défunte for piano (later orchestrated)
M : Edward Elgar : Enigma Variations, Sea Pictures
M : Frederick Delius : Paris: the Song of a Great City nocturne for orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Nocturnes for orchestra
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Catalonia, suite populaire for orchestra
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Hands across the Sea
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Baths of Caraculla
VA : Edvard Munch : The Dance of Life
VA : Edvard Munch : The Dead Mother
RP : Alexander Bain: The Realisation of the Possible
ST : Alpha and beta rays discovered in radioactive atoms
PH : Boer War between Britain and the Boers
RP : Ernst Haeckel: Die Welträtsel
PH : First Peace Conference at The Hague
ST : First magnetic recording of sound
RP : H.S. Chamberlain: The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century
RP : James Ward: Naturalism and Agnosticism
RP : John Dewey: School and Society
PH : London borough councils established
RP : Pope Leo XIII's bull Testem Benevolentiae condemns the "Americanism" of Isaac Thomas Hecker
M : Francis Poulenc born 7 January
VA : Alfred Sisley dies 29 January
M : Johann Strauss II dies 3 June

1900

VA : Paul Cézanne : Chateau Noir
PH : The Foraker Act establishes a government for Puerto Rico
PH : Boxer risings in China against Europeans
PH : Commonwealth of Australia created
DL : First Nobel Prizes awarded
ED : Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams
DL : World Exhibition in Paris
VA : Wallace Collection, London, opens
VA : Gaugin : Noa Noa, report on his travels through Tahiti
ST : F.E. Dorn discovers radon
ST : Arthur Evan's excavations in Crete
RP : Shintoism reinstated in Japan against Buddhist influence
RP : Bertrand Russell : A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz
VA : Paul Cézanne : Mont Sainte-Victoire
above the Tholonet Road
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Legend of Tsar Saltan (including 'The Flight of the Bumblebee' and 'The Tsar's Departure and Farewell')
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Tosca
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.4
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Requiem Mass (final version)
M : Edward Elgar : Oratorio 'The Dream of Gerontius'
M : Antonin Dvorák : Opera, Rusalka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Godspeed
PH : King Umberto I, king of Italy, assassinated; succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III
VA : Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse
ST : Max Planck Formulates Quantum Theory
M : Aaron Copland born 14 November
M : Arthur Sullivan dies 22 November

1901

ST : First Trans-Atlantic radio signal
PH : Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by her son, Edward VII
PH : U.S. President McKinley assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt sworn in as successor    GO !
PH : Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by Edward (VII)
PH : Peace of Peking ends Boxer uprising
RP : Rudolf Steiner founds anthroposophy
VA : Picasso's blue period
VA : The Siegesallee in Berlin : 32 marble statues of members of the House of Hohenzollern
M : Ragtime jazz develops in the U.S.
ST : Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland
M : Charles Ives : Three Harvest Home Chorales
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Jongleur de Notre Dame ('The Juggler of Notre Dame')
M : Maurice Ravel : Jeux d'eau ('Fountains'), for piano
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto No.2
M : Edward Elgar : Pomp and Circumstance March No.1 ('Land of Hope and Glory')
M : Edward Elgar : Concert overture 'Cockaigne'
M : Frederick Delius : Opera, A Village Romeo and Juliet ('Walk to the Paradise Garden' added later)
VA : John William Godward : The Tease
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Accolade
VA : Gustav Klimt : Judith I
M : Giuseppe Verdi dies 27 January
VA : Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec dies 9 September
M : Joaquín Rodrigo born 22 November

1902

VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples,
a Bottle, and a Milk Pot
PH : Boer War ends
DL : The Teddy Bear is introduced
PH : Anglo-Japanese treaty recognises the independence of China and Korea
PH : Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy renewed for another six years
RP : William James The Varieties of Religious Experience
RP : Benedetto Croce : Philosophy of the Spirit
M : Enrico Caruso makes his first phonograph recording
DL : King Edward VII establishes Order of Merit
DL : Martinique volcanic fire destroys the town of St. Pierre
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Captain Craig
LT : John Masefield: Salt-Water Ballads
LT : Walter de la Mare: Songs of Childhood
LT : Thomas Hardy: Poems of the Past and Present
M : Charles Ives : Symphony No.2
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony No.2
M : Gustav Mahler : Des Knaben Wunderhorn completed
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.5
M : Franz Lehár : Concert waltz, Gold und Silber ('Gold and Silver')
M : Frederick Delius : Appalachia for voices and orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Opera, Pelléas et Mélisande
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Triston and Isolde
VA : Gustav Klimt : Portrait of Emilie Floge
M : William Turner Walton born 29 March

1903

ST : First flight at Kitty Hawk
VA : First silent movie, The Great Train Robbery
PH : Entente Cordiale established
PH : King Alexander I of Serbia and Queen Draga murdered ; Peter Karageorgevich accedes to the throne as Peter I
PH : Coronation durbar for Edward Vi, King-emperor, at Delhi
RP : G.E. Moore : Principia Ethica
RP : Cardinal Guiseppe Sarto installed - Pope Pius X
M : Oscar Hammerstein builds the Manhattan Opera House, New York
M : First recording of an opera : Verdi's Ernani
ED : Universities of Liverpool and Manchester founded
ST : Electrocardiograph invented
VA : Deutsches Museum, Munich, opens
DL : First Tour de France
DL : Ford Motor Company founded
LT : Thomas Traherne: Poems published
M : Manuel de Falla : Piano Pieces, Allegro de concierto
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonia Domestica
M : Jean Sibelius : Incidental music to the play Kuolema ('Death')
M : Jean Sibelius : Violin Concerto
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Symphonic Poem, Pelleas und Melisande
M : Erik Satie : (Trois) morceaux en forme de poire
M : Maurice Ravel : Shéhérazade for mezzo-soprano and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Ten Piano Preludes
M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, Jenûfa (later revised)
M : Claude Debussy : Estampes ('Engravings'), for piano (including 'Jardins sous la pluie')
VA : John William Waterhouse : Windflowers
VA : Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin dies 9 May
VA : Camille Pissarro dies 13 November

1904

PH : Russo-Japanese War begins
PH : Theodore Roosevelt elected president    GO !
PH : Hereros and Hottentots revolt in German South-west Africa
LT : Abbey Theatre, Dublin, founded
RP : Church and state separated in France
ED : Freud : The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
RP : Max Weber : The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism
M : First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria
M : London Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert
ST : First telegraphic transmission of photographs - Munich to Nuremburg
DL : Ten-hour work day established in France
DL : Carl Lindstrom Company founded in Berlin for the production of phonographs and phonograph records
VA : Anthony Frederick Sandys dies
LT : Walter de la Mare: Henry Brocken
M : Charles Ives : Thanksgiving
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Madame Butterfly
M : Gustav Mahler : Kindertotenlieder ('Songs of the Death of Children')
M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Suite for orchestra
M : Edward Elgar : Overture 'In the South'
M : Frederick Delius : Sea Drift for baritone and orchestra
VA : John William Godward : Dolce Far Niente
VA : John William Waterhouse : Psyche Entering Cupid's Garden
PH : Entente Cordiale: Britain and France settle their international differences
ST : General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy
DL : New York City subway opens
VA : Jean Léon Gérôme dies 10 January
M : Antonin Dvorák dies 1 May
VA : Salvador Dali born

1905

PH : "Bloody Sunday" - Russian Revolution of 1905
ST : Einstein proposes his theory of relativity
PH : Norwegian parliament decides on separation from Sweden; Prince Charles of Denmark elected King Haakon VII of Norway
PH : Sinn Fein Party founded in Dublin
DL : William Haywood and others found the International Workers of the World (Wobblies)
LT : Police censure closes Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession after one performance
RP : George Santayana : The Life of Reason
VA : Picasso begins his "Pink Period"
DL : First motor buses in London
DL : First neon lights appear
M : Manuel de Falla : Opera, La Vida Breve ('The Short Life')
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Salome
M : Jean Sibelius : Incidental music to the play Pelléas et Mélisande
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh
M : Maurice Ravel : Introduction and Allegro for flute, clarinet, harp, and string quartet
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphonies No.6 and No.7
M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Die lustige Witwe ('The Merry Widow')
M : Edward Elgar : Introduction and Allegro for Strings
M : Frederick Delius : A Mass of Life for soloists, chorus and orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images, Book I for piano
M : Claude Debussy : La mer ('The sea'), for orchestra
M : Franz Strauss dies 31 May
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau dies 19 August

1906

DL : Finland is the first European country to give women the right to vote
M : The English Hymnal, edited by Percy Dearmer and Ralph Vaughan Williams
RP : Franz X. Wernz, the Jesuit general, reforms the order's plan for studies
RP : Albert Schweitzer : The Quest of the Historical Jesus
M : Mozart Festival in Salzburg
ST : The term "allergy" introduced to medicine
DL : Simplon Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland opens
M : Anton von Webern : Rondo
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic fantasy, Pohjola's Daughter
M : Zoltán Kodály : Symphonic Poem, Summer Evening (later revised)
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Free Lance
DL : San Francisco earthquake and three-day fire; more than 500 dead
ST : Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole
M : Dmitry Shostakovich born 25 September
VA : Paul Cézanne dies 22 October

1907

PH : Ten Rules of War established at the second Hague Peace Conference
VA : Picasso introduces Cubism
DL : Typhoid Mary captured for the first time
DL : First completely synthetic man-made substance (plastic)
PH : English and French agree on Siamese independence
RP : Henri Bergson : L'Evolution créatrice
RP : William James : Pragmatism
RP : Alfred Adler : Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation
RP : United methodist Church established in Britain
RP : Papal encyclical Pascendi gregis condemns modernism
VA : First Cubist exhibition in Paris
DL : Boy Scouts founded
LT : Sara Teasdale: Sonnets to Duse, and Other Poems
VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : Vanity
M : Anton von Webern : Quintet for strings and piano
M : Charles Ives : Central Park in the Dark
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony No.3
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Golden Cockerel
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony No.2
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.8 'Symphony of a Thousand'
M : Frederick Delius : Brigg Fair: An English Rhapsody
M : Claude Debussy : Images, Book II for piano
VA : Gustav Klimt : Danae
VA : Gustav Klimt : The Kiss
LT : Wystan Hugh Auden born 21 February
M : Edvard Grieg dies 4 September

1908

DL : Ford introduces the Model-T
PH : Three year-old Pu Yi becomes Emperor of China
PH : Turks revolt in the Ottoman Empire
PH : King Carlos I of Portugal and the crown prince both assassinated; Manuel II becomes king
PH : Leopold II transfers the Congo to Belgium
PH : Ferdinand I of Bulgaria assumes the title czar and declares his country's independence
PH : Crete proclaims union with Greece
PH : Union of South Africa established
VA : "Ashcan School" established by Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, George Bellows, Everett Shinn
VA : Matisse coins the term "Cubism"
DL : London hosts the Olympic Games
ED : Cairo University opened
DL : First Model T produced
LT : Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations
LT : John Masefield: Captain Margaret
LT : Thomas Hardy: the last of three parts of The Dynasts published
M : Anton von Webern : Passacaglia for Orchestra
M : Charles Ives : The Unanswered Question
M : Franz Schreker : Ballet, Der Geburtstag der Infantin ('The Infant's Birthday')
M : Maurice Ravel : Rapsodie espagnole for orchestra
M : Maurice Ravel : Gaspard de la nuit ('Phantoms of the Night'), for piano
M : Leoš Janácek : Along an Overgrown Path 15 pieces for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, Savitri
M : Edward Elgar : Symphony No.1 (Adagio)
M : Frederick Delius : Rhapsody, In a Summer Garden
M : Claude Debussy : Children's Corner for piano (including 'Jimbo's Lullaby' and 'Golliwogg's Cake-walk')
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet No.1
M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Nightingale
DL : Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily
LT : Theodore Roethke born 25 May
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies 21 June
M : Olivier Messiaen born 10 December
M : Elliott Cook Carter born 11 December

1909

PH : Japan's Prince Ito is assassinated
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Town down the River
LT : John Masefield: Multitude and Solitude and The Tragedy of Nan
LT : Thomas Hardy: Time's Laughingstocks
M : Anton von Webern : Five movements for String Quartet
M : Anton von Webern : Six Pieces for Large Orchestra
M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata No.1
M : Charles Ives : Washington's Birthday
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Don Quichotte ('Don Quixote')
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony No.1, 'A Sea Symphony'
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Song-cycle, On Wenlock Edge
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Elektra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Erwartung ('Expectation'), for soprano and orchestra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Five Orchestral Pieces
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Poem, Isle of the Dead
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto No.3
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.9
M : Gustav Mahler : Song-symphony Das Lied von der Erde
M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Der Graf von Luxemburg ('The Count of Luxemburg')
M : Gustav Holst : Suite No.1, for military band
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite Iberia for piano
ST : North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz dies 18 May
VA : Francis Bacon born

1910

ST : Halley's comet makes an appearance
LT : John Masefield: The Tragedy of Pompey the Great
LT : Walter de la Mare: The Return and The Three Mulla Mulgars
M : Anton von Webern : Four Pieces for violin and piano
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis for strings
M : Maurice Ravel : Ma mère l'oye ('Mother Goose'), for two pianos (later orchestrated)
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom for choir
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Thirteen Piano Preludes
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La fanciulla del West ('The Girl of the Golden West')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony No.10, unfinished
M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Zigeunerliebe ('Gypsy Love')
M : Gustav Holst : Hymns from the Rig Veda for chorus and orchestra (one of several sets)
M : Edward Elgar : Violin Concerto
M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Fennimore and Gerda
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book I for piano (including 'Viole')
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Firebird
M : Samuel Barber born 9 March
M : Frank Loesser born 29 June
VA : Henri Rousseau dies in Paris
VA : William Holman Hunt dies 7 September
VA : Winslow Homer dies

1911

PH : The Chinese Revolution
ST : Structure of an atom discovered
DL : Greenwich Mean Time adopted
VA : Mona Lisa is stolen
LT : Sara Teasdale: Helen of Troy, and Other Poems
LT : John Masefield: The Everlasting Mercy
LT : Rupert Brooke: Poems
M : Charles Ives : String Quartet No.2
M : Charles Ives : Symphony No.3
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Der Rosenkavalier
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony No.4
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Gurrelieder ('Songs of Gurra'), for voices and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Études-tableux Opus 33 for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Suite No.2, for military band
M : Edward Elgar : Symphony No.2
M : Frederick Delius : Summer Night on the River for small orchestra
M : Frederick Delius : Song of the High Hills for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : Allegro barbaro for piano
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Petrushka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Stiching the Standard
DL : Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed
PH : Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero
ST : First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War
PH : Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty; Sun Yat-sen named president
ST : Amundsen reaches South Pole
PH : Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli and Libya
M : Irving Berlin's Alexander's Ragtime Band
M : Gustav Mahler dies 18 May
VA : Edwin Austin Abbey
VA : Howard Pyle dies

1912

DL : Oreo cookies first introduced
DL : The Titanic sinks
LT : Walter de la Mare: The Listeners and Other Poems
VA : Marc Chagall : Adam and Eve
M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der ferne Klang ('The Distant Sound')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Song-cycle, Pierrot lunaire ('Moonstruck Pierrot')
M : Maurice Ravel : Ballet, Daphnis and Chloë
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Fourteen Songs
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto No.1
M : Leoš Janácek : In the Mists for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Oriental Suite, Beni Mora
M : Frederick Delius : On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring for small orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images for orchestra (including 'Gigue')
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ Set I
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Sleeping Beauty
PH : Balkan Wars begin
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema dies 25 June
M : Jules Massenet dies 13 August
M : John Cage born 5 September

1913

DL : First crossword puzzle
DL : Personal income tax introduced in U.S.
LT : John Masefield: Dauber
LT : Walter de la Mare: Peacock Pie: A Book of Rhymes
LT : Thomas Hardy: A Changed Man
LT : Robert Frost: A Boy's Will
M : Anton von Webern : Five Pieces for Orchestra
M : Anton von Webern : Six Bagatelles for String Quartet
M : Charles Ives : Fourth of July
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony No.2, 'A London Symphony'
M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin ('The Music Box and the Princess')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Die Glückliche Hand, ('The Lucky Hand'), drama for orchestra and chorus
M : Erik Satie : Trois embryons desséchés ('Three dried-up embryos')
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Choral Symphony, The Bells
M : Gustav Holst : St. Paul's Suite for strings
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Opera, Pénélope
M : Edward Elgar : Falstaff (Symphonic Study)
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book II for piano
M : Claude Debussy : Ballet, Jeux
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Rite of Spring
PH : Balkan Wars end with London peace treaty
ST : Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line
PH : Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System becomes law    GO !
PH : Woodrow Wilson becomes 28th U.S. president    GO !
VA : Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public
DL : Suffragists demonstrate in London
DL : Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours
M : Witold Lutoslawski born 25 January
M : Benjamin Britten born 22 November

1914

PH : World War I begins     GO !
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Van Zorn
LT : Thomas Hardy: Satires of Circumstance
LT : Robert Frost: North of Boston
M : Anton von Webern : Three Little Pieces for Violincello and Piano
M : Charles Ives : Three Places in New England
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : A Lark Ascending for violin and orchestra
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, The Oceanides
M : Ottorino Respighi : Sinfonia drammatica
M : Maurice Ravel : Trio for piano, violin, cello
DL : Panama Canal officially opened
PH : U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests

1915

LT : Sara Teasdale: Rivers to the Sea
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Porcupine
LT : Rupert Brooke: 1914 and Other Poems
M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata No.2 "Concord Mass. 1840-60"
M : Manuel de Falla : Noches en los jardines de España ('Nights in the Gardens of Spain')
M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El Amor Brujo ('Love, the Magician')
M : Richard Strauss : An Alpine Symphony
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony No.5
M : Zoltán Kodály : Cello Sonata
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, Le Jardin clos ('The Enclosed Garden')
M : Claude Debussy : 12 Etudes ('Studies'), for piano
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : The Wanderer
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia based on an old English tune When I Survey the Wondrous Cross
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, O God, Our Help
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, The Old Hundredth
PH : Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers
ST : Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
VA : D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation
VA : Walter Crane dies
LT : Rupert Brooke dies 23 April
VA : Arthur Hughes dies 23 December

1916

LT : W.B. Yeats: Reveries over Childhood and Youth
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Man against the Sky
LT : Robert Frost: Mountain Interval
LT : Rupert Brooke: Letters From America (posth.)
M : Charles Ives : Symphony No.4
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Second Chamber Symphony
M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Fountains of Rome
M : Gustav Holst : Orchestral suite, The Planets
M : Frederick Delius : Violin Concerto
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ Set II
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Jerusalem
VA : John William Waterhouse : I am Half Sick of Shadows
VA : John William Waterhouse : Miranda
VA : John William Waterhouse : A Tale from Decameron
PH : U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million
PH : President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan.     GO !
PH : Easter Rebellion in Ireland put down by British troops
ST : Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic
PH : 24 April - Irish nationalists launch the Easter rebellion in Dublin, Republic declared and Patrick Pearse announced as first President
M : Milton Byron Babbitt born 10 May
PH : 22 November - Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary, dies; he is succeeded by Charles I
Personae

Terms Defined

Referenced Works