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Theodore Roethke
DL : Ford introduces the Model-T PH : Three year-old Pu Yi becomes Emperor of China PH : Turks revolt in the Ottoman Empire PH : King Carlos I of Portugal and the crown prince both assassinated; Manuel II becomes king PH : Leopold II transfers the Congo to Belgium PH : Ferdinand I of Bulgaria assumes the title czar and declares his country's independence PH : Crete proclaims union with Greece PH : Union of South Africa established VA : "Ashcan School" established by Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, George Bellows, Everett Shinn VA : Matisse coins the term "Cubism" DL : London hosts the Olympic Games ED : Cairo University opened DL : First Model T produced LT : Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations LT : John Masefield: Captain Margaret LT : Thomas Hardy: the last of three parts of The Dynasts published M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : The Unanswered Question
M : Franz Schreker : Ballet, Der Geburtstag der Infantin
('The Infant's Birthday')
M : Maurice Ravel : Rapsodie espagnole
for orchestra
M : Maurice Ravel : Gaspard de la nuit
('Phantoms of the Night'), for piano
M : Leoš Janácek : Along an Overgrown Path
15 pieces for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, Savitri
M : Edward Elgar : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Rhapsody, In a Summer Garden
M : Claude Debussy : Children's Corner
for piano (including 'Jimbo's Lullaby' and 'Golliwogg's Cake-walk')
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Nightingale
DL : Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily LT : Theodore Roethke born 25 May M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies 21 June M : Olivier Messiaen born 10 December M : Elliott Cook Carter born 11 December
PH : Japan's Prince Ito is assassinated LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Town down the River LT : John Masefield: Multitude and Solitude and The Tragedy of Nan LT : Thomas Hardy: Time's Laughingstocks M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata M : Charles Ives : Washington's Birthday
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Don Quichotte
('Don Quixote')
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Song-cycle, On Wenlock Edge
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Elektra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Erwartung
('Expectation'), for soprano and orchestra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Five Orchestral Pieces
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Poem, Isle of the Dead
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Song-symphony M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Der Graf von Luxemburg
('The Count of Luxemburg')
M : Gustav Holst : Suite M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite Iberia
for piano
ST : North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz dies 18 May VA : Francis Bacon born
ST : Halley's comet makes an appearance LT : John Masefield: The Tragedy of Pompey the Great LT : Walter de la Mare: The Return and The Three Mulla Mulgars M : Anton von Webern : M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
for strings
M : Maurice Ravel : Ma mčre l'oye
('Mother Goose'), for two pianos (later orchestrated)
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
for choir
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Thirteen Piano Preludes M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La fanciulla del West
('The Girl of the Golden West')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Zigeunerliebe
('Gypsy Love')
M : Gustav Holst : Hymns from the Rig Veda
for chorus and orchestra (one of several sets)
M : Edward Elgar : Violin Concerto M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Fennimore and Gerda
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book I
for piano (including 'Viole')
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Firebird
M : Samuel Barber born 9 March M : Frank Loesser born 29 June VA : Henri Rousseau dies in Paris VA : William Holman Hunt dies 7 September VA : Winslow Homer dies
PH : The Chinese Revolution ST : Structure of an atom discovered
DL : Greenwich Mean Time adopted VA : Mona Lisa is stolen LT : Sara Teasdale: Helen of Troy, and Other Poems LT : John Masefield: The Everlasting Mercy LT : Rupert Brooke: Poems M : Charles Ives : String Quartet M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Der Rosenkavalier
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : Gurrelieder
('Songs of Gurra'), for voices and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Études-tableux Opus 33
for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Suite M : Edward Elgar : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Summer Night on the River
for small orchestra
M : Frederick Delius : Song of the High Hills
for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : Allegro barbaro
for piano
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Petrushka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Stiching the Standard DL : Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed PH : Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero ST : First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War PH : Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty; Sun Yat-sen named president ST : Amundsen reaches South Pole PH : Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli and Libya M : Irving Berlin's Alexander's Ragtime Band M : Gustav Mahler dies 18 May VA : Edwin Austin Abbey VA : Howard Pyle dies
DL : Oreo cookies first introduced DL : The Titanic sinks LT : Walter de la Mare: The Listeners and Other Poems VA : Marc Chagall : Adam and Eve M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der ferne Klang
('The Distant Sound')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Song-cycle, Pierrot lunaire
('Moonstruck Pierrot')
M : Maurice Ravel : Ballet, Daphnis and Chloë
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Fourteen Songs M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto M : Leoš Janácek : In the Mists
for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Oriental Suite, Beni Mora
M : Frederick Delius : On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring
for small orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images
for orchestra (including 'Gigue')
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set I
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Sleeping Beauty PH : Balkan Wars begin VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema dies 25 June M : Jules Massenet dies 13 August M : John Cage born 5 September
DL : First crossword puzzle DL : Personal income tax introduced in U.S. LT : John Masefield: Dauber LT : Walter de la Mare: Peacock Pie: A Book of Rhymes LT : Thomas Hardy: A Changed Man LT : Robert Frost: A Boy's Will M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Fourth of July
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin
('The Music Box and the Princess')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Die Glückliche Hand,
('The Lucky Hand'), drama for orchestra and chorus
M : Erik Satie : Trois embryons desséchés
('Three dried-up embryos')
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Choral Symphony, The Bells
M : Gustav Holst : St. Paul's Suite
for strings
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Opera, Pénélope
M : Edward Elgar : Falstaff
(Symphonic Study)
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book II
for piano
M : Claude Debussy : Ballet, Jeux
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Rite of Spring
PH : Balkan Wars end with London peace treaty ST : Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line PH : Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System becomes law GO ! PH : Woodrow Wilson becomes 28th U.S. president GO ! VA : Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public DL : Suffragists demonstrate in London DL : Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours M : Witold Lutoslawski born 25 January M : Benjamin Britten born 22 November
PH : World War I begins GO ! LT : Edwin A Robinson: Van Zorn LT : Thomas Hardy: Satires of Circumstance LT : Robert Frost: North of Boston M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Three Places in New England
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : A Lark Ascending
for violin and orchestra
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, The Oceanides
M : Ottorino Respighi : Sinfonia drammatica
M : Maurice Ravel : DL : Panama Canal officially opened PH : U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests
LT : Sara Teasdale: Rivers to the Sea LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Porcupine LT : Rupert Brooke: 1914 and Other Poems M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata M : Manuel de Falla : Noches en los jardines de Espańa
('Nights in the Gardens of Spain')
M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El Amor Brujo
('Love, the Magician')
M : Richard Strauss : An Alpine Symphony
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Zoltán Kodály : Cello Sonata M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, Le Jardin clos
('The Enclosed Garden')
M : Claude Debussy : 12 Etudes
('Studies'), for piano
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : The Wanderer
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia When I Survey the Wondrous Cross
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, O God, Our Help
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, The Old Hundredth
PH : Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers ST : Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity VA : D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation VA : Walter Crane dies LT : Rupert Brooke dies 23 April VA : Arthur Hughes dies 23 December
LT : W.B. Yeats: Reveries over Childhood and Youth LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Man against the Sky LT : Robert Frost: Mountain Interval LT : Rupert Brooke: Letters From America (posth.) M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Fountains of Rome
M : Gustav Holst : Orchestral suite, The Planets
M : Frederick Delius : Violin Concerto M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set II
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Jerusalem
VA : John William Waterhouse : I am Half Sick of Shadows VA : John William Waterhouse : Miranda VA : John William Waterhouse : A Tale from Decameron PH : U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million PH : President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan. GO ! PH : Easter Rebellion in Ireland put down by British troops ST : Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic PH : 24 April - Irish nationalists launch the Easter rebellion in Dublin, Republic declared and Patrick Pearse announced as first President M : Milton Byron Babbitt born 10 May PH : 22 November - Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary, dies; he is succeeded by Charles I
LT : First Pulitzer Prizes awarded PH : Russian Revolution PH : U.S. enters World War I LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wild Swans at Coole LT : Sara Teasdale: Love Songs LT : Edwin A Robinson: Merlin LT : Thomas Hardy: Moments of Vision LT : Robert Graves: Over the Brazier LT : T S Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Parade
M : Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
first series
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La rondine
('The Swallow')
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Francis Poulenc : Rapsodie nčgre M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Excursions of Mr. Broucek
M : Gustav Holst : The Hymn of Jesus
for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Wooden Prince
M : Igor Stravinsky : Les Noces
('The Wedding'), for voices, percussion and four pianos
PH : Balfour Declaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. RP : Sigmund Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis VA : John William Waterhouse dies 10 February
DL : Daylight Saving
Time introduced PH : Russian Czar Nicholas II and his family are killed LT : Robert Graves: Fairies and Fusiliers M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Die Gezeichneten
('The Stigma Bearers')
M : Erik Satie : Socrate,
for voices and instruments
M : Giacomo Puccini : Il trittico
('The Triptych'), three one-act operas
M : Francis Poulenc : Trois mouvements perpétuels
for piano
M : Leoš Janácek : Orchestral rhapsody, Taras Bulba
M : Edward Elgar : String Quartet M : Béla Bartók : Opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle
M : Igor Stravinsky : The Soldier's Tale,
for speaker, chamber ensemble, dancers
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Elégie
DL : Worldwide influenza epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million will be dead ("Spanish Flu") PH : Russian Civil War between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks) PH : German Kaiser abdicates (Nov.); hostilities cease on the Western Front VA : Gustav Klimt dies 6 February M : Claude Debussy dies 25 March LT : Joyce Kilmer dies 30 July M : Leonard Bernstein born 25 August M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry dies 7 October
DL : Prohibition begins in the U.S. LT : John Masefield: Reynard the Fox M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El sombrero de tres picos
('The Three-Cornered Hat')
M : Ottorino Respighi : Ballet, La Boutique fantastique
('The Fantastic Toy Shop') - based on music by Rossini
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Love for Three Oranges
M : Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Le Bestiaire
M : Darius Milhaud : Symphonic Suite M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Le Boeuf sur le toit
('The Ox on the Roof')
M : Leoš Janácek : Song-cycle, The Diary of One Who Disappeared
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Masques et Bergamasques
M : Edward Elgar : Cello Concerto, M : Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Miraculous Mandarin
PH : Third International (Comintern) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements PH : Versailles Treaty, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate GO ! PH : Mahatma Gandhi initiates satyagraha (“truth force”) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India ST : Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir dies 3 December
PH : U.S. Dept. of Justice "red hunt" nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported ST : First commercial radio broadcast aired LT : Harlem Renaissance begins PH : League of Nations established DL : Women granted the right to vote in U.S. LT : Sara Teasdale: Flame and Shadow LT : Edwin A Robinson: Lancelot LT : T S Eliot: The Sacred Wood M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der Schatzgräber
('The Treasure Digger')
M : Erik Satie : Musique d'ameublement
('Furniture music')
M : Erik Satie : Trois petites pičces montées
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphonies M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Pulcinella
PH : Treaty of Sčvres dissolves Ottoman Empire PH : Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Finland, Luxembourg are admitted to the League of Nations LT : Howard Nemerov born 1 March M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch dies 20 October
PH : Irish Free State proclaimed VA : John William Godward dies LT : Edwin A Robinson: Avon's Harvest LT : Marianne Moore: Poems published without her knowledge LT : Walter de la Mare: Memoirs of a Midget M : Edgard Varčse : Offrandes
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, King David
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : Façade
settings of poems by Edith Sitwell
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto M : Darius Milhaud : Suite for orchestra, Saudades do Brasil
('Memories of Brazil')
M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel
('The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower'), written with "Les Six"
M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, Katya Kabanová
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, L'Horizon chimerique
('The Elusive Horizon')
PH : Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks;
German inflation begins PH : Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China PH : Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania are admitted to the League of Nations LT : Richard Wilbur born 1 March M : Camille Saint-Saëns dies 16 December
PH : Kemal Atatürk founds modern Turkey ST : King Tut's tomb found PH : Mussolini marches on Rome LT : The Reader's Digest first published VA : Edmund Blair Leighton dies LT : A E Housman: Last Poems LT : Thomas Hardy: Late Lyrics and Earlier LT : T S Eliot: The Waste Land LT : ee cummings: The Enormous Room M : Edgard Varčse : Amériques
M : Paul Hindemith : Suite, 1922
M : Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Skating Rink
M : Manuel de Falla : Chamber opera, El Retablo de Maese Pedro
('Master Peter's Puppet Show')
M : Ottorino Respighi : Opera, Belfagor
M : Gustav Holst : A Fugal Overture
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, The Perfect Fool
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Morning VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Daybreak PH : Hungary is admitted to the League of Nations M : Lukas Foss born 15 August VA : Lucien Freud born
DL : Talking movies invented LT : Wallace Stevens: Harmonium LT : Walter de la Mare: Come Hither and The Riddle, and Other Stories LT : Thomas Hardy: The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall LT : Robert Frost: New Hampshire LT : ee cummings: Tulips and Chimneys M : Edgard Varčse : Octandre
M : Edgard Varčse : Hyperprism
M : Paul Hindemith : Das Marienleben
M : Arthur Honegger : Pacific 231
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
second series
M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, La Création du monde
('The Creation of the World')
M : Zoltán Kodály : Psalmus hungaricus
for voices and orchestra
M : Leoš Janácek : String Quartet M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Cunning Little Vixen
M : Béla Bartók : Dance Suite M : Igor Stravinsky : Octet PH : Adolf Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich fails PH : Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments DL : Widespread Ku Klux Klan violence in U.S. DL : Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo M : George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue M : Bessie Smith, known as "the Empress of the Blues", makes her first record LT : William Butler Yeats wins Nobel Prize in Literature PH : Ethiopia, Ireland are admitted to the League of Nations PH : Dominican Republic is admitted to the League of Nations VA : Roy Lichtenstein born
DL : First Olympic winter games LT : Marianne Moore: Observations LT : John Masefield: Sard Harker LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Happy Marriage LT : Robert Graves: Poems: 1914-26 VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : The Damsel of the Lake, M : Edgard Varčse : Intégrales
M : Paul Hindemith : String Trio M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Irrelohe
('Flames of Madness')
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Relâche
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Mercure
M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Pines of Rome
M : Maurice Ravel : Tzigane
('Gypsy'), for violin plus orchestra or piano
M : Francis Poulenc : Ballet, Les Biches
('The Little Darlings')
M : Leoš Janácek : Wind sextet, Mládi
('Youth')
M : Gustav Holst : Choral Symphony
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, At the Boar's Head
M : George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue
for piano and jazz band
M : Aaron Copland : Symphony for Organ and Orchestra
(later arranged without organ)
PH : Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in prison where he writes Mein Kampf; released after eight months
PH : Death of Lenin; Stalin wins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in 1953 LT : Robert Frost wins first of four Pulitzers PH : Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti PH : Teapot Dome scandal M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré dies 4 November
PH : Hitler's Mein Kampf published
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Roman Bartholow and Dionysus in Doubt LT : Walter de la Mare: Broomsticks and Other Tales LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Pot of Earth LT : Thomas Hardy: Human Shows LT : ee cummings: & and XLI Poems M : Paul Hindemith : Concerto M : Ernst Bacon : Prelude and Fugue
M : Sir George Dyson : Children's Suite After Walter De La Mare
M : William Turner Walton : Overture, Portsmouth Point
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Maurice Ravel : Opera, L'Enfant et les sortilčges
('The Child and the Magic Spells')
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, The Steel Step
M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Makropulos Affair
M : George Gershwin : Concerto VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : The Knave PH : Locarno conferences seek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees ST : John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television ST : John T. Scopes convicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee "Monkey Trial"; sentence set aside VA : Robert Rauschenberg born PH : Costa Rica withdraws from the League of Nations M : Pierre Boulez born 26 March VA : John Singer Sargent dies M : Erik Satie dies 1 July
LT : Sara Teasdale: Dark of the Moon LT : John Masefield: Odtaa LT : Archibald MacLeish: Streets on the Moon VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : La Belle Dame Sans Merci M : Paul Hindemith : Opera, Cardillac
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Judith
M : Manuel de Falla : Concerto M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, Tapiola
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Turandot
(the final scene completed by Franco Alfano after Puccini's death)
M : Zoltán Kodály : Opera, Háry János
M : Leoš Janácek : Sinfonietta
for orchestra
M : Leoš Janácek : Glagolitic Mass
for soloists, choir and orchestra
M : George Gershwin : M : George Gershwin : Musical, O, Kay!
M : Aaron Copland : Piano Concerto M : Béla Bartók : Out of Doors
for piano
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto DL : General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill PH : U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until 1933 PH : Germany is admitted to the League of Nations, Brazil withdraws VA : Mary Cassatt dies 14 June VA : Claude Monet dies 5 December
DL : BBC founded LT : Edwin A Robinson: Tristram VA : Marc Chagall : Lovers with Flowers M : Edgard Varčse : Arcana
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Antigone
M : Ottorino Respighi : Three Botticelli Pictures
M : Ottorino Respighi : The Birds
suite for small orchestra (based on 17th and 18th century pieces about birds)
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Fiery Angel
M : Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Marosszék
for piano (later orchestrated)
M : Gustav Holst : Tone poem, Egdon Heath
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Funny Face
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Strike Up the Band
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera-oratorio, Oedipus Rex
M : Franz Schreker : Christophorus
PH : German economy collapses - Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazis for political murder PH : Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party ST : Charles A. Lindbergh flies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris ST : Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model ST : Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory DL : Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years VA : The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson, first part-talking motion picture LT : Galway Kinnell born 1 February VA : Juan Gris dies
LT : First Oxford English Dictionary published ST : Penicillin discovered LT : W.B. Yeats: The Tower VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee dies LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Hamlet of A. MacLeish M : Anton von Webern : Symphony M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Symphony M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, Four Saints in Three Acts
M : Olivier Messiaen : Le banquet céleste
for organ
M : Olivier Messiaen : Trois petites liturgies de la Presence Divine
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, Sir John in Love
(including 'Greensleeves')
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Nose
M : Arnold Schoenberg : M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, Roman Festivals
M : Maurice Ravel : Boléro
for orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Opera, Christopher Columbus
M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Das Land des Lächelns
('The Land of Smiles')
M : Leoš Janácek : String Quartet M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, From the House of the Dead
M : Gustav Holst : A Moorside Suite
for brass band
M : George Gershwin : Symphonic Poem, An American in Paris
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Apollon musagčte
M : Franz Schreker : Der singende Teufel
PH : Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations GO ! RP : Anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa LT : Thomas Hardy dies 11 January VA : Andy Warhol born M : Leoš Janácek dies 12 August M : Karlheinz Stockhausen born 22 August VA : Helen Frankenthaler born in New York City
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Cavender's House LT : Robert Graves: Goodbye to All That M : Ernst Toch : Bunte Suite
M : William Turner Walton : Viola Concerto PH : Trotsky expelled from U.S.S.R. PH : Lateran Treaty establishes independent Vatican City DL : In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billion—first phase of Depression and world economic crisis ST : Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe M : Andre Previn born 6 April
ST : Pluto discovered LT : Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night LT : Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night LT : Walter de la Mare: On the Edge LT : Archibald MacLeish: New Found Land LT : Robert Frost: Selected Poems LT : T S Eliot: Ash-Wednesday LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Paid on Both Sides and Poems M : Anton von Webern : Quartet M : Olivier Messiaen : Diptyque
for organ
M : Ernst Toch : Gesprochene Musik
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Ballet, Job, a Masque for Dancing
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Ballet, The Age of Gold
M : Gustav Holst : Prelude and scherzo Hammersmith
M : Gustav Holst : Choral Fantasia
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Girl Crazy
M : Aaron Copland : Piano Variations M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony PH : Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty ST : Cyclotron developed M : Stephen Sondheim born 22 March
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Matthias at the Door LT : Robert Graves: Poems: 1926-1930 LT : T S Eliot: Thoughts After Lambeth LT : ee cummings: CIOPW and ViVa M : Edgard Varčse : Ionisation
M : Paul Hindemith : Das Unaufhörliche
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cris du monde
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Amphion
M : Sir George Dyson : The Canterbury Pilgrims
M : William Turner Walton : Cantata, Belshazzar's Feast
M : Maurice Ravel : Piano Concerto M : Gustav Holst : Hammersmith
for orchestra
M : Samuel Barber : Overture, The School for Scandal
M : Samuel Barber : Dover Beach
for solo baritone and string quartet
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Norma
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto M : Igor Stravinsky : PH : Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII PH : German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party PH : Mukden Incident begins Japanese occupation of Manchuria ST : Harold C. Urey discovers heavy hydrogen DL : The Star Spangled Banner officially becomes U.S. national anthemDL : Notorious Scottsboro trial begins, exposing depth of Southern racism in U.S. PH : Mexico is admitted to the League of Nations
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Nicodemus LT : Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador M : Ernst Bacon : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Arabella
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District
(later revised as Katerina Izmaylova)
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Opera, Moses and Aaron
M : Francis Poulenc : Concerto M : George Gershwin : Musical, Of Thee I Sing
M : George Gershwin : Cuban Overture
M : Benjamin Britten : Sinfonietta
M : Franz Schreker : Der Schmied von Gent
PH : Nazis lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag seats DL : Famine in U.S.S.R. DL : In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stimulate economy. DL : Veterans march on Washington—most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur PH : Iraq, Turkey are admitted to the League of Nations M : John Phillip Sousa dies 6 March
PH : Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany LT : W.B. Yeats: The Winding Stair and Other Poems LT : Edwin A Robinson: Talifer LT : Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador LT : A E Housman: The Name and Nature of Poetry LT : T S Eliot: The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism LT : ee cummings: Eimi VA : Marc Chagall : Solitude M : Paul Hindemith : String Trio M : Olivier Messiaen : L'Ascension
(for orchestra, later for organ)
M : Sir George Dyson : St Paul's Voyage to Melita
M : Ottorino Respighi : Opera, La Fiamma
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Lieutenant Kijé
M : Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Galánta
for orchestra
M : Gustav Holst : Brook Green Suite
for strings
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Beatrice di Tenda
PH : Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi terror begins PH : Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations PH : Roosevelt inaugurated; launches New Deal GO ! DL : In U.S. Prohibition repealed PH : U.S.S.R. recognised by U.S. PH : Germany, Japan withdraw from the League of Nations LT : Sara Teasdale dies 29 January M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki born 6 December
VA : Marc Chagall : Bouquet with Flying Lovers PH : Mao Zedong begins the Long March LT : Edwin A Robinson: Amaranth LT : Robert Graves: I, Claudius and Claudius the God LT : T S Eliot: After Strange Gods M : Edgard Varčse : Ecuatorial
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphony, Mathis der Maler
M : Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Sémiramis
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini
(including '18th Variation'), for piano and orchestra
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Nerone
('Nero')
M : Franz Lehár : Opera, Giuditta
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet PH : Hitler becomes führer. PH : U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations PH : Afghanistan, Ecuador, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are admitted to the League of Nations M : Edward Elgar dies 23 February M : Franz Schreker dies 21 March M : Gustav Holst dies 25 May M : Frederick Delius dies 10 June M : Harrison Birtwistle born 15 July
PH : Germany issues the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws VA : Jessie Willcox Smith dies LT : Wallace Stevens: Ideas of Order LT : T S Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral LT : ee cummings: No Thanks and Tom M : Paul Hindemith : Viola concerto, Der Schwanendreher
M : Paul Hindemith : Opera, Mathis der Maler
M : Olivier Messiaen : La nativite de Seigneur
for organ
M : Arthur Honegger : Film music, Mayerling
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Jeanne d’Arc au bűcher
('Joan of Arc at the Stake')
M : Sir George Dyson : Nebuchadnezzar
M : William Turner Walton : Symphony M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto M : George Gershwin : Opera, Porgy and Bess
PH : Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty, introduce compulsory military service DL : Roosevelt opens second phase of New Deal in U.S., calling for social security, better housing, equitable taxation, and farm assistance PH : Mussolini invades Ethiopia; League of Nations invokes sanctions PH : Paraguay withdraws from the League of Nations of Nations LT : Edwin A Robinson dies 6 April VA : Malevich dies VA : Paul Signac dies M : Alban Berg dies 24 December
PH : Spanish Civil War begins PH : King George V dies; succeeded by son, Edward VIII, who soon abdicates to marry an American-born divorcée, and is succeeded by brother, George VI M : Steve Reich dies LT : Marianne Moore: The Pangolin and other verse LT : Robert Frost: A Further Range LT : ee cummings: 1/20 LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Look Stranger! M : Edgard Varčse : Density 21.5
for flute solo
M : Ernst Bacon : Twilight
M : Ernst Bacon : Songs of Eternity
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, The Plow that Broke the Plains
M : Olivier Messiaen : Song-cycles, Počmes pour Mi
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Tarantella
for Male Chorus and Orchestra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Violin Concerto M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony M : Sergei Prokofiev : Peter and the Wolf
for narrator and orchestra
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, Romeo and Juliet
M : Darius Milhaud : Suite provençale
M : Mikhail Glinka : Opera, Zhizn'za tsarya
('A Life for the Tzar')
M : George Gershwin : Film music, Shall We Dance
M : Samuel Barber : Symphony M : Samuel Barber : String Quartet M : Aaron Copland : El Salón México
for orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : PH : Germans occupy Rhineland, Italy annexes Ethiopia, Rome-Berlin Axis proclaimed (Japan will join in 1940) PH : War between China and Japan begins, to continue through World War II PH : Japan and Germany sign anti-Comintern pact; joined by Italy in 1937 PH : Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua withdraw from the League of Nations M : Ottorino Respighi dies 18 April LT : A E Housman dies 30 April
PH : Japan invades China LT : Wallace Stevens: The Man With the Blue Guitar LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: On This Island M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, The River
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Ballet, Filling Station
M : Olivier Messiaen : O sacrum convivum!
M : William Turner Walton : Coronation march, Crown Imperial
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Francis Poulenc : Mass in G-Major M : Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Tel jour, telle nuit
M : Carl Orff : Cantata, Carmina Burana
M : Darius Milhaud : Suite for 2 pianos, Scaramouche
M : George Gershwin : Film music, A Damsel in Distress
M : Béla Bartók : Sonata M : Benjamin Britten : Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge
VA : Picasso's Guernica mural PH : Hitler repudiates war guilt clause of Versailles Treaty; continues to build German power PH : Egypt is admitted to the League of Nations,El Salvador and Italy withdraw VA : David Hockney born M : George Gershwin dies 11 July M : Maurice Ravel dies 28 December
VA : Marc Chagall : The Three Candles VA : Marc Chagall : Madonna of the Village LT : Broadcast of "The War of the Worlds" causes panic LT : Robert Graves: Collected Poems LT : Robert Graves: Count Belisarius M : Paul Hindemith : Ballet, Nobilissima visione
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cantique des cantiques
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Cantata, Alexander Nevsky
(based on the film score)
M : Francis Poulenc : Concerto M : Carl Orff : Opera, Der Mond
('The Moon')
M : Samuel Barber : Adagio for Strings
M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Billy the Kid
M : Béla Bartók : Violin Concerto M : Igor Stravinsky : Concerto PH : Hitler marches into Austria; political and geographical union of Germany and Austria proclaimed PH : Munich Pact—Britain, France, and Italy agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia DL : In U.S. the Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage PH : Chile, Venezuela withdraw from the League of Nations
LT : Archibald MacLeish: America Was Promises LT : T S Eliot: The Family Reunion and The Idea of a Christian Society LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Journey to a War M : Paul Hindemith : Violin Concerto M : Olivier Messiaen : Les corps glorieux
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Ballet, Pocahontas
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Serenade to Music
for voices and orchestra
M : William Turner Walton : Violin Concerto M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto de Aranjuez
for guitar and orchestra
M : Zoltán Kodály : Variations on a Hungarian Folksong
('The Peacock'), for orchestra
M : Aaron Copland : Film Score, Of Mice and Men
M : Aaron Copland : Quiet City, for orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : Mikrokosmos
for piano
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Benjamin Britten : Song cycle, Les Illuminations
M : Benjamin Britten : PH : Russo-Finnish War begins DL : New York World's Fair opens DL : Gone with the Wind premieresPH : In U.S., Roosevelt submits $1,319-million defence budget, proclaims U.S. neutrality, and declares limited emergency ST : Einstein writes FDR about feasibility of atomic bomb PH : Hungary, Peru, Spain withdraw from the League of Nations, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is expelled from the League PH : Germany invades Poland; occupies Bohemia and Moravia; renounces pact with England and concludes 10-year non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R LT : William Butler Yeats dies 18 January PH : World War II begins VA : Arthur Rackham dies
PH : Rumania withdraws from the League of Nations VA : Stone Age cave paintings found in France LT : John Masefield: Basilissa LT : T S Eliot: Notes Towards the Definition of Culture LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Another Time M : John Cage : Bacchanale
for prepared piano
M : Paul Hindemith : Cello Concerto M : Paul Hindemith : Ballet, The Four Temperaments
M : Ernst Bacon : Symphony M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : Cantatas M : Arthur Honegger : M : William Turner Walton : Overture, Scapino
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Piano Quintet M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Dances
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Moďse
M : Zoltán Kodály : Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Violin Concerto
M : Aaron Copland : Film Score, Our Town
M : Benjamin Britten : Sinfonia da Requiem
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony PH : Russo-Finnish War ends; Finns lose one-tenth of territory in peace treaty PH : Hitler invades Norway, Denmark (April 9), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (May 10), and France (May 12) PH : Churchill becomes Britain's prime minister PH : Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania annexed by U.S.S.R. DL : The first official network television broadcast is put out by NBC PH : June - Canadian National Resources Mobilisation Act VA : Paul Klee dies
LT : Theodore Roethke: Open House LT : Marianne Moore: What Are Years? LT : John Masefield: In the Mill LT : Robert Graves: The Long Weekend LT : ee cummings: Fifty Poems M : Olivier Messiaen : Quatour pour la fin du temps
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Paganini Variations
for two pianos
M : Sir George Dyson : Concerto M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony PH : Germany attacks the Balkans and Russia ST : Manhattan Project (atomic bomb research) begins PH : Roosevelt enunciates "four freedoms" GO !
DL : T-shirt introduced LT : Wallace Stevens: Notes Towards a Supreme Fiction LT : Robert Frost: A Witness Tree M : John Cage : Credo in Us
M : Paul Hindemith : Ludus tonalis
M : Lukas Foss : Oratorio, The Prairie
M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, The First of the Few
M : Richard Strauss : Horn Concerto M : Arnold Schoenberg : Ode to Napoleon,
for speaker and chamber ensemble
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Piano Concerto M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata M : Carl Orff : Opera, Die Kluge
('The Clever Woman')
M : Aaron Copland : A Lincoln Portrait
for speaker and orchestra
M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Rodeo
M : Leonard Bernstein : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : A Ceremony of Carols
PH : Declaration of United Nations signed in Washington on 1 January GO ! PH : Nazi leaders attend Wannsee Conference to coordinate the "final solution to the Jewish question", the systematic genocide of Jews known as the Holocaust ST : Enrico Fermi achieves nuclear chain reaction DL : More than 120,000 Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry living in western U.S. moved to "relocation centers", some for the duration of the war PH : Haiti withdraws from the League of Nations
LT : Robert Graves: Wife to Mr Milton LT : T S Eliot: Four Quartets M : John Cage : Tosses as it Is Untroubled
for prepared piano
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphonic Metamorphoses on Themes of Carl Maria von Weber
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto heroíco
for piano and orchestra
M : Carl Orff : Cantata, Catulli Carmina
('Songs of Catullus')
M : Leonard Bernstein : Ballet, Fancy Free
M : Béla Bartók : Concerto M : Benjamin Britten : Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings
PH : Mussolini deposed PH : U.S. President freezes prices, salaries, and wages to prevent inflation DL : Income tax withholding introduced in U.S. PH : 14-24 January - Casablanca Conference: Churchill and Roosevelt meet, Stalin declines M : Sergei Rachmaninov dies 28 March
LT : Marianne Moore: Nevertheless LT : ee cummings: 1 x 1 LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: For the Time Being and The Sea and the Mirror M : John Cage : A Book of Music
for two prepared pianos
M : John Cage : Perilous Night
for prepared piano
M : Elliott Cook Carter : The Harmony of Morning
for Female Chorus and Small Orchestra
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, Henry V
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Sonata M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, Cinderella
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Darius Milhaud : Symphony M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Appalachian Spring
M : Leonard Bernstein : Musical, On The Town
PH : Bretton Woods Conference creates International Monetary Fund and World Bank PH : Dumbarton Oaks Conference—U.S., British Commonwealth, and U.S.S.R. propose establishment of United Nations VA : Edvard Munch dies 23 January VA : Wassily Kandinsky dies
ST : First electronic computer (ENIAC) built LT : Robert Frost: A Masque of Reason M : John Cage : Three Dances
for two prepared pianos
M : Pierre Boulez : Douze Notations
M : Paul Hindemith : Piano Concerto M : Richard Strauss : Metamorphosen,
for strings
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Ivan the Terrible
M : Francis Poulenc : L'histoire de Babar
for narrator and piano
M : Carl Orff : Die Bernauerin
('Bernauer's Wife'), for voices and orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Suite française
M : Samuel Barber : Cello Concerto
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Peter Grimes
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ebony Concerto
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony M : Tomaso Albinoni : PH : FDR dies on 12 April; Harry Truman becomes president GO ! PH : Hitler commits suicide 30 April PH : Germany surrenders 7 May; V-E Day declared 8 May PH : U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima (6 Aug. ) and Nagasaki (9 Aug.) M : Pietro Mascagni dies 24 August PH : Japan signs official surrender on 2 September : V-J Day GO ! M : Anton von Webern dies 15 September M : Béla Bartók dies 26 September VA : Newell Convers Wyeth dies PH : United Nations founded 24 October GO !
PH : Juan Perón becomes President of Argentina LT : Robert Graves: King Jesus M : Pierre Boulez : Sonatina M : Pierre Boulez : Sonata M : Ernst Bacon : Piano Quintet M : Ernst Bacon : Cello Sonata M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, The Mother of Us All
M : Manuel de Falla : Cantata, Atlántida
('Atlantis') unfinished, later completed by Ernesto Halffter
M : Richard Strauss : Oboe Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Ballet, Medea
M : Aaron Copland : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
DL : Benjamin Spock's childcare classic published PH : League of Nations dissolved in April PH : First meeting of UN General Assembly opens in London in January PH : Italy abolishes monarchy in June PH : Verdict in Nuremberg war trial: 12 Nazi leaders (including 1 tried in absentia) sentenced to hang; 7 imprisoned; 3 acquitted PH : Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden, Thailand admitted to the United Nations M : Manuel de Falla dies 14 November
LT : Richard Wilbur: The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems LT : Howard Nemerov: The Image and the Law LT : Robert Frost: A Masque of Mercy and Bush LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: The Age of Anxiety M : John Cage : Seasons
for piano or orchestra
M : Paul Hindemith : Clarinet Concerto M : Elliott Cook Carter : Ballet, The Minotaur
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : String Quartet M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, Hamlet
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, War and Peace
(final version)
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Darius Milhaud : Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Knoxville: Summer of 1915
for soprano and orchestra
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Albert Herring
M : Benjamin Britten : Cantata, Saint Nicholas
PH : Pakistan and Yemen admitted to the United Nations PH : Peace treaties for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland signed in Paris PH : Soviet Union rejects U.S. plan for UN atomic-energy control PH : Truman proposes Truman Doctrine, which was to aid Greece and Turkey in resisting communist expansion GO ! PH : Marshall Plan for European recovery proposed—a coordinated program to help European nations recover from ravages of war GO ! ST : U.S. Air Force pilot Chuck Yeager becomes first person to break the sound barrier PH : India and Pakistan gain independence from Britain LT : Anne Frank's The Diary of a Young Girl published
DL : Policy of Apartheid begun PH : State of Israel founded LT : Theodore Roethke: The Lost Son and Other Poems LT : Archibald MacLeish: Actfive and Other Poems LT : T S Eliot: The Cocktail Party M : John Cage : Sonatas and Interludes
for prepared piano
M : Pierre Boulez : Le soleil des eaux
(includes voices)
M : Pierre Boulez : Sonata M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Acadian Airs and Dances
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, Louisiana Story
M : Olivier Messiaen : Turangalila-Symphonie
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : M : Richard Strauss : Four Last Songs
for soprano and orchestra
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Violin Concerto PH : Gandhi assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic PH : Burma (4 Jan.) and Ceylon (4 Feb.) granted independence by Britain PH : Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia PH : Organization of American States (OAS) Charter signed at Bogotá, Colombia PH : Independent Republic of Korea is proclaimed, following election supervised by UN PH : United States of Indonesia established as Dutch and Indonesians settle conflict DL : Truman ends racial segregation in military M : Franz Lehár dies 24 October
PH : Communist People's Republic of China formally proclaimed by Chairman Mao Zedong
LT : Howard Nemerov: The Melodramatists LT : Robert Graves: Seven Days in New Crete M : Paul Hindemith : Horn Concerto M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto en modo galante
('Concerto in the Galant Style'), for cello and orchestra
M : Francis Poulenc : Piano Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Piano Sonata M : Aaron Copland : Film Score, The Heiress
M : Leonard Bernstein : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : Spring Symphony
PH : Israel admitted to the United Nations DL : South Africa institutionalizes apartheid PH : Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) established 23 May,
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) established under Soviet rule 7 Oct. PH : Start of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—treaty signed by 12 nations GO ! M : Richard Strauss dies 8 September
DL : First modern credit card introduced ST : First organ transplant PH : Korean War begins GO ! ST : U.S. President Truman orders construction of hydrogen bomb LT : Richard Wilbur: Ceremony and Other Poems LT : T S Eliot: The Cocktail Party LT : ee cummings: Xaipe M : John Cage : String Quartet M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Cello Concerto M : Olivier Messiaen : Messe de la Pentecote
PH : Indonesia admitted to the United Nations PH : McCarthyism begins in U.S. PH : Truman orders development of hydrogen bomb
DL : Colour television introduced PH : Truman signs peace treaty with Japan, officially ending WWII LT : Wallace Stevens: The Necessary Angel LT : Theodore Roethke: Praise to the End! LT : Marianne Moore: Collected Poems LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Writes libretto for Stravinsky's Rake's Progress M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kreuzspiel
M : John Cage : Concerto M : John Cage : Music of Changes
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphony M : Ernst Bacon : String Quintet M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : 5 Songs from William Blake
M : Olivier Messiaen : Livre d'orgue
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Little Suite
for orchestra
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, The Pilgrim's Progress
M : Leonard Bernstein : Opera, Trouble in Tahiti
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Billy Budd
M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Rake's Progress
ST : European Coal and Steel Community formed PH : Libya gains independence M : Arnold Schoenberg dies 13 July
ST : Polio Vaccine Created PH : George VI dies; his daughter Princess Elizabeth becomes queen at age 25 LT : John Masefield: So Long to Learn LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Trojan Horse M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Spiel
(revised, 1973)
M : John Cage : 4'33"
M : John Cage : Music for Carillon M : John Cage : Williams Mix
M : John Cage : Piano Solo, Waiting (1952)
M : Pierre Boulez : Structures for 2 pianos
Book I
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony Scott of the Antarctic )
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Aaron Copland : Ten Old American Songs ST : AEC announces "satisfactory" experiments in hydrogen-weapons research; eyewitnesses tell of blasts near Enewetak
ST : DNA discovered LT : Theodore Roethke: The Waking, Poems LT : Robert Graves: The Nazarene Gospel Restored M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kontra-Punkte
M : William Turner Walton : Coronation march, Orb and Sceptre
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Carl Orff : Trionfo di Afrodite
for voices and orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Ouverture méditerranéenne
PH : Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower inaugurated president of United States GO ! PH : Stalin dies 5 March: Malenkov becomes Soviet premier; Beria, minister of interior; Molotov, foreign minister PH : East Berliners rise against Communist rule; quelled by tanks PH : Dag Hammarskjöld begins term as UN secretary-general PH : Egypt becomes republic ruled by military junta PH : Korean armistice signed 27 July GO ! PH : Tito becomes president of Yugoslavia M : Sergei Prokofiev dies 5 March VA : Raoul Dufy dies
ST : First atomic submarine launched LT : Wallace Stevens: Collected Poems LT : T S Eliot: The Confidential Clerk M : Pierre Boulez : Le marteau sans maitre
with voice
M : Edgard Varčse : Déserts
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, Lord Byron
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Dance Preludes M : Witold Lutoslawski : Concerto M : Milton Byron Babbitt : String Quartets M : William Turner Walton : Opera, Troilus and Cressida
M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Fantasía para un gentilhombre
('Fantasia for a Gentleman'), for guitar and orchestra
M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto serenata
for harp and orchestra
M : Aaron Copland : Opera, The Tender Land
M : Leonard Bernstein : Film music, On the Waterfront
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, The Turn of the Screw
PH : Soviet Union grants sovereignty to East Germany PH : Dien Bien Phu, French military outpost in Vietnam, falls to Vietminh army DL : U.S. Supreme Court (in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka) unanimously bans racial segregation in public schools GO ! PH : Eisenhower launches world atomic pool without Soviet Union PH : Eight-nation Southeast Asia defence treaty (SEATO) signed at Manila GO ! DL : Dr. Jonas Salk starts inoculating children against polio PH : Algerian War of Independence against France begins M : Charles Ives dies 19 May VA : Henri Matisse dies
DL : Disneyland opens PH : Warsaw Pact signed DL : McDonald's corporation founded LT : Walter de la Mare: A Beginning, and Other Stories LT : Robert Graves: The Greek Myths M : Olivier Messiaen : Oiseaux exotiques
for piano, wind and percussion
M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, Richard III
PH : Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sri Lanka admitted to the United Nations PH : Nikolai A. Bulganin becomes Soviet premier, replacing Malenkov PH : Churchill resigns; Anthony Eden succeeds him PH : West Germany becomes a sovereign state PH : Western European Union (WEU) comes into being PH : Argentina ousts Perón DL : Rosa Parks refuses to sit at the back of the bus :
Martin Luther King, Jr., leads black boycott of Montgomery, Ala., bus system (1 Dec.); desegregated service begins 21 Dec. 1956 LT : Wallace Stevens dies 2 August M : Arthur Honegger dies 27 November
PH : Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco PH : Workers' uprising against Communist rule in Poznan, Poland, is crushed in June; rebellion inspires Hungarian students to stage a protest against Communism in Budapest in Oct. Hungarian rebellion forces Soviet troops to withdraw from Budapest in Oct. DL : T.V. remote control invented LT : Richard Wilbur: Things of This World M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Gesang der Junglinge
(electronic work)
M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Zeitmasse
M : John Cage : Music for Piano M : Edgard Varčse : Good Friday Procession in Verges
M : Elliott Cook Carter : M : Ernst Toch : Third Symphony M : William Turner Walton : Cello Concerto M : Francis Poulenc : Flute Sonata M : Francis Poulenc : Opera, Dialogues des carmélites
M : Leonard Bernstein : Opera, Candide
PH : Japan, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia admitted to the United Nations PH : Egypt takes control of Suez Canal in July, Israel launches attack on Egypt's Sinai
peninsula and drives toward Suez Canal in Oct., British and French invade Port Said
on the Suez Canal on 5 Nov., Cease-fire forced by U.S. pressure stops British, French, and Israeli advance 6 Nov. PH : Imre Nagy announces Hungary's withdrawal from Warsaw Pact; Soviet troops enter and reclaim Budapest in Nov. PH : Morocco gains independence LT : Walter de la Mare dies 22 June
PH : European Economic Community established ST : Soviet satellite Sputnik launches "Space Age" LT : Theodore Roethke: The Exorcism LT : Howard Nemerov: Homecoming Game M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Gruppen
M : Pierre Boulez : Sonata M : Harrison Birtwistle : Refrains and Choruses
for wind quintet
M : Paul Hindemith : Opera, Die Harmonie der Welt
M : Ernst Bacon : Elegy
M : Ernst Bacon : M : Ernst Bacon : Concerto Grosso M : Milton Byron Babbitt : All Set
for jazz ensemble
M : William Turner Walton : Partita M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Piano Concerto M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Samuel Barber : Opera, Vanessa
M : Leonard Bernstein : Musical, West Side Story
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Noye's Fludde
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Agon
M : Stephen Sondheim : Lyrics, West Side Story
PH : Eisenhower Doctrine calls for aid to Mideast countries which resist armed aggression from Communist-controlled nations DL : Little Rock, Arkansas, school integration crisis PH : Ghana and Malaysia admitted to the United Nations M : Jean Sibelius dies 20 September
ST : NASA founded VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper dies LT : Theodore Roethke: Words for the Wind LT : Archibald MacLeish: J.B. LT : T S Eliot: The Elder Statesman LT : ee cummings: 95 Poems M : John Cage : Aria M : Pierre Boulez : Figure-Double-Prisme
M : Edgard Varčse : Počme électronique
M : Olivier Messiaen : Catalogue d'oiseaux
for piano
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Funeral Music
for strings
PH : Egypt and Syria merge into United Arab Republic PH : Khrushchev becomes premier of Soviet Union as Bulganin resigns PH : Eisenhower orders U.S. Marines into Lebanon at request of President Chamoun, who fears overthrow PH : New French constitution adopted 28 Sept., de Gaulle elected president of 5th Republic PH : Guinea admitted to the United Nations M : Ralph Vaughan Williams dies 26 August
PH : Cuban President Batista resigns and flees — Castro becomes dictator of Cuba LT : The Sound of Music opens on Broadway M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Zyklys
M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Refrain
M : John Cage : Fontana Mix
M : Harrison Birtwistle : Monody for Corpus Christi
for soprano, flute, horn and violin
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Song cycle, Mostly About Love
M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Symphony M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Cello Concerto M : Francis Poulenc : Gloria
for soprano, choir, and orchestra
M : Carl Orff : Opera, Oedipus der Tyrann
M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Dance Panels
M : Stephen Sondheim : Lyrics, Gypsy
PH : Alaska and Hawaii become states ST : Leakeys discover hominid fossils ST : St. Lawrence Seaway opens, allowing ocean ships to reach Midwest
ST : Lasers invented LT : Howard Nemerov: A Commodity of Dreams M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kontakte
(electronic work)
M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Carré
M : John Cage : Theater Piece :, from guidelines 8 performers create their own actions and sounds
M : John Cage : Cartridge Music
M : Harrison Birtwistle : Precis
a piano solo
M : Harrison Birtwistle : Three Sonatas M : Lukas Foss : Time Cycle
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Missa pro defunctis
M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Scontri
('Collisions'), for orchestra
M : William Turner Walton : Symphony M : Dmitry Shostakovich : String Quartet M : Carl Orff : Christmas play, Ludus de Nato Infante Mirificus
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, A Midsummer Night's Dream
PH : American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, shot down over Russia ; Khrushchev kills Paris summit conference as a result PH : Communist China and Soviet Union split in conflict over Communist ideology PH : Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Madagascar, and Zaire (Belgian Congo) gain independence PH : Cuba begins confiscation of $770 million of U.S. property PH : Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia and Togo admitted to the United Nations
PH : Berlin Wall built ST : Soviets launch first man in space LT : Richard Wilbur: Advice to a Prophet and Other Poems LT : Theodore Roethke: I Am! Says the Lamb M : Pierre Boulez : Structures for 2 pianos
Book II
M : Harrison Birtwistle : The World Discovered
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Double Concerto M : Witold Lutoslawski : Venetian Games
for chamber orchestra
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : Composition
for synthesizer
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : Vision and Prayer
M : Darius Milhaud : Symphony M : Zoltán Kodály : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : War Requiem
PH : Robert Frost recites The Gift Outright at John F. Kennedy's inauguration as president of U.S. PH : U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba 3 Jan.; Cuba invaded at Bay of Pigs by an estimated 1,200 anti-Castro exiles aided by U.S.; invasion crushed 17 April PH : Mauritania, Mongolia, Sierra Leone and United Republic of Tanzania admitted to the United Nations
VA : Marc Chagall : Dance VA : Andy Warhol exhibits his Campbell's Soup Can PH : Cuban Missile Crisis LT : Robert Frost: In the Clearing LT : ee cummings: Adventures in Value M : John Cage : 4'33" No.2 or 0'0" :
solo to be performed in any way by anyone
M : Pierre Boulez : Pli selon pli
(includes soprano)
M : Harrison Birtwistle : Entr'acts
for flute, viola and harp
M : Paul Hindemith : Organ Concerto M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Genesis I, Elementi
('The Elements') for string trio
M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Genesis II, Canti strumentali
('Instrumental Songs') for orchestra
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Francis Poulenc : Clarinet Sonata M : Francis Poulenc : Oboe Sonata M : Samuel Barber : Piano Concerto
M : Aaron Copland : Connotations
for orchestra
M : Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
PH : France agrees to Algeria's independence PH : Burundi, Jamaica, Western Samoa, Uganda, and Trinidad and Tobago become independent RP : Pope John XXIII opens Second Vatican Council — Council holds four sessions, finally closing 8 Dec., 1965 ST : Rachel Carson's Silent Spring ST : Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., is first American to orbit Earth—three times in 4 hr 55 min PH : Algeria, Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago and Uganda admitted to the United Nations LT : ee cummings dies 3 September
LT : Theodore Roethke: Party at the Zoo and Sequence, Sometimes Metaphysical published (posth.) M : Harrison Birtwistle : Music for Sleep
(a child-performed lullabye)
M : Harrison Birtwistle : Narration: a description of the passing of the year"
for acapella chorus
M : Harrison Birtwistle : Chorales M : Paul Hindemith : Mass M : Lukas Foss : Echoi
M : Olivier Messiaen : Couleurs de la cité céleste
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Three Poems of Henri Michaux
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : Philomel M : Leonard Bernstein : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : ST : Artificial heart implanted in human for first time; patient lives for four days RP : Pope John XXIII dies; succeeded by Cardinal Montini, who becomes Paul VI PH : U.K.'s Profumo scandal PH : Civil rights rally held by 200,000 blacks and whites in Washington, D.C.; Martin Luther King delivers "I have a dream" speech PH : Washington-to-Moscow "hot line" communications link opens, designed to reduce risk of accidental war PH : President Kennedy shot and killed by sniper in Dallas, Tex. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president same day PH : Kenya achieves independence PH : Kenya and Kuwait admitted to the United Nations LT : Robert Frost dies 29 January M : Francis Poulenc dies 30 January LT : Theodore Roethke dies 1 August VA : Georges Braque dies M : Paul Hindemith dies 28 December
