| | PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | | RP : | Luther: German Mass | | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
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| | PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | | PH : | The Sack of Rome | | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
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| | RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
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| | PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | | ED : | University of Granada founded | | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
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| | M : | Orlande de Lassus born | | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| | PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | | VA : | Correggio dies |
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| | PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | | ST : | First diving bells | | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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| | PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| | PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| | RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd born | | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| | PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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| | PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
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| | ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
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| | PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | | ED : | University of Messina founded | | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
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| | RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
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| | ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | | ED : | University of Lima founded | | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
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| | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
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| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
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| | PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
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| | PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
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| | M : | Thomas Morley born | | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | | ED : | University of Jena founded | | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | | PH : | French retake Calais |
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| | PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | | ED : | University of Geneva founded | | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
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| | RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
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| | PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
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| | M : | John Dowland born | | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salò moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | | DL : | Plague in Paris | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton born | | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | | RP : | Council of Trent ends | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
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| | PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | | RP : | Scots' Psalter | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
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| | RP : | Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration | | ED : | Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae | | RP : | Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps | | RP : | Pope Pius IV dies | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections | | ST : | Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science | | DL : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London | | DL : | Pencils manufactured in England | | DL : | Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England |
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| | PH : | Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey | | RP : | Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland | | PH : | Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession | | RP : | Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V | | DL : | Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice |
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| | PH : | Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent | | PH : | Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency | | PH : | In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government | | ED : | Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.) | | RP : | Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy | | ED : | University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded | | ST : | Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean | | PH : | Rio de Janeiro founded | | DL : | Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May |
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| | PH : | Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II | | PH : | Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France | | PH : | Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king | | DL : | First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys | | RP : | First translation of the Bible into Czech | | RP : | Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible | | ED : | English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England | | RP : | Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts | | ST : | Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain | | DL : | Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder born |
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| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin | | ST : | Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter | | ST : | Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use | | DL : | 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic | | DL : | Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty | | PH : | Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden | | PH : | Imperial Diet meets at Speyer | | DL : | Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade | | PH : | Turks declare war on Venice | | LT : | Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama | | M : | Jean Antoine de Baïf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris | | ED : | Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education | | RP : | Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits | | RP : | Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I | | RP : | Missale Romanum issued by Pius V | | M : | Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy | | M : | Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso) | | ST : | Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps | | DL : | Nuremberg postal services begin |
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| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty | | PH : | Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots | | DL : | Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England | | RP : | Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy | | ED : | Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public | | RP : | Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments | | ED : | Harrow School founded by John Lyon | | ED : | Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price |
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| | LT : | John Donne born | | PH : | Dutch War of Independence begins | | PH : | Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective | | RP : | Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there | | PH : | Fourth War of Religion begins in France | | ED : | Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion | | ED : | Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae | | RP : | Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae | | RP : | Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII | | M : | "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona | | ST : | Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel | | ST : | Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way | | ST : | Society of Antiquaries founded in London | | DL : | Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem | | VA : | Bronzino dies | | LT : | Ben Jonson born 11 June |
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| | PH : | Peace of Constantinople ends war between Turks and Venice | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected King of Poland; returns to France to succeed his brother Charles IX | | PH : | Fourth Fr. War of Religion ends; Huguenots granted an amnesty | | PH : | Wan-Li begins reign as 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty in China | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum established in Rome | | RP : | François Hofman: Francogallia, a treatise on election and deposition of kings | | M : | Orlando di Lasso: Patrocinium musices | | ST : | Francis Drake sees Pacific Ocean for first time | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) born |
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| | PH : | Charles IX of France dies; succeeded by his brother Henry III, King of Poland | | PH : | Selim II, Sultan of Turkey dies; succeeded by Murad III | | PH : | Fifth French War of Religion | | RP : | First auto-da-fé in Mexico | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Discours sur les causes de l'extrême cherté en France, on luxury | | RP : | Hubert Languet: Vindiciae contra tyrannos, political theories of the Huguenots | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Ulissi Aldovrandi: Antidotarii Bononiensis epitome, a treatise on drugs | | ST : | Conrad Dasypodius builds the famous Strasbourg clock | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari dies |
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| | M : | Thomas Tallis : Motets, Cantiones sacrae
published jointly with William Byrd
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
(joint collection with Thomas Tallis
| | PH : | King Henry III of France crowned at Rheims | | PH : | Stephen Báthory of Transylvania becomes King of Poland | | PH : | Freedom from arrest granted by Eng. Parliament for its members and their servants | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain | | ED : | University of Leiden founded by William of Orange | | ST : | Tycho Brahe constructs an observatory at Uraniborg for Frederick II of Denmark | | ST : | George Turberville: Book of Falconrie | | DL : | Outbreaks of plague in Sicily, spreading through Italy up to Milan |
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| | PH : | Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed in Delft | | RP : | Edict of Beaulieu tolerating Reformed religion in France | | PH : | Emperor Maximilian II dies; succeeded by his brother Rudolf II | | ED : | Académy du Palais founded in Paris by Henry III, associated with Baïf's Académie of 1570 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: La république, advocating constitutional change | | RP : | League of Torgau, supporting opinions of the Lutherans, draws up Articles of Faith | | ED : | University of Warsaw, Poland, founded | | ST : | Clusius publishes his treatise on flowers of Spain and Portugal; beginning of modern botany | | ST : | Robert Norman, English hydrographer, discovers magnetic 'dip', or inclination | | ST : | François Viète introduces decimal fractions | | VA : | Titian dies |
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| | PH : | Henry of Navarre recognised head of Huguenot party | | PH : | Perpetual Edict to settle civil war in the Netherlands issued by Don John of Austria; rejected by William of Orange | | PH : | Sixth Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Peace of Bergerac ends sixth War of Religion | | RP : | William Allot: Thesaurus Bibliorum | | ED : | Richard Eden: History of Travel in East and West Indies | | RP : | Lutheran Book of Concord drafted | | ED : | William Harrison: Description of England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens born |
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| | PH : | Sebastian, King of Portugal, killed at Alcazar during invasion of Morocco | | PH : | John III of Sweden secretly converted to Catholicism | | PH : | Mohammed Khudabanda becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Otomo Yoshishige, one of chief rulers of Japan, converted to Christianity | | ED : | Jacques Cujas: Commentaries on Roman Law | | ED : | Eng. College of Douai removed to Rheims | | ST : | Catacombs of Rome discovered | | DL : | Work begun on Pont Neuf, oldest bridge over Seine River, Paris |
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| | PH : | Signing of Union of Utrecht marks foundation of Dutch Republic | | LT : | Stephen Gosson: The Schools of Abuse, against the theatre | | LT : | Thomas Lodge: A Defense of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays, answer to Gosson | | RP : | St. John of the Cross: Dark Night of the Soul |
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| | PH : | Seventh Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, kills his son and heir with his own hands | | RP : | Last performance of a miracle play in Coventry | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Démonomanie des sorciers, against witchcraft | | RP : | Jesuits Edmund Campion and Robert Parson land in England, begin Jesuit mission | | ED : | François de la Noue: 24 Discours politiques et militaires, Huguenot point of view on Fr. Wars of Religion | | RP : | Michel de Montaigne: Essais | | ST : | Francis Drake returns to England from voyage of circumnavigation | | DL : | Venice imports coffee from Turkey to Italy | | DL : | Earthquake in London | | DL : | New building banned in London to restrict growth of city | | VA : | Frans Hals born (year approximate) |
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| | RP : | Edmund Campion, Eng. Jesuit, tried for treason and executed | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII attempts to reconcile Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches | | PH : | James VI of Scotland signs Second Confession of Faith | | ED : | Lancelot Popelinière: Premier Livre de l'idée de l'histoire accomplieé, contemporary history | | M : | Vincenzo Galiglei: Dialogo della musica antica e moderna | | ST : | William Borough: A Discourse on the Variation of the Compass or Magneticall Needle | | ST : | Elizabeth I knights Francis Drake at Deptford | | ST : | Galileo Galilei discovers isochronous property of the pendulum | | DL : | Sedan chairs in general use in England |
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| | PH : | Raid of Ruthven: James VI kidnapped by Protestant nobles | | DL : | Gregorian Calendar adopted in Papal States, Spain, and Portugal, France and the Netherlands and Scandinavia | | PH : | Nobunaga, ruler of Japan, assassinated | | PH : | Venetian Constitution amended; authority of Council of Ten restricted | | ED : | George Buchanan: Rerum Scoticarum historiae | | RP : | Jesuit mission founded in China | | ED : | Utrecht Library founded | | ED : | University of Edinburgh founded | | ED : | Richard Hakluyt: Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America | | ST : | Urbain Hémand investigates the anatomy of the teeth | | DL : | Royal Navy gets graduated pay according to rank | | DL : | London's first waterworks founded; water wheels installed on London Bridge |
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| | DL : | England adopts Gregorian Calendar | | PH : | James VI of Scotland escapes from hands of Ruthven raiders after 10 months | | LT : | Queen's Company of Players formed in London by Sir Edmund Tilney | | RP : | Francesco Sansovino: Del Governo et ammistrazione di diversi regni et republiche | | ED : | Joseph Justus Scaliger: Opus de emendatione temporum, foundation of modern chronology | | RP : | Sir Thomas Smith: De repubica Anglorum, on government machinery in England | | DL : | First known life insurance in England, on life of William Gibbons | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi born in September |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, dies; succeeded as Czar of Russia by his son Fyodor, who relinquishes most of his powers to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov | | ED : | Foundation of Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Lucca | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: Spaccio della bestia trionfante | | RP : | Nicholas Sanders: De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani | | RP : | Reginald Scot: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, attacking superstition | | ED : | Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay | | ED : | Uppingham School founded | | DL : | Dutch trading post founded at Archangel, Russia | | ST : | Sir Walter Raleigh discovers and annexes Virginia | | DL : | Banco di Rialto founded in Venice | | ST : | Oldest extant wave-swept lighthouse erected at Cordouan, at the mouth of the Gironde River |
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| | PH : | Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England decline sovereignty of the Netherlands; but Elizabeth takes the Netherlands under her protection | | PH : | Hideyoshi sets up dictatorship in Japan | | LT : | Teatro Olimpico, in Vicenza, opened | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII dies; Cardinal Felice Peretti becomes Pope Sixtus V | | ED : | Jesuit University founded in Graz, Austria | | ST : | Simon Stevin formulates the law of equilibrium | | ST : | Lucas Janszoon Waghearen: Spiegel der Zeevaart, a book of sailing directions | | ST : | Bartholomew Newsam constructs first Eng. travelling and standing clocks | | M : | Heinrich Schütz born 9 October | | M : | Thomas Tallis dies 23 November |
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| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason at Fotheringay; sentence is pronounced against her; Elizabeth confirms it | | PH : | Abbas I becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, dies | | LT : | Beginning of Kabuki theatre, Japan | | LT : | William Webbe: Discourse of English Poetrie | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Annales ecclesiastici, history of the Roman Catholic Church | | PH : | Ludwig Pfyffer forms League of the Seven Swiss Catholic Cantons | | ED : | William Camden: Britannia, guide to the counties of Britain | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V fixes number of cardinals at 70; issues bull, "Detestablilis", forbidding usury | | DL : | Corn severely short in England |
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| | M : | Samuel Scheidt born | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book I of Madrigals
| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, executed at Fotheringay | | PH : | A son of King John of Sweden succeeds Stephen Báthory as Sigismund III of Poland | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V proclaims Catholic crusade for invasion of England | | LT : | First company of Eng. players in Germany | | RP : | Antonio Agustino: Dialogo de medallas y inscriciones, on numismatics (posth.) | | RP : | John Knox: Hystory of the Reformation in Scotland (posth.) | | RP : | Rederijckkunst, Dutch manual on rhetoric | | M : | Zeminoth Israel publishes early collection of Jewish songs | | DL : | Construction of Rialto Bridge, Venice, by Antonio da Ponte |
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| | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Sonets & Songs
| | PH : | Frederick II of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian IV | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, assassinated by order of Henry III; another brother, the Duke of Mayenne, becomes leader of Catholic League | | RP : | William Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh | | RP : | Jan Blahoslav's Czech translation of New Testament incorporated in Kralice Bible | | RP : | Thomas Stapleton: Tres Thomae, controversial Roman Catholic tract | | ED : | Vatican Library opened in Rome | | ST : | Joachim Camerarius: Hortus medicus | | ST : | Timothy Bright: An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character, manual of shorthand | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd : Songs of Sundrie Natures
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry III, King of France, last of the house of Valois, assassinated; on his deathbed he recognises Henry, King of Navarre, as his successor, who, as Henry IV, is the first Burbon to become King of France | | PH : | House of Commons first appoints a Standing Committee for Privileges | | LT : | Thomas Nashe: Anatomie of Absurdities, criticism of contemporary literature | | LT : | George Puttenham: The Arte of English Poesie | | RP : | Amador Arrais: Dialogues de Dom Frei Amador Arraiz, Port. conversations on moral and religious themes | | PH : | Boris Godunov asserts Moscow's religious independence of Constantinople | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Politicorum sive Civilis Doctrinae | | ED : | Kiev Academy founded | | ED : | Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Thoinot Arbeau: Orchésographie, early treatise on dancing, with several dance tunes | | ST : | Richard Hakluyt: The Principall Navigations and Discoveries of the English Nation | | DL : | Forks used for the first time at Fr. court | | DL : | The Reverend William Lee (Cambridge) invents the stocking frame, first knitting machine |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VI | | PH : | Catholic League proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon King Charles X of France in Jan; he dies in May | | PH : | Shah Abbas I of Persia makes peace with Turkey | | LT : | Ital. Commedia dell' arte company, "I Accesi", begins activities | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V dies; Cardinal Giambattista Castagna succeeds him as Pope Urban VII and dies 12 days later; Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrato becomes Pope Gregory XIV | | RP : | José de Acosta: Historia natural y moral de las Indias | | ST : | Galileo: De Motu, description of experiments on dropping of various bodies | | ST : | Coal mining begins in the Ruhr |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton: Harmonie of the Church | | M : | William Byrd : My Ladye Nevells Book
collection of keyboard pieces
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry IV of France excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIV | | PH : | Christian I of Saxony dies; succeeded by his eight-year-old son Christian II | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: De immenso et innumerabilis seu de universo et mundis | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIV dies; Cardinal Antonio Facchinetti becomes Pope Innocent IX | | ED : | Trinity College, Dublin, founded by Elizabeth I | | ST : | François Viète: In Artem analyticam isagoge, on using letters for algebraic quantities | | DL : | Skittle alleys, in use since the end of the 12th century, become popular in Germany | | LT : | Robert Herrick born in August |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard III and The Comedy of Errors | | LT : | John III of Sweden dies; succeeded by Sigismund III of Poland | | LT : | Emperor Rudolf II makes peace with Poland | | LT : | Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII | | LT : | Thomas Sanchez: De sacramento matrimonii, on religious and legal aspects of marriage | | LT : | Lodovico Zacconi: Prattica di musica, original edition | | LT : | Galileo: Della scienza mechanica, problems of raising weights | | ST : | Ruined Roman city of Pompeii discovered | | DL : | Plague kills 15,000 people in London | | DL : | Windmills used in Holland to drive mechanical saws |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus and The Taming of the Shrew | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Idea, the Shepherd's Garland and Peirs Gaveston | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
| | PH : | Rudolf II renews war against Turkey | | PH : | Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic, hearing Mass at St. Denis: "Paris is well worth a mass" | | LT : | London theatres closed because of the plague | | RP : | Pierre Charron: Les Trois Vérités, Fr. theological treatise | | ST : | First Fr. botanical gardens established by University of Montpellier | | ST : | Giambattista della Porta: De refractione, optices parte, with an account of binocular vision | | DL : | Sant' Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan | | LT : | George Herbert born 3 April | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, King John | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Matilda and Idea's Mirror | | M : | Thomas Morley : Madrigals to Four Voyces
| | PH : | Henry IV, having been crowned King of France at Chartres, enters Paris | | RP : | Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship | | LT : | London theatres open again in May | | ST : | Giordano Bruno seized by the Vatican for supporting Copernican theory of the universe | | RP : | Richard Hooker: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (vols 1-4) | | ED : | Piere Matthieu: Histoire des derniers troubles de France | | M : | Elizabeth I sends a Thomas Dallam organ to Sultan of Turkey | | M : | Dafne, by Jacopo Peri, first opera | | ST : | Galileo's Golden Rule | | VA : | Tintoretto dies | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies 2 February | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin born | | M : | Orlande de Lassus dies 14 June |
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