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Gustav Holst
LT : Walt Whitman: A Prayer of Columbus and Song of the Redwood Tree LT : Thomas Hardy: Far From the Madding Crowd M : Richard Wagner : Der Ring des Nibelungen
('The Ring of the Nibelungs'), completed
M : Richard Wagner : Opera, Götterdämmerung
('Twilight of the Gods')
M : Giuseppe Verdi : Requiem Mass M : Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Die Fledermaus
('The Bat')
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Variations on a theme of Beethoven
for two pianos
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Danse macabre
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, Sunless
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Pictures at an Exhibition
for piano (orchestrated later by Ravel and others)
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Boris Godunov
(later revised by Rimsky)
M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Georges Bizet : Opera, Carmen
VA : Berthe Morisot : The Butterfly Chase ST : A.T. Still founds osteopathy PH : Alfonso XII, son of Queen Isabella, proclaimed King of Spain DL : Civil marriage is made compulsory in Germany PH : End of Ashanti war RP : Ernst Haeckel: Anthropogenie DL : First American zoo established in Philadelphia VA : First impressionist exhibition RP : Henry Sidgwick: Methods of Ethics M : Paris Opéra completed DL : Pressure-cooking methods for canning foods introduced DL : Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in New York ST : Streptococci and staphylococci discovered PH : Swiss Constitution revised DL : Tennis introduced to the U.S. DL : Union Générale des Postes established in Berne, Switzerland LT : Robert Frost born 26 March M : Arnold Schoenberg born 13 September M : Gustav Holst born 21 September M : Charles Ives born 20 October
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Queen Mary VA : Gustave Caillebotte : The Floor Strippers M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Piano Concerto M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Trial by Jury
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Piano Concerto M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, Songs and Dances of Death
(plus additional song, 'The Field Marshal', in 1877)
M : Edvard Grieg : Incidental music Peer Gynt
M : Antonin Dvorák : Serenade M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Der Makkabäer
('The Maccabees')
VA : Claude Monet : Woman with a Parasol VA : Berthe Morisot : A Woman at her Toilette VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Young Woman with a Veil ST : Element gallium discovered RP : Emile Laveleye: Le Protestantisme et le Catholicisme DL : First roller-skating rink opens in London DL : First swim across English Channel - Captain Matthew Webb ED : Heinrich Schliemann: Troy and Its Remains PH : Japanese courts of law are reformed PH : Kwang Hsu becomes Emperor of China ED : London Medical School for Women founded RP : Mary Baker Eddy: Science and Health DL : Public Health Act is passed in Britain PH : Rebellion in Cuba RP : Religious orders abolished in Prussia PH : Risings in Bosnia and Herzegovina against Turk. rule VA : The "Hermes" of Praxiteles found at Olympia, Greece RP : Theosophical Society founded by Helena Blavatsky VA : Jean-François Millet dies 20 January VA : Camille Corot dies 22 February M : Maurice Ravel born 7 March M : Georges Bizet dies 3 June
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Star LT : Thomas Hardy: The Hand of Ethelberta M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Fatinitza
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Mirror of Venus M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Marche Slave
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphonic fantasy, Francesca da Rimini
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, Swan Lake
M : Bedrich Smetana : String Quartet M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Quintet M : Edvard Grieg : Ballade M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Léo Delibes : Ballet, Sylvia
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Ball at the VA : John William Waterhouse : After The Dance ST : Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone ST : Anthrax bacillus discovered M : Bayreuth Festspielhaus opens with first complete performance of Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen DL : Deutsche Richsbank opens RP : F.H. Bradley: Ethical Studies DL : First Chin. railroad is completed DL : First tennis tournament in U.S. ED : Heinrich Schliemann excavates Mycenae ED : Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, opens PH : Korea becomes an independent nation RP : Lombroso: The Criminal PH : Montenegro declares war on Turkey PH : Serbia declares war on Turkey PH : Sultan Abdul Aziz deposed in May; his successor, Murad V, deposed in August and succeeded by Abdul Hamid II DL : World Exhibition at Philadelphia VA : Second Impressionist Exhibition M : Manuel de Falla born 23 November
VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper born VA : Gustave Caillebotte : Street in Paris: M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Sorcerer
M : Arthur Sullivan : Ballad, M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Opera, Samson and Delilah
M : Antonin Dvorák : Stabat Mater
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphonic Variations M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony VA : Dante Gabriel Rossetti : A Sea Spell DL : "Blue Cross" Founded to fight alcoholism by Swiss theologian Louis Lucien Rochet ST : Canals on Mars observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli ST : Edison invents phonograph DL : Famine in Bengal PH : First Kaffir War DL : First public telephones (U.S.) RP : J.C.F. Zöllner: Treatise of Spiritualism ST : Lord Rayleigh: Treatise on Sound ST : Oxygen liquefied DL : Patent Protection Law enacted in Germany PH : Porfirio Diaz- President of Mexico PH : Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India PH : Russia declares war on Turkey and invades Rumania; Serbia declares war on Turkey PH : Satsuma revolt in Japan suppressed VA : Third impressionist exhibition, Paris VA : Third Impressionist Exhibition VA : Raoul Dufy born VA : Frank E. Schoonover born VA : Gustave Courbet dies 31 December
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Return of the Native VA : Gustave Caillebotte : The Orange Trees M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Violin Concerto M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Eugene Onegin
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, H.M.S. Pinafore
M : Antonin Dvorák : Serenade M : Antonin Dvorák : M : Johannes Brahms : M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Piano Concerto VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : Miranda M : A. W. Ambros: Geschichte der Musik PH : Anti-Socialist Law enacted in Germany DL : Bicycle Touring Club founded in England DL : C.I.D., New Scotland Yard, established in London RP : Charles Pierce: How to Make Our Ideas Clear (Philosophy of Pragmatism) VA : Cleopatra's Needle is moved to London DL : Deutscher Fussballverein, Hanover, founded DL : Electric street lighting is introduced in London DL : First European crematorium established at Gotha, Germany DL : First bicycles manufactured in America M : George Grove begins Dictionary of Music and Musicians RP : George Romanes: A Candid Examination of Theism RP : German historian Heinrich Treitschke begins racial anti-Semite movement, and Berlin court preacher Adolf Stoecker founds Christlich-Soziale Arbeiterpartei PH : Greece declares war on Turkey ST : Iodoform first used as an antiseptic DL : Karl Benz builds motorised tricycle with top speed of seven miles per hour ST : Microphone invented DL : Paris World Exhibition RP : Pope Pius IX dies; Cardinal Count Pecci succeeds as Leo XIII DL : Repeater rifle produced PH : Turk-Russ. armistice signed PH : Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy dies; succeeded by his son Humbert I ED : W.E. Lecky: History of England in the Eighteenth Century VA : Charles-François Daubigny dies 19 February VA : Malevich born M : Franz Schreker born 23 March LT : John Masefield born 1 June LT : William Cullen Bryant dies 12 June
VA : Mary Cassatt : The Cup of Tea VA : Mary Cassatt : At the Opera M : Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Boccaccio
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Pirates of Penzance
M : Bedrich Smetana : Má Vlast ('My Fatherland')
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, May Night
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : String Quartet VA : Edouard Manet : In the Conservatory VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Irene Cahen d'Anvers RP : A.J. Balfour: Defence of Philosophic Doubt PH : Alexander of Battenberg elected Prince Alexander I of Bulgaria RP : Anti-Jesuit Laws introduced in France DL : Brit. churchman W. L. Blackly proposes a scheme for old-age pensions ST : First electric tram exhibited at Berlin Trade Exhibition RP : Henry George: Progress and Poverty RP : Herbert Spencer: Principles of Ethics PH : Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, deposed; succeeded by Tewfik DL : London's first telephone exchange established RP : Mary Baker Eddy becomes pastor of Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston PH : Peace signed with Zulu chiefs RP : Robert Giffen: Essay on Finance ST : Saccharin discovered ST : Scandium discovered DL : The public granted unrestricted admission to the British Museum PH : Treaty of Gandamak ED : Treitschke: History of Germany in the XIXth Century VA : Fourth Impressionist Exhibition M : Ottorino Respighi born 9 July LT : Wallace Stevens born 2 October VA : Paul Klee born
VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Dancers in Pink LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Ballads and Other Poems LT : Thomas Hardy: The Trumpet-Major VA : Mary Cassatt : Lydia in a Loge VA : Gustave Caillebotte : View Across a Balcony VA : Alexandre Cabanel : Phčdre VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Golden Stairs M : Jules Massenet : Oratorio, La Vierge
('The Virgin')
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Scottish Fantasia
for violin and orchestra
VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Temptation M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Serenade for Strings
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Capriccio Italien
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture, 1812
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Roses from the South
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Violin concerto M : Jacques Offenbach : Opera, Les Contes d'Hoffmann
('The Tales of Hoffmann'); orchestration completed posthumously by Ernest Guiraud
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Sorochintsky Fair
(completed by Anatol Lyadov and others)
M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Khovanshchina
(completed by Rimsky)
M : Gustav Mahler : Des Knaben Wunderhorn ('Youth's Magic Horn')
M : Antonin Dvorák : Violin Concerto M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony M : Léo Delibes : Opera, Jean de Nivelle
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : In the Steppes of Central Asia
M : Johannes Brahms : M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Kupets Kalashnikov
('The Merchant Kalashnikov')
VA : Alfred Sisley : The Chemin de By DL : Canned fruits and meats first appear in stores ST : Chicken cholera vaccine developed by Pasteur ST : First practical electric lights devised RP : John Claird: Philosophy of Religion M : London Guildhall School of Music founded ST : Malarial parasite discovered DL : New York streets are first lit by electricity PH : Pacific War: Chile against Bolivia and Peru DL : Parcel post introduced in England PH : Transvaal declares itself independent of Britain DL : World Exhibition takes place in Melbourne VA : Fifth Impressionist Exhibition M : Jacques Offenbach dies 5 October
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Cup LT : Christina Rossetti: A Pageant and Other Poems LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Kings Tragedy and Ballads and Sonnets with The House of Life LT : Thomas Hardy: A Laodicean VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Dance Class M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Hérodiade
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Kol Nidrei
Adagio on Hebrew melodies, for cello and orchestra
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Patience
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Violin Sonata M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Snow Maiden
M : Edvard Grieg : M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Ballade
for piano and orchestra
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Pičces pittoresques
('Picturesque Pieces') for piano
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : String Quartet M : Johannes Brahms : VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : At the Tepidarium VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Luncheon of PH : Austro-Serbian treaty of alliance LT : D'Oyly Carte builds the Savoy Theatre, London RP : Edward Tylor: Anthropology DL : Flogging abolished in Brit. Army and Navy DL : Freedom of press established in France PH : President Garfield is shot and killed in Sept. and succeeded by Chester Arthur GO ! ED : Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, opened RP : Persecution of Jews in Russia PH : Political parties founded in Japan DL : The first of all cabarets, "Chat Noir", Paris, founded PH : Treaty of Pretoria: Britain recognises independent Transvaal Republic ED : University College, Liverpool, founded ED : Vatican archives opened to scholars VA : Sixth Impressionist Exhibition M : Béla Bartók born 25 March M : Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky dies 28 March VA : Pablo Ruiz y Picasso born
LT : Walt Whitman: Specimen Days and Collect LT : Thomas Hardy: Two on a Tower VA : Mary Cassatt : Girl Sewing VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Evening Mood M : Richard Wagner : Music drama, Parsifal
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Iolanthe
M : Charles-François Gounod : Oratorio, La Rédemption
M : Léo Delibes : Incidental music Le Roi s'amuse , ('The King's Pleasure')
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Prelude and Fugue in G major
VA : Edouard Manet : Bar at the Folies-Bergere DL : Bank of Japan founded M : Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra founded RP : Besant: All Sorts and Conditions of Men ED : Charles University, Prague, divided into Ger. and Czech institutions ST : Edison designs first hydroelectric plant in Wisconsin RP : Leslie Stephen: Science of Ethics DL : London Chamber of Commerce established RP : Nietzche: Die fröliche Wissenschaft PH : Prince Milan Obrenovich of Serbia proclaims himself king DL : Queen Victoria gives Epping Forest to the nation DL : Recoil-operated machine gun patented PH : Triple Alliance between Italy, Austria, and Germany DL : U.S. bans Chinese immigrants for 10 years RP : Viennese physician Joseph Breuer uses hypnosis to treat hysteria (beginnings of psychoanalysis) DL : World Exhibition in Moscow VA : Seventh Impressionist Exhibition LT : Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies 10 April VA : Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies 10 April VA : Georges Braque born M : Igor Stravinsky born 17 June VA : Edward Hopper born in New York VA : Newell Convers Wyeth born M : Zoltán Kodály born 16 December
M : Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Eine Nacht in Venedig
('A Night in Venice')
M : Richard Strauss : Horn Concerto M : Bedrich Smetana : String Quartet M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Antonin Dvorák : Scherzo Capriccioso
M : Léo Delibes : Opera, Lakmé
(including the famous 'Flower Duet' and the 'Bell Song')
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Rhapsody Espańa
for orchestra
M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony DL : Bismarck introduces sickness insurance in Germany DL : Brooklyn Bridge, New York, opened to traffic RP : F. H. Bradley: The Principles of Logic RP : Fabian Society founded in London ST : First skyscraper built in Chicago, 10 stories RP : Jr. R. Seeley: The Expansion of England RP : Lester War: Dynamic Sociology M : Metropolitan Opera House, New York, founded RP : Nietzche: Thus Spake Zarathustra DL : Orient Express Paris- Istanbul makes its first run PH : Paul Kruger - President of South African Republic ST : Robert Kock describes a method of preventive inoculation against anthrax M : Royal College of Music, London, founded ST : Synthetic fibre produced DL : U.S. Civil Service reforms begin DL : U.S. frontiersman W. F Cody ("Buffalo Bill") organises his "Wild West Show" DL : World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam M : Richard Wagner dies 13 February VA : Edouard Manet dies 30 April M : Sir George Dyson born 28 May M : Edgard Varčse born 22 December
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Manon
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Princess Ida
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Le villi
M : Gustav Mahler : Song-cycle, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen
('Songs of a Wayfarer')
M : Edvard Grieg : M : Edvard Grieg : M : Anton Bruckner : Te Deum
for chorus and orchestra
VA : Georges Seurat : Bathing at Asnieres DL : Le Matin , Paris, issuedPH : Berlin Conference of 14 nations on African affairs DL : Divorce re-established in France ST : Electrical precipitation discovered DL : First deep tube (underground railroad), London ST : First practical steam turbine engine invented PH : Fr. Law excludes members of former dynasties from presidency DL : Gold discovered in the Transvaal, rise of Johannesburg RP : Herbert Spencer: The Man versus the State ST : Ilya Mechinikov: Theory of Phagocytes RP : Kropotkin: Paroles du'un revolte PH : London Convention on Transvaal ED : Oxford English Dictionary begins publication ST : Tetanus bacillus discovered M : Bedrich Smetana dies 12 May LT : Gerard Manley Hopkins born 28 July LT : Sara Teasdale born 8 August
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Tiresias and Other Poems LT : Christina Rossetti: Time Flies VA : Mary Cassatt : The Sisters M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Cid
M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Achilleus
for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Manfred Symphony M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Mikado
M : Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Der Zigeunerbaron
('The Gypsy Baron')
M : Charles-François Gounod : Petite Symphonie
for wind instruments
M : Charles-François Gounod : Oratorio, Mors et Vita
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Opera, Gwendoline
M : Johannes Brahms : Symphony VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : A Tale from Homer ED : Albert Sorel: Europe and the French Revolution DL : First Leipzig Fair PH : Grover Cleveland inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! RP : Henry Maine: Popular Government DL : John M. Fox introduces golf to America RP : Karl Marx: Das Kapital , vol 2 (posth.) PH : King Alfonso XII of Spain dies; Queen Maria Christina becomes regent ST : Pasteur devises a rabies vaccine to cure hydrophobia ST : Sir Francis Galton prove the individuality of fingerprints RP : The Mormons split into polygamous and monogamous sections RP : Tolstoi: My Religion M : Alban Berg born 9 February M : Domenico Scarlatti born 26 October
LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Locksley Hall Sixty Years After LT : Thomas Hardy: The Mayor of Casterbridge VA : Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Tub VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Child at Bath M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Otello
M : Arthur Sullivan : Cantata, The Golden Legend
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Wedding Cake Caprice M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Carnival of the Animals
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphony M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Piano Quartet M : Antonin Dvorák : M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Souvenirs de Munich
for piano duet
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite espańola
for piano
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Gladiator
VA : Sir John Everett Millais : Bubbles VA : Georges Seurat : Sunday Afternoon in the RP : Adolf von Harnack: History of Dogma PH : Alexander of Bulgaria abdicates after coup d'état; Stefan Stambulov becomes regent ST : Aluminum produced by electrolysis DL : American Federation of Labor founded ST : Aminopyrine and acitanelide discovered RP : Andrew Carnagie: Triumphant Democracy ED : Auguste Fournier: Napoleon I (3 vols) ED : British School of Archaeology opens at Athens M : Charles Mustel of Paris invents the celesta DL : English Lawn Tennis Association founded PH : First Indian National Congress meets RP : Fluorine produced ST : Germanium discovered PH : Gladstone introduces bill for Home Rule in Ireland ST : Hydroelectric installations are begun at Niagara Falls PH : King Louis II of Bavaria dies; succeeded by Otto I; his uncle Luitpold becomes regent ED : Pasteur Institute, Paris, founded RP : Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis ST : Steam first used to sterilise surgical instruments VA : Last Impressionist Exhibition LT : Emily Dickinson dies 15 May M : Franz Liszt dies 31 July LT : Joyce Kilmer born 6 December
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Woodlanders VA : Alexandre Cabanel : Cleopatra Testing Poisons VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Depths M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Ruddigore
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Spanish Capriccio M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song, Claire de lune
('Moonlight')
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Pavane
for orchestra (and optional chorus)
M : Antonin Dvorák : Piano Quintet M : Frederick Delius : Florida Suite
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Opera, Le Roi malgré lui
('The Reluctant King')
M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Opera, Prince Igor
(completed by Korsakov and Glazunov)
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Rapsodia espańola
for piano and orchestra (later arranged for piano)
M : Johannes Brahms : VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Women of Amphissa M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Cantata, Blest Pair of Sirens
VA : John William Waterhouse : Merriamne Leaving the LT : Antoine founds the Théâtre Libre in Paris DL : Edison and Swan combine to produce Ediswan electrical lamps PH : First Colonial Conference opens in London VA : H.W. Goodwin invents celluloid film LT : I. Donnelly: The Great Cryptogram, Francis Bacon's Cypher in the So-called Shakespeare Play ST : Joseph Lockyer: The Chemistry of the Sun ST : Phenacetin, an analgesic drug, discovered PH : Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected King of Bulgaria DL : Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee PH : Union Indo-Chinoise organised by France M : Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin dies 27 February VA : Juan Gris born VA : Marc Chagall born 7 July VA : Marcel Duchamp born LT : Rupert Brooke born 3 August M : Christoph Willibald Gluck dies 15 November LT : Marianne Moore born 15 November VA : Georgia O'Keeffe born M : Ernst Toch born 7 December
LT : Walt Whitman: November Boughs LT : Thomas Hardy: Wessex Tales M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture fantasy, Hamlet
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Yeoman of the Guard
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Juan
M : Erik Satie : Trois gymnopédies,
for piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Russian Easter Festival Overture
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Symphonic Suite, Scheherazade
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Cavalleria rusticana
('Rustic Chivalry')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Edward Elgar : Salut d'amour
M : Emmanuel Chabrier : Marche Joyeuse
for orchestra
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Semper fidelis
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Roses of Heliogabalus VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : The Vision after the Sermon VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : The Call to Arms VA : Vincent van Gogh : Night Cafe VA : Vincent van Gogh : Sunflowers VA : John William Waterhouse : The Lady of Shalott DL : "Jack the Ripper" murders six women in London DL : The Financial Times , London, first publishedRP : Bernard Bosanquet: Logic, or the Morphology of Knowledge DL : Cecil Rhodes amalgamates Kimberley diamond companies DL : Dunlop invents pneumatic tire VA : Eastman perfects "Kodak" box camera DL : First of all beauty contests held in Spa, Belgium RP : G.J. Romanes: Mental Evolution in Man PH : Ger. Emperor William I dies in May; succeeded by his son Frederick III, who dies in June and is succeeded by his son William II, the "Kaiser" ED : James Bryce: The American Commonwealth RP : James Martineau: The Study of Religion ST : Nikola Tesla constructs electric motor ST : Radio waves are identified as belonging to same family as light waves LT : Mathew Arnold dies 15 April LT : T S Eliot born 26 September
VA : Alexandre Cabanel dies
LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems
LT : Robert Browning: Asolando M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Esclarmonde
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Sleeping Beauty
M : Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Gondoliers
M : Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Emperor
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Death and Transfiguration
M : Charles-François Gounod : Méditation sur le prélude de Bach
for soprano and instrumental accompaniment (popularly known as the 'Ave Maria')
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Shylock
M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony M : Claude Debussy : Petite suite M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Washington Post March
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Thunderer
VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : The Yellow Christ VA : Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec : Toilette VA : Vincent van Gogh : Self-Portrait VA : Vincent van Gogh : The Starry Night VA : Alexander Gustave Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower for the Paris World Exhibition DL : Barnum and Bailey's Circus at Olympia, London PH : Benjamin Harrison inaugurated as 23rd President of the U.S. GO ! ED : Catholic University, Washington D.C., opens ST : Cordite invented RP : Henri Bergson: Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience PH : Johannes IV, Emperor of Abyssinia dies; succeeded by Menelik II PH : London County Council formed DL : London Dock Strike PH : Milan Obrenovich abdicates from Serbian throne in favour of his son PH : Pedro II abdicates; Brazil proclaimed a republic DL : Punch card system created ST : Schiaparelli discovers synchronous rotations of planets Mercury and Venus RP : T.H. Huxley: Agnosticism PH : The Aust. Crown Prince, Archduke Rudolf, commits suicide at his hunting lodge at Mayerling DL : The first May Day celebration, Paris ST : Von Mehring and Minkowski prove that the pancreas secretes insulin, preventing diabetes LT : Gerard Manley Hopkins dies 8 June LT : Robert Browning dies 12 December
VA : Paul Cézanne : The Card Players VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Basket of Apples M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, The Queen of Spades
M : Erik Satie : Trois gnossiennes,
for piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Mlada
M : Edward Elgar : Concert overture M : Claude Debussy : M : Claude Debussy : Suite bergamasque
for piano (including 'Clair de lune')
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Piano Suite, Espańa
VA : Jean Léon Gérôme : Pygmalian and Galatea VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Bath of Psyche VA : Vincent van Gogh : Crows in the Wheatfields PH : Accession of Queen Wilhelmina; Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands RP : Alfred Marshall: Principles of Economics ST : Azoimide produced from organic sources PH : Cecil Rhodes- Premier of Cape Colony DL : Daughters of the American Revolution founded ST : Emil von Behring announces the discovery of antitoxins ST : First Eng. electrical power station, Deptford PH : First general election in Japan PH : Ger. Social Democrats adopt Marxist program at Erfurt Congress DL : Global influenza epidemics ("Russian Flu") RP : J.G. Frazer: The Golden Bough ST : Rubber gloves used for the first time in surgery DL : Swiss government introduces social insurance ST : The first entirely steel -framed building erected in Chicago RP : William Booth: In the Darkest England and the Way Out RP : William James: The Principles of Psychology VA : Vincent van Gogh dies 29 July
LT : Walt Whitman: Goodbye My Fancy LT : Thomas Hardy: A Group of Noble Dames and Tess of the d'Urbervilles M : Charles Ives : Variations VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Star of Bethlehem M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Work Interrupted M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Yolanta
M : Arthur Sullivan : 'Romantic Opera', Ivanhoe
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Africa
fantasy for piano and orchestra
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, L'amico Fritz
('Friend Fritz')
M : Antonin Dvorák : Overture, Carnival
M : Antonin Dvorák : M : Johannes Brahms : M : Clara Wieck Schumann : VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Kiss VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : We hail the Mary VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Return of Persephone RP : Rerum novarum , papal encyclical on the condition of the working classesDL : All-Deutschland Verband founded ST : Beginnings of wireless telegraphy DL : Earthquake in Japan kills as many as 10,000 people PH : Franco-Russ. entente RP : Goldwin Smith: The Canadian Question ED : In Java Dutch anthropologist Eugčne Dubois discovers Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) LT : J.T. Grein founds Independent Theatre Society, London RP : R.W. Church: History of the Oxford Movement (posth.) ST : Samuel P. Langley: Experiments in Aerodynamics ST : Trans-Siberian railroad construction begins PH : Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria, Italy - renewed for 12 years DL : W.L. Judson invents clothing zipper DL : Widespread famine in Russia PH : Young Turk Movement, hoping to secure liberal reforms, is formed in Geneva M : Léo Delibes dies 16 January VA : Ernest Meissonier dies 31 January VA : Georges Seurat dies 29 March M : Sergei Prokofiev born 23 April
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Falstaff
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Nutcracker
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, En Saga
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Morceaux de Fantasie
for piano (including Prelude in C-sharp Minor)
M : Edward Elgar : Serenade VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : Spirit of the Dead Watching VA : John William Godward : The Betrothed VA : Edvard Munch : Melancholy ST : Diesel patents his internal-combustion engine RP : Emile Fagguet: Politiques et moralistes du six-neuvičme sičcle ST : First automatic telephone switchboard introduced DL : First cans of pineapples PH : Giolitti becomes Premier of Italy PH : Grover Cleveland elected U.S. President GO ! DL : Iron and steel workers strike in U.S. PH : Prince Ito becomes premier of Japan PH : Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas II ST : Viscose discovered (manufacture of rayon) M : Arthur Honegger born 10 March LT : Archibald MacLeish born 7 May M : Darius Milhaud born 4 September LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson dies 6 October
LT : W.B. Yeats: The Celtic Twilight VA : Mary Cassatt : The Bath M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony M : Jean Sibelius : Karelia Suite
M : Erik Satie : Danses gothiques,
for piano
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Manon Lescaut
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, La Bonne Chanson
('The Good Song')
M : Antonin Dvorák : String Quartet M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony M : Claude Debussy : String Quartet M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Manhattan Beach
VA : Edvard Munch : Death in the Sick-Room VA : Edvard Munch : The Scream VA : "Art Nouveau" appears in Europe RP : F.H. Bradley: Appearance and Reality PH : Franco-Russ. alliance signed DL : Henry Ford builds his first car ED : Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, founded DL : Karl Benz constructs his four-wheel car PH : Second Irish Home Rule bill passed by Commons but rejected by Lords RP : W.T. Stead: If Christ Came to Chicago DL : World Exhibition in Chicago M : Charles-François Gounod dies 18 October M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky dies 6 November
LT : Thomas Hardy: Life's Little Ironies M : Charles Ives : 67th Psalm
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Thaďs
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Claude Debussy : Prélude ŕ l'aprčs-midi d'un faune
for orchestra
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Spring VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : The Magic Crystal VA : Edvard Munch : Ashes VA : Edvard Munch : Despair ST : Argon discovered DL : Baron de Boubertin founds committee to organise modern Olympic Games RP : Benjamin Kidd: Social Revolution ST : Berliner uses a horizontal gramophone disc instead of a cylinder as a record for sound reproduction ST : Cinematograph invented PH : Czar Alexander III dies; succeeded by his son Nicholas II DL : Death duties introduced in Britain DL : Edison opens his Kinetoscope Parlor, New York ST : Flagstaff Observatory erected, Arizona, U.S. PH : Korea and Japan declare war on China DL : New York Jockey Club founded ED : Pollock and Maitland: History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I ED : Sidney and Beatrice Webb: History of Trade Unionism ST : Swed. explorer Sven Hedin travels in Tibet ST : The Plague bacillus discovered VA : Norman Rockwell born M : Hans von Bülow dies 12 February VA : Gustave Caillebotte dies 21 February M : Emmanuel Chabrier dies 13 September LT : ee cummings born 14 October M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein dies 20 November LT : Christina Rossetti dies 29 December
VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples PH : American pressure leads to arbitration of the British boundary dispute with Venezuela PH : A revolt against Spanish rule breaks out in Cuba LT : W.B. Yeats: Poems VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : The Abduction of Psyche M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Til Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
M : Jean Sibelius : Four Lemminkäinen Legends
including The Swan of Tuonela
M : Erik Satie : Messe des pauvres,
a Latin Mass with psalms, for voices and organ or piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Christmas Eve
M : Antonin Dvorák : Cello Concerto VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : Flaming June VA : Edvard Munch : Madonna VA : Edvard Munch : Puberty VA : Edvard Munch : Self-Portrait with a Burning Cigarette VA : Gustav Klimt : Love ST : Auguste and Louis Lumičre invent a motion-picture camera RP : Cardinal Vaughan lays foundation stone of Westminster Cathedral PH : End of Chin.-Jap war DL : First public film show in Paris, at the Hôtel Scribe RP : Karl Marx: Das Kapital , vol. 3 (posth.) DL : King C. Gillette invents the safety razor ST : Konstantin Isiolkovski formulates the principle of rocket reaction propulsion ED : London School of Economics and Political Science founded ST : Machine constructed for the liquefaction of air ST : Marconi invents radio telegraphy LT : Oscar Wilde's unsuccessful libel action against the Marquis of Queensberry M : Robert Newman arranges the first Promenade Concerts at Queen's Hall, London RP : Sigmund Freud: Studien über Hysterie RP : Thomas Masaryk: The Czech Question ST : Wilhelm Röntgen discovers x-rays VA : Berthe Morisot dies 2 March M : Franz von Suppé dies 21 May M : Carl Orff born 10 July LT : Robert Graves born 24 July M : Paul Hindemith born 16 November
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Torrent and the Night Before LT : A E Housman: A Shropshire Lad M : Charles Ives : String Quartet, No.1 "Revival Service"
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Hope M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Also sprach Zarathustra
('Thus Spake Zoroaster')
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La Bohčme
('Bohemian Life')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Koanga
(including 'La Calinda')
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Opera, Pepita Jiménez
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, El capitan
VA : John William Waterhouse : Hylas and the Nymphs DL : Daily Mail issuedVA : Die Jugend and Simplicissimus , two important Ger. art magazines, appear in MunichDL : Beginning of Klondike gold rush ST : Ernest Rutherford: magnetic detection of electrical waves DL : First modern Olympics held in Athens RP : Five annual Nobel Prizes established PH : Further massacres of Armenians in Constantinople ST : Helium discovered RP : Henri Bergson: Matičre et mémoire PH : Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, assassinated VA : National Portrait Gallery, London, moved from Bethnal Green to Westminster ST : Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant opens ST : Radioactivity discovered DL : Royal Victorian Order founded PH : Russia and China sign Manchuria Convention RP : Theodor Herzl: Der Judenstaat , foundation of Zionism VA : Lord Frederic Leighton dies 25 January M : Clara Wieck Schumann dies 20 May VA : Sir John Everett Millais dies 13 August VA : William Morris dies 3 October M : Anton Bruckner dies 11 October M : Virgil Garnett Thomson born 25 November VA : David Alfaro Siqueiros born
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Children of the Night LT : Thomas Hardy: The Well-Beloved M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Quixote
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Pieces M : Edvard Grieg : Symphonic Dances M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Dolly Suite
for piano duet (later orchestrated)
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Stars and Stripes Forever
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Her eyes are with her thoughts... VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : Where do we come from? DL : Katzenjammer Kids , first Amer. comic strip, begunPH : Crete proclaims union with Greece; Turkey declares war on Greece; Peace of Constantinople DL : Founding of Royal Automobile Club, London RP : Havelock Ellis: Studies in the Psychology of Sex ST : J.J. Thomson discovers electron ST : Julius Hann: Handbook of Climatology PH : King of Korea proclaims himself emperor DL : Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee ST : Ronal Ross discovers malaria bacillus DL : Severe famine in India RP : Sidney and Beatrice Webb: Industrial Democracy VA : Sir Henry Tate donates Tate Gallery, London, to the Brit. people DL : The Sultan of Zanzibar abolishes slavery PH : William McKinley inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! DL : World Exhibition at Brussels RP : Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland M : Johannes Brahms dies 3 April
LT : Thomas Hardy: Wessex Poems M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Ein Heldenleben
('A Hero's Life')
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Tsar's Bride
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Iris
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Bride Elect
VA : John William Waterhouse : Ariadne VA : Gustav Klimt : Pallas Athene
PH : "The Boxers", an anti-foreign, anti-Western organisation formed in China RP : Bismarck: Reflections and Memoirs ST : Dysentery bacillus discovered PH : Empress Elizabeth of Austria murdered by Ital. anarchist in Geneva ST : Ger. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds his airship DL : Paris Métro opened PH : Paul Kruger re-elected President of Transvaal ST : Photographs first taken utilising artificial light ST : Radium and polonium discovered ST : Ramsay discovered the inert atmospheric gases zenon, crypton, and neon VA : The Mackintosh School of Art in Glasgow PH : U.S. declares war on Spain over Cuba; Treaty of Paris GO ! LT : Lewis Carroll dies 14 January VA : Aubrey Beardsley dies LT : Walt Whitman dies 26 March M : Ernst Bacon born 26 May VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones dies 17 June VA : Maurits Cornelis Escher born M : George Gershwin born 26 September VA : René Magritte born
LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wind Among the Reeds M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Cendrillon
('Cinderella')
M : Jean Sibelius : Finlandia
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : Verklärte Nacht
('Transfigured Night'), for string sextet (arranged later for string orchestra)
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Jack-in-the-box
M : Maurice Ravel : Pavane pour une infante défunte
for piano (later orchestrated)
M : Edward Elgar : Enigma Variations, Sea Pictures
M : Frederick Delius : Paris: the Song of a Great City
nocturne for orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Nocturnes
for orchestra
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Catalonia, suite populaire
for orchestra
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Hands across the Sea
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Baths of Caraculla VA : Edvard Munch : The Dance of Life VA : Edvard Munch : The Dead Mother RP : Alexander Bain: The Realisation of the Possible ST : Alpha and beta rays discovered in radioactive atoms PH : Boer War between Britain and the Boers RP : Ernst Haeckel: Die Welträtsel PH : First Peace Conference at The Hague ST : First magnetic recording of sound RP : H.S. Chamberlain: The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century RP : James Ward: Naturalism and Agnosticism RP : John Dewey: School and Society PH : London borough councils established RP : Pope Leo XIII's bull Testem Benevolentiae condemns the "Americanism" of Isaac Thomas Hecker M : Francis Poulenc born 7 January VA : Alfred Sisley dies 29 January M : Johann Strauss II dies 3 June
VA : Paul Cézanne : Chateau Noir PH : The Foraker Act establishes a government for Puerto Rico PH : Boxer risings in China against Europeans PH : Commonwealth of Australia created DL : First Nobel Prizes awarded ED : Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams DL : World Exhibition in Paris VA : Wallace Collection, London, opens VA : Gaugin : Noa Noa , report on his travels through Tahiti ST : F.E. Dorn discovers radon ST : Arthur Evan's excavations in Crete RP : Shintoism reinstated in Japan against Buddhist influence RP : Bertrand Russell : A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz VA : Paul Cézanne : Mont Sainte-Victoire M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Legend of Tsar Saltan
(including 'The Flight of the Bumblebee' and 'The Tsar's Departure and Farewell')
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Tosca
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Requiem Mass
(final version)
M : Edward Elgar : Oratorio M : Antonin Dvorák : Opera, Rusalka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Godspeed PH : King Umberto I, king of Italy, assassinated; succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III VA : Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse ST : Max Planck Formulates Quantum Theory M : Aaron Copland born 14 November M : Arthur Sullivan dies 22 November
ST : First Trans-Atlantic radio signal PH : Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by her son, Edward VII PH : U.S. President McKinley assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt sworn in as successor GO ! PH : Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by Edward (VII) PH : Peace of Peking ends Boxer uprising RP : Rudolf Steiner founds anthroposophy VA : Picasso's blue period VA : The Siegesallee in Berlin : 32 marble statues of members of the House of Hohenzollern M : Ragtime jazz develops in the U.S. ST : Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland M : Charles Ives : Three Harvest Home Chorales
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Jongleur de Notre Dame
('The Juggler of Notre Dame')
M : Maurice Ravel : Jeux d'eau
('Fountains'), for piano
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Edward Elgar : Pomp and Circumstance
March No.1 ('Land of Hope and Glory')
M : Edward Elgar : Concert overture M : Frederick Delius : Opera, A Village Romeo and Juliet
('Walk to the Paradise Garden' added later)
VA : John William Godward : The Tease VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Accolade VA : Gustav Klimt : Judith I
M : Giuseppe Verdi dies 27 January VA : Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec dies 9 September M : Joaquín Rodrigo born 22 November
VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples, PH : Boer War ends DL : The Teddy Bear is introduced PH : Anglo-Japanese treaty recognises the independence of China and Korea PH : Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy renewed for another six years RP : William James The Varieties of Religious Experience RP : Benedetto Croce : Philosophy of the Spirit M : Enrico Caruso makes his first phonograph recording DL : King Edward VII establishes Order of Merit DL : Martinique volcanic fire destroys the town of St. Pierre LT : Edwin A Robinson: Captain Craig LT : John Masefield: Salt-Water Ballads LT : Walter de la Mare: Songs of Childhood LT : Thomas Hardy: Poems of the Past and Present M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Des Knaben Wunderhorn
completed
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Franz Lehár : Concert waltz, Gold und Silber
('Gold and Silver')
M : Frederick Delius : Appalachia
for voices and orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Opera, Pelléas et Mélisande
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Triston and Isolde VA : Gustav Klimt : Portrait of Emilie Floge
M : William Turner Walton born 29 March
ST : First flight at Kitty Hawk VA : First silent movie, The Great Train Robbery PH : Entente Cordiale established PH : King Alexander I of Serbia and Queen Draga murdered ;
Peter Karageorgevich accedes to the throne as Peter I PH : Coronation durbar for Edward Vi, King-emperor, at Delhi RP : G.E. Moore : Principia Ethica RP : Cardinal Guiseppe Sarto installed - Pope Pius X M : Oscar Hammerstein builds the Manhattan Opera House, New York M : First recording of an opera : Verdi's Ernani ED : Universities of Liverpool and Manchester founded ST : Electrocardiograph invented VA : Deutsches Museum, Munich, opens DL : First Tour de France DL : Ford Motor Company founded LT : Thomas Traherne: Poems published M : Manuel de Falla : Piano Pieces, Allegro de concierto
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonia Domestica
M : Jean Sibelius : Incidental music Kuolema ('Death')
M : Jean Sibelius : Violin Concerto M : Arnold Schoenberg : Symphonic Poem, Pelleas und Melisande
M : Erik Satie : (Trois) morceaux en forme de poire
M : Maurice Ravel : Shéhérazade
for mezzo-soprano and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Ten Piano Preludes M : Leo Janácek : Opera, Jenűfa
(later revised)
M : Claude Debussy : Estampes
('Engravings'), for piano (including 'Jardins sous la pluie')
VA : John William Waterhouse : Windflowers VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin dies 9 May VA : Camille Pissarro dies 13 November
PH : Russo-Japanese War begins PH : Theodore Roosevelt elected president GO ! PH : Hereros and Hottentots revolt in German South-west Africa LT : Abbey Theatre, Dublin, founded RP : Church and state separated in France ED : Freud : The Psychopathology of Everyday Life RP : Max Weber : The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism M : First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria M : London Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert ST : First telegraphic transmission of photographs - Munich to Nuremburg DL : Ten-hour work day established in France DL : Carl Lindstrom Company founded in Berlin for the production
of phonographs and phonograph records VA : Anthony Frederick Sandys dies LT : Walter de la Mare: Henry Brocken M : Charles Ives : Thanksgiving
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Madame Butterfly
M : Gustav Mahler : Kindertotenlieder
('Songs of the Death of Children')
M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Suite M : Edward Elgar : Overture M : Frederick Delius : Sea Drift
for baritone and orchestra
VA : John William Godward : Dolce Far Niente VA : John William Waterhouse : Psyche Entering Cupid's Garden PH : Entente Cordiale: Britain and France settle their international differences ST : General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy DL : New York City subway opens VA : Jean Léon Gérôme dies 10 January M : Antonin Dvorák dies 1 May VA : Salvador Dali born
PH : "Bloody Sunday" - Russian Revolution of 1905 ST : Einstein proposes his theory of relativity PH : Norwegian parliament decides on separation from Sweden;
Prince Charles of Denmark elected King Haakon VII of Norway PH : Sinn Fein Party founded in Dublin DL : William Haywood and others found the International Workers of the World (Wobblies) LT : Police censure closes Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession after one performance RP : George Santayana : The Life of Reason VA : Picasso begins his "Pink Period" DL : First motor buses in London DL : First neon lights appear M : Manuel de Falla : Opera, La Vida Breve
('The Short Life')
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Salome
M : Jean Sibelius : Incidental music Pelléas et Mélisande
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh
M : Maurice Ravel : M : Gustav Mahler : Symphonies M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Die lustige Witwe
('The Merry Widow')
M : Edward Elgar : M : Frederick Delius : A Mass of Life
for soloists, chorus and orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images, Book I
for piano
M : Claude Debussy : La mer
('The sea'), for orchestra
M : Franz Strauss dies 31 May VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau dies 19 August
DL : Finland is the first European country to give women the right to vote M : The English Hymnal , edited by Percy Dearmer and Ralph Vaughan WilliamsRP : Franz X. Wernz, the Jesuit general, reforms the order's plan for studies RP : Albert Schweitzer : The Quest of the Historical Jesus M : Mozart Festival in Salzburg ST : The term "allergy" introduced to medicine DL : Simplon Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland opens M : Anton von Webern : Rondo M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic fantasy, Pohjola's Daughter
M : Zoltán Kodály : Symphonic Poem, Summer Evening
(later revised)
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Free Lance
DL : San Francisco earthquake and three-day fire; more than 500 dead ST : Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole M : Dmitry Shostakovich born 25 September VA : Paul Cézanne dies 22 October
PH : Ten Rules of War established at the second Hague Peace Conference VA : Picasso introduces Cubism DL : Typhoid Mary captured for the first time DL : First completely synthetic man-made substance (plastic) PH : English and French agree on Siamese independence RP : Henri Bergson : L'Evolution créatrice RP : William James : Pragmatism RP : Alfred Adler : Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation RP : United methodist Church established in Britain RP : Papal encyclical Pascendi gregis condemns modernism VA : First Cubist exhibition in Paris DL : Boy Scouts founded LT : Sara Teasdale: Sonnets to Duse, and Other Poems VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : Vanity M : Anton von Webern : Quintet M : Charles Ives : Central Park in the Dark
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Golden Cockerel
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Brigg Fair: An English Rhapsody
M : Claude Debussy : Images, Book II
for piano
VA : Gustav Klimt : Danae
VA : Gustav Klimt : The Kiss LT : Wystan Hugh Auden born 21 February M : Edvard Grieg dies 4 September
DL : Ford introduces the Model-T PH : Three year-old Pu Yi becomes Emperor of China PH : Turks revolt in the Ottoman Empire PH : King Carlos I of Portugal and the crown prince both assassinated; Manuel II becomes king PH : Leopold II transfers the Congo to Belgium PH : Ferdinand I of Bulgaria assumes the title czar and declares his country's independence PH : Crete proclaims union with Greece PH : Union of South Africa established VA : "Ashcan School" established by Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, George Bellows, Everett Shinn VA : Matisse coins the term "Cubism" DL : London hosts the Olympic Games ED : Cairo University opened DL : First Model T produced LT : Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations LT : John Masefield: Captain Margaret LT : Thomas Hardy: the last of three parts of The Dynasts published M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : The Unanswered Question
M : Franz Schreker : Ballet, Der Geburtstag der Infantin
('The Infant's Birthday')
M : Maurice Ravel : Rapsodie espagnole
for orchestra
M : Maurice Ravel : Gaspard de la nuit
('Phantoms of the Night'), for piano
M : Leo Janácek : Along an Overgrown Path
15 pieces for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, Savitri
M : Edward Elgar : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Rhapsody, In a Summer Garden
M : Claude Debussy : Children's Corner
for piano (including 'Jimbo's Lullaby' and 'Golliwogg's Cake-walk')
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Nightingale
DL : Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily LT : Theodore Roethke born 25 May M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies 21 June M : Olivier Messiaen born 10 December M : Elliott Cook Carter born 11 December
PH : Japan's Prince Ito is assassinated LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Town down the River LT : John Masefield: Multitude and Solitude and The Tragedy of Nan LT : Thomas Hardy: Time's Laughingstocks M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata M : Charles Ives : Washington's Birthday
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Don Quichotte
('Don Quixote')
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Song-cycle, On Wenlock Edge
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Elektra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Erwartung
('Expectation'), for soprano and orchestra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Five Orchestral Pieces
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Poem, Isle of the Dead
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Song-symphony M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Der Graf von Luxemburg
('The Count of Luxemburg')
M : Gustav Holst : Suite M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite Iberia
for piano
ST : North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz dies 18 May VA : Francis Bacon born
ST : Halley's comet makes an appearance LT : John Masefield: The Tragedy of Pompey the Great LT : Walter de la Mare: The Return and The Three Mulla Mulgars M : Anton von Webern : M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
for strings
M : Maurice Ravel : Ma mčre l'oye
('Mother Goose'), for two pianos (later orchestrated)
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
for choir
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Thirteen Piano Preludes M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La fanciulla del West
('The Girl of the Golden West')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Zigeunerliebe
('Gypsy Love')
M : Gustav Holst : Hymns from the Rig Veda
for chorus and orchestra (one of several sets)
M : Edward Elgar : Violin Concerto M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Fennimore and Gerda
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book I
for piano (including 'Viole')
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Firebird
M : Samuel Barber born 9 March M : Frank Loesser born 29 June VA : Henri Rousseau dies in Paris VA : William Holman Hunt dies 7 September VA : Winslow Homer dies
PH : The Chinese Revolution ST : Structure of an atom discovered
DL : Greenwich Mean Time adopted VA : Mona Lisa is stolen LT : Sara Teasdale: Helen of Troy, and Other Poems LT : John Masefield: The Everlasting Mercy LT : Rupert Brooke: Poems M : Charles Ives : String Quartet M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Der Rosenkavalier
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : Gurrelieder
('Songs of Gurra'), for voices and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Études-tableux Opus 33
for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Suite M : Edward Elgar : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Summer Night on the River
for small orchestra
M : Frederick Delius : Song of the High Hills
for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : Allegro barbaro
for piano
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Petrushka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Stiching the Standard DL : Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed PH : Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero ST : First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War PH : Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty; Sun Yat-sen named president ST : Amundsen reaches South Pole PH : Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli and Libya M : Irving Berlin's Alexander's Ragtime Band M : Gustav Mahler dies 18 May VA : Edwin Austin Abbey VA : Howard Pyle dies
DL : Oreo cookies first introduced DL : The Titanic sinks LT : Walter de la Mare: The Listeners and Other Poems VA : Marc Chagall : Adam and Eve M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der ferne Klang
('The Distant Sound')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Song-cycle, Pierrot lunaire
('Moonstruck Pierrot')
M : Maurice Ravel : Ballet, Daphnis and Chloë
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Fourteen Songs M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto M : Leo Janácek : In the Mists
for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Oriental Suite, Beni Mora
M : Frederick Delius : On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring
for small orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images
for orchestra (including 'Gigue')
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set I
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Sleeping Beauty PH : Balkan Wars begin VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema dies 25 June M : Jules Massenet dies 13 August M : John Cage born 5 September
DL : First crossword puzzle DL : Personal income tax introduced in U.S. LT : John Masefield: Dauber LT : Walter de la Mare: Peacock Pie: A Book of Rhymes LT : Thomas Hardy: A Changed Man LT : Robert Frost: A Boy's Will M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Fourth of July
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin
('The Music Box and the Princess')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Die Glückliche Hand,
('The Lucky Hand'), drama for orchestra and chorus
M : Erik Satie : Trois embryons desséchés
('Three dried-up embryos')
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Choral Symphony, The Bells
M : Gustav Holst : St. Paul's Suite
for strings
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Opera, Pénélope
M : Edward Elgar : Falstaff
(Symphonic Study)
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book II
for piano
M : Claude Debussy : Ballet, Jeux
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Rite of Spring
PH : Balkan Wars end with London peace treaty ST : Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line PH : Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System becomes law GO ! PH : Woodrow Wilson becomes 28th U.S. president GO ! VA : Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public DL : Suffragists demonstrate in London DL : Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours M : Witold Lutoslawski born 25 January M : Benjamin Britten born 22 November
PH : World War I begins GO ! LT : Edwin A Robinson: Van Zorn LT : Thomas Hardy: Satires of Circumstance LT : Robert Frost: North of Boston M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Three Places in New England
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : A Lark Ascending
for violin and orchestra
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, The Oceanides
M : Ottorino Respighi : Sinfonia drammatica
M : Maurice Ravel : DL : Panama Canal officially opened PH : U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests
LT : Sara Teasdale: Rivers to the Sea LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Porcupine LT : Rupert Brooke: 1914 and Other Poems M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata M : Manuel de Falla : Noches en los jardines de Espańa
('Nights in the Gardens of Spain')
M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El Amor Brujo
('Love, the Magician')
M : Richard Strauss : An Alpine Symphony
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Zoltán Kodály : Cello Sonata M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, Le Jardin clos
('The Enclosed Garden')
M : Claude Debussy : 12 Etudes
('Studies'), for piano
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : The Wanderer
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia When I Survey the Wondrous Cross
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, O God, Our Help
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, The Old Hundredth
PH : Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers ST : Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity VA : D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation VA : Walter Crane dies LT : Rupert Brooke dies 23 April VA : Arthur Hughes dies 23 December
LT : W.B. Yeats: Reveries over Childhood and Youth LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Man against the Sky LT : Robert Frost: Mountain Interval LT : Rupert Brooke: Letters From America (posth.) M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Fountains of Rome
M : Gustav Holst : Orchestral suite, The Planets
M : Frederick Delius : Violin Concerto M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set II
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Jerusalem
VA : John William Waterhouse : I am Half Sick of Shadows VA : John William Waterhouse : Miranda VA : John William Waterhouse : A Tale from Decameron PH : U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million PH : President Wilson re-elected with he kept us out of war slogan. GO ! PH : Easter Rebellion in Ireland put down by British troops ST : Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic PH : 24 April - Irish nationalists launch the Easter rebellion in Dublin, Republic declared and Patrick Pearse announced as first President M : Milton Byron Babbitt born 10 May PH : 22 November - Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary, dies; he is succeeded by Charles I
LT : First Pulitzer Prizes awarded PH : Russian Revolution PH : U.S. enters World War I LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wild Swans at Coole LT : Sara Teasdale: Love Songs LT : Edwin A Robinson: Merlin LT : Thomas Hardy: Moments of Vision LT : Robert Graves: Over the Brazier LT : T S Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Parade
M : Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
first series
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La rondine
('The Swallow')
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Francis Poulenc : Rapsodie nčgre M : Leo Janácek : Opera, The Excursions of Mr. Broucek
M : Gustav Holst : The Hymn of Jesus
for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Wooden Prince
M : Igor Stravinsky : Les Noces
('The Wedding'), for voices, percussion and four pianos
PH : Balfour Declaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. RP : Sigmund Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis VA : John William Waterhouse dies 10 February
DL : Daylight Saving
Time introduced PH : Russian Czar Nicholas II and his family are killed LT : Robert Graves: Fairies and Fusiliers M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Die Gezeichneten
('The Stigma Bearers')
M : Erik Satie : Socrate,
for voices and instruments
M : Giacomo Puccini : Il trittico
('The Triptych'), three one-act operas
M : Francis Poulenc : Trois mouvements perpétuels
for piano
M : Leo Janácek : Orchestral rhapsody, Taras Bulba
M : Edward Elgar : String Quartet M : Béla Bartók : Opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle
M : Igor Stravinsky : The Soldier's Tale,
for speaker, chamber ensemble, dancers
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Elégie
DL : Worldwide influenza epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million will be dead ("Spanish Flu") PH : Russian Civil War between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks) PH : German Kaiser abdicates (Nov.); hostilities cease on the Western Front VA : Gustav Klimt dies 6 February M : Claude Debussy dies 25 March LT : Joyce Kilmer dies 30 July M : Leonard Bernstein born 25 August M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry dies 7 October
DL : Prohibition begins in the U.S. LT : John Masefield: Reynard the Fox M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El sombrero de tres picos
('The Three-Cornered Hat')
M : Ottorino Respighi : Ballet, La Boutique fantastique
('The Fantastic Toy Shop') - based on music by Rossini
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Love for Three Oranges
M : Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Le Bestiaire
M : Darius Milhaud : Symphonic Suite M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Le Boeuf sur le toit
('The Ox on the Roof')
M : Leo Janácek : Song-cycle, The Diary of One Who Disappeared
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Masques et Bergamasques
M : Edward Elgar : Cello Concerto, M : Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Miraculous Mandarin
PH : Third International (Comintern) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements PH : Versailles Treaty, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate GO ! PH : Mahatma Gandhi initiates satyagraha (truth force) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India ST : Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir dies 3 December
PH : U.S. Dept. of Justice "red hunt" nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported ST : First commercial radio broadcast aired LT : Harlem Renaissance begins PH : League of Nations established DL : Women granted the right to vote in U.S. LT : Sara Teasdale: Flame and Shadow LT : Edwin A Robinson: Lancelot LT : T S Eliot: The Sacred Wood M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der Schatzgräber
('The Treasure Digger')
M : Erik Satie : Musique d'ameublement
('Furniture music')
M : Erik Satie : Trois petites pičces montées
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphonies M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Pulcinella
PH : Treaty of Sčvres dissolves Ottoman Empire PH : Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Finland, Luxembourg are admitted to the League of Nations LT : Howard Nemerov born 1 March M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch dies 20 October
PH : Irish Free State proclaimed VA : John William Godward dies LT : Edwin A Robinson: Avon's Harvest LT : Marianne Moore: Poems published without her knowledge LT : Walter de la Mare: Memoirs of a Midget M : Edgard Varčse : Offrandes
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, King David
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : Façade
settings of poems by Edith Sitwell
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto M : Darius Milhaud : Suite for orchestra, Saudades do Brasil
('Memories of Brazil')
M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel
('The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower'), written with "Les Six"
M : Leo Janácek : Opera, Katya Kabanová
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, L'Horizon chimerique
('The Elusive Horizon')
PH : Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks;
German inflation begins PH : Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China PH : Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania are admitted to the League of Nations LT : Richard Wilbur born 1 March M : Camille Saint-Saëns dies 16 December
PH : Kemal Atatürk founds modern Turkey ST : King Tut's tomb found PH : Mussolini marches on Rome LT : The Reader's Digest first published VA : Edmund Blair Leighton dies LT : A E Housman: Last Poems LT : Thomas Hardy: Late Lyrics and Earlier LT : T S Eliot: The Waste Land LT : ee cummings: The Enormous Room M : Edgard Varčse : Amériques
M : Paul Hindemith : Suite, 1922
M : Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Skating Rink
M : Manuel de Falla : Chamber opera, El Retablo de Maese Pedro
('Master Peter's Puppet Show')
M : Ottorino Respighi : Opera, Belfagor
M : Gustav Holst : A Fugal Overture
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, The Perfect Fool
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Morning VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Daybreak PH : Hungary is admitted to the League of Nations M : Lukas Foss born 15 August VA : Lucien Freud born
DL : Talking movies invented LT : Wallace Stevens: Harmonium LT : Walter de la Mare: Come Hither and The Riddle, and Other Stories LT : Thomas Hardy: The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall LT : Robert Frost: New Hampshire LT : ee cummings: Tulips and Chimneys M : Edgard Varčse : Octandre
M : Edgard Varčse : Hyperprism
M : Paul Hindemith : Das Marienleben
M : Arthur Honegger : Pacific 231
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
second series
M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, La Création du monde
('The Creation of the World')
M : Zoltán Kodály : Psalmus hungaricus
for voices and orchestra
M : Leo Janácek : String Quartet M : Leo Janácek : Opera, The Cunning Little Vixen
M : Béla Bartók : Dance Suite M : Igor Stravinsky : Octet PH : Adolf Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich fails PH : Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments DL : Widespread Ku Klux Klan violence in U.S. DL : Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo M : George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue M : Bessie Smith, known as "the Empress of the Blues", makes her first record LT : William Butler Yeats wins Nobel Prize in Literature PH : Ethiopia, Ireland are admitted to the League of Nations PH : Dominican Republic is admitted to the League of Nations VA : Roy Lichtenstein born
DL : First Olympic winter games LT : Marianne Moore: Observations LT : John Masefield: Sard Harker LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Happy Marriage LT : Robert Graves: Poems: 1914-26 VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : The Damsel of the Lake, M : Edgard Varčse : Intégrales
M : Paul Hindemith : String Trio M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Irrelohe
('Flames of Madness')
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Relâche
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Mercure
M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Pines of Rome
M : Maurice Ravel : Tzigane
('Gypsy'), for violin plus orchestra or piano
M : Francis Poulenc : Ballet, Les Biches
('The Little Darlings')
M : Leo Janácek : Wind sextet, Mládi
('Youth')
M : Gustav Holst : Choral Symphony
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, At the Boar's Head
M : George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue
for piano and jazz band
M : Aaron Copland : Symphony for Organ and Orchestra
(later arranged without organ)
PH : Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in prison where he writes Mein Kampf; released after eight months
PH : Death of Lenin; Stalin wins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in 1953 LT : Robert Frost wins first of four Pulitzers PH : Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti PH : Teapot Dome scandal M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré dies 4 November
PH : Hitler's Mein Kampf published
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Roman Bartholow and Dionysus in Doubt LT : Walter de la Mare: Broomsticks and Other Tales LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Pot of Earth LT : Thomas Hardy: Human Shows LT : ee cummings: & and XLI Poems M : Paul Hindemith : Concerto M : Ernst Bacon : Prelude and Fugue
M : Sir George Dyson : Children's Suite After Walter De La Mare
M : William Turner Walton : Overture, Portsmouth Point
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Maurice Ravel : Opera, L'Enfant et les sortilčges
('The Child and the Magic Spells')
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, The Steel Step
M : Leo Janácek : Opera, The Makropulos Affair
M : George Gershwin : Concerto VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : The Knave PH : Locarno conferences seek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees ST : John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television ST : John T. Scopes convicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee "Monkey Trial"; sentence set aside VA : Robert Rauschenberg born PH : Costa Rica withdraws from the League of Nations M : Pierre Boulez born 26 March VA : John Singer Sargent dies M : Erik Satie dies 1 July
LT : Sara Teasdale: Dark of the Moon LT : John Masefield: Odtaa LT : Archibald MacLeish: Streets on the Moon VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : La Belle Dame Sans Merci M : Paul Hindemith : Opera, Cardillac
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Judith
M : Manuel de Falla : Concerto M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, Tapiola
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Turandot
(the final scene completed by Franco Alfano after Puccini's death)
M : Zoltán Kodály : Opera, Háry János
M : Leo Janácek : Sinfonietta
for orchestra
M : Leo Janácek : Glagolitic Mass
for soloists, choir and orchestra
M : George Gershwin : M : George Gershwin : Musical, O, Kay!
M : Aaron Copland : Piano Concerto M : Béla Bartók : Out of Doors
for piano
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto DL : General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill PH : U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until 1933 PH : Germany is admitted to the League of Nations, Brazil withdraws VA : Mary Cassatt dies 14 June VA : Claude Monet dies 5 December
DL : BBC founded LT : Edwin A Robinson: Tristram VA : Marc Chagall : Lovers with Flowers M : Edgard Varčse : Arcana
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Antigone
M : Ottorino Respighi : Three Botticelli Pictures
M : Ottorino Respighi : The Birds
suite for small orchestra (based on 17th and 18th century pieces about birds)
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Fiery Angel
M : Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Marosszék
for piano (later orchestrated)
M : Gustav Holst : Tone poem, Egdon Heath
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Funny Face
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Strike Up the Band
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera-oratorio, Oedipus Rex
M : Franz Schreker : Christophorus
PH : German economy collapses - Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazis for political murder PH : Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party ST : Charles A. Lindbergh flies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris ST : Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model ST : Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory DL : Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years VA : The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson, first part-talking motion picture LT : Galway Kinnell born 1 February VA : Juan Gris dies
LT : First Oxford English Dictionary published ST : Penicillin discovered LT : W.B. Yeats: The Tower VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee dies LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Hamlet of A. MacLeish M : Anton von Webern : Symphony M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Symphony M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, Four Saints in Three Acts
M : Olivier Messiaen : Le banquet céleste
for organ
M : Olivier Messiaen : Trois petites liturgies de la Presence Divine
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, Sir John in Love
(including 'Greensleeves')
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Nose
M : Arnold Schoenberg : M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, Roman Festivals
M : Maurice Ravel : Boléro
for orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Opera, Christopher Columbus
M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Das Land des Lächelns
('The Land of Smiles')
M : Leo Janácek : String Quartet M : Leo Janácek : Opera, From the House of the Dead
M : Gustav Holst : A Moorside Suite
for brass band
M : George Gershwin : Symphonic Poem, An American in Paris
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Apollon musagčte
M : Franz Schreker : Der singende Teufel
PH : Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations GO ! RP : Anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa LT : Thomas Hardy dies 11 January VA : Andy Warhol born M : Leo Janácek dies 12 August M : Karlheinz Stockhausen born 22 August VA : Helen Frankenthaler born in New York City
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Cavender's House LT : Robert Graves: Goodbye to All That M : Ernst Toch : Bunte Suite
M : William Turner Walton : Viola Concerto PH : Trotsky expelled from U.S.S.R. PH : Lateran Treaty establishes independent Vatican City DL : In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billionfirst phase of Depression and world economic crisis ST : Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe M : Andre Previn born 6 April
ST : Pluto discovered LT : Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night LT : Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night LT : Walter de la Mare: On the Edge LT : Archibald MacLeish: New Found Land LT : Robert Frost: Selected Poems LT : T S Eliot: Ash-Wednesday LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Paid on Both Sides and Poems M : Anton von Webern : Quartet M : Olivier Messiaen : Diptyque
for organ
M : Ernst Toch : Gesprochene Musik
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Ballet, Job, a Masque for Dancing
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Ballet, The Age of Gold
M : Gustav Holst : Prelude and scherzo Hammersmith
M : Gustav Holst : Choral Fantasia
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Girl Crazy
M : Aaron Copland : Piano Variations M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony PH : Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty ST : Cyclotron developed M : Stephen Sondheim born 22 March
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Matthias at the Door LT : Robert Graves: Poems: 1926-1930 LT : T S Eliot: Thoughts After Lambeth LT : ee cummings: CIOPW and ViVa M : Edgard Varčse : Ionisation
M : Paul Hindemith : Das Unaufhörliche
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cris du monde
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Amphion
M : Sir George Dyson : The Canterbury Pilgrims
M : William Turner Walton : Cantata, Belshazzar's Feast
M : Maurice Ravel : Piano Concerto M : Gustav Holst : Hammersmith
for orchestra
M : Samuel Barber : Overture, The School for Scandal
M : Samuel Barber : Dover Beach
for solo baritone and string quartet
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Norma
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto M : Igor Stravinsky : PH : Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII PH : German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party PH : Mukden Incident begins Japanese occupation of Manchuria ST : Harold C. Urey discovers heavy hydrogen DL : The Star Spangled Banner officially becomes U.S. national anthemDL : Notorious Scottsboro trial begins, exposing depth of Southern racism in U.S. PH : Mexico is admitted to the League of Nations
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Nicodemus LT : Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador M : Ernst Bacon : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Arabella
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District
(later revised as Katerina Izmaylova)
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Opera, Moses and Aaron
M : Francis Poulenc : Concerto M : George Gershwin : Musical, Of Thee I Sing
M : George Gershwin : Cuban Overture
M : Benjamin Britten : Sinfonietta
M : Franz Schreker : Der Schmied von Gent
PH : Nazis lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag seats DL : Famine in U.S.S.R. DL : In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stimulate economy. DL : Veterans march on Washingtonmost leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur PH : Iraq, Turkey are admitted to the League of Nations M : John Phillip Sousa dies 6 March
PH : Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany LT : W.B. Yeats: The Winding Stair and Other Poems LT : Edwin A Robinson: Talifer LT : Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador LT : A E Housman: The Name and Nature of Poetry LT : T S Eliot: The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism LT : ee cummings: Eimi VA : Marc Chagall : Solitude M : Paul Hindemith : String Trio M : Olivier Messiaen : L'Ascension
(for orchestra, later for organ)
M : Sir George Dyson : St Paul's Voyage to Melita
M : Ottorino Respighi : Opera, La Fiamma
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Lieutenant Kijé
M : Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Galánta
for orchestra
M : Gustav Holst : Brook Green Suite
for strings
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Beatrice di Tenda
PH : Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi terror begins PH : Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations PH : Roosevelt inaugurated; launches New Deal GO ! DL : In U.S. Prohibition repealed PH : U.S.S.R. recognised by U.S. PH : Germany, Japan withdraw from the League of Nations LT : Sara Teasdale dies 29 January M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki born 6 December
VA : Marc Chagall : Bouquet with Flying Lovers PH : Mao Zedong begins the Long March LT : Edwin A Robinson: Amaranth LT : Robert Graves: I, Claudius and Claudius the God LT : T S Eliot: After Strange Gods M : Edgard Varčse : Ecuatorial
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphony, Mathis der Maler
M : Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Sémiramis
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini
(including '18th Variation'), for piano and orchestra
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Nerone
('Nero')
M : Franz Lehár : Opera, Giuditta
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet PH : Hitler becomes führer. PH : U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations PH : Afghanistan, Ecuador, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are admitted to the League of Nations M : Edward Elgar dies 23 February M : Franz Schreker dies 21 March M : Gustav Holst dies 25 May M : Frederick Delius dies 10 June M : Harrison Birtwistle born 15 July
