| | PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
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| | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
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| | PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
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| | PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
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| | VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
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| | PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
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| | PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
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| | PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
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| | PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
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| | PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World GO ! | | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
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| | PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them GO ! | | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
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| | PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
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| | PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
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| | PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
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| | PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
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| | PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
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| | PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
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| | PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
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| | PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | | VA : | Bronzino is born | | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
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| | M : | Thomas Tallis born | | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| | PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Windsor | | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
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| | PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
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| | PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
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| | RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
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| | PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
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| | PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
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| | PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
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| | PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
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| | PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
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| | DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | | RP : | End of Lateran Council | | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
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| | PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
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| | PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
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