| PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | VA : | Bronzino is born | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
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| PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
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| M : | Thomas Tallis born | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
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| PH : | Treaty of Windsor | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | DL : | Niccolň Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
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| PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
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| PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
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| PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
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| RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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| PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
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| PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
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| PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | ST : | Vasco Nuńez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
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| PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
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| PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
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| PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
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| DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | RP : | End of Lateran Council | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | ED : | Collčge de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
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| PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
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| PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
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| PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
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| PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | RP : | Niccolň Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
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| PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
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| PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
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| PH : | James V, King of Scotland | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
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| PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
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| PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | RP : | Luther: German Mass | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
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| PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | PH : | The Sack of Rome | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
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| RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
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| PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collčge de France | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
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| PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
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| PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | ED : | University of Granada founded | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
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| M : | Orlande de Lassus born | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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|
| PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | VA : | Correggio dies |
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| PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | ST : | First diving bells | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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|
| PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | ST : | Niccolň Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| M : | William Byrd born | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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| PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
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| ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
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| PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
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| PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystčres" in Paris | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | ED : | University of Messina founded | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
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| PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
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| RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
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| ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | ED : | University of Lima founded | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
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| LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
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|
| PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
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| PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
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|
| PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
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|
| PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
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| M : | Thomas Morley born | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
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| PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | ED : | University of Jena founded | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | PH : | French retake Calais |
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| PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | ED : | University of Geneva founded | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
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| RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
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| PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
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| M : | John Dowland born | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salň moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | DL : | Plague in Paris | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
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| LT : | Michael Drayton born | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | RP : | Council of Trent ends | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
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| PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | RP : | Scots' Psalter | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
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| RP : | Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration | ED : | Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae | RP : | Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps | RP : | Pope Pius IV dies | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections | ST : | Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science | DL : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London | DL : | Pencils manufactured in England | DL : | Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England |
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| PH : | Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey | RP : | Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland | PH : | Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562 | RP : | Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history | RP : | Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession | RP : | Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V | DL : | Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice |
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| PH : | Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent | PH : | Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency | PH : | In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government | ED : | Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.) | RP : | Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy | ED : | University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded | ST : | Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean | PH : | Rio de Janeiro founded | DL : | Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever | M : | Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May |
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| PH : | Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II | PH : | Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France | PH : | Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king | DL : | First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys | RP : | First translation of the Bible into Czech | RP : | Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible | ED : | English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England | RP : | Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan | RP : | Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun | ST : | Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts | ST : | Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain | DL : | Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder born |
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| PH : | Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin | ST : | Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter | ST : | Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use | DL : | 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic | DL : | Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies |
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| PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty | PH : | Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden | PH : | Imperial Diet meets at Speyer | DL : | Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade | PH : | Turks declare war on Venice | LT : | Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama | M : | Jean Antoine de Baďf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris | ED : | Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education | RP : | Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits | RP : | Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics | RP : | Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I | RP : | Missale Romanum issued by Pius V | M : | Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy | M : | Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso) | ST : | Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps | DL : | Nuremberg postal services begin |
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| PH : | Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty | PH : | Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots | DL : | Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England | RP : | Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy | ED : | Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public | RP : | Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments | ED : | Harrow School founded by John Lyon | ED : | Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price |
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| LT : | John Donne born | PH : | Dutch War of Independence begins | PH : | Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective | RP : | Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there | PH : | Fourth War of Religion begins in France | ED : | Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy | ED : | Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion | ED : | Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae | RP : | Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae | RP : | Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII | M : | "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona | ST : | Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel | ST : | Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way | ST : | Society of Antiquaries founded in London | DL : | Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem | VA : | Bronzino dies | LT : | Ben Jonson born 11 June |
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