HumanitiesWeb.org - Portrait of a Mannerist - Agnolo Bronzino [Chronology]
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Agnolo di Cosimo di Mariano (Bronzino)
(1503 - 1572)

1503

PH : The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs
PH : Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks
PH : War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out
RP : Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II
DL : Pocket handkerchief comes into use
VA : Bronzino is born
VA : Parmigianino is born

1504

PH : Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south)
PH : Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan
ED : Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain
DL : Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown
DL : Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid

1505

M : Thomas Tallis born
PH : Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
PH : Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire
ED : Christ's College, Cambridge, founded
ED : Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources)
ST : Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation

1506

PH : Treaty of Windsor
PH : Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland
ED : Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary
ED : University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded
VA : "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome
DL : Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea
DL : Niccolň Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy
VA : Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September

1507

PH : Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber
RP : Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome
ST : Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia
ST : Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci
ST : Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors

1508

PH : Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned
PH : The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice

1509

PH : Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice
PH : Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England
ED : Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded
RP : Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More
M : John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London
RP : Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud
ST : First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors
DL : Earthquake destroys Constantinople
DL : Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span. settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World

1510

RP : Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication
ED : John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London
ST : Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine)
DL : Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire
VA : Botticelli dies in Florence

1511

PH : Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy
PH : Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy
M : Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing
ST : Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca
VA : Giorgio Vasari is born

1512

PH : German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation
PH : War between Russia and Poland
LT : First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama
RP : Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church
RP : Shi'ism state religion in Persia
M : Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés
M : Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen
ST : Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun
ST : Ban on quacks in Augsburg
ST : Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons
DL : Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger

1513

PH : Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway
PH : James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency
DL : Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest
PH : Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France
RP : Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X
ST : Vasco Nuńez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean
ST : Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida

1514

PH : Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia
PH : Anglo-Fr. truce
PH : Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa
RP : Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy
ST : The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River
RP : The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany
DL : Pineapples first arrive in Europe

1515

PH : Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I
PH : Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed
PH : Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons
PH : Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England
RP : The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities
RP : Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin
ST : First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France

1516

PH : Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II
PH : Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments
PH : Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss
RP : Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text
ED : Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French
RP : Sir Thomas More: Utopia
ED : Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded
M : Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses
M : Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy
ST : Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World
DL : Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe
DL : Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples
VA : Hieronymus Bosch dies

1517

DL : "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders
RP : End of Lateran Council
RP : Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German
RP : Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom
RP : Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica
ED : Collčge de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded
DL : Coffee in Europe for the first time
VA : Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies

1518

PH : Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain
ST : Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico
ED : Royal College of Physicians, London, founded
ST : Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic
DL : License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot
DL : E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe
ST : Spectacles for the shortsighted
VA : Tintoretto is born

1519

PH : Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V
RP : Erasmus: Colloquia
RP : Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck
RP : Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation
VA : Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands
PH : Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler
ST : Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe
DL : Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent
VA : Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France

1520

PH : Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm
PH : Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent
PH : Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle
ED : Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau
RP : Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer
RP : Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull
ST : Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations
DL : Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain
DL : Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall
VA : Artist Raphael dies in Rome

1521

PH : Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state
PH : King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him
RP : Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther
RP : Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible
RP : Niccolň Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra
RP : Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma
RP : Pope Leo X dies in December
ST : Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives
ST : Manufacture of silk introduced in France

1522

PH : Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden
PH : Spanish forces conquer Guatemala
RP : Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI
ED : Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia
RP : Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts
RP : Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá
ST : Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru
ST : Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war

1523

PH : Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway
PH : Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden
RP : Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII
M : Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing
ST : Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture
DL : First marine insurance policies issued at Florence
VA : Artist Perugino dies in Perugia

1524

PH : James V, King of Scotland
PH : Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair
PH : Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I
LT : London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England
RP : Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich
RP : Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn
ST : Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography
DL : Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court
VA : Hans Holbein the Elder dies

1525

PH : Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy
PH : Peace signed between England and France
PH : Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary
RP : Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order
ED : Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford
ST : Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry
DL : Hops introduced to England from Artois
DL : Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor
VA : Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate)
M : Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February

1526

PH : Anglo-Scot. peace signed
PH : Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary
PH : Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi
LT : Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal
RP : The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia
RP : Persecution of Jews in Hungary
RP : Luther: German Mass
DL : Card game piquet first played

1527

PH : Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary
PH : The Sack of Rome
LT : Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory
RP : Reformation in Sweden
ED : First Protestant university founded at Marbug

1528

RP : Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions
RP : Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship
RP : Reformation begins in Scotland
M : Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published
ST : Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery
DL : Severe outbreaks of the plague in England
VA : Matthias Grünewald dies
VA : Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born
VA : Albrecht Dürer dies

1529

PH : Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England
RP : Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants")
ED : Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes
LT : Women seen for the first time on Italian stages
ED : King Francis I founds the Collčge de France
ST : Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed
RP : Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico
ST : Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published

1530

PH : Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope
PH : Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V
PH : The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies
RP : Melanchthon: Apologia
ST : George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy
ST : Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times
ST : Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World
DL : The Antwerp exchange founded
DL : Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire
DL : General use of the spinning wheel in Europe
DL : Workman's bench comes into use
DL : The game of Bingo is developed

1531

PH : Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England
PH : War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons
RP : First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus
ED : Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen
RP : Inquisition in Portugal
ED : Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany
ED : University of Granada founded
DL : The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition

1532

M : Orlande de Lassus born
ST : Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru
RP : Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII
ED : Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary
RP : Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth.
RP : Reformation in France (John Calvin)
ST : Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs
DL : Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil

1533

PH : Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn
RP : Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope
PH : Accession of Ivan IV of Russia
PH : Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru
ED : Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking
M : First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome
VA : Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg
ST : First lunatic asylums (without medical attention)
LT : Elizabeth I born 7 September

1534

PH : "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia
PH : Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed
RP : Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius
RP : Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III
RP : Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola
RP : Luther completes German translation of the Bible
ST : Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador
DL : Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep
VA : Correggio dies

1535

PH : Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope
PH : Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy
PH : Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death
PH : Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves
ED : Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge
RP : Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia
ED : Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice
ST : First diving bells
DL : Beginnings of the London Exchange
DL : Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners

1536

PH : Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed
PH : Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife
RP : The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster
PH : Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England
RP : John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio
RP : Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione
RP : Reformation in Denmark and Norway
RP : 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree
ED : Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice
M : First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain
ST : India rubber mentioned for the first time

1537

PH : The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed
RP : First Catholic hymnal (Vete)
ED : Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen
M : First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls
ST : Niccolň Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics
ST : Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology
ST : First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator

1538

RP : Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England
RP : Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa
ST : Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
VA : Albrecht Altdorfer dies

1539

M : William Byrd born
RP : Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans
RP : Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner
RP : Melanchthon: De officio principum
ST : Olaus Magnus: map of the world
DL : First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral
DL : A public lottery held in France

1540

PH : Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife
PH : Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople
PH : Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi
RP : Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III
ED : Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge
RP : Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia
ST : Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid
ST : Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood
VA : Parmigianino dies

1541

PH : Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church
PH : Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct
RP : John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland
RP : Loyola elected General of the Jesuits

1542

PH : Queen Catherine Howard executed
PH : Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne
RP : Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome
ED : Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded
ED : University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici
ST : Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European
ST : Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy
DL : Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria

1543

PH : Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him
RP : Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III
RP : First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition
ST : Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat
VA : Hans Holbein the Younger dies

1544

PH : Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line
ED : University of Königsberg founded
ST : Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology
ST : Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium
ST : Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis
ST : Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra
ST : St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded
ST : Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered

1545

PH : Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I
LT : Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy
RP : Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation
ST : Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree
ST : Claude Garamond designs his antique typography
ST : First European botanical garden in Padua
M : John Taverner dies 15 October

1546

ST : Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League
ED : Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church
RP : Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire
ST : First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn
ST : Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases
ST : Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole
ST : First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus
ST : Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela

1547

PH : Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow
PH : Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI
PH : Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II
PH : Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg
RP : William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie
RP : La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics
M : Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon
DL : First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus
DL : French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities
DL : Moscow destroyed by fire
DL : Poor rate levied in London

1548

PH : Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus
LT : Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris
LT : Royal edict forbids performance of "mystčres" in Paris
RP : Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published
ED : University of Messina founded
RP : Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan
ED : Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London

1549

PH : Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia
LT : Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise
RP : Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England
RP : Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion
ST : Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus
RP : Pope Paul III dies
ED : Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia
ED : Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis
ST : Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador
DL : Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe

1550

RP : Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament
RP : Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III
RP : Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium
VA : Beginning of early Baroque in art
VA : Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting
VA : Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists
M : John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy
DL : Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy
DL : Sealing wax used for first time
DL : First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts

1551

ED : Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university
RP : Jews persecuted in Bavaria
ED : University of Lima founded
ST : Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons
ST : Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology
DL : First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales

1552

LT : Sir Walter Raleigh born
ED : Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits
ED : Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias
RP : Second Prayer Book of Edward VI
ST : Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve
ST : Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI
DL : St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer

1553

PH : Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later
PH : Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England
PH : Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia
RP : Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure
RP : Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.)
RP : Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique
M : The violin in its present form begins to develop
DL : Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru
VA : Lucas Cranach the Elder dies

1554

PH : Lady Jane Grey executed
PH : Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I
RP : Catholic restoration in England
ED : Trinity College, Oxford, founded
ST : Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium

1555

PH : Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic
PH : Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip
ED : An Aztec dictionary published
RP : Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV
ST : Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux
ST : Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America

1556

PH : Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste
PH : Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India
RP : Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text
RP : Jesuit Order established in Prague
ST : George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.)
DL : Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England

1557

M : Thomas Morley born
PH : John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I
DL : State bankruptcy in Spain and France
LT : The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored
ED : Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College
ST : Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra
ED : Repton School, Derbyshire, founded
ED : Accademia di San Luca, Rome
ST : Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie
DL : Influenza epidemic throughout Europe

1558

PH : Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor
PH : Ex-Emperor Charles V dies
PH : Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I
DL : John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women
RP : Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed
ED : University of Jena founded
M : Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales
DL : Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law)
DL : Hamburg Exchange founded
DL : Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff
PH : French retake Calais

1559

PH : King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II
PH : Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I
PH : King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England
PH : Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands
LT : Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature
RP : Elizabethan Prayer Book
RP : Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica
RP : Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV
ED : University of Geneva founded
ST : Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo

1560

RP : Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France
PH : King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent
RP : Church of Scotland founded
RP : Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history
RP : Beginnings of Puritanism in England
ED : Westminster School, London, founded
VA : The Uffizi at Florence founded
ST : First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta
PH : Madrid becomes capital of Spain
DL : Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot
DL : Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy

1561

PH : Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots
PH : Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised
RP : First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England
ST : Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae
DL : Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing
ST : Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time
ED : Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded
VA : St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire
DL : Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe

1562

M : John Dowland born
PH : Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland
PH : Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey
PH : Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia
RP : Third session of Council of Trent convenes
RP : 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins
RP : Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles
M : Gasparo Bertolotti da Salň moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker
ST : French attempt to colonise Florida
ST : John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies
DL : Milled coins introduced in England
DL : Plague in Paris
M : Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April

1563

LT : Michael Drayton born
RP : Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration
PH : Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age
PH : Maximilian II elected King of Hungary
ST : First printing presses in Russia
LT : Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry
RP : John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition
RP : Council of Trent ends
RP : Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria
RP : Term "Puritan" first used in England
VA : John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture
ST : Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine
ST : Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie
DL : Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices
DL : General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London

1564

PH : Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France
PH : Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II
RP : Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV
RP : Counter Reformation begins in Poland
RP : Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval
RP : Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome
RP : Scots' Psalter
ST : Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica
DL : Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland
VA : Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti dies in Rome
LT : William Shakespeare born 23 April

1565

RP : Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration
ED : Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae
RP : Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps
RP : Pope Pius IV dies
ST : Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections
ST : Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science
DL : Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London
DL : Pencils manufactured in England
DL : Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England

1566

PH : Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey
RP : Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition
PH : Sigismund III, King of Poland
PH : Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562
RP : Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history
RP : Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession
RP : Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V
DL : Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice

1567

PH : Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent
PH : Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency
PH : In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government
ED : Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.)
RP : Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy
ED : University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded
ST : Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean
PH : Rio de Janeiro founded
DL : Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever
M : Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May

1568

PH : Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II
PH : Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France
PH : Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king
DL : First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys
RP : First translation of the Bible into Czech
RP : Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible
ED : English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England
RP : Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan
RP : Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun
ST : Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts
ST : Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain
DL : Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer
VA : Jan Brueghel the Elder born

1569

PH : Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin
ST : Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter
ST : Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use
DL : 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic
DL : Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port
VA : Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies

1570

PH : Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty
PH : Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden
PH : Imperial Diet meets at Speyer
DL : Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade
PH : Turks declare war on Venice
LT : Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama
M : Jean Antoine de Baďf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris
ED : Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education
RP : Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits
RP : Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics
RP : Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I
RP : Missale Romanum issued by Pius V
M : Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy
M : Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso)
ST : Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps
DL : Nuremberg postal services begin

1571

PH : Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty
PH : Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots
DL : Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England
RP : Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy
ED : Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public
RP : Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons
RP : Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments
ED : Harrow School founded by John Lyon
ED : Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price

1572

LT : John Donne born
PH : Dutch War of Independence begins
PH : Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective
RP : Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there
PH : Fourth War of Religion begins in France
ED : Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy
ED : Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion
ED : Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae
RP : Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae
RP : Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII
M : "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona
ST : Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel
ST : Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way
ST : Society of Antiquaries founded in London
DL : Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem
VA : Bronzino dies
LT : Ben Jonson born 11 June
Personae

Terms Defined

Referenced Works