| ST : | Port. navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde | PH : | Copenhagen becomes Dan. capital | VA : | Botticelli born, day unknown |
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| PH : | János Hunyady elected regent of Hungary | VA : | Artist Perugino born in Umbria |
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| PH : | Scanderbeg defeats Murad II, and gains independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan | RP : | Pope Nicholas V | ED : | Founding of Palermo University |
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| PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed, Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England | PH : | Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden | PH : | Constantine XI Palaeologus the last Byzantine Emperor |
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| PH : | English break truce with France, capture Fougères | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) born |
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| PH : | Jack Cade's rebellion in England | LT : | Vatican Library founded | LT : | Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book | VA : | Florence under the Medici becomes centre of Renaissance and humanism | DL : | Mocha in south-western Arabia becomes main port for coffee export | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch born |
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| PH : | Mohammed I, Sultan of the Turks | ED : | Glasgow University founded |
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| PH : | Frederick III crowned emperor | PH : | George of Podebrad elected Regent of Bohemia | ST : | Metal plates are used for printing | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci is born in Tuscany |
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| PH : | Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of the Byzantine Empire | PH : | End of Hundred years' War between England and France | ST : | Gutenberg and his financier print the 42-line bible at Mainz |
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| PH : | Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan | PH : | Richard, Duke of York, named "Protector of England" during insanity for Henry VI; Edward, son of Henry, named Prince of Wales | DL : | Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data |
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| PH : | Duke of York, excluded from Council, defeats royal forces at St. Albans, May, and becomes again "Protector": Beginning of the Wars of the Roses | ST : | The Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores the Senegal River | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico dies |
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| PH : | The trial of Joan of Arc annulled | PH : | János Hunyadi dies |
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| PH : | Ladislas V Posthumus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, dies; Frederick III inherits Upper and Lower Austria |
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| PH : | The Hussite leader, George of Podebrad, becomes King of Bohemia | PH : | Matthias Corvinus, son of János Hunyady, becomes King of Hungary | RP : | Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II |
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| PH : | Renewal of civil war in England |
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| PH : | James II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James III | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder born |
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| PH : | Edward, son of Richard of York, crowned Edward IV, King of England | PH : | Charles VII of France dies; succeeded by Louis XI | PH : | Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania |
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| PH : | Emperor Frederick III recognises Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, who recognises Hapsburg claims to succession | LT : | François Villon, saved from gallows, disappears | DL : | Monte di Pietà at Orvieto: money loaned at low interest to poor people |
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| PH : | Peace between England and Scotland | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, dies | RP : | Pope Paul II | DL : | Louis XI establishes Fr. royal mail service | DL : | Scot. Parliament decrees that "fute-ball and golfe not to be used" | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden dies |
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| M : | First printed music | DL : | Edward IV passes edict forbidding "hustling of stones" and other bowling-like sports |
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| LT : | Johann Mental prints first Ger. Bible (Strasbourg) |
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| PH : | Philip II of Burgundy dies; succeeded by Charles the Bold |
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| RP : | Bishopric of Vienna established |
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| PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Magnificent", ruler of Florence | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi dies |
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| ST : | Port. navigators discover Gold Coast, West Africa | ST : | First Fr. printing press set up at the Sorbonne, Paris |
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| PH : | Edward IV, King of England, defeats and kills Richard, Earl of Warwick at Barnet, defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkesbury, and enters London; Henry VI murdered in the Tower | PH : | King George of Bohemia dies; succeeded by Vladislav II | RP : | Pope Sixtus IV | VA : | Albrecht Dürer is born |
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| PH : | Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder born |
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| PH : | Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg |
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| PH : | Isabella I, Queen of Aragon | LT : | William Caxton prints the first book in English |
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| M : | John Taverner born | VA : | Matthias Grünewald is born | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
born in Florence | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence |
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| LT : | Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
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| PH : | Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state | ED : | Copenhagen University founded | DL : | After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry |
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| PH : | Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians | PH : | Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan | RP : | Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate) |
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| PH : | Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks | RP : | Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church |
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| PH : | Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs |
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| PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
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| RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
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| PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
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| PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
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| VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
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| PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
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| PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
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| PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
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| PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
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| PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World    GO ! | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
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| PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
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| PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them    GO ! | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
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| PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
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| PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
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| PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
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| PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
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| PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
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| PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
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| PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
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| PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
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| PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | VA : | Bronzino is born | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
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| PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
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| M : | Thomas Tallis born | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
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| PH : | Treaty of Windsor | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
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| PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
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| PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
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| PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
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| RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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