| PH : | Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder born |
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| PH : | Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg |
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| PH : | Isabella I, Queen of Aragon | LT : | William Caxton prints the first book in English |
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| M : | John Taverner born | VA : | Matthias Grünewald is born | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
born in Florence | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence |
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| LT : | Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
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| PH : | Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state | ED : | Copenhagen University founded | DL : | After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry |
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| PH : | Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians | PH : | Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan | RP : | Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate) |
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| PH : | Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks | RP : | Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church |
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| PH : | Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs |
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| PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
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| RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
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| PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
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| PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
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| VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
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| PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
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| PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
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| PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
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| PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
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| PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World    GO ! | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
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| PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
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| PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them    GO ! | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
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| PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
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| PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
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| PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
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| PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
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| PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
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| PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
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| PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
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| PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
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| PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | VA : | Bronzino is born | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
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| PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
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| M : | Thomas Tallis born | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
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| PH : | Treaty of Windsor | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
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| PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
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| PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
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| PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
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| RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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| PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
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| PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
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| PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
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| PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
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| PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
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| PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
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| DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | RP : | End of Lateran Council | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
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| PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
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| PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
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| PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
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| PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | RP : | Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
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| PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
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| PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
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| PH : | James V, King of Scotland | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
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| PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
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| PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | RP : | Luther: German Mass | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
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| PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | PH : | The Sack of Rome | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
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| RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
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| PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
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| PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
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| PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | ED : | University of Granada founded | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
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|
| M : | Orlande de Lassus born | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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|
| PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | VA : | Correggio dies |
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|
| PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | ST : | First diving bells | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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| PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| M : | William Byrd born | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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| PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
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| ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
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| PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
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| PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | ED : | University of Messina founded | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
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| PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
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| RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
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| ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | ED : | University of Lima founded | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
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| LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
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| PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
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