Bernardo Bellotto : Courtyard of the Castle at Köningstein from the South
PH :
The Black Hole of Calcutta, 123 British soldiers are alledged to have died there
PH :
Treaty of Westminster; alliance between Britain and Prussia
PH :
Treaty of Versailles; alliance between France and Austria
PH :
British Rule India
VA :
François Boucher : The Marquise de Pompadour
VA :
Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Die Vermählung Amors mit Psyche
VA :
Claude-Joseph Vernet : The Town and Harbour of Toulon
PH :
Anglo-Prussian Treaty of Westminster
PH :
Britain declares war on France - Seven Year's War
PH :
120 British soldiers imprisoned and die in India ("Black Hole of Calcutta")
LT :
Russian royal Court Theatre founded at St. Petersburg
ED :
Thomas Birch: History of the Royal Society of London
RP :
Edmund Burke: Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
RP :
Alban Butler: Lives of the Saints, vol.1
RP :
Arthur Collins: The Peerage of England finished
RP :
Mirabeau: Ami des hommes ou traité de la population
ED :
Voltaire finished his Siècle de Louis XIV
DL :
First chocolate factory in Germany
DL :
Porcelain factory founded at Sèvres
M :
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born 27 January
VA :
Sir Henry Raeburn born 4 March
1757
VA :
Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Ekaterina Golovkina
RP :
Denis Diderot: Entretiens sur le fils natural
RP :
Richard Price: Review of the Principal Questions in Morals
ED :
Royal Library, London, transferred to British Museum
DL :
The London Chronicle appears
M :
Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz dies 27 March
M :
Domenico Scarlatti dies 23 July
VA :
William Blake born 28 November
1758
VA :
Thomas Gainsborough : The Painter's Daughters
VA :
Giovanni Battista Pittoni : Annunciation
VA :
Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
DL :
Samuel Johnson: The Idler, weekly periodical
RP :
Pope Benedict XIV dies; succeeded by Carlo della Torre Rezzonico as Pope Clement XIII
RP :
Emerich de Vattel: Le Droit des gens
RP :
Claude Adrien Helvétius: De l'esprit
ED :
Serjeant's Inn (London Court) formed
M :
First English manual on guitar playing published
VA :
Pierre-Paul Prud'hon born 4 April
1759
VA :
Corrado Giaquinto : Justice and Peace
VA :
Bernardo Bellotto : View of Vienna from the Belvedere
LT :
Candide written by Voltaire
DL :
The Botanical Gardens founded at Kew in London
PH :
Cherokee War against the English begins
VA :
Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of a Lady as a Vestal Virgin
PH :
King Ferdinand VI of Spain dies; succeeded by Charles II
RP :
Alexander Gerard: An Essay on Taste
ED :
Oliver Goldshmith: An Enquiry Into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe
RP :
Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal
RP :
Adam Smith: Theory of Moral Sentiments
VA :
William Chambers: Treatise on Civil Architecture
ST :
Franz Aepinus: Testamen theoriae electricitatis et magnetesmi
ED :
Bavarian Academy of Science founded
ED :
British Museum opened (at Montagu House)
DL :
The Publish Ledger, London daily paper, appears
M :
George Frideric Handel dies 14 April
1760
PH :
George III becomes King of England
PH :
Catherine II, The Great becomes ruler of Russia
PH :
King George II of England dies; succeeded by his grandson George III
LT :
James Macpherson: Fragments of Ancient Poetry, Collected in the Highlands, famous literary fraud
VA :
First exhibition of contemporary art at Royal Society of Arts, London
M :
Noverre, ballet master at Stuttgart, publishes his Letter on Dancing and Ballets
ED :
First British school for deaf and dumb opened by Thomas Braidwood, Edinburgh
DL :
Josiah Wedgewood founds pottery works at Etrurua, Staffordshire
ST :
Botanical Gardens in Kew, London, opened
DL :
Rules of whist laid down by Edmund Hoyle
M :
C.P.E. Bach : Sonatas with Varied Repeats
VA :
George Stubbs : Mares and Foals in a Landscape
VA :
Richard Wilson : Solitude
VA :
Francesco Zuccarelli : Mountain Landscape with Washerwomen and Fisherman
1761
M :
Christoph Willibald Gluck : Ballet, Don Juan
M :
Joseph Haydn : Symphonies
No.6, No.7 and No.8 ('Morning', 'Midday' and 'Evening')
VA :
Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Laundress
VA :
Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Village Betrothal
VA :
Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Diana & Cupid
VA :
Anton Raphael Mengs : Parnassus
VA :
Allan Ramsay : Mrs. Martin
PH :
Ieharu, the new Shogun of Japan
LT :
Benjamin Victor: History of the Theatres of London and Dublin
RP :
Henry Home: An Introduction to the Art of Thinking
ST :
Russian scientist and poet Mikhail V. Lomonosov discovers the atmosphere of Venus
ST :
B.G. Morgagni: On the Causes of Diseases, beginning of pathological anatomy
ST :
Johann Peter Süssmilch initiates study of statistics
ED :
First French veterinary school founded at Lyons
ST :
Society of Arts, London, opens first exhibition of agricultural machines
1762
VA :
Allan Ramsay : Queen Charlotte
M :
Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Orfeo ed Euridice
VA :
Thomas Gainsborough : William Pointz
VA :
George Stubbs : Whistlejacket
VA :
Richard Wilson : Lake Albano
PH :
Czarina Elizabeth of Russia dies; succeeded by Peter III, who dies by assassination; succeeded by Catherine II
PH :
Treaty of Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia
PH :
Russo-Prussian alliance against Austria signed
PH :
Truce between Prussia, Saxony, and the Holy Roman Empire
ED :
Robert Lowth: Introduction to English Grammar
RP :
George Campbell: Dissertation on Miracles
ED :
John Parkhurst: Hebrew and English Lexicon
RP :
Rousseau: Du Contrat social, ou principes du droit politique
ED :
Sorbonne Library, Paris, opened
VA :
Stuart and Revett: Classical Antiquities of Athens, Vol I
M :
Benjamin Franklin improves the harmonica, turning it into a practical musical instrument
ST :
At Carron ironworks in Stirlingshire, Scotland, cast iron converted for the first time into malleable iron
1763
PH :
The Seven Years war ends with the Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg    GO !
PH :
Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland
VA :
Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Filial Piety
VA :
Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still-life with Pheasant
VA :
Joseph Marie Vien : The Cupid Seller
RP :
Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance
ED :
Frederick the Great establishes village schools in Prussia
1764
VA :
German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History of the Art of Antiquity
M :
Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.22, 'The Philosopher'
PH :
Pontiac's Rebellion in Ohio valley
PH :
Stanislas Poniatowski elected King of Poland
PH :
Hyder Ali usurps throne of Mysore
RP :
Confiscation of Church lands in Russia
PH :
Deposed Czar Ivan VI murdered in prison
RP :
Jesuits suppressed in France
LT :
The Literary Club founded in London by Dr. Johnson, with Burke, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Reynolds, etc.
LT :
Literary salons founded in Paris by Mme. Necker and Mlle. de Lespinasse
RP :
Cesare Beccaria-Conesana: On Crimes and Punishments
RP :
Charles Bonnet: Contemplation de la nature
ED :
Brown University, Providence, R.I. founded
RP :
Voltaire: Philosophical Dictionary
VA :
J.J. Winckelmann: History of Ancient Art
ST :
James Watt invents condenser, first step toward steam engine
DL :
London introduces practice of numbering houses
PH :
April - Sugar Act passed by Parliament to offset expenses of the French and Indian War
M :
Johann Mattheson dies 17 April
PH :
July - James Otis publishes The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
VA :
William Hogarth dies 26 October
1765
VA :
Thomas Gainsborough : Studies of a Cat
PH :
Joseph II becomes the Holy Roman Emperor
VA :
Corrado Giaquinto dies
VA :
Sir Joshua Reynolds : Lady Sarah Bunbury Sacrificing to the Graces
VA :
Bernardo Bellotto : The Ruins of the Old Kreuzkirche in Dresden
PH :
British Parliament passes Stamp Act for taxing American colonies    GO !
PH :
Emperor Francis I, Maria Theresa's husband dies; their son Joseph II succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, becomes co-regent with his mother
RP :
A.R.J. Turgot: Refléxions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses
ST :
Spallanzani suggests preserving by means of hermetic sealing
DL :
Bank of Prussia founded by Frederick the Great
VA :
Charles-André van Loo dies 15 July
1766
ST :
The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude
M :
C.P.E. Bach : Six Easy Keyboard Sonatas
VA :
Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Swing
VA :
Allan Ramsay : Portrait of David Hume
PH :
Repeal of Stamp Act, but Declaratory Act states Britain's right to tax American colonies    GO !
PH :
Frederick V of Denmark dies; succeeded by the mad Christian VII
LT :
Theatre Royal, Bristol, opens, oldest British theatre still in use
RP :
Czarina Catherine the Great grants freedom of worship in Russia
ED :
Adam Ferguson: Essay on the History of Civil Society
VA :
Lessing: Laokoon, against Winckelmann's theories
ST :
Louis de Bougainville sets out on voyage to Pacific on which he discovers Tahiti, the Soloman Islands, and New Guinea
DL :
First paved sidewalk laid in Westminster, London
VA :
Jean-Marc Nattier dies 7 November
1767
PH :
Russian-Turkish War
VA :
Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson born
VA :
Giovanni Battista Pittoni dies
M :
Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Alceste
VA :
Joseph Marie Vien : Academie
PH :
Townshend Duties: taxes on imports of tea, glass, paper, and dyestuffs in American colonies; non-importation agreement at public protest meeting in Boston    GO !
PH :
First Mysore War
RP :
Jesuits expelled from Spain, Parma, and the Two Sicilies
RP :
Moses Mendelssohn: Phaedon, or the Immortality of Soul
Swiss explorer Burckhardt discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel
ST :
Georges Cuvier: Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes
ST :
Humphry Davy: Elements of Chemical Philosophy
ST :
Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning flax
ST :
Laplace: Thérie analytique
DL :
Royal Yacht Squadron founded
DL :
Gas, Light and Coke Company, London developed by F.A. Winsor
VA :
Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau born 15 April
LT :
Robert Browning born 7 May
1813
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Rokeby
LT :
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, L'italiana in Algeri
('The Italian Girl in Algiers')
M :
Nicolò Paganini : Le streghe
('Witches Dance')
PH :
Prussia declares war on France
PH :
Austria declares war on France
PH :
French expelled from Holland; return of William of Orange
PH :
Simón Bolivar becomes dictator of Venezuela
PH :
Mexico declares itself independent
RP :
J.F. Herbart: Introduction to Philosophy
RP :
Methodist Missionary Society founded
RP :
Robert Owen: A New View of Society
RP :
Schopenhauer: Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom sureichenden Grunde
M :
London Philharmonic Society founded
DL :
Last gold guinea coins issued in England
M :
The waltz conquers the European ballrooms
M :
Richard Wagner born 22 May
M :
Giuseppe Verdi born 10 October
1814
LT :
William Wordsworth: The Excursion
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Waverly
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Corsair and Lara published
M :
Franz Schubert : Song, Gretchen am Spinnerade
('Gretchen and the Spinning Wheel')
VA :
Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Third of May, 1808
VA :
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Grand Odalisque
VA :
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Raphael and the Fornarina
PH :
Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba
PH :
Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up the throne as his hereditary right
PH :
Congress of Vienna opens
PH :
Christian Frederick of Denmark elected King of Norway
PH :
Treaty of Ghent ends British-American war    GO !
PH :
Hanover proclaimed a kingdom
PH :
Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, declares war on the Gurkhas (Nepal)
ED :
Chateaubriand: De Buonaparte et le Bourbons
RP :
Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisistion
RP :
Savigny: The Claim of Our Age on Legislation
VA :
Dulwich Gallery, London, opened
M :
J.N. Maelzel invents the metronome
ST :
Berzelius: Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity
ST :
M.J.B. Orfila: Toxicologie générale
ST :
At Killingworth Colliery, George Stephenson constructs the first practical steam locomotive
DL :
English Statute of Apprentices (1563) repealed
M :
Johann Friedrich Reichardt dies 27 June
VA :
Jean-François Millet born 4 October
1815
LT :
William Wordsworth: Collected Poems
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Guy Mannering
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Lord of the Isles
LT :
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Biographia Literaria
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hebrew Melodies
M :
Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Quintet
M :
Franz Schubert : Songs, Der Erlkönig, Heidenröslein
PH :
Napoleon leaves Elba; the "Hundred Days"; Napoleon abdicates again and is banished to St. Helena
PH :
Swiss Federal Pact ratified; the Confederation now consists of 22 cantons
PH :
Joachim Murat, King of Naples executed after attempt to regain Naples
PH :
Brazil declares itself an independent empire
RP :
Protestant Baseler Missiongesellschaft founded
RP :
T.R. Malthus: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent
ED :
Savigny: History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages
RP :
Dugald Stewart: Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy
VA :
The Biedermeier styles arrives
ST :
Miner's safety lamp invented
ST :
Augustin Fresnel: research on the diffraction of light
ST :
Lamarck: Histoire naturelle des animaux
ST :
L.J. Prout: hypothesis on relation between specific gravity and atomic weight
DL :
Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain
DL :
British income tax ended
DL :
British road surveyor John Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone
DL :
Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in Indonesia - more than 50,000 dead
ED :
Technological College, Vienna, founded
VA :
Ernest Meissonier born 21 February
1816
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Tales of my Landlord
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold canto III and The Prisoner of Chillon
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Siege of Corinth and Parisina
M :
ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Undine
M :
Franz Schubert : Symphonies
No.4 'Tragic', and No.5
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Il barbiere di Siviglia
('The Barber of Seville')
PH :
Maria I, Queen of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son, Dom John VI
PH :
Argentina declared independent
PH :
Prince Metternich opens Diet of German Confederation at Frankfurt
RP :
American Bible Society founded
ED :
Nikolai Karamzin: History of the Russian Empire
ST :
Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope
ST :
Stethoscope invented
DL :
Blackwood's Magazine founded, Edinburgh
DL :
English economic crisis causes large-scale emigration to Canada and U.S.
1817
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Rob Roy
LT :
John Keats: Poems
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Manfred
LT :
William Cullen Bryant: Thanatopsis
M :
Franz Schubert : Songs, Die Forelle ('The Trout'), Der Tod und das Mädchen (Death and the Maiden'), An die Musik
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Armida
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, La gazza ladra
('The Thieving Magpie')
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La Cenerentola
('Cinderella')
M :
Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.1
VA :
Caspar David Friedrich : Cemetery at Dusk
VA :
Caspar David Friedrich : City at Moonrise
PH :
James Monroe inaugurated as fifth President of the U.S.    GO !
PH :
Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German students
RP :
August Böckh: The Public Economy of Athens
RP :
Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union
RP :
Hegel: Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences
RP :
H.F.R. de Lamennais: Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion
ED :
Juan Llorente, a former secretary of the Inquisition, publishes his History of the Inquisition in Spain
RP :
Joseph de Maistre: Du Pape
ED :
Braccia Nuova begins building of Vatican Museum, Rome
ST :
Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium
ST :
Karl Ritter: Geographie in ihrer Beziehung zu Natur und Geschichte
DL :
Riots in Derbyshire, England, against low wages
DL :
Opening of Waterloo Bridge, London (replaced 1945)
VA :
Charles-François Daubigny born 15 February
1818
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Heart of Midlothian
LT :
John Keats: Endymion
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Beppo and Childe Harold canto IV
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Mosè in Egitto
M :
Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Hammerklavier' Piano Sonata
VA :
Caspar David Friedrich : Wanderer above the Sea of Fog
VA :
Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : Severed Heads
PH :
Act suspending Habeas Corpus is repealed
PH :
Charles XIII of Sweden dies; succeeded by Jean Bernadotte as Charles XIV
PH :
Chile proclaims its independence
PH :
Border between Canada and U.S. agreed upon
ED :
Bonn University founded
ED :
Josef Dobrovsky: History of the Czech language
ED :
Henry Hallam: The View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages
ED :
Prado Museum, Madrid, founded
ST :
F.W. Bessel: Fundamenta Astronomiae, catalog of 3,222 stars
ST :
Berzelius publishes molecular weights of 2,000 chemical compounds
ST :
Cadmium discovered
DL :
British Order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent
DL :
"Savannah" becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic (26 days)
M :
Charles-François Gounod born 18 June
1819
LT :
William Wordsworth: Peter Bell and The Waggoner
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor, Ivanhoe, and A Legend of Montrose
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Mazeppa and Don Juan cantos I and II
M :
Carl Maria von Weber : Invitation to the Dance
for piano (later orchestrated by Berlioz)
M :
Franz Schubert : 'Trout' Quintet
VA :
Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : The Raft of the Medusa
VA :
John Crome : Yarmouth Beach
PH :
Florida purchased by U.S. from Spain
PH :
Bolivar becomes President of Colombia
RP :
Georg Hermes: Philosophical Introduction to Christian Theology
RP :
Jean Sismondi: Nouveaux principes d'economie politique
ST :
Mitscherelich discovers isomorphism
ST :
David Napier constructs the flat-bed cylinder for printing
ST :
Danish physicist Hans Oersted discovers electromagnetism
DL :
Opening of Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London
VA :
Mehemet Ali presents Cleopatra's Needle to Britain
DL :
Freedom of the press in France
DL :
Maximum 12-hour working day for juveniles in England
M :
Franz von Suppé born 18 April
LT :
Walt Whitman born 31 May
VA :
Gustave Courbet born 10 June
M :
Jacques Offenbach born 20 June
M :
Clara Wieck Schumann born 13 September
1820
LT :
John Clare: Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery
LT :
Elizabeth Barret Browning: Battle of Marathon
LT :
William Blake: Jerusalem
VA :
John Constable : Dedham Lock and Mill
VA :
Henry Fuseli : Solitude at Dawn
PH :
Revolution in Spain - King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812
PH :
King George III of England dies; succeeded by Prince Regent as George IV
DL :
U.S. Land Law fixes land price at a minimum of $1.25 per acre
RP :
Thomas Brown: Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind
RP :
Thomas Erskine: Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion
RP :
J.J. Görres: Germany and the Revolution
RP :
Jesuits driven out of Rome
RP :
T. R. Malthus: Principles of Political Economy
VA :
Discovery of the Venus de Milo
ST :
André Ampère: Laws of the Electrodynamic Action
DL :
Washington Colonization Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negros
VA :
Benjamin West dies 11 March
LT :
Joseph Rodman Drake dies 21 September
1821
VA :
Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Great He-Goat
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Kenilworth
LT :
John Clare: The Village Minstrel
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Marino Faliero, Don Juan cantos III-V, Cain, The Two Foscari, and Sardanapalus
VA :
John Constable : Study of Clouds at Hampstead
VA :
John Constable : The Hay Wain
M :
Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Der Freischütz
PH :
James Monroe begins second term as U.S. president
PH :
Revolution in Piedmont: Victor Emmanuel abdicates, names his brother Charles Felix successor
PH :
Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks
PH :
Peru proclaimed independent from Spain, followed by Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo
ED :
Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies
RP :
George Grote: Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform
RP :
Hegel: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts
ED :
Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rosetta Stone
ST :
Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation
ST :
T.J. Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity
ST :
Sir Charles Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction
DL :
London Co-operative Society founded
DL :
Manchester Guardian founded
LT :
John Keats dies 23 February
VA :
John Crome dies 22 April
1822
LT :
William Wordsworth: Ecclesiastical Sketches
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Fortunes of Nigel and Halidon Hill
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Vision of Judgment
VA :
Eugène Delacroix : Dante and Virgil in Hell
M :
Franz Schubert : Fantasia
in C, 'Wanderer' Fantasy
M :
Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.8, 'Unfinished'
M :
Ludwig van Beethoven : Mass
in D (Missa Solemnis)
VA :
William Blake : The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins
PH :
Greeks adopt liberal republican constitution and proclaim independence
PH :
Augustin de Iturbide elected Emperor of Mexico
PH :
Brazil becomes independent of Portugal
PH :
Congress of Verona opens to discuss European problem
PH :
Bottle riots in Dublin, viceroy attacked by Orangemen
ED :
Colebrooke founds Royal Asiatic Society (study of Eastern languages)
RP :
Jean B. J. Fourier: Thèorie analytique de la chaleur
ST :
J.V. Poncelet: Traité des propriétés projectives des figures on projective geometry
M :
Royal Academy of Music, London, founded
VA :
Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama, paintings illuminated in dark room to give illusion of reality
ST :
A.J. Fresnel perfects lenses for lighthouses
DL :
Streets of Boston, Mass., lit by gas
DL :
Sunday Times, London, founded
M :
Franz Strauss born 26 February
M :
ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann dies 25 June
LT :
Mathew Arnold born 24 December
1823
VA :
Alexandre Cabanel born
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Macduff's Cross, Peveril of the Peak and Quentin Durward
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron: Don Juan cantos VI-XIV
M :
Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Euryanthe
M :
Franz Schubert : Moments Musicaux
M :
Franz Schubert : Incidental music
to Rosamunde
M :
Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Die schöne Müllerin
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Semiramide
M :
Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Diabelli' Piano Variations
M :
Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.9 ('Choral')
PH :
Mexico becomes republic, Iturbide forced to abdicate
PH :
Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central America
PH :
The Monroe Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers    GO !
RP :
Oxford Union Society founded
RP :
Pope Pius VII dies; succeeded by Pope Leo XII (Annibale de la Genga)
RP :
Saint-Simon: Catéchisme des industriels
ED :
Louis Thiers: Histoire de la Révolution Française
ED :
Sir Robert Smirke designs British Museum, London
ST :
Charles Babbage's early attempts to construct a calculating machine
ST :
Faraday succeeds in liquefying chlorine
ST :
Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric
ED :
Mechanic's Institute founded in London and Glasgow
ST :
Walter Oudney, discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa
ST :
British medical journal The Lancet first issued
DL :
First Cologne Carnival festivities
DL :
Death penalty for over 100 crimes abolished in Britain
ED :
George IV presents the library of George III to British Museum
DL :
Founding of Royal Thames Yacht Club
DL :
Rugby Football originates at Rugby School, England
VA :
Pierre-Paul Prud'hon dies 16 February
VA :
Sir Henry Raeburn dies 8 July
1824
VA :
Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson dies
VA :
Eugène Delacroix : Massacre at Chios
M :
Franz Schubert : Sonata
for two pianos, 'Grand Duo'
M :
Franz Schubert : Octet
in F
M :
Franz Schubert : String Quartet
No.14, 'Der Tod und das Mädchen
M :
Mikhail Glinka : Symphony in B-flat
M :
Ludwig van Beethoven :
Last five string quartets
VA :
Caspar David Friedrich : Evening
PH :
Bolivar proclaimed Emperor of Peru
PH :
Frontier treaty signed between Russia and U.S.
PH :
U.S. House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four candidates wins a majority in the national election    GO !
ED :
August Böckh: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecum (ed.)
ED :
Carlo Botta: History of Italy, 1789-1814
ED :
Leopold von Ranke: History of the Latin and Teutonic People, 1494-1535
RP :
Sunday School Union formed in U.S.
VA :
National Gallery, London, founded
ST :
Portland Cement developed
ST :
Nicolas Carnot: Puissance motrice du feu (on therodynamics)
DL :
Founding of Athenaeum Club, London
DL :
Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed; British workers are allowed to unionise
DL :
Le Globe, Paris begins publication
DL :
R.S.P.C.A. founded in London
VA :
Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault dies 26 January
M :
Bedrich Smetana born 2 March
LT :
George Gordon, Lord Byron dies 19 April
VA :
Jean Léon Gérôme born 11 May
M :
Anton Bruckner born 4 September
1825
VA :
Eugène Delacroix : Female Nude Reclining on a Divan
LT :
William Wordsworth: Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Talisman
M :
Felix Mendelssohn : Octet
for strings
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Adelson e Salvini
VA :
William Blake : The Body of Abel Found by Adam & Eve
VA :
William Blake : Queen Katherine's Dream
PH :
Ferdinand IV of Naples dies; succeeded by Francis I
PH :
Anglo-Russian Treaty of British territory in north-western N. America
PH :
Bolivia becomes independent of Peru, Uruguay of Brazil
PH :
Maximilian I, King of Bavaria, dies; succeeded by his son Louis I
PH :
Czar Alexander I dies; succeeded by Nicholas I
RP :
William Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits
RP :
French law makes sacrilege a capital offence
ED :
Augustin Thierry: Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands
ST :
Faraday isolates benzene
ST :
Oxygen-hydrogen limelight invented
ED :
Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest
DL :
Opening of Stockton-Darlington railroad - the first line to carry passengers
DL :
A Baseball Club organised at Rochester, New York
DL :
Tea roses from China introduced in Europe
LT :
Anna Lætitia Barbauld dies 9 March
VA :
Henry Fuseli dies 16 April
M :
Johann Strauss II born 25 October
VA :
Sir Adolph William Bouguereau born 30 November
VA :
Jacques-Louis David dies 29 December
1826
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Woodstock
LT :
Elizabeth Barret Browning: An Essay on Mind and Other Poems published anonymously
LT :
William Blake: Job
M :
Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Oberon
M :
Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.9
M :
Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.3
M :
Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.2, including La campanella ('The Little Bell')
M :
Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, A Midsummer Night's Dream
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Bianca e Gernando
M :
Hector Berlioz : Opera, Les Francs-juges
VA :
William Blake : Satan Inflicting Boils on Job
PH :
Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese War
PH :
John VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by Peter IV
PH :
Russia declares war on Persia
PH :
Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul
RP :
Ngüan Ngüan edits the writings of Confucius
VA :
U.S. Academy of Design founded
ST :
André Ampère: Electrodynamics
ST :
N.J. Lobachevsky develops his system of non-Euclidean geometry
ED :
Munich University founded
ST :
Galvanometer invented
DL :
Unter den Linden, Berlin, lit by gas
ST :
Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society, London
DL :
First railroad tunnel, on Liverpool-Manchester line, in England
M :
Carl Maria von Weber dies 5 June
1827
VA :
Eugène Delacroix : Death of Sardanapalus
LT :
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems by Two Brothers
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter and Life of Napoleon
LT :
John Clare: The Shepherd's Calendar with Village Stories and Other Poems
M :
Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Winterreise
('Winter Journey')
M :
Frederic Chopin : Nocturne
in E-flat
M :
Frederic Chopin :
Variations for piano and orchestra on 'La ci darem la mano' (aria from Mozart opera Don Giovanni
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Il pirata
('The Pirate')
PH :
Count Kapodistrias elected President of Greece
PH :
By the Treaty of London the Allies agree to force a truce on the Sultan
RP :
John Darby founds the Plymouth Brethren
ED :
Henry Hallam: The Constitutional History of England
RP :
John Keble: The Christian year
ST :
J. J. Audubon : Birds of North American
ST :
Karl von Baer: Epistola de Ova Mammalium et Hominis Generis
ST :
English physician describes Bright's disease
VA :
Joseph Niepce produces photographs on a metal plate
ST :
George Ohm formulates Ohm's Law, defining electrical current potential and resistance
ST :
James Simpson constructs sand filter for purification of London's water supply
DL :
Karl Baedeker begins publishing his travel guides
DL :
Evening Standard, London, appears
DL :
Sulfur friction matches introduced by John Walker
M :
Ludwig van Beethoven dies 26 March
VA :
William Holman Hunt born 26 April
LT :
William Blake dies 12 August
1828
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: Anne of Geierstein
LT :
Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works (3 volumes) and Work without Hope
M :
Franz Schubert : String Quintet
in C
M :
Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Schwanengesang
('Swan Song')
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Le Comte Ory
('Count Ory')
M :
Hector Berlioz : Overture, Waverly
PH :
Maria II deposed, Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portugal
PH :
Russia declares war on Turkey
PH :
Mehemet Ali agrees to Britain's demand to quit Greece
PH :
Uruguay becomes independent republic following Treaty of Rio de Janeiro
PH :
Liberal revolt in Mexico, Vincente Guerrero becomes president
DL :
British Test and Corporation Acts repealed; Catholics and Nonconformists may hold public office
VA :
German scholar K.O. Müller publishes his treatise on Etruscan antiquities
ED :
University College, London, opened
ED :
American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah Webster, published
ST :
John Franklin publishes an account of his Arctic explorations
ST :
Cap and ring spinning machines invented
ST :
Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea begins organic chemistry
DL :
London weekly Athenaeum issued
DL :
The Spectator, London weekly periodical, founded
DL :
Working Men's Party founded in New York
VA :
Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes dies 16 April
VA :
Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May
LT :
Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May
M :
Franz Schubert dies 19 November
1829
VA :
Anthony Frederick Sandys born
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Guillaume Tell
('William Tell')
M :
Nicolò Paganini :
Variations on 'God Save The King' for violin and orchestra
M :
Felix Mendelssohn :
Book I of 'Songs Without Words' (Lieder ohne Worte), for piano
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Zaira
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La straniera
('The Foreigner')
PH :
Andrew Jackson inaugurated at President of the U.S.    GO !
DL :
New Act of Parliament establishes an effective police force in London
PH :
Peace of Adrianople ends Russo-Turk. war
DL :
Slavery abolished in Mexico
PH :
President Guerrero of Mexico overthrown by General Anastasio Bustamante
DL :
Catholic Emancipation Act allows Roman Catholics in Great Britain to sit in Parliament and to hold almost any public office
RP :
Pope Leo XII dies; Cardinal Francisco Castiglione elected Pope Pius VIII
M :
The concertina patented
VA :
L.J.M. Dagueerre forms a partnership with J.N. Niepce for the development of their photographic inventions
ST :
Dobereiner: classification of similar elements
ST :
Von Drayse invents the breechloading needle gun
ST :
American physicist John Henry constructs and early version of the electromagnetic motor
ST :
Hydropathy, the system of treating diseases by water, developed by Silesian farmer Vincenz Priessnitz
DL :
The first co-operative stores in America
DL :
The omnibus becomes part of London public transport
DL :
First Oxford-Cambridge boat race takes place at Henley; Oxford wins
DL :
Suttee, the Indian custom of immolating a widow along with her dead husband, abolished in British India
DL :
The first U.S. patent on a typewriter granted this year
ST :
The Royal Zoological Society takes over the menagerie at the Tower of London (origin of the London Zoo at Regent's Park)
PH :
Uruguay declares war against Argentina
PH :
Treaty of London settles the dispute between the Dutch and their former Belg. subjects
PH :
Outbreak of First Opium War between Britain and China
PH :
Frederick IV, King of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian VIII
PH :
The independent republic of Natal founded by the Boers
PH :
Abdul Mejid becomes Sultan of Turkey
ED :
Franz Bopp identifies Celtic as part of the Indo-European language family
ED :
John Lloyd Stephens discovers and examines the antiquities of the ancient Maya culture in Central America
ST :
Charles Goodyear makes possible the commercial use of rubber by discovering the process of "vulcanisation"
ST :
Metallic element lanthanum discovered
ST :
Ozone discovered
ST :
First electric clock built
DL :
Electrotyping process developed by Moritz Jacobi
DL :
Abner Doubleday lays out first baseball field and conducts first baseball game ever played
RP :
Louis Blanc publishes: L'Organization du Travail
DL :
First Grand National run at Aintree, England
DL :
Prussia restricts juvenile labour to a maximun of 10 hours a day
ED :
Lowell Institute, Boston, founded
DL :
George Weed's anti-slavery pamphlet, Slavery As It Is
M :
Louis Moreau Gottschalk born 8 May
VA :
Sir John Everett Millais born 8 June
M :
Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein born 28 November
1830
LT :
Sir Walter Scott: The Doom of Devorgoil, a Melodrama and Auchindrane
M :
Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Anna Bolena
('Anne Boleyn')
M :
Robert Schumann : Abegg Variations,
for piano
M :
Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concertos
No.4 and No.5
M :
Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, The Hebrides
(Fingal's Cave)
M :
Frederic Chopin : Piano Concertos
No.1 and No.2
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, I Capuleti e i Montecchi
('The Capulets and the Montagues)
M :
Hector Berlioz : Symphony Fantastique
VA :
Eugène Delacroix : The 28th July: Liberty Leading the People
PH :
Revolution in Paris
PH :
William IV becomes King of Great Britain and Ireland
PH :
Charles X, King of France abdicates
PH :
Louis Philippe, King of the French, "the Citizen King"
PH :
Peter II, last of the Vladikas dynasty ascends the throne of Montenegro
PH :
Serbia a fully autonomous state
RP :
Jeremy Bentham: Constitutional Code for all Nations
RP :
William Cobbett: Rural Rides
RP :
The religious society of Mormons (now known as Latter Day Saints) founded by Joseph Smith and his friends in New York
RP :
Pope Pius VIII dies
ST :
Robert Brown, Scottish botanist, discovers the cell nucleus in plants
ST :
Scottish geologist Charles Lyell divides the geological system into three groups which he names eocene, miocene, and pliocene
ST :
Paraffin discovered
ST :
Founding of Royal Geographic Society, London
VA :
End of the Nazarene Brotherhood
ST :
French tailor Barthélemy Thimmonier devises a machine for utilitarian stitching (beginning of the sewing machine)
M :
Hans von Bülow born 8 January
VA :
Camille Pissarro born 10 July
VA :
Lord Frederic Leighton born 3 December
LT :
Christina Rossetti born 5 December
LT :
Emily Dickinson born 10 December
1831
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La sonnambula
('The Sleepwalker')
M :
Hector Berlioz : Overture, King Lear
M :
Hector Berlioz : Overture, The Corsair
PH :
Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected Leopold I, King of the Belgians
PH :
Separation of Belgium from the Netherlands
PH :
Southampton insurrection: Virginia slave revolt led by Nat Turner
PH :
The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, divided into two parts, the larger of which goes to Belgium
DL :
Wretched conditions of the working classes in Lyons, France, lead to uprisings
DL :
Mass demonstrations in Swiss cities lead to introduction for more liberal legislation and the principle of popular sovereignty
PH :
Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates; succeeded by Pedro II, his son
DL :
U.S. Copyright law amended: 28 years, renewable for 14 years
M :
Samuel Francis Smith writes the words to "My Country, Tis of Thee" (one of the national anthems until 1931)
RP :
Cardinal Mauro Capellari elected Pope Gregory XVI
RP :
William Miller, leader of the Second Adventists in America, begins his preachings
ST :
Chloroform invented
ST :
Sir James Clark Ross determines position of magnetic North Pole
DL :
The great cholera pandemic, which began in India in 1826, spread from Russia into Central Europe, reaching Scotland in 1832
DL :
William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the abolitionist periodical The Liberator, in Boston
DL :
Légion Etrangère (French Foreign Legion) formed
DL :
London Bridge opened
DL :
First horse-drawn trolleys appear in New York
1832
LT :
Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems
M :
Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, L'Elisir d'amore
('The Elixir of Love')
M :
Felix Mendelssohn : Piano Concerto
No.1
M :
Frederic Chopin :
12 piano studies, Opus 10, including 'Black Key', 'Tristesse', and 'Revolutionary' studies
VA :
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : M. Bertin
DL :
Mass demonstrations at Hambach, Germany, in favour of the liberal and national cause
DL :
The First Reform Act to enfranchise the upper-middle classes passed by the House of Lords; number of voters increased from 500,000 to 1,000,000
PH :
Andrew Jackson re-elected President of the U.S.    GO !
PH :
Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian patriot, founds the organisation "Giovine Italia" (Italian Youth), with the aim of achieving national independence
RP :
The word "socialism" comes into use in English and French
ED :
Zurich University founded
VA :
Ando Hiroshige, great master of Japanese colour prints (Ukiyoe) publishes his series Fifty-three stages of the Tokaido
DL :
The first French railroad line (from St. Etienne to Andrézieux) begins to carry passengers
ST :
Hungarian mathematician Bolyai publishes his system of non-Euclidean geometry
ST :
Reichenback discovers creosote in wood tar
DL :
New England Anti-Slavery Society founded in Boston
VA :
Edouard Manet born 23 January
VA :
Arthur Hughes born 27 January
LT :
Lewis Carroll born 27 January
LT :
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dies 22 March
LT :
Sir Walter Scott dies 21 September
1833
LT :
Robert Browning: Pauline, A Fragment of a Confession published anonymously
M :
Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Lucrezia Borgia
M :
Felix Mendelssohn : Symphony
No.4, 'Italian'
M :
Clara Wieck Schumann :
Romance in G Minor for Violin and Piano
PH :
Prince Otto arrives in Nauplia to occupy the newly erected throne of Greece as King Otto
PH :
Isabella II proclaimed Queen of Spain, with her mother Maria Christian as regent
PH :
General Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President of Mexico; country threatened by civil war
PH :
Mehemet Ali is given Egypt and Syria; founds the dynasty that rules Egypt until 1952
PH :
All German states join the Zollverein (customs union)
ED :
Franz Bopp: Vergleichende Grammatik
ST :
Gauss and Weber devise the electromagnetic telegraph which functions over a distance of 9,000 feet
ST :
The Handbook of Human Physiology by Johannes Müller
ST :
Wheatstone bridge, for the comparison of electric resistances, inductances, and capacitances devised
DL :
British Factory Act provides a system for factory inspection
DL :
Charity bazaars becomes popular in England
DL :
New York Sun founded
DL :
Olympic Club of Philadelphia organises two "Town Ball" teams
DL :
Abolition of slavery in British Empire
M :
Johannes Brahms born 7 May
VA :
Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones born 28 August
M :
Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin born 12 November
M :
Anton von Webern born 3 December
1834
M :
Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Maria Stuarda
('Mary Stuart')
M :
Mikhail Glinka : Symphony on Two Russian Themes
M :
Frederic Chopin :
12 piano studies, Opus 25, including 'Butterfly and 'Winter Wind' studies
M :
Adolphe Adam : Opera, Le Chalet
M :
Hector Berlioz : Symphony, Harold in Italy
M :
Clara Wieck Schumann : Der Abendstern
VA :
Eugène Delacroix : Women of Algiers
PH :
Quadruple Alliance: Britain, France, Spain and Portugal
RP :
Spanish Inquisition finally suppressed
PH :
South Australia Act allows establishment of colony there
PH :
Maria II ascends throne of Portugal
PH :
Monopoly of the China trade by the East India Company abolished; friction between China and Britain
PH :
Carlist Wars begin in Spain
ED :
George Bancroft: History of the United States, first volume
RP :
Leopold von Ranke: Die Römischen Päpste
VA :
The Munich Glyptothek completed
ST :
Françis Arago: Astronomie Populaire
ST :
Babbage invents the principle of the "Analytical engine" (modern computer)
ST :
Von Buch: Theory of Volcanism
ST :
Faraday: Law of Electrolysis
ST :
McCormick patents his reaping machine
ST :
Discovery of phenol (carbolic acid)
DL :
Disastrous fire in the British Houses of Parliament
DL :
Gabelsberger publishes his system of German shorthand
DL :
Hansom cabs introduced in London
DL :
Poor Law Amendment Act decrees that no able-bodied man in Great Britain shall receive assistance unless he enters a workhouse
ED :
University of Brussels founded
ED :
Wilkins begins building the National Gallery, London
VA :
William Morris born 24 March
VA :
Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas born 19 July
LT :
Samuel Taylor Coleridge dies 25 July
VA :
Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas dies 27 September
1835
LT :
John Clare: The Rural Muse
LT :
Robert Browning: Paracelsus
VA :
John Constable : The Glebe Farm
M :
Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Lucia di Lammermoor
('The Bride of Lammermoor')
M :
Robert Schumann : Carnaval,
for piano
M :
Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : La danza taretella
M :
Frederic Chopin :
'Fantaisie-impromptu'
M :
Frederic Chopin : Piano Ballade
No.1
M :
Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, I puritani
('The Puritans')
PH :
Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor (and Emperor of Austria as Francis I) dies
PH :
Ferdinand I becomes Emperor of Austria
PH :
The Municipal Corporation Act revolutionises borough government in England