Find schools and get information on the program that’s right for you.
Powered by Campus Explorer
& etc
FEEDBACK
Thomas Jefferson
VA : William Hogarth : Characters and Caricaturas PH : Maria Theresa crowned at Prague PH : Alliance between Austria and Saxony RP : Pogroms in Russia ST : French geographer Jean d'Anville "Map of Italy" ED : University of Erlangen, Germany, founded M : Luigi Boccherini born 19 February VA : Alexandre Francois Desportes dies 20 April LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld born 20 June VA : Nicolas Lancret dies 14 September
PH : King George's War (ends 1748) American phase of the War of the Austrian Succession GO ! M : C.P.E. Bach : Württemberg
Sonatas
M : George Frideric Handel : Opera, Semele
VA : Pietro Longhi : The Display of the Elephant PH : France declares war on England and on Maria Theresa PH : Second Silesian War begins RP : George Berkeley: A Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries RP : Ruling Arab family Sa-Udi adopts teachings of Abd-al-Wahhab, becomes Wahhabi M : Madrigal Society, London, founded ST : Jean d'Alembert: Traité de l'équilibre et du mouvement des fluides LT : Alexander Pope dies 21 May
PH : Jacobite Rebellion VA : François Boucher : Diana's VA : Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Achilles at the VA : Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Louis XV of France
VA : Jean-Marc Nattier : Marie Adelaide of France as Diana
VA : Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Swan Attacked by a Dog VA : Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : A Girl with a Kitten PH : Emperor Charles VII dies; Francis, husband of Maria Theresa, elected Holy Roman Emperor, first of the Lorraine-Tuscany line PH : Peace of Dresden: Prussia recognises Pragmatic Sanction but retains Silesia PH : Ishege becomes Shogun of Japan RP : Philip Doddridge: The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul ST : Charles Bonnet: Traité d'insectologie ST : Ewald Jurgen von Kleist invents the capacitor (Leydon Jar), a fundamental electrical circuit element DL : Earliest Oddfellows Lodge in England M : The quadrille becomes a fashionable dance in France
PH : Alliance between Russia and Austria against Prussia PH : Philip V of Spain dies; succeeded by Ferdinand VI PH : Christian VI of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick V RP : Denis Diderot: Pensées philosophiques RP : Jonathan Edwards: A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections ST : Jean-Etienne Guettard draws first geological map of France ED : College of New Jersey founded; becomes Princeton University, 1896 DL : Wearing of tartans prohibited in Great Britain VA : Thomas Gainsborough : Cornard Wood VA : Pietro Longhi : The Tooth Puller VA : Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes born 30 March
VA : Bernardo Bellotto : View of Verona and the River Adige from the Ponte Nuovo PH : Nadir Shah is assasinated M : Johann Sebastian Bach : The Musical Offering
VA : Giovanni Antonio Canal : Westminster Bridge, London, VA : Charles-André van Loo : Drunken Silenus VA : Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of Gabriel Huquier, engraver VA : Louis Tocqué : Portrait of a Man PH : William IV of Orange-Nassau becomes hereditary stadholder of the seven provinces of the Netherlands PH : Prusso-Swedish alliance for mutual defence PH : Nadir Shah murdered; Ahmed Shah becomes King of Afghanistan ED : Biblioteca Nazionale founded in Florence, Italy ED : Biographia Britannica LT : Benjamin Franklin: Plain Truth ST : Sugar discovered in beetroot M : Christoph Willibald Gluck born 2 July
VA : Giovanni Antonio Canal : Warwick Castle VA : William Hogarth : The Gate of Calais VA : Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Madame
VA : Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Maurice, Comte de Saxe, Marshal of France
VA : Claude-Joseph Vernet : View of Naples
PH : Shah Rukh, grandson of Nadir Shah, ruler of Persia LT : Marie-Thérese Geoffin opens salon as meeting place for Parisian men of letters RP : Archibald Bower: History of the Popes RP : David Hume: Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding M : Holywell Music room, Oxford, opened ST : Leonhard Euler: Analysis Infinitorum , on pure analytical mathematics ST : English physician John Fothergill describes diphtheria ST : Thomas Lowndes founds chair of astronomy at Cambridge DL : Abolition of hereditary jurisdiction in Scotland VA : Jacques-Louis David born 30 August PH : 18 October - Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends King George's War, restoring the status quo ante in the colonies; general recognition of Pragmatic Sanction and of Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor
M : C.P.E. Bach : Magnificat
M : George Frideric Handel : Instrumental, Music for the Royal Fireworks
M : George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Solomon
including 'Arrival of the Queen of Sheba'
M : Johann Sebastian Bach : The Art of the Fugue
(unfinished)
M : Johann Sebastian Bach : Mass VA : Giovanni Antonio Canal : London- Westminster Abbey VA : Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Madame de Sorquainville
PH : Consolidation Act of British navy RP : Denis Diderot: Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient RP : David Hartley: Observations on Man DL : François Philidor: Analyse des échecs , a study of chess, written by the famous composer ED : Philadelphia Academy founded, becomes University of Pennsylvania, 1791 VA : Alessandro Magnasco dies LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe born 28 August
RP : The Jewish sect of Hasidism is founded by Baal Shem Tov PH : The Capital of the Maratha confederacy in India becomes Poona VA : The neoclassical art movement begins in Europe M : The Waltz becomes a popular dance form in Europe M : C.P.E. Bach : Concerto VA : François Boucher : The Interrupted Sleep VA : Thomas Gainsborough : Mr. and Mrs. Andrews VA : William Hogarth : The Artist's Servants VA : Jean-Marc Nattier : The Duchess of Parma VA : Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Farmhouse
ED : Portuguese Giacobbo Rodriguez Pereire invents sign language for deaf-mutes PH : John V of Portugal dies; succeeded by José I LT : First playhouse opens in New York ED : Dictionnaire de l'art de vérifier les dates des faits historiques ed. by the Benedictine monks of St.MaurRP : King Frederick the Great: Oeuvres du Philosophe de Sanssouci RP : Baal Shem founds Jewish sect of Chassidim in Carpathian mountain region VA : Neoclassicism, as reaction against baroque and rococo, spreading over Europe M : Johann Breitkopf, Leipzig music publisher, uses movable type for printing music ST : French astronomer Nicolas de Lacaille leads expedition to Cape of Good Hope to determine solar and lunar parallax ST : Johann Tobias Mayer: "Map of the Moon" DL : First Westminster Bridge, London, finished M : Johann Sebastian Bach dies 28 July VA : Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Mademoiselle de Coislin
LT : Diderots' first volume of the Encyclopeie is published ST : The Lightening conductor is invented by Benjamin Franklin VA : Pietro Longhi : The Rhinoceros VA : Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Self-Portrait, 1751 VA : Richard Wilson : Portrait of Francesco Zuccarelli PH : Frederick II of Sweden dies; succeeded by his brother-in-law, Adolphus Frederick PH : William IV of Holland dies; his widow, Anne, daughter of George II of England, becomes regent PH : China invades Tibet ED : French Encyclopédie published RP : David Hume: Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals RP : Powers of Portuguese Inquisition curtailed by government ST : Linnaeus: Philosophia Botanica M : Francesco Geminiani: The Art of Playing on the Violin M : The minuet becomes Europe's fashionable dance M : "War of the Operas" divides Paris into pro-Italian and pro-French music lovers ED : Ecole supérieure de guerre, Paris, founded ED : Göttinger wissenschaftliche Akademie founded DL : British calendar altered by Act of Parliament: 1 January henceforth to be beginning of New Year DL : First mental asylums in London M : Tomaso Albinoni dies 17 January
PH : Treaty of Aranjuez between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire DL : Great Britain adopts Gregorian calendar on Sept 14 RP : Jonathan Edwards: Misrepresentations Corrected and Truth Vindicated RP : David Hume: Political Discourses RP : William Law: The Way to Divine Knowledge M : Charles Avison : Essay on Musical Expression PH : Chinese invade and conquer Tibet VA : Charles-Antoine Coypel dies VA : Pietro Longhi : Theatrical Scene VA : Jean-François de Troy dies 26 January M : Johann Friedrich Reichardt born 25 December
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : John Plampin ST : Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his system of plant classification VA : The founding of the British Museum VA : Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Mlle Ferrand Meditating on Newton VA : Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Oudry RP : Robert Lowth: De sacra poesi Hebraeorum RP : English Act of Parliament permits naturalisation of Jews ED : British Museum, London, granted royal foundation charter ST : Linnaeus: Species Plantorum DL : British Marriage Act forbids weddings by unauthorised persons DL : Vienna Stock Exchange founded
PH : The Seven Years (French and Indian) War unofficially begins VA : Claude-Joseph Vernet : Storm with a Shipwreck RP : Jonathan Edwards: Inquiry into Freedom of the Will ED : David Hume: History of Great Britain RP : Rousseau: L'Inégalité par les hommes: discours RP : John Woolman: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes DL : Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures founded in England ED : King's College, New York, founded; becomes Columbia University, 1784 ED : First female M.D. (University of Halle, Germany) VA : Giovanni Batista Piazetta dies 28 April
PH : The French and Indian War officially begins in America GO ! LT : The Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson VA : Corrado Giaquinto : Saints in Glory VA : Anton Raphael Mengs : Semiramis Receives the VA : Allan Ramsay : Portrait of the Artist's Wife VA : Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Portrait of the Marquise de Pompadour
PH : Landgrave of Hesse sells mercenaries to England for defence of Hanover PH : End of Anglo-Aust. alliance ED : Samuel Johnson : Dictionary of the English Language RP : Benjamin Franklin: Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of countries RP : Francis Hutchson: A System of Moral Philosophy RP : Immanuel Kant's doctoral thesis: The True Measure of Forces RP : J.J. Winckelmann: Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke ED : University of Moscow founded VA : Jean-Baptiste Oudry dies 30 April
VA : Bernardo Bellotto : Courtyard of the Castle PH : The Black Hole of Calcutta, 123 British soldiers are alledged to have died there PH : Treaty of Westminster; alliance between Britain and Prussia PH : Treaty of Versailles; alliance between France and Austria PH : British Rule India VA : François Boucher : The Marquise VA : Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Die Vermählung VA : Claude-Joseph Vernet : The Town and Harbour of Toulon PH : Anglo-Prussian Treaty of Westminster PH : Britain declares war on France - Seven Year's War PH : 120 British soldiers imprisoned and die in India ("Black Hole of Calcutta") LT : Russian royal Court Theatre founded at St. Petersburg ED : Thomas Birch: History of the Royal Society of London RP : Edmund Burke: Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful RP : Alban Butler: Lives of the Saints , vol.1 RP : Arthur Collins: The Peerage of England finished RP : Mirabeau: Ami des hommes ou traité de la population ED : Voltaire finished his Siècle de Louis XIV DL : First chocolate factory in Germany DL : Porcelain factory founded at Sèvres M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born 27 January VA : Sir Henry Raeburn born 4 March
VA : Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Ekaterina Golovkina RP : Denis Diderot: Entretiens sur le fils natural RP : Richard Price: Review of the Principal Questions in Morals ED : Royal Library, London, transferred to British Museum DL : The London Chronicle appearsM : Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz dies 27 March M : Domenico Scarlatti dies 23 July VA : William Blake born 28 November
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : The Painter's Daughters VA : Giovanni Battista Pittoni : Annunciation VA : Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
DL : Samuel Johnson: The Idler , weekly periodical RP : Pope Benedict XIV dies; succeeded by Carlo della Torre Rezzonico as Pope Clement XIII RP : Emerich de Vattel: Le Droit des gens RP : Claude Adrien Helvétius: De l'esprit ED : Serjeant's Inn (London Court) formed M : First English manual on guitar playing published VA : Pierre-Paul Prud'hon born 4 April
VA : Corrado Giaquinto : Justice and Peace VA : Bernardo Bellotto : View of Vienna from the Belvedere LT : Candide written by Voltaire DL : The Botanical Gardens founded at Kew in London PH : Cherokee War against the English begins VA : Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of a Lady as a Vestal Virgin PH : King Ferdinand VI of Spain dies; succeeded by Charles II RP : Alexander Gerard: An Essay on Taste ED : Oliver Goldshmith: An Enquiry Into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe RP : Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal RP : Adam Smith: Theory of Moral Sentiments VA : William Chambers: Treatise on Civil Architecture ST : Franz Aepinus: Testamen theoriae electricitatis et magnetesmi ED : Bavarian Academy of Science founded ED : British Museum opened (at Montagu House) DL : The Publish Ledger , London daily paper, appearsM : George Frideric Handel dies 14 April
PH : George III becomes King of England PH : Catherine II, The Great becomes ruler of Russia PH : King George II of England dies; succeeded by his grandson George III LT : James Macpherson: Fragments of Ancient Poetry, Collected in the Highlands , famous literary fraud VA : First exhibition of contemporary art at Royal Society of Arts, London M : Noverre, ballet master at Stuttgart, publishes his Letter on Dancing and Ballets ED : First British school for deaf and dumb opened by Thomas Braidwood, Edinburgh DL : Josiah Wedgewood founds pottery works at Etrurua, Staffordshire ST : Botanical Gardens in Kew, London, opened DL : Rules of whist laid down by Edmund Hoyle M : C.P.E. Bach : Sonatas with Varied Repeats
VA : George Stubbs : Mares and Foals in a Landscape VA : Richard Wilson : Solitude VA : Francesco Zuccarelli : Mountain Landscape with Washerwomen and Fisherman
M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Ballet, Don Juan
M : Joseph Haydn : Symphonies VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Laundress VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Village Betrothal VA : Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Diana & Cupid VA : Anton Raphael Mengs : Parnassus
VA : Allan Ramsay : Mrs. Martin PH : Ieharu, the new Shogun of Japan LT : Benjamin Victor: History of the Theatres of London and Dublin RP : Henry Home: An Introduction to the Art of Thinking ST : Russian scientist and poet Mikhail V. Lomonosov discovers the atmosphere of Venus ST : B.G. Morgagni: On the Causes of Diseases , beginning of pathological anatomy ST : Johann Peter Süssmilch initiates study of statistics ED : First French veterinary school founded at Lyons ST : Society of Arts, London, opens first exhibition of agricultural machines
VA : Allan Ramsay : Queen Charlotte M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Orfeo ed Euridice
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : William Pointz VA : George Stubbs : Whistlejacket VA : Richard Wilson : Lake Albano PH : Czarina Elizabeth of Russia dies; succeeded by Peter III, who dies by assassination; succeeded by Catherine II PH : Treaty of Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia PH : Russo-Prussian alliance against Austria signed PH : Truce between Prussia, Saxony, and the Holy Roman Empire ED : Robert Lowth: Introduction to English Grammar RP : George Campbell: Dissertation on Miracles ED : John Parkhurst: Hebrew and English Lexicon RP : Rousseau: Du Contrat social, ou principes du droit politique ED : Sorbonne Library, Paris, opened VA : Stuart and Revett: Classical Antiquities of Athens , Vol I M : Benjamin Franklin improves the harmonica, turning it into a practical musical instrument ST : At Carron ironworks in Stirlingshire, Scotland, cast iron converted for the first time into malleable iron
PH : The Seven Years war ends with the Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg GO ! PH : Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Filial Piety VA : Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still-life with Pheasant VA : Joseph Marie Vien : The Cupid Seller RP : Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance ED : Frederick the Great establishes village schools in Prussia
VA : German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History of the Art of Antiquity M : Joseph Haydn : Symphony PH : Pontiac's Rebellion in Ohio valley PH : Stanislas Poniatowski elected King of Poland PH : Hyder Ali usurps throne of Mysore RP : Confiscation of Church lands in Russia PH : Deposed Czar Ivan VI murdered in prison RP : Jesuits suppressed in France LT : The Literary Club founded in London by Dr. Johnson, with Burke, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Reynolds, etc. LT : Literary salons founded in Paris by Mme. Necker and Mlle. de Lespinasse RP : Cesare Beccaria-Conesana: On Crimes and Punishments RP : Charles Bonnet: Contemplation de la nature ED : Brown University, Providence, R.I. founded RP : Voltaire: Philosophical Dictionary VA : J.J. Winckelmann: History of Ancient Art ST : James Watt invents condenser, first step toward steam engine DL : London introduces practice of numbering houses PH : April - Sugar Act passed by Parliament to offset expenses of the French and Indian War M : Johann Mattheson dies 17 April PH : July - James Otis publishes The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved VA : William Hogarth dies 26 October
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : Studies of a Cat PH : Joseph II becomes the Holy Roman Emperor VA : Corrado Giaquinto dies VA : Sir Joshua Reynolds : Lady Sarah Bunbury VA : Bernardo Bellotto : The Ruins of the Old PH : British Parliament passes Stamp Act for taxing American colonies GO ! PH : Emperor Francis I, Maria Theresa's husband dies; their son Joseph II succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, becomes co-regent with his mother RP : A.R.J. Turgot: Refléxions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses ST : Spallanzani suggests preserving by means of hermetic sealing DL : Bank of Prussia founded by Frederick the Great VA : Charles-André van Loo dies 15 July
ST : The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude M : C.P.E. Bach : Six Easy Keyboard Sonatas
VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Swing VA : Allan Ramsay : Portrait of David Hume PH : Repeal of Stamp Act, but Declaratory Act states Britain's right to tax American colonies GO ! PH : Frederick V of Denmark dies; succeeded by the mad Christian VII LT : Theatre Royal, Bristol, opens, oldest British theatre still in use RP : Czarina Catherine the Great grants freedom of worship in Russia ED : Adam Ferguson: Essay on the History of Civil Society VA : Lessing: Laokoon , against Winckelmann's theories ST : Louis de Bougainville sets out on voyage to Pacific on which he discovers Tahiti, the Soloman Islands, and New Guinea DL : First paved sidewalk laid in Westminster, London VA : Jean-Marc Nattier dies 7 November
PH : Russian-Turkish War VA : Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson born VA : Giovanni Battista Pittoni dies M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Alceste
VA : Joseph Marie Vien : Academie PH : Townshend Duties: taxes on imports of tea, glass, paper, and dyestuffs in American colonies; non-importation agreement at public protest meeting in Boston GO ! PH : First Mysore War RP : Jesuits expelled from Spain, Parma, and the Two Sicilies RP : Moses Mendelssohn: Phaedon, or the Immortality of Soul VA : J.J. Winckelmann: Monumenti antichi inediti M : Rousseau: Dictionnaire de musique ST : Astronomer Royal, Nevill Maskelyne issues Nautical Almanac ED : Maria Theresa and Joseph II introduce educational reforms in Austria ST : Joseph Priestley: The History and Present State of Electricity DL : Electrical machine with glass pane becomes a fashionable toy
DL : The first modern Circus is formed in England by Philip Astley VA : Joseph Wright of Derby : Experiment with the Air-Pump PH : Ali Bey, leader of the Mamelukes, Sultan of Egypt PH : Gurkhas conquer Nepal RP : Abraham Booth: Reign of Grace RP : Joseph Priestley: Essay on the First Principles of Government RP : Swedenborg: Delititiae sapientiae VA : Founding of the Royal Academy, London, with Joshua Reynolds as president ST : James Cook sails on first circumnavigation DL : New criminal code, on humanist principles, introduced in Austria VA : Giovanni Antonio Canal dies 20 April VA : John Crome born 22 December
M : Joseph Haydn : Symphony VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : Inspiration DL : Privy council in London decides to retain tea duty in American colonies RP : Charles Bonnet: Palingénésie philosophique RP : Pope Clement XIII dies; Lorenzo Ganganelli becomes Pope Clement XIV RP : Johann Gottfried von Herder: Kritische Wälder ST : N.J. Cugnot constructs first steam road carriage DL : The Morning Chronicle issued in LondonDL : Johann Friedrich Oberlin opens first crêche at Steintal, Alsace
DL : Louis, the future king of France, marries Marie Antoinette M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Paride ed Elena
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : Portrait of Jonathan Buttall VA : George Stubbs : A Horse Frightened by a Lion VA : Benjamin West : Self Portrait VA : Benjamin West : The Death of General Wolfe RP : Edmund Burke: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents RP : Kant: De mundi sensibilie et intelligibilis forma et principiis ST : James cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia ED : Elementary school education reformed in Austria ST : English "Quack" John Hill introduces method of obtaining specimens for microscopic study ST : Leonhard Euler: Introduction to Algebra DL : First public restaurant opens in Paris DL : Visiting cards introduced in England VA : Giambattista Tiepolo dies 27 March LT : William Wordsworth born 7 April VA : Baron François Gérard born 4 May VA : François Boucher dies 30 May M : Ludwig van Beethoven born 17 December VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Love Letter VA : Hubert Robert : The Burning of the Hötel-Dieu during the Night of 29-30 December 1772
VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Meeting PH : Gustav III succeeds his father as king of Sweden VA : Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : Self Portrait at the Easel VA : Claude-Joseph Vernet : Clair de lune VA : Joseph Wright of Derby : The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone PH : Adolphus Frederick of Sweden dies; succeeded by Gustavus III ED : Encyclopaedia Britannica, first edition RP : John William Fletcher: Five Checks to Antinomianism ED : William Robertson: History of America VA : Horace Walpole: Anecdotes of Painting ST : Luigi Galvani discovers electrical nature of nervous impulse ST : The Smeatonian Club for engineers founded in London DL : The Assembly room, Bath, England, opened DL : New York Hospital founded VA : Baron Antoine-Jean Gros born 16 March LT : Sir Walter Scott born 15 August
VA : Louis Tocqué dies LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Poems M : Joseph Haydn : Symphony PH : Boston Assembly demands rights of colonies, threatens secession DL : Royal Marriage Act in Britain to prevent undesirable royal marriages PH : First Partition of Poland LT : The Göttinger Hainbund, society of young patriotic German poets, formed ED : Herder: On the Origin of Speech , on comparative philology RP : Inquisition abolished in France RP : Mirabeau: Essai sur le despotisme RP : F.S. Sullivan, Irish jurist: Lectures on the Feudal Law and the Constitution and Laws of England M : Flight and Kelly, London firm of organ builders, produces first barrel organs ST : Leonhard Eurler: Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne , on mechanics, optics, acoustics, and astronomy ST : Daniel Rutherford and Joseph Priestley independently discover nitrogen DL : Judge William Murray decides in the Somerset case that a slave is free on landing in England LT : Samuel Taylor Coleridge born 21 October
LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Götz von Berlichingen M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Exsultate, Jubilate
('Exult, Rejoice') for soprano and orchestra.
VA : Sir Joshua Reynolds : Ladies Adorning VA : Hubert Robert : Landscape with an Arch and The Dome of St Peter's in Rome
VA : Joseph Marie Vien : Young Greek Maidens Deck Sleeping Cupid With Flowers VA : Joseph Marie Vien : Lover Crowning His Mistress VA : Joseph Wright of Derby : The Iron Forge Viewed from Without LT : Swedish national theatre established in Stockholm RP : Pope Clement XIV dissolves Jesuit Order RP : John Eerskine: Institutes of the Law in Scotland RP : Joseph II expels Jesuits from the Empire M : Charles Burney: The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Provinces M : The waltz becomes fashionable in Vienna ED : Philadelphia Museum founded DL : 10 May - British East India Company Regulating Act DL : 29-30 November - Boston Tea Party: protest against tea duty
PH : Louis XVI becomes King of France LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: The Sorrows of Werther M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Iphigénie en Aulide
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony VA : Francesco Zuccarelli : Landscape with the Education of Bacchus PH : Quebec Act, to secure Canada's loyalty to Great Britain, established Roman Catholicism in Canada PH : Louis XV, King of France, dies; succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI PH : First Continental Congress meets GO ! PH : Accession of Abdul Hamid I as Sultan of Turkey LT : Lord Chesterfield: Letters to His Son , on how a gentleman should behave RP : John Campbell: A Political Survey of Great Britain RP : John Cartwright: American Independence, the Glory and Interest of great Britain RP : Jesuits expelled from Poland RP : Anne Lee of Massachusetts settles in New York to begin a spiritualist revival ST : Aust. physician F.A. Mesmer uses hypnosis for health purposes ED : Swiss educator Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi founds school for orphaned and neglected children in Zurich to enable them to lead productive lives VA : Caspar David Friedrich born 5 September
LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Devotional Pieces VA : Gavin Hamilton : Priam Pleading with Achilles
PH : Peasant's revolts in Bohemia against servitude PH : American Revolution begins GO ! RP : Cardinal Gianangelo Braschi elected in Feb as Pope Pius VI after a long conclave RP : Justus Moser: Patriotische Phantasien , plea for one organic Germany ST : Digitalis used for first time as a diuretic in dropsy ST : J.C. Fabricius: Systema entomolgiae , classification of insects ST : Pierre-Simon Girard invents water turbine ST : James Watt perfects his invention of the Steam engine DL : First British banks' clearinghouse established in Lombard Street, London DL : First Thames Regatta VA : Joseph Mallord William Turner born 23 April
VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : A Young Girl Reading PH : Treaty of Copenhagen between Russia and Denmark RP : John Cartwright: Take your Choice , on parliamentary reform ED : Edward Gibbon: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire RP : Richard Price:Observations on Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War with America RP : Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations M : Charles Burney: History of Music M : Concerts of Ancient Music, London DL : U.S. Congress institutes a national lottery DL : Military ski competitions in Norway VA : Corrado Giaquinto dies M : Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann born 24 January VA : John Constable born 11 June PH : 4 July - Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence GO !
RP : Christianity introduced in Korea M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Armide
VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Paternal Curse LT : Court and National Theatre, Mannheim, founded RP : Joseph Priestley: Disquisition Relating to Matter and Spirit ST : American engineer David Bushnell invents torpedo ST : Lavoisier proves that air consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen DL : Stars and Stripes adopted as Continental Congress flag M : Heinrich Heine born 13 December
PH : War of Bavarian Succession LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Lessons for Children of Two to Three Years Old and Lessons for Children of Three Years Old M : Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Iphigénie en Tauride
VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Portrait of Count VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Wicked VA : Benjamin West : Romeo and Juliet PH : American colonies sign treaties with France and Holland GO ! RP : G.L.L. Buffon: Epoques de la Nature RP : J.A. Deluc: Lettres physiques et morals sur les montagnes M : La Scala, Milan, opened ST : James cook discovers Hawaii DL : Act of Congress prohibits import of slaves into the U.S. VA : Giovanni Battista Piranesi dies 9 November
M : C.P.E. Bach : Heilig
for two choruses
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : VA : Joseph Wright of Derby : Firework Display at the Castel Sant' Angelo in Rome PH : Spain declares war on Britian PH : British war against Mahrattas in India LT : Samuel Johnson: Lives of the Poets RP : David Hume: Dialogues of Natural Religion (posth.) ST : James Rennel: "Bengal Atlas" DL : First children's clinic, London DL : The Derby established at Epson racetrack, Surrey, England DL : Pope Pius VI begins draining Pontine Marshes DL : First 'velocipedes' appear in Paris VA : Anton Raphael Mengs dies 29 June VA : Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin dies 6 December
VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : Education is Everything VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : Fête at Rambouillet VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Young Woman PH : Henry Grattan demands Home Rule for Ireland PH : Gordon riots in London ("No Popery") DL : Serfdom abolished in Bohemia and Hungary PH : Empress Maria Theresa dies; succeeded by her son Joseph II PH : Outbreak of Second Mysore War PH : Rebellion in Peru against Spanish rule RP : Gaetano Filangieri: Science of Legislation M : Spanish dance 'bolero' invented M : Sébastien Erard makes first modern pianoforte ST : Circular saw invented by Gervinus ST : American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston DL : Scheller constructs first fountain pen DL : The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor , first Sunday newspapers, appear in LondonVA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres born 29 August VA : Bernardo Bellotto dies 17 October VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Stolen Kiss
VA : Henry Fuseli : Nightmare ST : William Herschel discovers the Planet Uranus LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Hymns in Prose for Children M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Sonata M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Horn Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Serenade No.10
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Idomeneo
PH : Warren Hastings deposes Rajah of Benares, plunders treasure of the Nabob of Oudh ED : Clarendon Press, Oxford, established RP : Franciscan monks settle at Los Angeles DL : Joseph II grants patent of religious tolerance and freedom of press in Austria RP : Kant: Critique of Pure Reason , fundamental work of modern philosophy RP : Moses Mendelssohn: On the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews M : Johann Adam Hiller establishes the Gewandhaus concerts at Leipzig ST : Herschel discovers the planet Uranus ST : Composition of mineral tungsten discovered DL : Serfdom abolished in Aust. dominions
VA : Henry Fuseli : The Three Witches LT : William Blake: Poetical Sketches M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Abduction from the Seraglio
M : Joseph Haydn : Six string quartets VA : Francesco Guardi : Concert VA : George Romney : Lady Hamilton as 'Nature' PH : Tippoo Sahib succeeds Hyder Ali in Mysore PH : Rama I founds new dynasty in Siam, makes Bangkok his capital PH : Pope Pius VI in Vienna fails to persuade Joseph II to rescind program of tolerance RP : Joseph Priestley: A History of the Corruptions of Christianity ED : Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, founded RP : Dugald Stewart: Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind ST : Montgolfier brothers construct air balloon ST : James Watt invents double-acting rotary steam engine PH : Bank of North America established in Philadelphia VA : Richard Wilson dies 15 May M : Nicolò Paganini born 27 October
ST : First successful hot-air ballon flight
VA : Jean-Baptiste Perronneau dies M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony PH : Great Britain recognises American independence DL : Joseph II enforces Germ. language in Bohemia DL : Famine in Japan ST : William Herschel: Motion of the Solar System in Space RP : Kant: Prolegomen to Any Possible Metaphysics RP : Moses Mendelssohn: Jerusalem , plea for freedom of conscience RP : Charles Simeon begins evangelical movement at Cambridge DL : Bank of Ireland founded DL : Civil marriage and divorce in Aust. dominions
VA : Sir Joshua Reynolds : Portrait of Mrs. Siddons VA : Jacques-Louis David : The Oath of the Horatii VA : Henry Fuseli : Lady Macbeth PH : Treaty of Constantinople: Turkey agrees to Russian annexation of the Crimea PH : Joseph II abrogates constitution in Hungary, suppressing feudal rights RP : First Anglican bishop for the colonies ED : Bengal Asiatic Society (study of Sanskrit) founded by William Jones RP : Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: Etudes de la nature RP : Herder: Ideas Toward a Philosophy of History RP : Kant: Notion of a Universal History in a Cosmopolitan Sense RP : John Wesley's Deed of Declaration, the charter of Wesleyan Methodism ST : Swiss inventor Aimé Argant designs oil burner ST : Eng. mathematician George Atwood accurately determines acceleration of a free-falling body ST : Joseph Bramah constructs first patent lock ST : Goethe discovers human intermaxillary bone ST : Scot. millwright Andrew Meikle invents threshing machine ED : First school for the blind in Paris DL : Serfdom abolished in Denmark VA : Allan Ramsay dies 10 August
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto VA : George Stubbs : Haymaking PH : Der Fürstenbund (League of German Princes) formed by Frederick the Great against Joseph II PH : Commercial Treaty signed between Prussia and the U.S. LT : The Reverend James Wilmot of Warwickshire identifies Francis Bacon, as author of Shakespeare's plays ED : Educational reforms in Germany RP : Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Ethics PH : James Madison's Religious Freedom Act abolishes religious tests in Virginia RP : William Paley: Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy ST : Salsano: seismograph for measuring earthquakes VA : Pietro Longhi dies 8 May
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Marriage of Figaro
M : Joseph Haydn : M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto VA : Henry Fuseli : Oedipus Cursing His Son, Polynices PH : Frederick the Great dies; succeeded by his nephew Frederick William II LT : Berlin Court Theatre opens RP : Mennonites from Central Europe settle in Canada ST : William Herschel: Catalogue of Nebulae ST : M.H.Klaproth, Ger. chemist, discovers uranium ST : American inventor H.James Rumsey designs first mechanically driven boat ST : Earliest attempts at internal gas lighting in Germany and England M : Carl Maria von Weber born 18 November
VA : Thomas Gainsborough : The Woodsman M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Serenade, Eine kleine Nachtmusik
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Il dissoluto punito, ossia Il Don Giovanni
('The Rake Punished, or Don Giovanni')
VA : Sir Joshua Reynolds : Heads of Angels VA : Jacques-Louis David : The Death of Socrates
VA : Hubert Robert : The Pont du Gard VA : George Romney : Miss Constable PH : Aust. Netherlands declared province of Hapsburg monarchy PH : Parliament of Paris demands summoning of States-General PH : Turkey declares war on Russia RP : John Adams: A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the U.S.A. RP : Jeremy Bentham: Defence of usury ED : Imperial Russian Dictionary with 285 words in 200 languages RP : James Madison: The Vices of the Political System of the United States ST : Lavoisier: Méthode de nomenclature chimique DL : Dollar currency introduced in the US DL : English settlement founded for freed slaves in Sierra Leone VA : Pompeo Girolamo Batoni dies 4 February
DL : London's Daily Universal Register becomes the Times LT : William Blake: Natural Religion M : C.P.E. Bach : Double Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony PH : Austria declares war on Turkey DL : Brit. parliamentary motion for abolition of slave trade PH : George III's first attack of mental illness; regency crisis in England RP : Kant Critique of Practical Reason ED : John Lemprière: Classical Dictionary RP : Hannah More: Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General Society ST : James Hutton: New Theory of the Earth ST : Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace: Laws of the Planetary System DL : Bread riots in France DL : First German cigar factory opens LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron born 22 January VA : Maurice Quentin de La Tour dies 17 February VA : Thomas Gainsborough dies 2 August M : C.P.E. Bach dies 14 December VA : Francesco Zuccarelli dies 30 December
PH : George Washington elected the First President of the United States GO ! PH : The French Revolution begins ST : Planetary satellites of Saturn, Enceladus and Mimas were discovered by Herschel LT : William Wordsworth: An Evening Walk LT : William Blake: Songs of Innocence M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Cosi fan tutte
('Women Are All the Same')
VA : Jacques-Louis David : The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons
VA : George Romney : Tom Hayley as Robin Goodfellow
PH : King George II of England recovers PH : Aust. Netherlands declare independence as Belgium PH : Abdul Hamid I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his nephew Selim III RP : Jeremy Bentham: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation M : Charles Burney: History of Music ST : Antoine Jussieu: Genera plantarum , modern classification of plants ED : Pennsylvania State University DL : Journal des dèbates founded in ParisDL : Tammany founded as benevolent institution, but shortly after becomes political VA : Claude-Joseph Vernet dies 3 December
LT : William Blake: Marriage of Heaven and Hell LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts VA : Henry Fuseli : Thor in the Boat of Hymir VA : Joseph Wright of Derby : An Italian Landscape with Mountains and a River PH : Joseph of Austria dies; succeeded by his brother Leopold II PH : Festival of Champs de Mars, Paris; Louis XVI accepts the constitution PH : Third Mysore War LT : Royal Literary Fund initiated by David Williams RP : Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France RP : Jews in France are granted civil liberties RP : Kant : Kritik der Urteilskraft RP : The first Roman Catholic bishop consecrated in America M : First musical competition in America ST : Lavoisier: Table of Thirty-One Chemical Elements RP : Alexander Raditcheff: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow , a plea for the emancipation of serfs DL : Washington, D.C., founded PH : First session of the Supreme Court of the U.S. VA : William Blake : The Marriage of Heaven & Hell
LT : William Blake: The French Revolution LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade of 1791 M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Requiem Mass
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : German Dances
(set of 3), 'Sleigh Ride'
M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Clarinet Concerto M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Magic Flute
VA : Benjamin West : The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise PH : Louis XVI, trying to leave France with his family is caught at Varennes and returned to Paris PH : Massacre of the Champ de Mars, Paris PH : Fr. National Assembly dissolves PH : First ten amendments to U.S. constitution (Bill of Rights) ratified GO ! PH : Canada Constitutional Act divides the country into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada RP : Herder: Ideen zur Philosophie die Geschichte der Menschheit RP : Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man , Part I RP : Philippe Pinel: Traitè mèdico-philosophique sur l'aliènation mentale M : The waltz becomes fashionable in England DL : Bank of North America founded DL : Wilberfource's motion for abolition of slave trade carried through Parliament ED : London School of Veterinary Surgery founded VA : Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault born 26 September M : Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dies 5 December
LT : The Old Farmers Almanac is published for the first timeLT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Remarks on Gilbert Wakefield's Enquiry into . . . Public or Social Worship M : Joseph Haydn : PH : Peace of Jassy ends war between Russia and Turkey PH : Leopold II of Austria dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Francis II PH : The Girondists form ministry in France; the royal family imprisoned PH : Gustavus II assassinated in Stockholm Opera House: succeeded as King of Sweden by Gustavus IV PH : France declares war on Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia DL : Denmark is the first nation to abolish the slave trade PH : Two political parties formed in the U.S.: The Republican and the Federalist RP : Baptist Missionary Society founded in London RP : Thomas Paine: Rights of Man , Part II RP : Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women ST : Worlds's first chemical society founded, Philadelphia ST : French engineer Claude Chappe invents mechanical semaphore signal ST : Illuminating gas used in England for the first time DL : Libel Act passed in Britain DL : Dollar coinage minted in U.S. M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini born 29 February
PH : Reign of Terror in France LT : William Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches LT : William Blake: America: A Prophecy and Visions of the Daughters of Albion LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation VA : Jacques-Louis David : Marat Assassinated
VA : Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : Endymion Asleep VA : George Stubbs : William Anderson with Two Saddle-horses
PH : Louis XVI executed PH : Reign of Terror begins RP : Roman Catholicism banned in France PH : Queen Marie Antoinette executed PH : Holy Roman Empire declares war on France PH : Second Partition of Poland ED : Compulsory public education in France from the age of six RP : The Feast of Reason in St. Eustache Church, ParisRP : William Godwin; The Inquiry concerning Political Justice RP : Kant: Religion innherhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Religion within the limits of mere reason) ST : Kermadec Islands discovered ST : Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin DL : Board of Agriculture established in Britain DL : U.S. law compels escaped slaves to return to their owners VA : Francesco Guardi dies in January LT : John Clare born 13 July
LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship LT : William Blake: Songs of Innocence and of Experience and The First Book of Urizen VA : Jacques-Louis David : Self Portrait VA : Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Sir John Sinclair VA : William Blake : God as an Architect PH : "Feast of the Supreme Being" in Paris PH : The Commune of Paris abolished PH : Jacobin Club closed PH : Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Britian PH : Agha Mohammed founds the Kajar dynasty in Persia PH : U.S. Navy established LT : Drury Lane Theatre, London, reopened ST : Erasmus Darwin: Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life RP : Thomas Paine: The Age of Reason ST : Adrien Legendre: Elèments de gèomètrie ST : First telegraph, Paris - Lille DL : Slavery abolished in French colonies ED : Ecole Normale founded in Paris ED : Ecole Polytechnique, the word's first technical college, opens in Paris LT : William Cullen Bryant born 3 November
LT : William Blake: The Song of Los M : Joseph Haydn : VA : Baron François Gérard : Jean-Baptiste Isabey and his Daughter VA : Sir Henry Raeburn : Miss Eleanor Urquhart PH : Bread riots and White Terror in Paris PH : Napoleon appointed commander-in-chief, Italy PH : Secret treaty between Austria and Russia for Third Partition of Poland; joined by Prussia PH : Third Partition of Poland PH : King Stanislas II abdicates PH : Treaty of San Lorenzo between U.S. and Spain settles boundary with Florida RP : Freedom of worship in France RP : Kant: Zum ewigen Frieden M : Paris Conservatoire de Musique founded ST : Joseph Bramah invents hydraulic press ED : Institute National, Paris, to replace the abolished academies ST : Metric system adopted in France DL : Speenhamland Act for poor relief in Britain VA : Sir Joshua Reynolds dies 23 February LT : Joseph Rodman Drake born 7 August LT : John Keats born 31 October
LT : Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems on Various Subjects M : Joseph Haydn : Trumpet Concerto PH : John Adams elected second president of the U.S. GO ! PH : Spain declares war on Britain PH : Agha Mohammed of Persia siezes Khurasan in Khuzistan PH : Kau-Tsung, great Manchu Emperor of China dies, succeeded by Kia-King RP : Louis de Bonald: Thèorie du pouvoir politique et religieux RP : Jean Jacques Cambacérès: Projet de code civil RP : Joseph de Maistre: Considérations sur la France RP : Richard Watson: An Apology for the Bible ST : G.L.C. Cuvier founds the science of comparative zoology ST : C.W.Hufeland: Macrobiotics, or The Art to Prolong One's Life ST : Engl. physician Edward Jenner introduces vaccination against smallpox ST : J.T. Lowitz prepares pure ethyl alcohol DL : Edict of Peking forbids import of opium into China DL : Freedom of press in France ED : Royal Technical College, Glasgow, founded VA : Camille Corot born 16 July
LT : Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems, Second Edition M : Joseph Haydn : Six string quartets VA : Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley PH : Napoleon proclaims Venetian Constitution, founds Ligurian Republic in Genoa PH : Peace of Campo Formio between France and Austria PH : Final treaty of Polish partition PH : Frederick William II dies; succeeded as King of Prussia by his son Frederick William III PH : Fath Ali, Shah of Persia RP : Chateaubriand: Essai historique, politique, et moral sur les révolutions RP : Kant: Metaphysik der Sitten RP : Schelling: Idden zu einer Philosophie der Natur RP : Wackenroder and Tieck: Outpourings of a Monk , romantic religious essays RP : William Wilberforce: Practical View of the Religious System ST : Thomas Bewick: British Birds ST : J.L.Langrange: Théorie des fonctions analytiques ST : Ger. astronomer H.W.M.Olbers publishes his method of calculating the orbits of comets ST : Nicolas de Saussure: Recherches chimiques sur la végétation DL : First copper pennies minted in England and first one-pound notes issued M : Franz Schubert born 31 January VA : Joseph Wright of Derby dies 29 August M : Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti born 29 November
LT : Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads M : Joseph Haydn : Oratorio M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Joseph Mallord William Turner : Buttermere Lake: A Shower VA : Baron François Gérard : Cupid and Psyche PH : French capture Rome: proclaim Roman Republic; Pope Pius VI leaves the city for Valence PH : Napoleon master of Egypt PH : King Ferdinand IV of Naples declares war on France and enters Rome PH : Treaty of Hyderabad between Britain and the Nizam PH : The last King of Poland, Augustus Stanislas II dies RP : T.R.Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population ST : Ger. inventor Aloys Senefelder invents lithography DL : Income tax of 10% of all incomes over £200 introduced in Britain as wartime measure VA : Gavin Hamilton dies 4 January VA : Eugène Delacroix born 26 April
M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Die Maske
three-act singspiel
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : PH : Austria declares war on France PH : Britain joins Russo-Turk alliance PH : Kingdom of Mysore divided between Britain and Hyderabad RP : Church Missionary Society founded in London RP : Fichte: System der Sittenlehre RP : Herder: Metakritik , attacks Kant and Fichte RP : Schlegel: Geschichte der Poesie der Griechen und Römer RP : Schleiermacher: Reden über die Religion ED : Universities of Cologne and Mainz closed ED : Egyptian Institute founded at Cairo ED : Pestalozzi's school in Burgdorf, Switzerland, opened ED : Rosetta Stone found - deciphering of hieroglyphics now possible
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony VA : Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : Nude Maja VA : Jacques-Louis David : Portrait of Madame Récamier VA : Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Lieutenant Colonel William Shirriff H.E.I.C.S.
VA : Sir Henry Raeburn : Lady Anne Torphicen VA : William Blake : Job and his Daughters PH : U.S. federal offices are moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. - the new capital city PH : Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to draw up Civil Code RP : Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII RP : Fichte: Der geschlossene Handelsstaat RP : Arnold Heeren: European Political Systems RP : Schelling: System des transzendentalen Idealismus RP : Church of United Brethren in Christ founded in the U.S. ST : German physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology ST : William Herschel discovers existence of infrared solar rays ED : Royal College of Surgeons, London, founded ST : Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell; first battery of zinc and copper plates ST : Eli Whitney makes muskets with interchangeable parts DL : Letter post introduced in Berlin DL : Robert Owen takes over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms
M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Overture, Musica per la chiesa
M : Joseph Haydn : Oratorio M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : PH : Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force PH : Peace of Lunéville between Austria and France marks the actual end of the Holy Roman Empire PH : Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President of U.S. GO ! PH : Czar Paul I assassinated; succeeded by Alexander I RP : K.F. Gauss: Disquisitiones arithmeticae RP : Hegel and Schelling published the Critical Journal of Philosophy ST : M.F.X. Bichat: Anatomie générale ST : American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces the first submarine "Nautilus" ST : J.J. Lalande catalogues 47,390 stars DL : Bank of France founded DL : The Union Jack becomes official flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland ST : Victoria Regia discovered in Amazon Territory M : Vincenzo Bellini born 3 November
LT : Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony VA : Baron François Gérard : Madame Récamier PH : Napoleon becomes President of Italian Republic PH : Peace of Amiens between Britain and France RP : Jeremy Bentham: Civil and Penal Legislation ED : G.F. Grotefend deciphers Babylonian cuneiform RP : Daniel Webster: The Rights of Neutral Nations in Time of War VA : Period of the Classicist Empire style ST : John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry ST : William Herschel discovers binary stars ST : German naturalist Gottfried Trevinarus coins the term "biology" DL : Peerage published in London by John DebrettDL : The Duke of Richmond introduces horse racing at Goodwood DL : "Health and Morals of Apprentices" Act in Britain VA : George Romney dies 15 November
LT : Sir Walter Scott: Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in G
(lost)
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : PH : Swiss cantons regain independence (Act of Mediation) PH : U.S. buys large tract of land from Louisiana Purchase GO ! PH : Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior RP : Greek patriot Adamantios Coräes publishes his Present Conditions of Civilisation in Greece RP : Joseph Lancaster: Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes ST : Claude Berthollet: Essai de statique chimique ST : Lazare Carnot: Principes fondamentaux de l'équilibre et du mouvement ST : Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power ST : Henry Shrapnel invents shell ST : Building of Caledonian Canal begins ED : Technical College, Prague, founded M : Adolphe Adam born 24 July M : Hector Berlioz born 11 December
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony VA : Joseph Mallord William Turner : The Passage VA : Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon in the VA : Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Innocence Preferring Love to Wealth
PH : Napoleon, proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate, is crowned in the presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris PH : Francis II assumes the title of Emperor of Austria as Francis I PH : Spain declares war on Britain RP : British and Foreign Bible Society founded in London PH : Code Napoléon promulgated ST : Thomas Brown Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect VA : English Water Colour Society founded ST : Thomas Bewick completes his History of British Birds DL : The first dahlias in England M : Mikhail Glinka born 1 June
LT : William Wordsworth: Elegiac Stanzas LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in D Minor
M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Die lustigen Musikanten
M : Nicolò Paganini : 24 Caprices M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Opera, Fidelio
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : The Empress Josephine VA : Benjamin West : The Fatal Wounding of Sir Philip Sidney PH : Thomas Jefferson begins his second term as President of U.S. GO ! PH : Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against France, joined by Austria PH : Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan PH : Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France; Bavaria and Württemberg becomes kingdoms PH : Establishment of modern Egypt; Mehemet Ali proclaimed Pasha RP : Hosea Ballou: A Treatise on Atonement RP : Lord Liverpool: Treatise on the Coins of the Realm ST : Rockets, originally constructed by Sir William Congreve, are reintroduced as weapons into the British army ST : F.W.A. Sartürner isolates morphine DL : Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar ED : Pestalozzi school at Yverdun, Switzerland VA : Jean-Baptiste Greuze dies 21 March M : Luigi Boccherini dies 28 May
LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Fugitive Pieces privately printed M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Symphony, M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Napoleon PH : Joseph Bonaparte named King of Naples PH : Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland PH : Napoleon's Berlin Decree begins "Continental System" PH : Confederation of Rhine founded PH : Peace of Posen: Saxony is made a kingdom ED : J.C. Adelun: Mithridates, a History of Languages and Dialects RP : Fichte: Bericht über die Wissenschaftslehre ED : Institute de France created by combining Académie Française with other academies RP : James Madison: An Examination of the British Doctrine which Subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not Open in Time of Peace RP : Napoleon establishes a consistorial organisation for Jews in France ST : P.A. Latreille: Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum ST : Sir Francis Beaufort designs scale to indicate wind strength LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning born 6 March VA : George Stubbs dies 10 July VA : Jean Honoré Fragonard dies 22 August
LT : William Wordsworth: Poems in two volumes LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hours of Idleness M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Liebe und Eifersucht
M : Carl Maria von Weber : Symphonies VA : Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Portrait of Count Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy
PH : Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon, the Czar, and the King of Prussia PH : Jerome Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia PH : Napoleon ensures dictatorship by suppressing Tribunate PH : Sultan Selim III of Turkey deposed and succeeded by Mustafa IV DL : Baron von Stein emancipates serfs PH : France invades Portugal: dethroned Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil RP : U.S. Evangelical Association, founded by Jacob Albright, holds its first convention PH : Commercial Law Code introduced in France RP : Hegel: Phänomenologie des Geistes RP : Gottlieb Hufeland: New Foundations of Political Economy ST : Charles Bell: System of Comparative Surgery ED : Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland: Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, 1799-1804 , on Spanish America (first of 30 volumes) DL : Horse racing: First Ascot Gold Cup DL : England prohibits slave trade DL : Street lighting by gas in London
VA : Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Colossus LT : Sir Walter Scott: Marmion LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Canzoni
M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Der Trank der Unsterblichkeit
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Baron François Gérard : Caroline Murat and her Children VA : Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : The Entombment of Atala VA : Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon on the Battlefield VA : Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : David Johnston DL : U.S. prohibits importation of slaves from Africa PH : Joseph Bonaparte becomes king of Spain, Joachim Murat becomes King of Naples PH : Erfurt Congress PH : Rebellion in Madrid: King Joseph flees; Napoleon takes city LT : Théâtre St. Philippe, New Orleans, opened RP : John Dalton: New System of Chemical Philosophy RP : J.F. Fries: New Critique of Reason RP : Napoleon abolishes the Inquisition in Spain and Italy RP : Schlegel: Von der Sprache und Weisheit der Inder ST : J.L.Gay-Lussac: The Combination of Gases ST : The source of the Ganges River discovered DL : Baronetage published in London by John DebrettDL : Disappearance of fashion of pigtails in men's hair ED : Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii DL : Henry Crabb Robinson, the first war correspondent, sent by The Times of London to Spain to report on the Peninsular War VA : Hubert Robert dies 15 April
VA : Caspar David Friedrich : Abbey in an Oak Forest VA : Joseph Marie Vien dies LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Elective Affinities LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Piano Trio M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Miserere in Bb
M : Carl Maria von Weber : Incidental music Turandot
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : PH : Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and Turkey PH : War between France and Austria PH : Peace of Schönbrunn PH : Austria joins Continental System PH : James Madison becomes 4th President of the U.S. GO ! PH : King Gustavus IV of Sweden deposed; succeeded by Charles XIII PH : Marshal Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Prince of Sweden PH : Treaty of friendship between Britain and the Sikhs at Amritsar PH : Napoleon annexes Papal States; Pope Pius VII taken prisoner PH : Ecuador gains independence from Spain M : Felix Mendelssohn born 3 February M : Joseph Haydn dies 31 May LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson born 6 August
VA : Caspar David Friedrich : Morning in the Riesengebirge LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Lady in the Lake M : Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Caspar David Friedrich : Cloister Graveyard in the Snow PH : Napoleon annexes Holland, Hanover, Bremen, Hamburg, Lauenburg, and Lübeck PH : Venezuela breaks away from Spain RP : Lazare Carnot: De la défense des places fortes RP : Société de Amis formed in Geneva by Protestant revivalists RP : Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generation of Political Constitutions VA : The "Nazarenes" founded by J.F. Overbeck to revive German religious art ST : Gail and Spurzheim: Anatomie et physiologie du systèm nerveux ST : Samuel Hahnemann founds homeopathy ST : François Appert develops techniques for canning food DL : First public billiards rooms in England at the Piazza, Covent Garden, London M : Frederic Chopin born 1 March M : Robert Schumann born 8 June
LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Eighteen Hundred And Eleven, A Poem M : Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Abu Hassan
M : Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Concertos M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Jupiter and Thetis PH : George III of England insane; Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent DL : Austria bankrupt PH : Paraguay independent of Spain RP : K.A. Böttiger: Kunstmythologie PH : Civil Code introduced in Austria RP : "Great Schism" of Welsh Protestants; two thirds leave Anglican Church ED : Barthold G. Niebuhr: Roman History ED : J.P.A. Récusat: Essai sur la langue et la littérature ED : University of Christiania, Oslo, founded ED : National University of Nicaragua founded DL : John Rennie begins the building of Waterloo Bridge, London M : Prague Conservatoire is opened ST : Amadeo Avogadro: hypothesis of the molecular composition of gases ST : Sir Charles Bell: New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain ST : S.O. Poisson: Traité de Mécanique DL : French Press Agency founded (later to becomes Agence Havas) DL : "Luddites" destroy industrial machines in North England M : Franz Liszt born 22 October
LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold cantos I and II, published M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Aurora
M : Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La scala di seta
('The Silken Ladder')
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Jacques-Louis David : Napoleon in His Study
PH : U.S. declares war on Britain GO ! RP : Baptist Union of Great Britain formed ED : H.F. Genesius: Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary RP : Hegel: Die objective Logik RP : Jews in Prussia emancipated (Hardenberg reforms) VA : Elgin Marbles brought to England M : Founding of Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna VA : Swiss explorer Burckhardt discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel ST : Georges Cuvier: Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes ST : Humphry Davy: Elements of Chemical Philosophy ST : Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning flax ST : Laplace: Thérie analytique DL : Royal Yacht Squadron founded DL : Gas, Light and Coke Company, London developed by F.A. Winsor VA : Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau born 15 April LT : Robert Browning born 7 May
LT : Sir Walter Scott: Rokeby LT : Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, L'italiana in Algeri
('The Italian Girl in Algiers')
M : Nicolò Paganini : Le streghe
('Witches Dance')
PH : Prussia declares war on France PH : Austria declares war on France PH : French expelled from Holland; return of William of Orange PH : Simón Bolivar becomes dictator of Venezuela PH : Mexico declares itself independent RP : J.F. Herbart: Introduction to Philosophy RP : Methodist Missionary Society founded RP : Robert Owen: A New View of Society RP : Schopenhauer: Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom sureichenden Grunde M : London Philharmonic Society founded DL : Last gold guinea coins issued in England M : The waltz conquers the European ballrooms M : Richard Wagner born 22 May M : Giuseppe Verdi born 10 October
LT : William Wordsworth: The Excursion LT : Sir Walter Scott: Waverly LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Corsair and Lara published M : Franz Schubert : Song, Gretchen am Spinnerade
('Gretchen and the Spinning Wheel')
VA : Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Third of May, 1808 VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Grand Odalisque VA : Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Raphael PH : Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba PH : Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up the throne as his hereditary right PH : Congress of Vienna opens PH : Christian Frederick of Denmark elected King of Norway PH : Treaty of Ghent ends British-American war GO ! PH : Hanover proclaimed a kingdom PH : Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, declares war on the Gurkhas (Nepal) ED : Chateaubriand: De Buonaparte et le Bourbons RP : Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisistion RP : Savigny: The Claim of Our Age on Legislation VA : Dulwich Gallery, London, opened M : J.N. Maelzel invents the metronome ST : Berzelius: Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity ST : M.J.B. Orfila: Toxicologie générale ST : At Killingworth Colliery, George Stephenson constructs the first practical steam locomotive DL : English Statute of Apprentices (1563) repealed M : Johann Friedrich Reichardt dies 27 June VA : Jean-François Millet born 4 October
LT : William Wordsworth: Collected Poems LT : Sir Walter Scott: Guy Mannering LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Lord of the Isles LT : Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Biographia Literaria LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hebrew Melodies M : Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Quintet M : Franz Schubert : Songs, Der Erlkönig, Heidenröslein
PH : Napoleon leaves Elba; the "Hundred Days"; Napoleon abdicates again and is banished to St. Helena PH : Swiss Federal Pact ratified; the Confederation now consists of 22 cantons PH : Joachim Murat, King of Naples executed after attempt to regain Naples PH : Brazil declares itself an independent empire RP : Protestant Baseler Missiongesellschaft founded RP : T.R. Malthus: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent ED : Savigny: History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages RP : Dugald Stewart: Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy VA : The Biedermeier styles arrives ST : Miner's safety lamp invented ST : Augustin Fresnel: research on the diffraction of light ST : Lamarck: Histoire naturelle des animaux ST : L.J. Prout: hypothesis on relation between specific gravity and atomic weight DL : Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain DL : British income tax ended DL : British road surveyor John Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone DL : Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in Indonesia - more than 50,000 dead ED : Technological College, Vienna, founded VA : Ernest Meissonier born 21 February
LT : Sir Walter Scott: Tales of my Landlord LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold canto III and The Prisoner of Chillon LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Siege of Corinth and Parisina M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Undine
M : Franz Schubert : Symphonies M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Il barbiere di Siviglia
('The Barber of Seville')
PH : Maria I, Queen of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son, Dom John VI PH : Argentina declared independent PH : Prince Metternich opens Diet of German Confederation at Frankfurt RP : American Bible Society founded ED : Nikolai Karamzin: History of the Russian Empire ST : Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope ST : Stethoscope invented DL : Blackwood's Magazine founded, EdinburghDL : English economic crisis causes large-scale emigration to Canada and U.S.
LT : Sir Walter Scott: Rob Roy LT : John Keats: Poems LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Manfred LT : William Cullen Bryant: Thanatopsis M : Franz Schubert : Songs, Die Forelle ('The Trout'), Der Tod und das Mädchen (Death and the Maiden'), An die Musik
M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Armida
M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, La gazza ladra
('The Thieving Magpie')
M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La Cenerentola
('Cinderella')
M : Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto VA : Caspar David Friedrich : Cemetery at Dusk VA : Caspar David Friedrich : City at Moonrise PH : James Monroe inaugurated as fifth President of the U.S. GO ! PH : Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German students RP : August Böckh: The Public Economy of Athens RP : Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union RP : Hegel: Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences RP : H.F.R. de Lamennais: Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion ED : Juan Llorente, a former secretary of the Inquisition, publishes his History of the Inquisition in Spain RP : Joseph de Maistre: Du Pape ED : Braccia Nuova begins building of Vatican Museum, Rome ST : Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium ST : Karl Ritter: Geographie in ihrer Beziehung zu Natur und Geschichte DL : Riots in Derbyshire, England, against low wages DL : Opening of Waterloo Bridge, London (replaced 1945) VA : Charles-François Daubigny born 15 February
LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Heart of Midlothian LT : John Keats: Endymion LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Beppo and Childe Harold canto IV M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Mosè in Egitto
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Caspar David Friedrich : Wanderer above the Sea of Fog VA : Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : Severed Heads PH : Act suspending Habeas Corpus is repealed PH : Charles XIII of Sweden dies; succeeded by Jean Bernadotte as Charles XIV PH : Chile proclaims its independence PH : Border between Canada and U.S. agreed upon ED : Bonn University founded ED : Josef Dobrovsky: History of the Czech language ED : Henry Hallam: The View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages ED : Prado Museum, Madrid, founded ST : F.W. Bessel: Fundamenta Astronomiae , catalog of 3,222 stars ST : Berzelius publishes molecular weights of 2,000 chemical compounds ST : Cadmium discovered DL : British Order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent DL : "Savannah" becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic (26 days) M : Charles-François Gounod born 18 June
LT : William Wordsworth: Peter Bell and The Waggoner LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor, Ivanhoe , and A Legend of Montrose LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Mazeppa and Don Juan cantos I and II M : Carl Maria von Weber : Invitation to the Dance
for piano (later orchestrated by Berlioz)
M : Franz Schubert : 'Trout' Quintet VA : Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : The Raft of the Medusa VA : John Crome : Yarmouth Beach PH : Florida purchased by U.S. from Spain PH : Bolivar becomes President of Colombia RP : Georg Hermes: Philosophical Introduction to Christian Theology RP : Jean Sismondi: Nouveaux principes d'economie politique ST : Mitscherelich discovers isomorphism ST : David Napier constructs the flat-bed cylinder for printing ST : Danish physicist Hans Oersted discovers electromagnetism DL : Opening of Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London VA : Mehemet Ali presents Cleopatra's Needle to Britain DL : Freedom of the press in France DL : Maximum 12-hour working day for juveniles in England M : Franz von Suppé born 18 April LT : Walt Whitman born 31 May VA : Gustave Courbet born 10 June M : Jacques Offenbach born 20 June M : Clara Wieck Schumann born 13 September
LT : John Clare: Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: Battle of Marathon LT : William Blake: Jerusalem VA : John Constable : Dedham Lock and Mill VA : Henry Fuseli : Solitude at Dawn PH : Revolution in Spain - King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812 PH : King George III of England dies; succeeded by Prince Regent as George IV DL : U.S. Land Law fixes land price at a minimum of $1.25 per acre RP : Thomas Brown: Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind RP : Thomas Erskine: Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion RP : J.J. Görres: Germany and the Revolution RP : Jesuits driven out of Rome RP : T. R. Malthus: Principles of Political Economy VA : Discovery of the Venus de Milo ST : André Ampère: Laws of the Electrodynamic Action DL : Washington Colonization Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negros VA : Benjamin West dies 11 March LT : Joseph Rodman Drake dies 21 September
VA : Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Great He-Goat LT : Sir Walter Scott: Kenilworth LT : John Clare: The Village Minstrel LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Marino Faliero , Don Juan cantos III-V, Cain, The Two Foscari , and Sardanapalus VA : John Constable : Study of Clouds at Hampstead VA : John Constable : The Hay Wain M : Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Der Freischütz
PH : James Monroe begins second term as U.S. president PH : Revolution in Piedmont: Victor Emmanuel abdicates, names his brother Charles Felix successor PH : Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks PH : Peru proclaimed independent from Spain, followed by Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo ED : Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies RP : George Grote: Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform RP : Hegel: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts ED : Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rosetta Stone ST : Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation ST : T.J. Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity ST : Sir Charles Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction DL : London Co-operative Society founded DL : Manchester Guardian foundedLT : John Keats dies 23 February VA : John Crome dies 22 April
LT : William Wordsworth: Ecclesiastical Sketches LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Fortunes of Nigel and Halidon Hill LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Vision of Judgment VA : Eugène Delacroix : Dante and Virgil M : Franz Schubert : Fantasia M : Franz Schubert : Symphony M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Mass VA : William Blake : The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins PH : Greeks adopt liberal republican constitution and proclaim independence PH : Augustin de Iturbide elected Emperor of Mexico PH : Brazil becomes independent of Portugal PH : Congress of Verona opens to discuss European problem PH : Bottle riots in Dublin, viceroy attacked by Orangemen ED : Colebrooke founds Royal Asiatic Society (study of Eastern languages) RP : Jean B. J. Fourier: Thèorie analytique de la chaleur ST : J.V. Poncelet: Traité des propriétés projectives des figures on projective geometry M : Royal Academy of Music, London, founded VA : Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama, paintings illuminated in dark room to give illusion of reality ST : A.J. Fresnel perfects lenses for lighthouses DL : Streets of Boston, Mass., lit by gas DL : Sunday Times , London, foundedM : Franz Strauss born 26 February M : ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann dies 25 June LT : Mathew Arnold born 24 December
VA : Alexandre Cabanel born LT : Sir Walter Scott: Macduff's Cross, Peveril of the Peak and Quentin Durward LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron: Don Juan cantos VI-XIV M : Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Euryanthe
M : Franz Schubert : Moments Musicaux
M : Franz Schubert : Incidental music Rosamunde
M : Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Die schöne Müllerin
M : Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Semiramide
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : M : Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony PH : Mexico becomes republic, Iturbide forced to abdicate PH : Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central America PH : The Monroe Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers GO ! RP : Oxford Union Society founded RP : Pope Pius VII dies; succeeded by Pope Leo XII (Annibale de la Genga) RP : Saint-Simon: Catéchisme des industriels ED : Louis Thiers: Histoire de la Révolution Française ED : Sir Robert Smirke designs British Museum, London ST : Charles Babbage's early attempts to construct a calculating machine ST : Faraday succeeds in liquefying chlorine ST : Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric ED : Mechanic's Institute founded in London and Glasgow ST : Walter Oudney, discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa ST : British medical journal The Lancet first issued DL : First Cologne Carnival festivities DL : Death penalty for over 100 crimes abolished in Britain ED : George IV presents the library of George III to British Museum DL : Founding of Royal Thames Yacht Club DL : Rugby Football originates at Rugby School, England VA : Pierre-Paul Prud'hon dies 16 February VA : Sir Henry Raeburn dies 8 July
VA : Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson dies VA : Eugène Delacroix : Massacre at Chios M : Franz Schubert : Sonata M : Franz Schubert : Octet M : Franz Schubert : String Quartet M : Mikhail Glinka : Symphony in B-flat
M : Ludwig van Beethoven : VA : Caspar David Friedrich : Evening PH : Bolivar proclaimed Emperor of Peru PH : Frontier treaty signed between Russia and U.S. PH : U.S. House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four candidates wins a majority in the national election GO ! ED : August Böckh: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecum (ed.) ED : Carlo Botta: History of Italy, 1789-1814 ED : Leopold von Ranke: History of the Latin and Teutonic People, 1494-1535 RP : Sunday School Union formed in U.S. VA : National Gallery, London, founded ST : Portland Cement developed ST : Nicolas Carnot: Puissance motrice du feu (on therodynamics) DL : Founding of Athenaeum Club, London DL : Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed; British workers are allowed to unionise DL : Le Globe , Paris begins publicationDL : R.S.P.C.A. founded in London VA : Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault dies 26 January M : Bedrich Smetana born 2 March LT : George Gordon, Lord Byron dies 19 April VA : Jean Léon Gérôme born 11 May M : Anton Bruckner born 4 September
VA : Eugène Delacroix : Female Nude LT : William Wordsworth: Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems LT : Sir Walter Scott: The Talisman M : Felix Mendelssohn : Octet M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Adelson e Salvini
VA : William Blake : The Body of Abel Found by Adam & Eve VA : William Blake : Queen Katherine's Dream PH : Ferdinand IV of Naples dies; succeeded by Francis I PH : Anglo-Russian Treaty of British territory in north-western N. America PH : Bolivia becomes independent of Peru, Uruguay of Brazil PH : Maximilian I, King of Bavaria, dies; succeeded by his son Louis I PH : Czar Alexander I dies; succeeded by Nicholas I RP : William Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits RP : French law makes sacrilege a capital offence ED : Augustin Thierry: Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands ST : Faraday isolates benzene ST : Oxygen-hydrogen limelight invented ED : Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest DL : Opening of Stockton-Darlington railroad - the first line to carry passengers DL : A Baseball Club organised at Rochester, New York DL : Tea roses from China introduced in Europe LT : Anna Lætitia Barbauld dies 9 March VA : Henry Fuseli dies 16 April M : Johann Strauss II born 25 October VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau born 30 November VA : Jacques-Louis David dies 29 December
LT : Sir Walter Scott: Woodstock LT : Elizabeth Barret Browning: An Essay on Mind and Other Poems published anonymously LT : William Blake: Job M : Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Oberon
M : Franz Schubert : Symphony M : Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto M : Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto La campanella ('The Little Bell')
M : Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, A Midsummer Night's Dream
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Bianca e Gernando
M : Hector Berlioz : Opera, Les Francs-juges
VA : William Blake : Satan Inflicting Boils on Job
PH : Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese War PH : John VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by Peter IV PH : Russia declares war on Persia PH : Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul RP : Ngüan Ngüan edits the writings of Confucius VA : U.S. Academy of Design founded ST : André Ampère: Electrodynamics ST : N.J. Lobachevsky develops his system of non-Euclidean geometry ED : Munich University founded ST : Galvanometer invented DL : Unter den Linden, Berlin, lit by gas ST : Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society, London DL : First railroad tunnel, on Liverpool-Manchester line, in England M : Carl Maria von Weber dies 5 June
