| | RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
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| | PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
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| | PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
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| | PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
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| | PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
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| | PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
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| | DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | | RP : | End of Lateran Council | | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
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| | PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
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| | PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
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| | PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | | RP : | Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
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| | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
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| | PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
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| | PH : | James V, King of Scotland | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | | RP : | Luther: German Mass | | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
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| | PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | | PH : | The Sack of Rome | | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
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| | RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
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| | PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | | ED : | University of Granada founded | | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
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| | M : | Orlande de Lassus born | | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| | PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | | VA : | Correggio dies |
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| | PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | | ST : | First diving bells | | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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| | PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| | PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| | RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd born | | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| | PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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