| | PH : | Alfred "The Great" crowned as the first king of a unified England GO ! |
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| | PH : | Bohemia and Moravia united | | PH : | King Olaf of Norway killed in the Battle of Svolder; Norway becomes Danish | | PH : | Piasts rule in Poland | | PH : | King Rajaraja of the Chola dynasty conquers Ceylon | | PH : | King Stephen of Hungary receives from the pope the title of Apostolic Majesty | | PH : | Sancho III, the Great, of Navarre | | LT : | Beowulf, heroic poem written in Old English GO ! | | RP : | Archbishopric of Gniezno established | | RP : | King Stephen of Hungary founds the Monastery of Gran | | RP : | Christianity reaches Iceland and Greenland | | RP : | Spiritual centre of Judaism switches from Mesopotamia to Spain | | VA : | Artistic revival in Italy (fresco and mosaic paintings) | | M : | Musical notation improved by Guido d'Arezzo | | PH : | Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, is supposed to have discovered America (Nova Scotia) | | ST : | Indian mathematician Sridhara recognises the importance of the zero | | ST : | Arabs and Jews become court physicians in Germany | | DL : | Widespread fear of the End of the World and the Last Judgement | | DL : | Danegeld - general tax in England | | DL : | Potatoes and corn planted in Peru | | DL : | The Frisians build dikes against floods and invasions | | ST : | Chinese perfect their invention of gunpowder | | DL : | Saxons settle at Bristol |
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| | PH : | Otto III dies; succeeded by his cousin Henry II, the Saint | | PH : | Massacre of St. Brice's Day; Dan. settlers in England murdered by order of Ethelred II | | PH : | Almanzor dies: beginning of the fall of caliphate of Cordoba | | PH : | Muzaffar, Caliph of Cordoba |
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| | PH : | War between Germany and Poland | | RP : | Pope John XVII | | RP : | Founding of Bamberg Cathedral under Henry II |
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| | PH : | King Henry's first Ital. campaign: he defeats Ardoin and is crowned King of Lombardy at Pavia | | PH : | Henry's war against Boleslav | | PH : | Arabs sack Pisa | | PH : | China becomes tributary to the Tungusic Khitans | | RP : | Pope John XVIII |
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| | PH : | Malcom II, King of Scotland |
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| | DL : | Mohammedans settle in northwestern India |
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| | PH : | Ethelred II pays 30,000 pounds to the Danes to gain two years' freedom from attacks |
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| | PH : | Mahmud of Ghazni defeats Hindus at Peshawar | | M : | Berno, Abbot of Reichenau writes his books on musical theory |
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| | PH : | The Mohammedans sack the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem | | PH : | First Imperial Diet at Goslar | | RP : | Bruno of Querfurt martyred by the Prussians | | RP : | Thietmar, Bishop of Merseburg: Chronical | | RP : | Pope Sergius IV |
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| | PH : | Robert II of France proclaims the "Peace of God" | | RP : | Richer of St. Remy, author of Historia Remensis ecclesiae |
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| | PH : | Ethelred invades South Wales, and the Danes take Canterbury | | RP : | The "Handkerchief of St. Veronica" kept in a special altar in Rome |
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| | PH : | Ethelred pays additional 48,000 pounds to the Danes | | RP : | First persecution of heretics in Germany | | RP : | The "Decretum" of Bishop Burchard of Worms | | RP : | Pope Benedict VIII |
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| | PH : | The Danes masters of England (Reign of Sweyn); Ethelred flees to Normandy |
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| | PH : | On Henry's second Ital. campaign he is crowned emperor in Rome | | PH : | End of Norse rule in Ireland | | PH : | Western part of Bulgaria to Byzantium | | PH : | Sweyn dies; succeeded by Canute: Ethelred returns GO ! |
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| | PH : | Wessex submits to Canute | | PH : | Arabs conquer Sardinia | | PH : | Jaroslav, Prince of Kiev | | PH : | King Olaf II, the Saint, restores Norw. independence and Christianity | | M : | At Pomposa Monastery, near Ravenna, sight singing is introduced | | DL : | First mention of Leipzig (Slav settlement) | | DL : | Municipal self-government at Benevento - first "communitas" |
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| | PH : | Ethelred II, the Unready, dies; Edmund II declared king by Londoners, Canute chosen by the Witan; the two make peace leaving Edmund with Wessex and Canute with Mercia and Northumbria. On Edmund's death in November, Canute is king of all England
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| | PH : | Canute divides England into four earldoms |
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| | PH : | End of war between Germany and Poland | | PH : | Union of southern and northern Scotland | | PH : | Byzantium regains Macedonia; Bulgarians submit | | PH : | Council of Oxford: Canute confirms laws of Edgar |
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| | DL : | Jaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev, codifies Russ. law and builds cities, schools, and churches | | PH : | Pisa annexes Corsica | | PH : | Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys recognise Olaf Haraldsson as king | | PH : | Rebellion of Bernard II, Duke of Saxony | | RP : | Bamberg Cathedral consecrated by Pope Benedict VIII |
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| | DL : | St. Vitus' dance epidemics in Europe |
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| | PH : | The Emperor Henry II defeats the Greeks in southern Italy | | RP : | Synod of Pavia insists on celibacy of higher clergy |
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| | PH : | Henry II dies; succeeded as Ger. king of Conrad II, the Salic, first of Franconian line | | RP : | Pope John XIX |
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| | PH : | Boleslav I accepts title King of Poland | | PH : | Beginning of decline of Byzantine power | | VA : | Takayoshi founds Tosa school of painting |
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| | M : | Guido d'Arezzo introduces solmisation in music (do, re, me, fa, sol, la) |
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| | RP : | Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor at Rome |
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| | PH : | Canute conquers Norway | | PH : | Romanus III, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Sancho of Navarre takes Castile |
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| | DL : | Jaroslav of Kiev founds Dorpat | | DL : | Vienna mentioned for the first time in documents (Wien) |
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| | PH : | Henry I, King of France | | PH : | Pol.-Hung. frontier treaty | | PH : | The caliphate of Cordoba abolished |
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| | PH : | Rudolph III of Burgundy dies, and Conrad unites Burgundy with the Empire | | RP : | Pope Benedict IX |
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| | PH : | The Germans and Russians defeat Mieczyslav II of Poland, which becomes fief of the Empire | | PH : | Castile becomes a separate kingdom |
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| | PH : | Malcom II of Scotland dies; succeeded by his grandson Duncan | | PH : | Bratislav, Duke of Bohemia | | PH : | Michael IV, the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor |
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| | PH : | Canute dies, his kingdom is divided among his three sons: England to Harold, Norway to Sweyn, and Denmark to Hardicanute GO ! | | PH : | Ferdinand I of Castile |
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| | DL : | Conrad II issues the Constitutio de feudis, which makes fiefs of small holders hereditary in Italy |
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| | PH : | After the death of Stephen of Hungary, Abo usurps the throne, and Peter, the legal heir, flees to Germany | | RP : | Founding of the Order of Vallombrosa |
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| | PH : | Conrad II dies; succeeded by Henry III |
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| | PH : | Duncan of Scotland murdered by Macbeth, who becomes king | | PH : | Harold dies; succeeded by Hardicanute GO ! | | PH : | "Truce of God" proclaimed in Aquitaine | | ST : | Petrocellus: Practica important medical work of the school of Salerno |
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| | PH : | Siward murders Eardwulf and becomes sole ruler of Northumbria |
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| | PH : | Hardicanute dies; succeeded by Ethelred's son Edward the Confessor GO ! | | PH : | Magnus, King of Denmark | | PH : | Constantine IX Monomachus, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Rise of the Seljuk Turks |
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| | RP : | Pope Gregory VI, the papacy being sold by the deposed Pope Benedict IX | | DL : | Copenhagen first mentioned |
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| | PH : | King Peter returns to Hungary and does homage to Henry III |
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| | PH : | Henry III crowned emperor in Rome | | RP : | Both popes dethroned; Synod of Rome elects Pope Clement II, a Saxon |
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| | PH : | Sweyn Estrithson, King of Denmark | | PH : | Harald Hardrada, King of Norway | | PH : | Henry III reestablishes the duchies of Carinthia, Bavaria, and Swabia | | PH : | Andrew I, King of Hungary | | RP : | Pope Benedict IX |
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| |
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| | RP : | Pope Leo IX, a German |
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| | PH : | Egypt collapses under military dictatorship | | PH : | Normans penetrate into England | | LT : | The Mabinogion, collection of Welsh tales | | ED : | Ssu-ma-Kuang: History of China from 500 b.c. to a.d.1000 | | RP : | The oldest Russ. monasteries, in Kiev | | M : | Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chant | | M : | Sys willekommen heirre kerst, first Ger. Christmas carol | | M : | The harp arrives in Europe | | M : | Time values given to musical notes | | ST : | Geographer Adam of Bremen believes the Baltic Sea to be an ocean open to the east | | ST : | Important astronomic instruments (astrolabes) arrive in Europe from Eastern countries | | DL : | Earliest references to Nuremberg, Oslo, Delhi, and Timbuctu | | DL : | Eng. monks excel in embroidery |
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| | PH : | Rebellion of Conrad, Duke of Bavaria | | PH : | Return of Earl Godwin |
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| | PH : | The Norman Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy and founds Norman empire there | | DL : | Danegeld abolished | | PH : | Henry IV, son of Henry III, elected and crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Harold succeeds his father Godwin as Earl of Wessex |
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| | PH : | Jaroslav of Kiev dies; followed by decline of his empire | | PH : | Poland recaptures Silesia from Bohemia | | RP : | The papal chair remains empty for one year | | RP : | Cleavage between Roman and Eastern Churches becomes permanent | | DL : | Expansion of commercial relations between Italy and Egypt |
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| | PH : | Siward of Northumbria dies; succeeded by Tostig, son of Godwin | | PH : | Spitigniev II of Bohemia | | RP : | Pope Victor II, a Bavarian |
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| | PH : | Henry III dies; succeeded by Henry IV, till 1065 under the guardianship of Empress Agnes | | PH : | Michael VI, eastern Emperor | | PH : | Beginning of the democratic Pataria movement in Milan |
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| | PH : | Macbeth murdered by Malcom; succeeded by his stepson Lulach | | PH : | Leofric of Mercia dies; succeeded by Alfgar | | PH : | Isaac Comnenus, Eastern emperor | | RP : | Pope Stephen X | | RP : | Ostronomic Gospel written in Novgorod |
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| | PH : | Malcom slays Lulach and becomes King of Scotland | | PH : | Boleslav II, Duke of Poland | | RP : | Pope Benedict X |
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| | PH : | Philip I made coregent in France | | PH : | Treaty of Melfi: Robert Guiscard and Richard of Aversa, Prince of Capua, become papal vassals | | PH : | Constantine X, Eastern Emperor | | RP : | Pope Nicholas II | | RP : | Papal decree establishing papal elections by cardinals only |
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| | PH : | Henry I of France dies; succeeded by Philip I | | PH : | Bela I, King of Hungary |
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| | PH : | Normans conquer Messina | | RP : | Pope Alexander II |
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| | PH : | Coup d'etat of Kaiserswerth; Archbishop Anno II of Cologne seizes Henry IV | | RP : | Berengar of Tours opposes doctrine of transubstantiation | | DL : | Marrakesh founded |
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| | PH : | Harold and Tostig subdue Wales | | PH : | Victorious Ger. campaign against Hungary | | PH : | Alp Arslan, ruler of the Seljuks |
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| | PH : | The Seljuks conquer Armenia | | PH : | Hungarians seize Belgrade from Byzantium |
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| | PH : | Sancho II, King of Castile | | PH : | Henry IV comes of age | | M : | Wilhelm von Hirsau, Ger. Benedictine monk, writes manuals on musical theory | | PH : | Edward the Confessor dies 1 May; Harold II crowned 1 June; Harold killed in Battle of Hastings on 14 October; William I, the Conqueror, crowned 25 Dec. GO ! | | VA : | Beginning of Norman (Romanesque) architecture | | DL : | Appearance of comet, later called "Halley's Comet" |
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| | DL : | She-tsung, Emperor of China: nationalisation of agricultural production and distribution | | PH : | Nationalist risings in the north and west of England crushed by William I | | VA : | Shotoku Taishi Eden, oldest extant painting of Yamatoe style |
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| | PH : | Rising in Ely under Hereward | | PH : | Bavaria bestowed upon Welf IV by Henry IV | | DL : | Amalfi merchants found in Jerusalem the Order of St. John |
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| | PH : | Normans conquer last Byzantine possessions in Italy | | PH : | Romanus IV defeated and captured by Seljuks at Manzikert | | PH : | Michael VII, Eastern Emperor | | ST : | Constantine the African brings Greek medicine to Western world |
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| | PH : | Normans under Robert Guiscard conquer Palermo |
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| | RP : | Pope Gregory VII, Hildebrand of Soana | | RP : | Reorganisation of Eng. Church; York subordinated to Canterbury |
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| | PH : | Peace of Gerstungen between Henry IV and the Saxons | | PH : | Geza I, King of Hungary | | RP : | Excommunication of married priests |
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|
| | PH : | Syria and Palestine subdued by Seljuk leader Malik Shah | | RP : | Dictatus papae on papal world dominance |
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|
| | PH : | Gregory VII, challenged by Ger. bishops at the Synod of Worms, dethrones and excommunicates Henry IV |
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| | PH : | Boleslav II of Poland takes Kiev | | PH : | Romanus IV, Eastern Emperor | | VA : | Work begins on Bayeux tapestry | | PH : | Henry IV goes as penitent to Canossa and is absolved by Gregory VII | | RP : | First Eng. Cluniac monastery at Lewes |
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| | PH : | Nicephorus III, Eastern Emperor | | DL : | Building of Tower of London begins |
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| | DL : | Founding of Newcastle |
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|
| | PH : | Canute IV, the Saint, King of Denmark | | PH : | Henry IV again deposed and excommunicated | | PH : | Armenian state established in Cilicia | | ST : | Toledan table of positions of stars |
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| | PH : | Alexius I Comnenus, Eastern Emperor | | DL : | Commercial treaty between Venice and Byzantium |
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| | PH : | Henry IV extends the "Peace of God" over his whole empire | | PH : | Toledo taken from the Arabs by Alfonso VI | | PH : | Vratislav, Duke of Bohemia, crowned king |
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| | PH : | Almoravid dynasty revives Mohammedan rule in Spain | | DL : | Compilation of Domesday book (survey of assessment for tax) | | RP : | Pope Victor III | | RP : | Bruno of Cologne founds Carthusian Order |
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|
| | PH : | William the Conqueror dies; succeeded by William II "Rufus" in England and Robert in Normandy GO ! | | DL : | St. Paul's, London, burns down and is rebuilt |
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|
| | DL : | The Patzinak Turks settle between the Danube and the Balkans | | RP : | Pope Urban II |
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|
| | PH : | Ingo I, King of Sweden | | ST : | The first water-driven mechanical clock constructed in Peking |
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|
| | PH : | Treaty of Caen between William II and Robert of Normandy | | ST : | Walcher of Malvern notes eclipse of the moon in Italy |
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|
| | PH : | William II conquers Cumberland | | PH : | Vratislav II of Bohemia dies | | PH : | Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah dies; capital moved from Iconium to Smyrna |
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|
| | PH : | Malcom of Scotland killed during invasion of England; succeeded by his brother Donald Bane | | RP : | Hugh le Gros founds Benedictine monastery, Chester |
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| | PH : | The Cid takes Valencia from the Moors | | DL : | The first record of gondolas in Venice |
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|
| | PH : | Eric I, King of Denmark | | PH : | The Hungarians conquer Croatia and Dalmatia | | RP : | Council of Clermon: Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade |
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|
| | PH : | Start of the First Crusade with Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and Tancred, nephew of Robert Guiscard |
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|
| | PH : | Edgar, son of Malcom, becomes King of Scotland |
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|
| | M : | Hildegard von Bingen born | | PH : | Louis VI made coregent of Philip I of France | | PH : | Orkneys, Hebrides, and Isle of Man seized by Magnus II of Norway | | RP : | Monastery of Citeaux, the first Cistercian house, founded by St. Robert | | ST : | Nicholas Prevost of Tours: Antidotarum, a collection of 2650 medical prescriptions from Salerno |
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|
| | PH : | Crusaders take Jerusalem; Godfrey, appointed Defender of the Holy Sepulcher, defeats Egyptians at Ascalon | | RP : | Pope Paschal II |
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|
| | PH : | William Rufus killed accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrel in the New Forest; succeeded by Henry I GO ! | | PH : | Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem | | LT : | Chanson de Roland, Fr. heroic poem | | DL : | The dialect of the Il-de-France becomes the prevailing idiom of France | | DL : | Middle English supersedes Old English | | VA : | Appearance of Gothic architecture | | M : | Beginnings of secular music | | M : | Music school of St. Martial at Limoges develops polyphonic style | | ST : | Decline of Islamic science begins | | DL : | Munich and Stettin mentioned in records | | ST : | Probable colonisation of Polynesia from S. America |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Alton; Robert of Normandy is bought off after invading England | | PH : | King Conrad dies | | PH : | Roger II, Count of Sicily | | PH : | Minsk, capital of independent principality | | PH : | Accession of the Emperor Hai-tsung |
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|
| | PH : | Boleslav III, Duke of Poland |
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|
| | PH : | Magnus III of Norway invades Ireland and is killed | | PH : | Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire |
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|
| | PH : | Henry IV is captured by his son and abdicates | | DL : | Colonisation of eastern Germany begins |
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|
| | PH : | Henry IV dies; succeeded by Henry V, the last Salic emperor |
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|
| | PH : | Edgar of Scotland dies; succeeded by his brother Alexander I |
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|
| | PH : | Philip I of France dies; succeeded by Louis VI |
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| |
|
| | LT : | Earliest record of a miracle play, Dunstable, England |
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|
| | PH : | Henry V crowned emperor in Rome |
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|
| | PH : | Henry V excommunicated by the Synod of Vienne |
|
|
| | PH : | Balearic Islands conquered by Pisa | | PH : | Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev | | ED : | "Leges Henrici" codified | | RP : | Order of Knights Hospitalers of St. John, Jerusalem, founded | | RP : | St. Bernard joins the Cistercian Order |
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|
| | PH : | Stephen II, King of Hungary | | PH : | State of Chin established in northern China | | PH : | Florence becomes free republic | | RP : | Founding of Clairvaux with St. Bernard as first abbot |
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|
| | PH : | John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor | | RP : | Pope Galasius II |
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|
| | PH : | Charles the Good, Count of Flanders | | RP : | Pope Calixtus II, a Burgundian monk | | ED : | Bologna University founded |
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|
| | PH : | Peace between Henry I of England and Louis VI of France | | PH : | Disaster of the "White Ship"; the only legitimate son of Henry I of England drowned off Harfleur | | RP : | Full development of Scholastic philosophy | | DL : | The Chinese may have invented playing cards |
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|
| | PH : | The Ger. princes meet at Würzburg to work out a compromise between the pope and Emperor Henry V | | RP : | The Synod of Soissons condemns Abelard's teachings on the Trinity |
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|
| | PH : | The Byzantines exterminate Patzinak Turks | | PH : | Henry I creates earldom of Gloucester for his illegitimate son Robert of Caen | | RP : | Concordat of Worms settles investiture question |
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|
| | PH : | The Byzantine Emperor John II defeats Serbs | | RP : | First Lateran Council suppresses simony and marriage of priest | | DL : | Founding of St. Bartholomew's hospital, London |
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|
| | PH : | Alexander I of Scotland dies; suceeded by David I | | PH : | The Emperor John II defeats Hungarians | | RP : | William of Malmesbury: On the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury | | RP : | Pope Honorius II | | DL : | First Scottish coinage struck |
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|
| | PH : | Henry V dies; succeeded by Lothar of Saxony as king | | ED : | Tarnenari: O-Kagami, Japanese history | | M : | Beginning of troubadour and trouvère music in France | | ST : | Alexander Neckam: De utensilibus (earliest account of mariner's compass) |
|
|
| | PH : | The Eng. barons accept Matilda, widow of Emperor Henry V and daughter of Henry I of England, as successor to Henry I GO ! | | PH : | Lothar III makes his son-in-law Henry the Proud (Welf) Duke of Bavaria, and (from 1137) Duke of Saxony | | DL : | Venetian commercial privileges in Byzantine Empire renewed |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso I, King of Portugal | | RP : | Order of the Templars recognised by the pope | | RP : | Abbey of Holyrood founded by David I of Scotland |
|
|
| | PH : | Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo | | RP : | Pope Innocent I | | RP : | Anaceltus II, antipope; a distinguished scholar and diplomat, he is canonically more acceptable than Innocent II but fails to get secular backing because he is the son of a rich, converted Jew, founder of the influential Pierleani family |
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|
| | DL : | Henry I of France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry |
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|
| | PH : | Lothar III crowned emperor by Pope Innocent II | | RP : | Diocese of Carlisle founded | | DL : | St. Bartholomew's Fair, Smithfield, London (until 1855) |
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|
| | PH : | The Emperor Lothar III invests Albert the Bear with the Nordmark |
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|
| | PH : | King Conrad, Frederick of Swabia, the King of Denmark, and the Duke of Poland submit to Lothar III | | PH : | King Henry I of England dies; succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Boulogne, a grandson of William the Conqueror GO ! | | PH : | Foundation of the Italian line of the House of Este |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda asserts her right to the Eng. throne | | LT : | Abelard: Historia calamitatum mearum, description of his love affair with Héloise |
|
|
| | PH : | Gruffydd, Prince of North Wales, dies; succeeded by Owain the Great | | PH : | Louise VI of France dies; succeeded by Louis VII | | PH : | The Emperor Lothar III dies | | PH : | Antioch becomes a vassal to Byzantium | | RP : | Creation of bishopric of Aberdeen |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad III elected king, first of the Hohenstaufen line | | PH : | Boleslav III of Poland dies after dividing his realm among his five sons | | RP : | Pretended Messiah appears in France and Persia |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda lands at Arundel: civil war in England GO ! | | PH : | Bavaria falls to Austria | | RP : | Second Lateran Council ends schism | | RP : | Decretum Gratiani, summary of Eng. ecclesiastical law |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav II of Bohemia | | RP : | Council of Sens condemns the heresies of Abelard |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda proclaimed queen at Winchester | | PH : | Geza II, King of Hungary |
|
|
| | PH : | Manuel I, Byzantine Emperor | | RP : | Pope Celestine II | | DL : | Founding of Lübeck |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seljuks take Edessa | | PH : | Republican regime established in Rome under Arnold of Brescia | | RP : | Pope Lucius II | | ST : | Robert of Chester: Liber de Compositione Alchemiae |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Eugene III | | PH : | Second Crusade proclaimed | | DL : | Bridge over Danube at Ratisbon completed |
|
|
| | PH : | Nureddin, Sultan of Syria | | ST : | Antidotarium Niclai, a treatise on drugs |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders perish in Asia Minor; failure of the Second Crusade | | ED : | Geoffrey of Monmouth: Historia regum Britanniae | | DL : | Moscow mentioned for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | Albert the Bear inherits Brandenburg | | PH : | Eric the Saint, King of Sweden | | PH : | Alauddin Husain, Sultan of Ghor, destroys the empire of Ghazni | | ED : | Founding of Paris University | | LT : | The Black book of Carmarthen, oldest Welsh manuscript | | M : | Troubadour music in southern France becomes organised | | ED : | Medical faculty at Bologna University | | DL : | Arabs in Spain manufacture paper |
|
|
| | PH : | Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou dies; succeeded by Henry, his son by Matilda of England | | RP : | Simon Darschan: Jalkut, Jewish commentaries to the Old Testament | | VA : | The Golden Age of Buddhist art in Burma | | M : | New dance forms develop in Europe | | ST : | "Civitas Hippocratica" founded by 20 Salerno physicians | | DL : | The first fire and plague insurance (in Iceland) | | DL : | The game of chess arrives in England | | DL : | The Chinese use explosives in warfare |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad III dies and his nephew Frederick II Barbarossa becomes king | | PH : | Louis VII divorces his queen, Eleanor, who marries Henry of Anjou, afterward King of England | | M : | Ladies' strophes, the earliest Ger. "Minnelieder" |
|
|
| | PH : | David I of Scotland dies; succeeded by his grandson Malcolm IV | | RP : | Pope Anastasius IV |
|
|
| | PH : | Stephen dies; Henry II, King of England; from now till 1485 the House of Plantagenet rules England GO ! | | RP : | Pope Hadrian IV, Nicholas Breakspeare, the only Eng. pope | | ST : | Mohammed al-Idrisi: Geography, published at Palermo |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Hadrian IV bestows Ireland on Henry II | | PH : | Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms and restores royal demesne | | RP : | Carmelite Order founded |
|
|
| | PH : | War of the Jap. clans Taira and Minamoto | | PH : | Austria made a duchy with special privileges |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric of Sweden conquers Finland |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa makes Vladislav II King of Bohemia | | DL : | Munich becomes centre of salt trade |
|
|
| | RP : | The great Pope Alexander III |
|
|
| | M : | Perotinus Magister (Pérotin) born | | PH : | Normans expelled from North Africa | | LT : | Tristan et Iseult, Celtic epic by Beroul and Thomas |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa destroys Milan | | RP : | Thomas à Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury |
|
|
| | M : | Magister Leoninus (Léonin) born | | PH : | Quarrel starts between Henry II and Thomas à Becket |
|
|
| | PH : | Becket flees to France | | LT : | Gautier d'Arras: Eracle |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcolm IV dies; succeeded by his brother William the Lion | | PH : | Byzantium allies with Venice against the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa |
|
|
| | M : | The Song of Canute, Eng. ballad by a monk of Ely | | DL : | Assize of Clarendon orders erection of jails in all Eng. counties and boroughs |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa crowned emperor | | ED : | Oxford University founded |
|
|
| | DL : | Milan rebuilt | | PH : | Bogolubsky sacks Kiev and assumes title of Grand Prince |
|
|
| | PH : | Although Henry II and Becket formally reconciled, Becket returns to Canterbury and is murdered by four Norman knights | | PH : | Albert the Bear dies | | PH : | Saladin of Damascus subdues Egypt | | LT : | Chrétien de Troyes: Lancelot, romance of courtly love | | RP : | Pope Alexander III establishes rules for canonisation of saints | | DL : | "Inquest of Sheriffs", financial inquiry, results in strengthening the Exchequer |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Eleanor raises Aquitaine against Henry II | | PH : | Reconciliation between Henry II and the Pope | | PH : | The Venice Grand Council restricts the powers of the doges | | ED : | Wace: Roman de Rou, chronicle of Norman dukes |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Eleanor imprisoned | | PH : | Béla III, King of Hungary | | RP : | Waldensian movement begins at Lyons | | DL : | First authenticated influenza epidemics |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Frederick I buys Tuscany, Spoleto, Sardinia, and Corsica from Welf VI | | PH : | Henry II does penance at Canterbury for murder of Becket | | DL : | Earliest horse races in England |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Frederick I defeated by the Lombard League at Legnano | | PH : | Saladin conquers Syria | | LT : | The first eisteddfod held at Cardigan Castle | | LT : | Romand de Renard, the first version of the Reynard the Fox fables, written in French | | LT : | Walter Map organises the Arthurian legends in their present form | | DL : | Assize of Northampton extends use of Grand Jury |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Ivry between Henry II and Louis VII | | PH : | Peace of Venice between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Alexander III | | DL : | Founding of Belfast |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy | | DL : | The famous bridge at Avignon built | | RP : | Richard Fitznigel: Dialogus de Saccario, on the financial administration of England |
|
|
| | M : | Hildegard von Bingen dies 17 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis VIII of France dies; succeeded by his son Philip II Augustus | | PH : | Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor | | DL : | Ranulf de Glanvill reforms Eng. judicial system | | DL : | Glass windows appear in Eng. private houses | | DL : | First windmills with vertical sails in Europe |
|
|
| | RP : | First Carthusian monastery in England at Witham | | RP : | Pope Lucius III |
|
|
| | PH : | Canute VI, King of Denmark | | RP : | The Jews banished from France |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Constance: Lombard League recognised under imperial overlordship | | PH : | The Emperor Alexius II murdered; succeeded by Andronicus I |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Mainz: the Emperor Frederick I's power at its height | | PH : | Cyprus frees itself from Byzantium | | PH : | Tamara, Queen of Georgia |
|
|
| | PH : | Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the brothers Ivan and Peter Asen | | RP : | Pope Urban III | | RP : | Knights Templars established in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VI, son of Frederick Barbarossa, marries Constance, heiress of Sicily, and assumes title of Caesar | | PH : | Beginning of the Kamakura era in Japan |
|
|
| | PH : | Saladin defeats Christians at Hittin and takes Jerusalem | | PH : | Pumjab conquered by Mohammed of Ghor | | RP : | Pope Gregory VIII, followed by Pope Clement III |
|
|
| | PH : | King Henry II of England dies; succeeded by Richard I, Coeur-de-Lion GO ! | | PH : | Third Crusade | | RP : | Massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I | | DL : | First silver florins minted at Florence | | DL : | Commercial treaty between Novgorod and Ger. merchants |
|
|
| | M : | Magister Leoninus (Léonin) dies | | PH : | Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in river Saleph in Cilicia; succeeded by his son Henry VI | | RP : | Order of German Hospitalers founded (transformed in 1198 into Teutonic Order) |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars | | LT : | The Nibelungenlied | | RP : | Pope Celestine III | | DL : | Tea arrives in Japan from China |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I returns from the Crusade and is captured by Leopold, Duke of Austria | | PH : | Dukedom of Styria becomes part of the Babenberg realm of Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard is handed over to Henry VI and imprisoned | | DL : | Indigo and brazilwood imported from India to Britain for dying purposes |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I is released and crowned for the second time | | PH : | Henry VI conquers Sicily and is crowned King of Sicily | | LT : | The Elder Edda, collection of Scandinavian mythology |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexius III, Byzantine Emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | Peter II, King of Aragon | | PH : | Emeric I, King of Hungary | | DL : | Heidelberg mentioned in records |
|
|
| | PH : | Ottokar I, King of Bohemia | | PH : | The Emperor Henry VI dies; succeeded by Otto IV |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent III | | RP : | William of Newburgh: Historia rerum Anglicarum |
|
|
| | PH : | King Richard I, Coeur-de-Lion, killed at a siege in France; succeeded by King John (Lackland), the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine GO ! | | PH : | Declaration of Speyer: Ger. princes confirm the right to elect a king | | DL : | Founding of Liverpool |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Le Goulet between England and France
| | ED : | Cambridge University founded
| | RP : | Development of Jewish cabalistic philosophy in southern Europe
| | RP : | Islam begins to replace Indian religions
| | VA : | Early Gothic in England
| | M : | Professional 'bards' in Ireland
| | M : | Cymbals introduced as musical instrument
| | M : | "Carmina Burana", Ger. collection of Latin monastic songs | | ST : | Alcohol is being used for medical purposes
| | DL : | Paris develops into a modern capital
| | DL : | Engagement rings come into fashion
|
|
|
| | ST : | Pass of St. Gotthard, Switzerland, opened |
|
|
| | ED : | Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci: Liber abaci introduces Arabic numerals in Europe | | PH : | Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Montferrat | | RP : | Decretal "Venerabilem" asserts superiority of papacy over empire | | DL : | The first court jesters at European courts |
|
|
| | ED : | Siena University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders take Constantinople and establish Latin Empire | | PH : | The Emperor Michael sets up independent Greek kingdom of Epirus | | ED : | Vincenza University founded | | DL : | Founding of Amsterdam, Holland |
|
|
| | PH : | Declaration of sultanate of Delhi | | PH : | Genghis Khan, chief prince of the Mongols |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent III places England under interdict | | PH : | Theodore Lascaris founds empire of Nicaea | | PH : | Philip of Swabia, Ger. King murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach |
|
|
| | RP : | Francis of Assisi issues first rules of his brotherhood (the Franciscans) | | PH : | Otto IV crowned emperor in Rome | | PH : | King John invades Scotland and is excommunicated |
|
|
| | PH : | Otto IV excommunicated by Pope Innocent III |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso II, King of Portugal |
|
|
| | DL : | Tiles replace thatched and wooden roofs of London houses | | PH : | Children's Crusade | | PH : | Frederick II elected Ger. king and makes Bohemia hereditary kingdom |
|
|
| | PH : | Council of St. Albans, precursor of Parliament | | PH : | King John of England submits to the Pope, making England and Ireland papal fiefs | | PH : | James I of Aragon |
|
|
| | RP : | Dominican Friars founded by the future St. Dominic, Span. priest | | PH : | Frederick II crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle | | PH : | King John seals Magna Carta at Runnymede GO ! | | RP : | Fourth Lateran Council prohibits trial by ordeal |
|
|
| | PH : | King John dies; succeeded by Henry III GO ! | | RP : | Pope Honorius III |
|
|
| | PH : | Haakon IV, King of Norway | | PH : | Crusade against sultanate of Egypt fails | | ED : | Salamanca University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Worcester between Henry III and Wales
| | PH : | Otto IV dies
| | DL : | Danneborg, the oldest national flag in the world, adopted by Denmark |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III crowned at Westminster | | PH : | Frederick II crowned emperor in Rome, his son Henry being elected Ger. king | | M : | Boy's Choir at the Kreuz-Kirche, Dresden, founded | | DL : | The first giraffes are shown in Europe | | M : | Perotinus Magister (Pérotin) dies |
|
|
| | LT : | The form of the sonnet develops in Ital. poetry | | DL : | Vienna becomes a city |
|
|
| | DL : | Council of Oxford establishes 23 April, St George's Day, as national holiday in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip II Augustus of France dies; succeeded by Louis VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-French war | | PH : | Henry VII proclaims Public Peace ("Treuga Henrici") at Würzburg | | RP : | St Berthold probable founder of the Carmelite Order | | ED : | Founding of Naples University | | ST : | Abdallah ur-Rüml: Mu'jam ul-Buldân, Arab geographical encyclopedia |
|
|
| | PH : | Magna Carta reissued for third time in definitive form | | DL : | Cotton manufactured in Spain |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis VIII dies; succeeded by Louis IX, the Saint |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III declares himself of age | | PH : | Truce in Anglo-Fr. war | | PH : | Genghis Khan dies; his empire is divided among his three sons | | RP : | Pope Gregory IX |
|
|
| | PH : | Sixth Crusade, led by Emperor Frederick II |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II, crowned King of Jerusalem, signs treaty with the Sultan of Egypt | | RP : | The Inquisition in Toulouse forbids Bible reading by all laymen | | ED : | Founding of Toulouse University |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of San Germano between the emperor and pope, Frederick II being absolved from excommunication | | PH : | Wenceslas I, King of Bohemia | | DL : | Leprosy imported to Europe by the Crusaders | | DL : | Founding of Berlin (on the site of former Slav settlements) |
|
|
| | PH : | Muhammad I, founder of Nasrid dynasty in Granada |
|
|
| | RP : | The "Great Halleluyah" penitential movement in northern Italy | | RP : | The pope entrusts the Dominicans with the Inquisition |
|
|
| | PH : | Rebellion of his son Henry VII suppressed by Frederick II; Henry imprisoned | | PH : | Mainz Public Peace, first imperial law in Ger. language |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander Nevski, Grand Duke of Novgorod |
|
|
| | M : | Adam de la Halle born |
|
|
| | PH : | Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Prince of Snowdon | | PH : | Crusade of Richard of Cornwall and Simon de Montfort to Jaffa | | PH : | Border fixed between England and Scotland | | LT : | Guido Guinizelli, Ital. poet establishes a school of poetry ("dolce stil nuovo") | | VA : | Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) born in Florence (year approximate) |
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | Kiel established as a town |
|
|
| | PH : | Five-year truce between England and France |
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | First "Dunmow Flitch" competition |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II deposed by the Council of Lyons |
|
|
| | PH : | Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX |
|
|
| | ED : | University College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | ST : | Existence of explosives recorded |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II dies; succeeded by Conrad IV | | PH : | Valdeman I, King of Sweden | | ED : | Establishment of four national colleges at Paris University | | M : | The "Portatio", a portable small organ | | ST : | Vincent of Beauvais: Speculum naturale, historiale, doctrinale | | ST : | Jordanus Rufus: De medicina equorum | | DL : | Hats come into fashion | | DL : | Goose quill used for writing |
|
|
| | PH : | Kublai Khan becomes Governor of China |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile | | RP : | The Inquisition begins to use instruments of torture | | DL : | Golden florins minted at Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Ottokar II, King of Bohemia | | DL : | Linen first manufactured in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad IV dies | | RP : | Pope Alexander IV | | ED : | Court chaplain Robert de Sorbon founds the Paris School of Theology (will become the Sorbonne) |
|
|
| | DL : | Prague and Stockholm become towns |
|
|
| | PH : | "Hundred Years War" between Venice and Genoa | | RP : | Founding of the Order of Augustine Hermits |
|
|
| | PH : | Llywelyn assumes the title Prince of Wales, and establishes peace between England and Wales | | PH : | Richard of Cornwall elected King of the Romans and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle (he was soon dispossessed) |
|
|
| | PH : | Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II, crowned King of Sicily at Palermo | | PH : | Establishment of House of Commons ("Provisions of Oxford") GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Kublai Khan becomes Mongol ruler |
|
|
| | RP : | The first flagellant movement in southern Germany and northern Italy | | M : | The first mastersinger school (Mainz) |
|
|
| |
|
| | M : | Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de la Feuillée |
|
|
| | ED : | Balliol College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | RP : | Thomas Aquinas: Summa contra Gentiles | | RP : | Roger Bacon: De computo naturali | | ED : | Merton College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Clement IV | | M : | Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix develop the musical form of the motet (musica mensurata) |
|
|
| | PH : | Balban, Sultan of Delhi | | RP : | Roger Bacon: Opus maius |
|
|
| | DL : | The guilds of goldsmiths and tailors of London fight each other in fierce street battles |
|
|
| | RP : | Three years' vacancy in the papacy |
|
|
| | DL : | The first toll roads in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis IX dies on the Eighth Crusade, and is succeeded by Philip III | | PH : | Stephen V of Hungary |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory X | | ST : | Marco Polo journeys to China |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III of England dies; succeeded by Edward I GO ! | | PH : | Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, elected king and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle | | RP : | Thomas Aquinas: Summa theologica |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward I crowned at Westminster |
|
|
| | RP : | Moses de León, Jewish theologian, author of Zohar, the fundamental work on Jewish mysticism | | ST : | William of Saliceto: Chirurgia, earliest record of human dissection |
|
|
| | RP : | The year of the four popes: Pope Gregory X, Pope Innocent V, Pope Hadrian V, and Pope John XXI |
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | Ottokar takes up arms and is defeated by Rudolf and killed at Dürnkrut, Marchfeld; succeeded by Wenceslas II | | DL : | 278 Jews hanged in London for clipping coin; Christians guilty of the same offense, fined |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric II of Norway | | PH : | Asen dynasty in Bulgaria extinquished, the country becoming subject to Serbs, Greeks, and Mongols | | PH : | Kublai Khan founds Yüan dynasty in China | | DL : | Rebellion of the textile workers of Flanders against their exploiters |
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | The Teutonic Order completes subjection of Prussia | | PH : | A false "Emperor Frederick II" appears in Germany |
|
|
| | DL : | The "Pied Piper of Hamelin" | | DL : | Sequins first coined in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip III dies; succeeded by Philip IV, the Fair | | RP : | Pope Honorius IV | | M : | Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander III of Scotland dies; succeeded by his infant niece Margaret, "the Maid of Norway", under six guardians |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf proclaims Public Peace at the Diet of Würzburg |
|
|
| | PH : | Osman I, founder of Ottoman Empire | | RP : | Pope Nicholas IV | | ED : | Founding of Montpellier University | | M : | Adam de la Halle dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Invention of spectacles |
|
|
| | PH : | Kaikobad, Sultan of Delhi, murdered; succeeded by Jalaluddin | | ED : | Lisbon University founded | | M : | Jean de Muris born |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf I dies | | PH : | Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden | | PH : | Mamelukes conquer Acre, ending Christian rule in the East | | PH : | End of the Crusades: Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus | | M : | Philippe de Vitry born 31 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Scottish throne to John Baliol | | PH : | Adolf, Count of Nassau, elected Ger. King; crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Celestine V, followed by Pope Boniface VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance between France and Scotland |
|
|
| | PH : | John Baliol resigns Scot crown to Edward I | | PH : | Frederick II, King of Sicily | | PH : | Jalaluddin of Delhi murdered; succeeded by Alauddin Khilji | | PH : | Scot. coronation stone moved from Scone to Westminster |
|
|
| | DL : | Moas, giant giraffe birds of New Zealand, die out |
|
|
| | PH : | Adolf of Nassau dethroned by the electors and killed in battle; succeeded as Ger. King by Albert I of Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaties between Venice and the Turks, and France and Germany |
|
|
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut born | | PH : | Edward I invades Scotland
| | PH : | Wenceslas II of Bohemia elected King of Poland
| | LT : | Development of Chinese drama
| | M : | The 'Jongleurs', professional musical entertainers in France | | DL : | In the Ger. cities apothecaries become popular
| | DL : | Temporary end of European slave trade |
|
|
| | PH : | Andrew III of Hungary, last of the Arpads dies
| | PH : | Edward I's son made Prince of Wales
|
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. truce
| | RP : | Papal bull "unam sanctam" pronounces highest papal claims to supremacy
| | VA : | Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) dies in Florence (year approximate) |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Boniface VIII quarrels with Philip IV of France and dies a prisoner in the Vatican
| | ED : | Rome University founded
| | ST : | Bernard of Gordon; first medical reference to spectacles
|
|
|
| | ED : | Peterhouse College, Cambridge, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Wenceslas II, King of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, dies | | RP : | Pope Clement V | | DL : | Edward I standardises the yard and the acre
|
|
|
| | PH : | Robert Bruce crowned King of Scots and defeated by the English at Methuen and Dalry
| | PH : | Wenceslas III, last of the Premyslids, dies - Albert invests his son Rudolf with Bohemia
| | RP : | Philip IV expels the Jews from France
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward I dies; succeeded by Edward II
GO ! | | PH : | The legendary Rutli vow of the three Swiss cantons | | LT : | Dante composes his Divina Commedia
| | RP : | Archbishopric of Peking set up
|
|
|
| | PH : | Coronation of Edward II
| | PH : | Albert I murdered; Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg is elected Ger. King
| | DL : | King Philip IV builds one of the earliest indoor tennis courts in Paris |
|
|
| | RP : | Clement V fixes papal residence at Avignon - beginning of the "Babylonia Captivity", during which Rome is not the papal seat
| | M : | Marchettus of Padua pleads for the introduction of counterpoint into musical composition
| | ED : | Founding of Orleans University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Council of Ten established in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | English barons force King Edward II to appoint "lord ordainers", and slowly transfer power away from him
GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Vienna: Lyons incorporated into France
| | PH : | Henry VII of Luxembourg crowned emperor in Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VII of Luxembourg dies
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip IV of France dies; succeeded by his son Louis X
| | PH : | Double election of Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria
| | RP : | Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, burned at the stake in Paris for alleged heresy
| | RP : | Vacancy in the papal chair for more than two years |
|
|
| | PH : | Swiss League renewed
| | DL : | Lyons silk industry developed by Ital. immigrants
| | PH : | King John of France dies and Philip V (called The Tall) proclaims himself king |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland
| | PH : | Murberak, last of the Khilji rulers of Delhi
| | RP : | Pope John XXII
| | PH : | Philip V succeeds Louis X
|
|
|
| | PH : | Salic Law, excluding women from succession to throne, adopted in France
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Bruce killed in Battle of Faughart
| | PH : | Truce between Swiss League and Hapsburgs
|
|
|
| | PH : | Gharzi Khan, Sultan of Delhi
| | PH : | Peace of Paris between Flanders and France
| | PH : | Vladislav I Lokietek, King of Poland, crowned in Crakow
| | M : | Philippe de Vitry coins the name "Ars nova" for the new, strongly contrapuntal style of music
|
|
|
| | RP : | Monte Cassino becomes bishopric
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip V succeeded by Charles IV
| | M : | The pope forbids the use of counterpoint in church music
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward II of England signs a truce with Robert the Bruce
|
|
|
| | RP : | Pope John XXII excommunicates Louis IV (called the Bavarian) | | PH : | Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, and a Turkish leader, dies |
|
|
| | M : | Francesco Landini born | | PH : | Louis of Bavaria accepts Frederick of Austria as co-regent
| | LT : | Development of No plays in Japan
| | M : | Organ pedals come into use
|
|
|
| | PH : | Osman I, ruler of Turkey, dies
| | ED : | Founding of Oriel College, Oxford, and Clare College, Cambridge
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward II, deposed by Parliament and murdered at Berkeley Castle, is succeed by Edward III
| | DL : | The great fire of Munich
| | DL : | Avignon's public sanitation was so deficient that the stench forced historian Petrarch to move out to nearby Vaucluse "to prolong my life." |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV, last of the direct line of the Capets, dies; succeeded by Philip VI of the House of Valois
| | PH : | Louis IV of Bavaria crowned emperor in Rome; declares Pope John XXII deposed for heresy
| | PH : | Moscow becomes capital of Russia
| | ST : | Invention of the sawmill
|
|
|
| | PH : | David II, King of Scots
|
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick of Austria dies; Louis IV of Bavaria is recognised as emperor
| | RP : | Monastery of Ettal, Bavaria, founded
| | M : | Paris Musicians' Guild, Ménétriers
|
|
|
| | PH : | Disputed Imperial succession in Japan leads to civil war against Hojo regents
| | ST : | First record of weaving in England (York)
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Baliol, crowned King of Scots, recognises Edward III of overlord
| | PH : | Lucerne joins Swiss League
| | PH : | First record of Parliament divided into two houses
| | M : | Company of mastersingers formed at Toulouse
| | DL : | Bubonic plague originates in India
|
|
|
| | PH : | Casimir III of Poland
| | PH : | Yusuf I, Caliph of Granada: zenith of Arabic civilisation in Granada
|
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | Edward III, claiming Fr. crown, assumes title King of France
| | PH : | Beginning of the Hundred Years' War
| | ST : | William Merlee of Oxford attempts first scientific weather forecasts
|
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance of Coblenz between Louis IV and Edward III
| | ED : | Founding of Pisa University
|
|
|
| | ED : | Founding of Grenoble University
|
|
|
| | ED : | Queen's College, Oxford, founded
|
|
|
| | LT : | Petrarch crowned poet on the Capitol, Rome
|
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | Bankruptcy of the great Florentine banking house of Bardi and Peruzzi
|
|
|
| | PH : | Cola di Rienzi, tribune of the people, rules Rome from April until December
| | PH : | Louis IV dies; Charles IV of Luxembourg succeeds him as emperor
| | DL : | Black Death devastates Europe
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward III founds the Order of the Garter
| | ED : | Prague University founded by Charles IV
| | ED : | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, founded
|
|
|
| | RP : | Persecution of the Jews in Germany
| | DL : | Black Death kills a third of population of England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip VI of France dies; succeeded by John II
| | PH : | Treaty of Bautzen: Charles IV cedes Brandenburg and Tirol to the Wittelsbachs
| | M : | Cambrai, instead of Paris, becomes centre of French music
| | M : | Lute playing popular in Europe
| | M : | Mastersinger movement in Germany
| | DL : | The Shogun of Japan prohibits the drinking of tea
|
|
|
| | M : | Jean de Muris dies | | PH : | Zurich joins Swiss League
| | PH : | Firoz Shah, Sultan of Delhi
| | PH : | Leopold III, Duke of Austria
| | DL : | Tennis becomes an open-air game in England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Glarus and Zug join Swiss League
| | RP : | Pope Innocent VI
| | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded
|
|
|
| | PH : | Bern joins Swiss League
| | PH : | Rupert I elector palatine
|
|
|
| | ST : | The mechanical clock at Strasbourg Cathedral
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV of Luxembourg crowned emperor at Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV issues "Golden Bull", settling election of Ger. kings
|
|
|
| | PH : | Revolution in Paris against the Dauphin, led by Marcel and Robert le Coq
|
|
|
| | PH : | The Hapsburgs, twice defeated at Zurich, sign peace treaty with Swiss League
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of London restores Fr. possessions once held by Henry II of England to Eng. crown
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Calais between Edward III and Philip of Burgundy
| | M : | Beginnings of the development of the clavichord and cembalo
| | DL : | The first francs coined in France
|
|
|
| | DL : | Black Death reappears in England
| | M : | Philippe de Vitry dies 9 June |
|
|
| | PH : | Dmitri IV Donskoi, Grand Duke of Moscow
| | RP : | Pope Urban V
|
|
|
| | PH : | Timur the Lame (Tamerlaine) begins conquest of Asia
| | ST : | Guy de Chauliac: Chirugia magna (on surgery in the Middle Ages) |
|
|
| | PH : | John II of France dies; succeeded by Charles V
| | PH : | Revolts in Crete against Venetian rule
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut: La Messe Notre Dame |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V crowned King of Burgundy at Arles
| | PH : | Leopold III, Duke of Austria
| | ED : | Founding of Vienna University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Adrianople made Turkish capital
| | PH : | English Parliament refuses to pay feudal dues to the pope
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|
|
| | PH : | Mongol Yüan dynasty in China overthrown by national Ming dynasty
| | PH : | Timur ascends throne of Samarkand
| | PH : | Restoration of the Great Wall of China
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|
| | DL : | Building of the Bastille, Paris |
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|
| | PH : | Casimir III of Poland, last of the House of Piasts dies; Louis of Hungary elected king
| | RP : | Pope Gregory XI
| | DL : | Steel crossbow used as weapon of war
| | VA : | Approximate date of birth of the Limbourg Brothers |
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| | PH : | Robert II, King of Scots: accession of the House of Stewart
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|
| | RP : | Oxford becomes the spiritual centre of England
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|
|
| | DL : | Tunnage and poundage imposed on merchants in England
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|
|
| | PH : | Truce of Bruges between England and France
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|
|
| | PH : | The Black Prince dies
| | PH : | Wenceslas, son of Charles IV, crowned King of the Romans
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|
|
| | PH : | Edward III dies; succeeded by his grandson Richard II
GO ! | | RP : | Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome; end of the Church's "Babylonian Captivity"
| | M : | The musicians of the papal chapel, Avignon, return with the court; beginnings of Rome as the centre of music
| | DL : | Playing cards displace dice in Germany
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut dies 13 April |
|
|
| | PH : | Renewal of Anglo-Fr. war
| | PH : | Charles IV of Luxembourg dies; succeeded by Wenceslas IV
| | RP : | The Great Schism begins: after the death of Pope Gregory XI, two popes elected; Urban VI at Rome, Clement VII at Avignon
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Neuberg: Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories between them
| | ED : | William of Wykeham founds New College, Oxford
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V of France dies; succeeded by Charles VI, the Mad
| | VA : | Robert Campin, artist, born |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce for six years
| | PH : | Peasants' Revolt in England under Wat Tyler
| | PH : | Venice wins the "hundred years war" against Genoa |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed
| | PH : | Jadviga, daughter of King Louis I, crowned "king" of Poland
|
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Fr. war renewed
| | DL : | The first Fr. court ball at the wedding of Charles VI and Isabella of Bavaria
|
|
|
| | PH : | Leopold III of Austria defeated and killed by the Swiss and Sempach
| | PH : | Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania marries Jadviga and becomes Vladislav II, King of Poland
| | ED : | Heidelberg University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Sigismund of Brandenburg, son of Charles IV, becomes King of Hungary by marriage
| | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico is born |
|
|
| | ED : | Cologne University founded
|
|
|
| | PH : | Truce between England, Scotland, and France
| | PH : | Bajazet I, Emir of the Turks
| | RP : | Pope Boniface IX elected at Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Robert III, King of Scots
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|
|
| | PH : | Charles VI seized with madness; his brother Louis becomes Duke of Orleans
| | PH : | Succession dispute in Japan: the Ashikagas become shoguns of Muromachi
|
|
|
| | PH : | Irish rulers do homage to Richard II, receive amnesty
|
|
|
| | PH : | Richard II of England marries Isabella of France at Calais; Anglo-Fr. truce extended to 28 years
| | LT : | Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence: beginning of revival of Greek literature in Italy
|
|
|
| | PH : | Union of Kalmar between Sweden, Denmark, and Norway
| | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) is born | | M : | Francesco Landini dies 2 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard II deposed: Henry of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt, succeeds to the throne as Henry IV
| | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden is born |
|
|
| | ST : | Alchemy becomes more and more a field for swindlers | | M : | First mention of the dulcimer | | VA : | Early Renaissance period | | ED : | Jean Froissart: Chronicles | | LT : | Earliest known literature written in Cornish tongue | | LT : | Flourishing of the ecclesiastical drama in Italy | | PH : | Ascent of the Medici in Florence | | PH : | Wenceslas IV deposed and succeeded by Rupert III of the Palatinate | | PH : | Richard II murdered GO ! | | PH : | Henry IV suppresses rebellion of the barons |
|
|
| | PH : | Klause Störtebeker, the pirate, executed at Hamburg | | VA : | Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) is born |
|
|
| | ED : | Compilation of Yung Lo Ta Tien, Chin. encyclopaedia in 22,937 vols. (only three copies made) | | PH : | Bajazet dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman I |
|
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| |
|
| | ST : | Konrad Kyeser: Bellifortis, book of military technology | | PH : | Timur dies; succeeded by Shah Rokh |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory XII | | PH : | Robert II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James I, who is imprisoned in England | | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi is born |
|
|
| | DL : | Bethlehem Hospital, London, Bedlam, becomes an institution for the insane | | PH : | Louis, Duke of Orleans, murdered by Burgundians; start of civil war in France |
|
|
| | RP : | Cardinals of Rome and Avignon meet to end Great Schism |
|
|
| | ED : | Leipzig University founded by Ger. refugees from Prague | | RP : | Pope Gregory XII abdicates; Council of Pisa, Pope Alexander V |
|
|
| | RP : | Hus and his followers excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague | | RP : | Pope John XXIII, antipope | | PH : | King Rupert dies |
|
|
| | ED : | Founding of St. Andrews University, Edinburgh | | RP : | Pope John XXIII excommunicates Jan Hus | | PH : | Sigismund, King of Hungary, son of Charles IV, elected Ger. King, and crowned emperor |
|
|
| | VA : | Filippo Bruneleschi: Rules of Perspective |
|
|
| | RP : | The Disputation of Tortosa (Spain): Joseph Albo defends the Jewish faith | | PH : | Henry IV dies; succeeded by his son Henry V |
|
|
| | DL : | The Medici of Florence becomes bankers to the papacy | | RP : | Thomas à Kempis: Imitatio Christi | | RP : | The Council of Constance to settle "causa unionis, reformationis, fedei" |
|
|
| | RP : | Hus burned at the stake at Constance for heresy | | RP : | Pope John XXIII deposed |
|
|
| | RP : | Jerome of Prague, a follower of Hus, burned for heresy | | VA : | The Limbourg Brothers die, probably of plague |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Martin V elected in Rome: end of Great Schism | | RP : | Council of Constance deposes Pope Benedict XIII, who holds out as pretender-pope until his death |
|
|
| | PH : | Ex-King Wenceslas dies; Sigismund obtains Bohemia | | PH : | War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites | | PH : | Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Troyes; Henry V, recognised by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne, marries Catherine of France and enters Paris | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca born |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry V of England dies; succeeded by nine-month-old Henry VI | | PH : | Charles VI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VII |
|
|
| | PH : | James I of Scotland released by the English |
|
|
| | PH : | John VIII, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Struggles in Bohemia between Ziska's followers, the Utraquists, and the radical Taborites |
|
|
| | M : | Holland becomes the centre of European music | | ED : | Louvain University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Itzcoatl, King of the Aztecs, in Mexico, enlarges his empire | | ED : | Lincoln College, Oxford, founded | | VA : | Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Delft: peace between England and Flanders | | PH : | Joan of Arc leads Fr. armies against England |
|
|
| | PH : | Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans; Charles VII crowned in Rheims | | PH : | Henry VI crowned at Westminster | | PH : | Philip of Burgundy creates the Order of the Golden Fleece |
|
|
| | LT : | Modern English develops from Middle English | | VA : | Beginning of first Dutch school | | DL : | "Mad Marjorie", the great cast-iron gun, introduced |
|
|
| | PH : | Joan of Arc burned at the stake at Rouen | | PH : | Henry VI of England crowned King of France in Paris | | PH : | First Ger. peasant revolt at Worms | | RP : | Pope Eugene IV | | ED : | Universities of Caen and of Poitiers founded | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna born |
|
|
| | ST : | Port sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores |
|
|
| | PH : | Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | DL : | The double-eagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav III, King of Poland | | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici becomes ruler of Florence | | RP : | Revolt in Rome; Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy | | PH : | Swed. Parliament (Riksdag) meets for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | Compact of Iglau ends Hussite Wars, Emperor Sigismund acknowledged as King of Bohemia |
|
|
| | PH : | James I murdered at Perth; succeeded by James II | | PH : | Emperor Sigismund dies; last of the House of Luxembourg; succeeded as king of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany by his son-in-law, Albert V | | M : | John Dunstable develops counterpoint in musical composition | | ED : | All Soul's College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Nine-years' truce between England and Scotland | | PH : | Pachacutec founds Inca rule in Peru |
|
|
| | PH : | The heirs to the Fr. throne receive the title Conte du Dauphiné |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick of Styria and Carinthia elected Ger. King | | ED : | Platonic Academy, Florence, founded |
|
|
| | ED : | Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, founded | | ST : | Port. navigators find the first Negroes near Cape Blanc, western Africa, and start slave trade again |
|
|
| | DL : | Eng. plague order on quarantine and cleansing |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav III of Poland and Hungary killed by the Turks at the Battle of Varna | | ED : | Cosimo de' Medici founds the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence | | VA : | Robert Campin dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Port. navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde | | PH : | Copenhagen becomes Dan. capital | | VA : | Botticelli born, day unknown |
|
|
| | PH : | János Hunyady elected regent of Hungary | | VA : | Artist Perugino born in Umbria |
|
|
| | PH : | Scanderbeg defeats Murad II, and gains independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan | | RP : | Pope Nicholas V | | ED : | Founding of Palermo University |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed, Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England | | PH : | Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden | | PH : | Constantine XI Palaeologus the last Byzantine Emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | English break truce with France, capture Fougères | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) born |
|
|
| | PH : | Jack Cade's rebellion in England | | LT : | Vatican Library founded | | LT : | Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book | | VA : | Florence under the Medici becomes centre of Renaissance and humanism | | DL : | Mocha in south-western Arabia becomes main port for coffee export | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch born |
|
|
| | PH : | Mohammed I, Sultan of the Turks | | ED : | Glasgow University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick III crowned emperor | | PH : | George of Podebrad elected Regent of Bohemia | | ST : | Metal plates are used for printing | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci is born in Tuscany |
|
|
| | PH : | Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of the Byzantine Empire | | PH : | End of Hundred years' War between England and France | | ST : | Gutenberg and his financier print the 42-line bible at Mainz |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan | | PH : | Richard, Duke of York, named "Protector of England" during insanity for Henry VI; Edward, son of Henry, named Prince of Wales | | DL : | Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data |
|
|
| | PH : | Duke of York, excluded from Council, defeats royal forces at St. Albans, May, and becomes again "Protector": Beginning of the Wars of the Roses | | ST : | The Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores the Senegal River | | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico dies |
|
|
| | PH : | The trial of Joan of Arc annulled | | PH : | János Hunyadi dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Ladislas V Posthumus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, dies; Frederick III inherits Upper and Lower Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | The Hussite leader, George of Podebrad, becomes King of Bohemia | | PH : | Matthias Corvinus, son of János Hunyady, becomes King of Hungary | | RP : | Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II |
|
|
| | PH : | Renewal of civil war in England |
|
|
| | PH : | James II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James III | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder born |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward, son of Richard of York, crowned Edward IV, King of England | | PH : | Charles VII of France dies; succeeded by Louis XI | | PH : | Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Frederick III recognises Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, who recognises Hapsburg claims to succession | | LT : | François Villon, saved from gallows, disappears | | DL : | Monte di Pietà at Orvieto: money loaned at low interest to poor people |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace between England and Scotland | | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, dies | | RP : | Pope Paul II | | DL : | Louis XI establishes Fr. royal mail service | | DL : | Scot. Parliament decrees that "fute-ball and golfe not to be used" | | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden dies |
|
|
| | M : | First printed music | | DL : | Edward IV passes edict forbidding "hustling of stones" and other bowling-like sports |
|
|
| | LT : | Johann Mental prints first Ger. Bible (Strasbourg) |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip II of Burgundy dies; succeeded by Charles the Bold |
|
|
| | RP : | Bishopric of Vienna established |
|
|
| | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Magnificent", ruler of Florence | | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Port. navigators discover Gold Coast, West Africa | | ST : | First Fr. printing press set up at the Sorbonne, Paris |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward IV, King of England, defeats and kills Richard, Earl of Warwick at Barnet, defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkesbury, and enters London; Henry VI murdered in the Tower | | PH : | King George of Bohemia dies; succeeded by Vladislav II | | RP : | Pope Sixtus IV | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder born |
|
|
| | PH : | Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg |
|
|
| | PH : | Isabella I, Queen of Aragon | | LT : | William Caxton prints the first book in English |
|
|
| | M : | John Taverner born | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald is born | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
born in Florence | | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence |
|
|
| | LT : | Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
|
|
| | PH : | Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state | | ED : | Copenhagen University founded | | DL : | After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians | | PH : | Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan | | RP : | Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks | | RP : | Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
|
|
| | VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
|
|
| | PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
|
|
| | PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
|
|
| | PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World GO ! | | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them GO ! | | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
|
|
| | PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
|
|
| | PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
|
|
| | PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
|
|
| | PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
|
|
| | PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | | VA : | Bronzino is born | | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
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| | M : | Thomas Tallis born | | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| | PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Windsor | | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
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| | PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
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| | PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
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| | RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
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| | PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
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| | PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
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| | PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
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| | PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
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| | PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
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| | PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
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| | DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | | RP : | End of Lateran Council | | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
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| | PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
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| | PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
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| | PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | | RP : | Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
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| | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
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| | PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
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| | PH : | James V, King of Scotland | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
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| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | | RP : | Luther: German Mass | | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
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| | PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | | PH : | The Sack of Rome | | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
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| | RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
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| | PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | | ED : | University of Granada founded | | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
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| | M : | Orlande de Lassus born | | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
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| | PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | | VA : | Correggio dies |
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| | PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | | ST : | First diving bells | | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
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| | PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
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| | PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
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| | RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd born | | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
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| | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
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| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
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| | PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
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| | PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
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| | ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
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| | PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | | ED : | University of Messina founded | | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
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| | RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
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| | ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | | ED : | University of Lima founded | | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
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| | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
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| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
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| | PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
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| | PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
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| | M : | Thomas Morley born | | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | | ED : | University of Jena founded | | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | | PH : | French retake Calais |
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| | PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | | ED : | University of Geneva founded | | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
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| | RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
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| | PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
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| | M : | John Dowland born | | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salò moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | | DL : | Plague in Paris | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton born | | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | | RP : | Council of Trent ends | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
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| | PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | | RP : | Scots' Psalter | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
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| | RP : | Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration | | ED : | Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae | | RP : | Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps | | RP : | Pope Pius IV dies | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections | | ST : | Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science | | DL : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London | | DL : | Pencils manufactured in England | | DL : | Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England |
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| | PH : | Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey | | RP : | Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland | | PH : | Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession | | RP : | Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V | | DL : | Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice |
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| | PH : | Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent | | PH : | Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency | | PH : | In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government | | ED : | Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.) | | RP : | Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy | | ED : | University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded | | ST : | Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean | | PH : | Rio de Janeiro founded | | DL : | Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May |
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| | PH : | Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II | | PH : | Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France | | PH : | Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king | | DL : | First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys | | RP : | First translation of the Bible into Czech | | RP : | Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible | | ED : | English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England | | RP : | Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts | | ST : | Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain | | DL : | Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder born |
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| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin | | ST : | Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter | | ST : | Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use | | DL : | 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic | | DL : | Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies |
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| | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty | | PH : | Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden | | PH : | Imperial Diet meets at Speyer | | DL : | Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade | | PH : | Turks declare war on Venice | | LT : | Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama | | M : | Jean Antoine de Baïf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris | | ED : | Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education | | RP : | Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits | | RP : | Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I | | RP : | Missale Romanum issued by Pius V | | M : | Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy | | M : | Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso) | | ST : | Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps | | DL : | Nuremberg postal services begin |
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| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty | | PH : | Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots | | DL : | Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England | | RP : | Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy | | ED : | Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public | | RP : | Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments | | ED : | Harrow School founded by John Lyon | | ED : | Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price |
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| | LT : | John Donne born | | PH : | Dutch War of Independence begins | | PH : | Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective | | RP : | Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there | | PH : | Fourth War of Religion begins in France | | ED : | Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion | | ED : | Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae | | RP : | Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae | | RP : | Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII | | M : | "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona | | ST : | Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel | | ST : | Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way | | ST : | Society of Antiquaries founded in London | | DL : | Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem | | VA : | Bronzino dies | | LT : | Ben Jonson born 11 June |
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| | PH : | Peace of Constantinople ends war between Turks and Venice | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected King of Poland; returns to France to succeed his brother Charles IX | | PH : | Fourth Fr. War of Religion ends; Huguenots granted an amnesty | | PH : | Wan-Li begins reign as 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty in China | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum established in Rome | | RP : | François Hofman: Francogallia, a treatise on election and deposition of kings | | M : | Orlando di Lasso: Patrocinium musices | | ST : | Francis Drake sees Pacific Ocean for first time | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) born |
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| | PH : | Charles IX of France dies; succeeded by his brother Henry III, King of Poland | | PH : | Selim II, Sultan of Turkey dies; succeeded by Murad III | | PH : | Fifth French War of Religion | | RP : | First auto-da-fé in Mexico | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Discours sur les causes de l'extrême cherté en France, on luxury | | RP : | Hubert Languet: Vindiciae contra tyrannos, political theories of the Huguenots | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Ulissi Aldovrandi: Antidotarii Bononiensis epitome, a treatise on drugs | | ST : | Conrad Dasypodius builds the famous Strasbourg clock | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari dies |
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| | M : | Thomas Tallis : Motets, Cantiones sacrae
published jointly with William Byrd
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
(joint collection with Thomas Tallis
| | PH : | King Henry III of France crowned at Rheims | | PH : | Stephen Báthory of Transylvania becomes King of Poland | | PH : | Freedom from arrest granted by Eng. Parliament for its members and their servants | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain | | ED : | University of Leiden founded by William of Orange | | ST : | Tycho Brahe constructs an observatory at Uraniborg for Frederick II of Denmark | | ST : | George Turberville: Book of Falconrie | | DL : | Outbreaks of plague in Sicily, spreading through Italy up to Milan |
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| | PH : | Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed in Delft | | RP : | Edict of Beaulieu tolerating Reformed religion in France | | PH : | Emperor Maximilian II dies; succeeded by his brother Rudolf II | | ED : | Académy du Palais founded in Paris by Henry III, associated with Baïf's Académie of 1570 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: La république, advocating constitutional change | | RP : | League of Torgau, supporting opinions of the Lutherans, draws up Articles of Faith | | ED : | University of Warsaw, Poland, founded | | ST : | Clusius publishes his treatise on flowers of Spain and Portugal; beginning of modern botany | | ST : | Robert Norman, English hydrographer, discovers magnetic 'dip', or inclination | | ST : | François Viète introduces decimal fractions | | VA : | Titian dies |
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| | PH : | Henry of Navarre recognised head of Huguenot party | | PH : | Perpetual Edict to settle civil war in the Netherlands issued by Don John of Austria; rejected by William of Orange | | PH : | Sixth Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Peace of Bergerac ends sixth War of Religion | | RP : | William Allot: Thesaurus Bibliorum | | ED : | Richard Eden: History of Travel in East and West Indies | | RP : | Lutheran Book of Concord drafted | | ED : | William Harrison: Description of England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens born |
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| | PH : | Sebastian, King of Portugal, killed at Alcazar during invasion of Morocco | | PH : | John III of Sweden secretly converted to Catholicism | | PH : | Mohammed Khudabanda becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Otomo Yoshishige, one of chief rulers of Japan, converted to Christianity | | ED : | Jacques Cujas: Commentaries on Roman Law | | ED : | Eng. College of Douai removed to Rheims | | ST : | Catacombs of Rome discovered | | DL : | Work begun on Pont Neuf, oldest bridge over Seine River, Paris |
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| | PH : | Signing of Union of Utrecht marks foundation of Dutch Republic | | LT : | Stephen Gosson: The Schools of Abuse, against the theatre | | LT : | Thomas Lodge: A Defense of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays, answer to Gosson | | RP : | St. John of the Cross: Dark Night of the Soul |
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| | PH : | Seventh Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, kills his son and heir with his own hands | | RP : | Last performance of a miracle play in Coventry | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Démonomanie des sorciers, against witchcraft | | RP : | Jesuits Edmund Campion and Robert Parson land in England, begin Jesuit mission | | ED : | François de la Noue: 24 Discours politiques et militaires, Huguenot point of view on Fr. Wars of Religion | | RP : | Michel de Montaigne: Essais | | ST : | Francis Drake returns to England from voyage of circumnavigation | | DL : | Venice imports coffee from Turkey to Italy | | DL : | Earthquake in London | | DL : | New building banned in London to restrict growth of city | | VA : | Frans Hals born (year approximate) |
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| | RP : | Edmund Campion, Eng. Jesuit, tried for treason and executed | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII attempts to reconcile Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches | | PH : | James VI of Scotland signs Second Confession of Faith | | ED : | Lancelot Popelinière: Premier Livre de l'idée de l'histoire accomplieé, contemporary history | | M : | Vincenzo Galiglei: Dialogo della musica antica e moderna | | ST : | William Borough: A Discourse on the Variation of the Compass or Magneticall Needle | | ST : | Elizabeth I knights Francis Drake at Deptford | | ST : | Galileo Galilei discovers isochronous property of the pendulum | | DL : | Sedan chairs in general use in England |
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| | PH : | Raid of Ruthven: James VI kidnapped by Protestant nobles | | DL : | Gregorian Calendar adopted in Papal States, Spain, and Portugal, France and the Netherlands and Scandinavia | | PH : | Nobunaga, ruler of Japan, assassinated | | PH : | Venetian Constitution amended; authority of Council of Ten restricted | | ED : | George Buchanan: Rerum Scoticarum historiae | | RP : | Jesuit mission founded in China | | ED : | Utrecht Library founded | | ED : | University of Edinburgh founded | | ED : | Richard Hakluyt: Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America | | ST : | Urbain Hémand investigates the anatomy of the teeth | | DL : | Royal Navy gets graduated pay according to rank | | DL : | London's first waterworks founded; water wheels installed on London Bridge |
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| | DL : | England adopts Gregorian Calendar | | PH : | James VI of Scotland escapes from hands of Ruthven raiders after 10 months | | LT : | Queen's Company of Players formed in London by Sir Edmund Tilney | | RP : | Francesco Sansovino: Del Governo et ammistrazione di diversi regni et republiche | | ED : | Joseph Justus Scaliger: Opus de emendatione temporum, foundation of modern chronology | | RP : | Sir Thomas Smith: De repubica Anglorum, on government machinery in England | | DL : | First known life insurance in England, on life of William Gibbons | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi born in September |
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| | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, dies; succeeded as Czar of Russia by his son Fyodor, who relinquishes most of his powers to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov | | ED : | Foundation of Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Lucca | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: Spaccio della bestia trionfante | | RP : | Nicholas Sanders: De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani | | RP : | Reginald Scot: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, attacking superstition | | ED : | Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay | | ED : | Uppingham School founded | | DL : | Dutch trading post founded at Archangel, Russia | | ST : | Sir Walter Raleigh discovers and annexes Virginia | | DL : | Banco di Rialto founded in Venice | | ST : | Oldest extant wave-swept lighthouse erected at Cordouan, at the mouth of the Gironde River |
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| | PH : | Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England decline sovereignty of the Netherlands; but Elizabeth takes the Netherlands under her protection | | PH : | Hideyoshi sets up dictatorship in Japan | | LT : | Teatro Olimpico, in Vicenza, opened | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII dies; Cardinal Felice Peretti becomes Pope Sixtus V | | ED : | Jesuit University founded in Graz, Austria | | ST : | Simon Stevin formulates the law of equilibrium | | ST : | Lucas Janszoon Waghearen: Spiegel der Zeevaart, a book of sailing directions | | ST : | Bartholomew Newsam constructs first Eng. travelling and standing clocks | | M : | Heinrich Schütz born 9 October | | M : | Thomas Tallis dies 23 November |
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| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason at Fotheringay; sentence is pronounced against her; Elizabeth confirms it | | PH : | Abbas I becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, dies | | LT : | Beginning of Kabuki theatre, Japan | | LT : | William Webbe: Discourse of English Poetrie | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Annales ecclesiastici, history of the Roman Catholic Church | | PH : | Ludwig Pfyffer forms League of the Seven Swiss Catholic Cantons | | ED : | William Camden: Britannia, guide to the counties of Britain | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V fixes number of cardinals at 70; issues bull, "Detestablilis", forbidding usury | | DL : | Corn severely short in England |
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| | M : | Samuel Scheidt born | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book I of Madrigals
| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, executed at Fotheringay | | PH : | A son of King John of Sweden succeeds Stephen Báthory as Sigismund III of Poland | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V proclaims Catholic crusade for invasion of England | | LT : | First company of Eng. players in Germany | | RP : | Antonio Agustino: Dialogo de medallas y inscriciones, on numismatics (posth.) | | RP : | John Knox: Hystory of the Reformation in Scotland (posth.) | | RP : | Rederijckkunst, Dutch manual on rhetoric | | M : | Zeminoth Israel publishes early collection of Jewish songs | | DL : | Construction of Rialto Bridge, Venice, by Antonio da Ponte |
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| | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Sonets & Songs
| | PH : | Frederick II of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian IV | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, assassinated by order of Henry III; another brother, the Duke of Mayenne, becomes leader of Catholic League | | RP : | William Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh | | RP : | Jan Blahoslav's Czech translation of New Testament incorporated in Kralice Bible | | RP : | Thomas Stapleton: Tres Thomae, controversial Roman Catholic tract | | ED : | Vatican Library opened in Rome | | ST : | Joachim Camerarius: Hortus medicus | | ST : | Timothy Bright: An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character, manual of shorthand | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) dies |
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| | M : | William Byrd : Songs of Sundrie Natures
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry III, King of France, last of the house of Valois, assassinated; on his deathbed he recognises Henry, King of Navarre, as his successor, who, as Henry IV, is the first Burbon to become King of France | | PH : | House of Commons first appoints a Standing Committee for Privileges | | LT : | Thomas Nashe: Anatomie of Absurdities, criticism of contemporary literature | | LT : | George Puttenham: The Arte of English Poesie | | RP : | Amador Arrais: Dialogues de Dom Frei Amador Arraiz, Port. conversations on moral and religious themes | | PH : | Boris Godunov asserts Moscow's religious independence of Constantinople | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Politicorum sive Civilis Doctrinae | | ED : | Kiev Academy founded | | ED : | Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Thoinot Arbeau: Orchésographie, early treatise on dancing, with several dance tunes | | ST : | Richard Hakluyt: The Principall Navigations and Discoveries of the English Nation | | DL : | Forks used for the first time at Fr. court | | DL : | The Reverend William Lee (Cambridge) invents the stocking frame, first knitting machine |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VI | | PH : | Catholic League proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon King Charles X of France in Jan; he dies in May | | PH : | Shah Abbas I of Persia makes peace with Turkey | | LT : | Ital. Commedia dell' arte company, "I Accesi", begins activities | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V dies; Cardinal Giambattista Castagna succeeds him as Pope Urban VII and dies 12 days later; Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrato becomes Pope Gregory XIV | | RP : | José de Acosta: Historia natural y moral de las Indias | | ST : | Galileo: De Motu, description of experiments on dropping of various bodies | | ST : | Coal mining begins in the Ruhr |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton: Harmonie of the Church | | M : | William Byrd : My Ladye Nevells Book
collection of keyboard pieces
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry IV of France excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIV | | PH : | Christian I of Saxony dies; succeeded by his eight-year-old son Christian II | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: De immenso et innumerabilis seu de universo et mundis | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIV dies; Cardinal Antonio Facchinetti becomes Pope Innocent IX | | ED : | Trinity College, Dublin, founded by Elizabeth I | | ST : | François Viète: In Artem analyticam isagoge, on using letters for algebraic quantities | | DL : | Skittle alleys, in use since the end of the 12th century, become popular in Germany | | LT : | Robert Herrick born in August |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard III and The Comedy of Errors | | LT : | John III of Sweden dies; succeeded by Sigismund III of Poland | | LT : | Emperor Rudolf II makes peace with Poland | | LT : | Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII | | LT : | Thomas Sanchez: De sacramento matrimonii, on religious and legal aspects of marriage | | LT : | Lodovico Zacconi: Prattica di musica, original edition | | LT : | Galileo: Della scienza mechanica, problems of raising weights | | ST : | Ruined Roman city of Pompeii discovered | | DL : | Plague kills 15,000 people in London | | DL : | Windmills used in Holland to drive mechanical saws |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus and The Taming of the Shrew | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Idea, the Shepherd's Garland and Peirs Gaveston | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
| | PH : | Rudolf II renews war against Turkey | | PH : | Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic, hearing Mass at St. Denis: "Paris is well worth a mass" | | LT : | London theatres closed because of the plague | | RP : | Pierre Charron: Les Trois Vérités, Fr. theological treatise | | ST : | First Fr. botanical gardens established by University of Montpellier | | ST : | Giambattista della Porta: De refractione, optices parte, with an account of binocular vision | | DL : | Sant' Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan | | LT : | George Herbert born 3 April | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi born |
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|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, King John | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Matilda and Idea's Mirror | | M : | Thomas Morley : Madrigals to Four Voyces
| | PH : | Henry IV, having been crowned King of France at Chartres, enters Paris | | RP : | Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship | | LT : | London theatres open again in May | | ST : | Giordano Bruno seized by the Vatican for supporting Copernican theory of the universe | | RP : | Richard Hooker: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (vols 1-4) | | ED : | Piere Matthieu: Histoire des derniers troubles de France | | M : | Elizabeth I sends a Thomas Dallam organ to Sultan of Turkey | | M : | Dafne, by Jacopo Peri, first opera | | ST : | Galileo's Golden Rule | | VA : | Tintoretto dies | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies 2 February | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin born | | M : | Orlande de Lassus dies 14 June |
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|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Endymion and Phoebe | | M : | Thomas Morley : First Book of Canzonets to Two Voyces
| | M : | Thomas Morley : First Book of Balletts
| | PH : | Henry IV declares war on Spain | | PH : | Dutch begin to colonise E. Indies | | PH : | Sultan Murad III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Mohammed III | | PH : | Peasant revolt in Upper Austria | | PH : | Pope Clement VIII absolves Henry IV, recognising him as King of France | | ED : | Andrew Maunsell: The Catalogue of English Printed Books | | ST : | Andreas Libavius: Opera omnia medicochymica | | ST : | Mercator's atlas published (posth.) | | ST : | English army abandons bow as weapon of war | | DL : | First appearance of heels on shoes | | DL : | Warsaw, capital of Poland |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Robert, Duke of Normandy and Mortimeriados | | PH : | Decrees of Folembray end war of Catholic League in France | | PH : | Pacification of Ireland | | PH : | Peace between Japan and China after Japanese fail to invade Korea | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Martyrologum Romanum | | ED : | Gresham College, London, founded | | ST : | Galileo invents thermometer | | ST : | J.Kepler: Di admirabili proportione coelestium orbium | | ST : | G.D. Rheticus: Trigonometric Tables (posth.) | | ST : | Ludolph van Ceulen's "Van den Circkel" gives ration of the diameter to the circumference of a circle to twenty places | | DL : | Tomatoes introduced in England | | DL : | First water closets installed at the Queen's Palace, Richmond |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Merry Wives of Windsor | | LT : | Michael Drayton: England's Heroical Epistles | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
or Little Short Airs to Five and Six Voices
| | M : | John Dowland : First Booke of Songes or Ayres
| | PH : | Second Span. Armada leaves for England; scattered by storms | | PH : | Philip II opens peace talks with Henry IV | | PH : | Re-Catholicisation of Upper Austria effected by force | | PH : | William V, Duke of Bavaria, abdicates in favour of his son Maximilian I, then retires to a monastery | | ED : | Aldine Press, Venice, founded 1494, ceases after publication of 908 works. | | RP : | Sir Francis Bacon: Essays, Civil and Moral | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Inventaire général de l'histoire de France | | RP : | James VI of Scotland: Demonologie, on witchcraft | | M : | John Dowland: First Book of Songes | | M : | Thomas Morley: A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musick | | DL : | Engl. Act of Parliament prescribes sentences of transportation to colonies for convicted criminals | | DL : | Eng. merchants expelled from Holy Roman Empire in retaliation for treatment of the Hanseatic League in London | | ST : | First field hospitals and field dispensaries |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry IV, Much Ado About Nothing | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Every Man in His Humour | | PH : | Fyodor I of Russia dies; Boris Godunov, seizing throne, formally elected Czar of Russia by national assembly | | PH : | Treaty of Ponts de Cé ends civil war in France | | PH : | Peace of Vervins: Philip II resigns claim to Fr. crown; country united under Henry IV as single sovereign | | PH : | King Philip II of Spain dies; succeeded by Philip III | | PH : | Hideyoshi of Japan dies; his successor, Ieyasu Tokugawa, restores shogunate which endures until the revolution of 1867-68 | | RP : | Juan de Mariana: De rege et regis institutione, on kingship | | RP : | Edict of Nantes grants Fr. Huguenots freedom of worship (revoked, 1685) | | ED : | John Florio: A World of Wordes, Eng.-Ital. dictionary | | RP : | John Manwood: Treatise on the Laws of the Forest | | RP : | Philibert Mareschal: Le Guide des arts et sciences | | ED : | Francis Meres: Palladis Tamia, anthology of quotations for 125 Eng. writers | | ED : | Sir Thomas Bodley begins rebuilding of library at Oxford | | ED : | Reorganisation of the University of Paris by Henry IV | | ST : | Carlo Ruini: Dell' anatomia e dell' infirmità de cavallo, e suoi remedii, manual of veterinary science | | ST : | Korean Admiral Visunsin invents iron-clad warship | | ST : | Tycho Brahe: Astronomicae Instauratae Mechanica, account of his discoveries and description of his instruments | | VA : | Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It | | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Every Man Out of His Humour | | PH : | Duke of Sully, Fr. superintendent of finances, reforms taxation, economic policy, overseas trade and agriculture | | PH : | Swedish Diet, deposing Sigismund III, proclaims Charles of Södermanland ruler as Charles IX | | LT : | Building of the Glove Theatre, Southwark, London, where Shakespeare's plays are performed | | RP : | James VI of Scotland: Basilikon doron, on divine right of kings | | ST : | Ulissi Aldrovandi, Ital. naturalist, publishes his studies in ornithology | | ST : | In Marseilles first chamber of commerce founded | | DL : | Outbreak of plague in Spain | | DL : | First postal rates fixed in Germany | | VA : | Anthony van Dyck born | | VA : | Diego Velázquez born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Hamlet | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Cynthia's Revels | | LT : | Michael Drayton: The First Part of Sir John Oldcastle | | M : | Thomas Morley : First
Book of Ayres
| | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.II
| | PH : | Henry IV marries Maria de'Medici | | PH : | Ieyasu, defeating his rivals at Sekigahara, sets himself up as unquestioned ruler in Japan; he moves capital from Kyoto to Ydo (Tokyo) | | LT : | Fortune Theatre, London, opened | | RP : | Giordano Bruno burned as heretic in Rome | | RP : | Persecution of Catholics in Sweden under Charles IX | | ED : | Scottish College founded in Rome | | M : | Harps used in orchestras | | M : | Recorder becomes popular in England | | ST : | William Gilbert: De Magnete, treatise on magnetism and electricity | | ST : | Ger. Athanasius Kircher invents magic lantern | | ST : | Dutch opticians invent the telescope | | DL : | Amsterdam Bank founded | | DL : | Wigs and dress trains become fashionable |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, Troilus and Cressida | | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Poetaster | | M : | Thomas Morley : Triumphs of Oriana
| | PH : | Earl of Essex leads revolt against Elizabeth I; is tried for treason and executed | | PH : | Michael, Prince of Moldavia, assassinated by Hungarians | | PH : | Elizabeth I, in her "Golden Speech" to Parliament, surveys achievements of her reign | | DL : | Abolition of monopolies in England | | PH : | The "False Dmitri", claiming to be a son of Czar Ivan IV, appears in Poland, winning support for an invasion of Russia | | RP : | Pierre Charron: De la sagesse, a system of Stoic philosophy | | ED : | University of Parma founded | | M : | Caccini's new vocal style: "Nuove musiche" | | ST : | Kepler becomes astronomer and astrologer to Emperor Rudolf II | | ST : | John Lancaster leads first East India Company voyage from Torbay to Sumatra | | RP : | Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci admitted to Peking | | DL : | Postal agreement between Germany and France | | DL : | Many Ger. "Badestuben" (type of brothel) closed by authorities, owing to spread of venereal disease |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well | | PH : | War between Persia and Turkey | | LT : | Thomas Campion Observations in the Art of English Poesie | | RP : | Conrad Kircher: A Concordance to the Septuagint | | RP : | Emperor Rudolf II, continues persecution of Protestants in Hapsburg lands, Moravian Brethren meetings suppressed | | ED : | Ambrosian Library, Milan, founded | | ED : | Bodleian Library, Oxford, opened | | ST : | Thomas Blondeville: Theoriques of the Planets | | ST : | Tycho Brahe: Astronomia Instaurate progymnasmata gives plans of 777 fixed stars (posth.) | | DL : | Dutch East India Company founded (first modern public company) | | ST : | Galileo investigates laws of gravitation and oscillation | | DL : | Paris Charité founded | | M : | Thomas Morley dies in October |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Sejanus, His Fall | | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.III
| | PH : | Queen Elizabeth I of England dies; suceeded by her cousin James VI of Scotland as James I of England and Ireland | | PH : | Amnesty in Ireland | | PH : | Mohammed III, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Ahmad I | | PH : | Revolts in Transylvania against Emperor Rudolf II | | PH : | Tokugawa family obtains shogunate in Japan and keeps it | | LT : | Samuel Daniel: A Defence of Rhyme, in reply to Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesie | | ED : | The Standard Grammer by Nudozersky leads to development of modern Czech language | | RP : | Johannes Althusias: Politica methodice digesta a grammar of politics | | RP : | Richard Knolles: General Historie of the Turkes | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Besard: Thesaurus harmonicus collection of lute music | | M : | Thomas Robinson: School of Musicke | | ST : | Founding of Accademia dei Lincei, Rome | | ST : | Benedito de Goes, a lay Jesuit, sets out for India in search of Cathay | | ST : | Fabricio di Acquapendente discovers the valves in vein | | DL : | Heavy outbreak of plague in England | | LT : | Elizabeth I dies 24 March |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, Othello | | M : | Orlande de Lassus : Magnum opus musicum
Volume of 516 motets that his sons published after his death
| | M : | John Dowland : Lachrimae
(Seaven Teares Figured in Seven Passionate Pavans for lutes, viols, or violins in five parts)
| | PH : | "False Dmitri", claimant to Russ. throne, defeated by Czar Boris Godunov | | PH : | Sigismund III of Sweden finally deposed, his uncle Charles IX assuming title of king | | PH : | Peace between England and Spain | | PH : | England and France sign commercial treaty | | RP : | Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London, elected Archbishop of Canterbury | | RP : | Robert Cawdrey: A Table Alphabetical | | ED : | University of Oxford and University of Cambridge granted privilege of Parliamentary representation (withdrawn 1948) | | VA : | Karel van Mander: Het Schilderboek, history of art | | M : | Company of Musicians incorporated in London | | M : | Negri: Inventioni di balli, on dance technique | | ST : | Voyages of Engl. East India Company to Java, the Moluccas, and Agra | | ST : | King James I: Counterblast to Tobacco | | ST : | Johann Kepler: Optics | | DL : | Tomsk founded by Russ. Cossacks |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: King Lear | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Blacknesse | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Volpone, or The Fox | | M : | William Byrd : Gradualia
Vol.I
| | PH : | Czar Boris Godunov dies; succeeded by his son Fyodor II; on entry of "False Dmitri" into Moscow Fyodor is assassinated, Dmitri being crowned Czar of Russia | | PH : | Akbar, Mogul Emperor of India dies; succeeded by his son Jahangir | | PH : | Guy Fawkes arrested in cellars of Parliament, accused of trying to blow up House of Lords during James I's state opening of Parliament (The Gunpowder Plot) | | PH : | Ieyasu retires; his son Hidetada succeeds him as ruler of Japan | | LT : | First permanent Ger. theatre in Cassel | | RP : | Sir Francis Bacon: The Advancement of Learning | | RP : | Pope Clement VIII dies; Alessandro de'Medici elected Pope Leo XI | | RP : | Pope Leo XI dies; Camillo Borghese elected Pope Paul V | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Monita et exemplá politica, on organization of the state | | ST : | Gaspard Bauhin: Theatrum anatomicum, modern anatomy | | DL : | Eng. government farms all customs revenue to a London consortium of merchants for an annual rent | | DL : | Newspaper Nieuwe Tijdenghen issued in Antwerp | | DL : | Bibliotteca Anglica, first public library in Rome, founded |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Poems Lyric and Pastoral | | PH : | King James I's proclamation for a national flag | | PH : | "False Dmitri" assassinated by the boyar Vasili Shuisky; Shhisky is elected Czar | | PH : | Peace treaty between Turks and Austrians signed at Zsitva-Torok | | RP : | Johann Arndt: Wahres Christentum | | RP : | Joseph Justus Scaliger:Thesaurus temporum, chronology of ancient times | | M : | First open-air opera in Rome | | ST : | Galileo Galilei invents proportional compass | | ST : | Founding of Society of Apothecaries and Grocers, and of Fruiterer's Company in London | | VA : | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn born |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, Pericles | | LT : | John Donne: Divine Poems | | M : | William Byrd : Gradualia
Vol.II
| | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.IV
| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, La Favola d'Orfeo
('The Fable of Orpheus')
| | PH : | Charles IX crowned King of Sweden | | PH : | Union of England and Scotland rejected by Eng. Parliament | | RP : | Joseph Calasanza organises in Rome the Brotherhood of Piarists | | ED : | John Cowell: The Interpreter, a law dictionary | | ST : | Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, first Engl. settlement on American mainland | | ST : | John Norden, Eng. topographer: The Surveyors' Dialogue, manual of surveying | | DL : | Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Beauty | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi :
Set of open-score fantasias
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of madrigals
| | PH : | Protestant States of Rhineland form Protestant Union under Christian of Anhalt and Frederick IV of the Palatinate | | PH : | Jesuit State of Paraguay established | | RP : | St.Francis de Sales: Introduction à la vie dévote | | ED : | Edward Grimestone: A General History of the Netherlands | | RP : | William Perkins: A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchecraft (posth.) | | ST : | Dutch scientist Johann Lippershey invents the telescope | | ST : | Samuel de Champlain founds a Fr. settlement at Quebec | | ST : | Galileo constructs astronomical telescope | | DL : | First checks "cash letters" in use in Netherlands | | DL : | Royal Blackheath Golf Club, London, founded |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Cymbeline; unauthorized publication of Sonnets | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Queens and Epicoene: or, The Silent Woman | | M : | Orlande de Lassus : Jubilus B. Mariae Virginis
100 settings of the Magnificat, published by his sons after his death
| | PH : | Twelve years truce between Spain and Holland | | RP : | Bacon: De sapienta veterum | | RP : | Catholic League of Ger. princes formed at Munich against Protestant Union of May 1608 | | ED : | Garcilaso de la Vaga: History of the Conquest of Peru | | RP : | Congregation of Female Jesuits founded (dissolved by Pope Urban VIII) | | RP : | Hugo Grotius: Mare Librum , advocating freedom of the sea | | RP : | The Emperor Rudolf II permits freedom of religion in Bohemia | | M : | Orlando Gibbons: Fantazies of Three Parts., first example of engraved music in England | | ST : | Charles Butler: De fiminine monarchie, or a Treatise concerning Bees | | ST : | Henry Hudson explores Delaware Bay and Hudson River | | ST : | Johann Kepler: De motibus stellae Maris | | DL : | Founding of Bank of Amsterdam | | DL : | Founding of Charterhouse public school | | DL : | Tea from China shipped for first time to Europe by Dutch East India Company | | DL : | Tin-enameled ware made at Delft |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale | | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Alchemist | | LT : | John Donne: Pseudo-Martyr and A Funerall Elegie | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Vespers
| | PH : | Henry IV of France assassinated; succeeded by his son Louis XIII (age 9), with Maria de'Medici as Regent | | PH : | Prince Henry, eldest son of King James I, created Prince of Wales | | PH : | Czar Vasili Shisky deposed; Russ throne offered to Vladislva, son of Sigismund III of Poland | | PH : | Elector Palatine Frederick IV dies; succeeded by his son Frederick V | | LT : | Academy of Poetry founded at Padua | | RP : | John Cowell's Interpreter burned by the common hangman for enhancing authority of the crown | | RP : | St. Francis de Sales founds, with Mme. de Chantal, Order of the Visitation nuns | | ED : | Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham found Wadham College, Oxford | | ST : | Jean Beguin: Tyrocinium chymicum, first textbook on chemistry | | ST : | Galileo observes Jupiter's satellites, naming them "sideria Medicea" | | ST : | Thomas Harriott discovers sunspots | | ST : | Nicolas Pieresc discovers Orion nebula | | ST : | John Speed: Theatrum of Great Britain, collection of maps | | DL : | Dutch East India Company introduces the term "share" | | ED : | The Stationers' Company begins to send a copy of every book printed in England to Bodleian Library, Oxford | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) dies |
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| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Tempest | | LT : | John Donne: An Anatomy of the World and Ignatius his Conclave | | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Songs & Sonnets
| | PH : | Dissolution of Parliament by James I | | PH : | War of Calmar declared by Denmark on Sweden | | PH : | Archduke Matthias crowned King of Bohemia; the Emperor Rudolf II resigns Bohemian crown | | PH : | Charles IX of Sweden dies , Gustavus II elected King | | LT : | George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Iliad | | RP : | Authorized version of the Holy Bible "King James Bible" published | | RP : | Etienne Pasquier: Les Recherches de la France | | ED : | John Speed: A History of Great Britain | | ED : | University of Rome founded | | ST : | Marco de Dominis published scientific explanation of rainbow | | DL : | Dutch merchants permitted to trade in Japan | | DL : | James I institutes the baronetage as a means of raising money |
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| | LT : | Anne Bradstreet born | | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VIII | | LT : | George Herbert publishes first verses (two memorial poems in Latin on the death of Prince Henry, the heir apparent) | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Poly-Olbion | | LT : | John Donne: Of the Progress of the Soul | | PH : | The Emperor Rudolf II dies; succeeded by Matthias, King of Bohemia | | PH : | Treaty between the Dutch and the King of Kandy in Ceylon | | ED : | Accademia della Crusca publishes the Ital. Vocabolario | | RP : | Jakob Böhme: Aurora, oder Morgenröte im Aufgant, mystical philosophy | | RP : | Last recorded burning of heretics in England | | RP : | Sir John Davies: Discoverie of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Not Entirely Subdued | | RP : | Roger Fenton: Treatie of Usurie | | ST : | Simon Marius rediscovers Andromeda nebula | | ST : | Antonio Neri: L'Arte vetraria, manual on glassmaking | | ST : | Bartholomew Pitiscus, Ger. Mathematician, uses decimal point in his trigonometrical tables | | ST : | John Smith: A Map of Virginia | | ST : | Earliest colonisation of the Bermudas from Virginia | | DL : | Tobacco planted in Virginia |
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| | PH : | Peace of Knärod ends Dan.-Swed. War of Calmar | | PH : | Protestant Union of Germany signs treaty of alliance with Holland | | PH : | Eng. colonists in Virginia destroy Fr. settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; prevent Fr. colonisation of Maryland | | PH : | Michael Romanov, son of the patriarch of Moscow, elected Czar of Russia, founding the House of Romanov | | PH : | Turks invade Hungary | | LT : | Fire destroys Globe Theatre, London | | RP : | Oliver de Serra: The Causes of Wealth | | RP : | Francisco Suarez: Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores | | M : | Pietro Cerone: El Malopeo y maestro, musical history and theory | | ST : | Samuel de Champlain explores Ottawa River to Alumette Island | | DL : | Amsterdam Exchange built | | DL : | Belfast granted charter of incorporation | | DL : | Copper coins come into use | | DL : | John Dennys: The Secrets of Angling |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Bartholomew Fair | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book VI of Madrigals
(including 'Arianna's Lament')
| | PH : | James I's second Parliament - "The Addled Parliament" - meets and refuses to discuss finance; dissolved | | PH : | Maria, Queen Regent of France, summons the States General of France to counteract power of nobility | | PH : | Treaty of Xanten: Jülich-Cleves divided between Brandenburg and Neuburg | | PH : | Virginian colonists prevent Fr. settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia | | ED : | Sir Walter Raleigh: The History of the World | | DL : | Danish East India Company founded | | ED : | University of Groningen, Holland, founded | | RP : | John Napier: Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio | | ST : | Santorio Santorio: De medicina statica, study of metabolism and perspiration | | DL : | Founders' Company, London, incorporated | | DL : | The North American Pocahontas, an Indian princess, marries John Rolfe; from their son descend many celebrated persons |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : First Book of Toccatas
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of ricercari
| | PH : | Peace of Tyrnau: the Emperor Matthias recognises Bethlen Gabor as Prince of Transylvania; confirms treaty with Turks | | LT : | George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Odyssey | | RP : | William Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum, of the reign of Elizabeth I | | ED : | Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné's Histoire Universelle, a Huguenot-inspired survey from 1553 to 1602, officially burnt in Paris | | RP : | Jesuits count 13,112 members in 32 provinces | | RP : | Antoine de Montchrétien: Traité de l'économie politique, mercantilistic tendencies | | ST : | Galileo Galilei faces the inquisition for the first time | | DL : | Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung founded by Egenolph Emmel | | DL : | Merchant Adventurers granted monopoly for export of Eng. cloth |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Devil is an Ass and Works, in folio | | PH : | Sir Walter Raleigh released from Tower to lead expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado | | PH : | Ieyasu of Japan dies; succeeded by Hidetada, a militant enemy of Christianity | | PH : | James I begins to sell peerages to improve serious financial position | | PH : | War between Venice and Austria | | RP : | Johann Valentin Andrea: Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosenkreutz, beginning of formation of the Rosicrucians | | RP : | Paulus Bolduanus: Bibliotheca philosophica | | RP : | Catholic oppression intensified in Bohemia | | RP : | St.Francis de Sales: Traité de l'amour de Dieu | | RP : | Notre Dame Cathedral, Antwerp, finished | | M : | Collegium Musicum founded at Prague | | ST : | William Baffin discovers Baffin Bay while searching for a Northwest Passage | | ST : | First rounding of Cape Horn by Willem Schouter and Jacob Lemaire | | ST : | Galileo prohibited by Catholic Church from further scientific work | | ST : | John Smith: A Description of New England GO ! | | ST : | Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius discovers the law of refraction | | DL : | Gustavus Selenus: Chess, or the Game of Kings | | LT : | William Shakespeare dies 23 April |
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| | PH : | Peace of Stolbovo ends war between Russia and Sweden; Gustavus Adolphus recognises Czar Michael, returns to Novgorod, and obtains Karelia | | LT : | James I makes Ben Jonson poet laureate | | ED : | Duytsche Academie founded in Amsterdam | | RP : | Papal bull of Leo X: Epistolae obscurorum virorum | | M : | J.H.Schein: Banchetto musicale, first dance suite | | ST : | Willebrord Snellius established technique of trigonometrical triangulation for cartography | | DL : | "Stuart collars" become a fashion for men and women | | VA : | Gerard Ter Borch born |
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| | LT : | John Donne: Holy Sonnets | | PH : | Peace of Madrid ratified, ending war between Venice and Austria | | PH : | Prince Philip William of Orange dies; succeeded by his brother Maurice of Nassau | | PH : | Count Matthias von Thurn leads Bohemians to revolt against Catholic policy of the Regents in Prague | | PH : | Defenestration in Prague, when the Regents Jaroslav von Martinitz and William Slawata are thrown down from windows in Hradcany Palace by the rebels; beginning of Thirty Years' War | | PH : | Ferdinand of Styria crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Duke Alber of Prussia dies; his possessions pass to the Electorate of Brandenburg | | PH : | Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England and is executed | | PH : | Poland signs two-year truce with Sweden, 14-years truce with Turkey | | LT : | Marquise de Rambouillet starts her literary salon in Paris | | LT : | Teatro Farnese opened at Parma | | RP : | Robert Balfour: Commentarii in organum logicum Aristotelis | | RP : | John Stow and E.Howes: Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles | | ST : | Martin Böhme: Ein neu Buch von bewehrten Rosz-Arzteneyen, veterinary science | | DL : | Founding of Dutch West African Company | | ST : | Kepler: Harmonices mundi, stating the third law of planetary motion | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, issues Pharmacopoia Londinensis | | ST : | Johann Jakob Scheuchzer: Natural History of the Swiss Landscape | | DL : | James I: Book of Sports, the Puritans object to playing of popular sports | | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh dies 29 October | | LT : | Richard Lovelace born 6 December |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Psalmen Davids
| | PH : | Maria de'Medici challenges power of her son Louis XIII of France; Treaty of Angoulém ends conflict | | PH : | The Emperor Matthias dies; Archduke Ferdinand, who assumes crown of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Bohemian Diet deposes Ferdinand, and elects Frederick V, Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James I of England, King of Bohemia; Frederick, "The Winter King", crowned in Prague | | PH : | First representative colonial assembly in America held at Jamestown, VA | | RP : | Johann Valentin Andreae: Chritianopolis | | RP : | Jakob Böhmne: On the Principles of Christianity | | RP : | Hugo Grotius: De veritate religionis Christianae | | RP : | Pietro Sarpi: Istoria del Concilio Tridentino published in London | | RP : | Luciló Vanini, Ital. Catholic philosopher, burned as a heretic | | ED : | Dulwich College, London, founded | | ST : | John Bainbridge: An Astronomical Description of the Late Comet | | ST : | Jan Pieters Coen, Dutch explorer founds Batavia | | ST : | William Harvey announces his discovery of the circulation of the blood | | DL : | Giro-Bank, Hamburg, founded to improve "desolate state of currency" | | DL : | A Dutch ship brings the first permanent African settlers to Jamestown |
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| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Cantiones sacrae
| | PH : | Revolt of Fr. nobles against Louis XIII; Richelieu makes peace | | PH : | War between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline | | PH : | Agreement of Ulm between Ger. Catholic League and Protestant Union | | PH : | Pilgrim Fathers, leave Plymouth, England, in "Mayflower" and found Plymouth Colony in Mass. GO ! | | RP : | Battle of the White Mountain near Prague: Protestant clergy expelled | | RP : | Johan Heinrich Alsted: Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta | | RP : | Francis Bacon: Instauratio magna: novum organum scientiarum | | M : | Michael Praetorius: Syntagma musicum, musical encyclopedia | | ST : | Edmund Gunter: Canon triangulorum, treatise on logarithms | | ED : | Uppsala University Library founded | | ST : | J.P. Bonet: The Art to Teach Dumb People to Speak, Span. manual | | DL : | Oliver Cromwell denounced because he participates in the "disreputable game of cricket" | | VA : | Aelbert Cuyp born |
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| | PH : | Frederick V, Elector Palatine, placed under the ban of the Holy Roman Empire; war moves from Bohemia to the Palatinate | | PH : | Francis Bacon, charged in Parliament with corruption, is fined £40,000, imprisoned, and declared incapable of holding office; pardoned by the King | | PH : | Philip III of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Philip IV | | PH : | Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII | | PH : | Twelve years truce between Holland and Spain ends; war resumed | | LT : | Fortune Theatre, London, burnt down | | RP : | Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy | | RP : | Pope Paul V dies; Alexander Ludovisi becomes Pope Gregory XV | | ST : | English attempt to colonise Newfoundland and Nova Scotia | | ST : | Dutch West India Company chartered | | ST : | Johann Kepler: The Epitome of the Copernican Astronomer banned by the Roman Catholic Church | | ED : | University of Strasbourg opened | | DL : | Corante, or newes from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine, and France, first periodical published with news issued in London | | DL : | Potatoes planted in Germany for first time | | LT : | Andrew Marvell born 31 March | | LT : | Henry Vaughan born 17 April | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck dies 16 October |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand II and Bethlen Gabor sign peace treaty | | PH : | Treaty of Montpellier ends rebellion of the Huguenots | | PH : | James I dissolves Eng. Parliament | | ED : | Francis Bacon: History of the Regin of Henry VII | | RP : | Jaboc Böhme: De signatura rerum | | RP : | Pope Gregory XV canonises Philip Neri and grants Piarists a constitution | | RP : | Bacon: Historia naturalis et experiementalis | | ED : | Benedictine University of Salzburg founded | | RP : | Camillio Baldo: Treatise of How to Perceive from a Letter the Nature and Character of the Person Who Wrote It | | DL : | Papal chancellery adopts 1 January as beginning of the year - up to then, 25 March | | DL : | Weekeley Newes issued in London for the first time |
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| | PH : | Commercial treaty between Holland and Persia | | PH : | Gustavus Adolphus reforms central administration of Sweden | | LT : | Maciej Sarbiewski, the "Polish Horace", crowned laureate in Rome by the Pope | | RP : | William Drummond: A Cypresse Grove philosophical thoughts on death | | RP : | Pope Gregor XV dies; Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII | | ED : | Bibliotheca Palatina removed from Heidelberg to Rome | | ST : | New Netherlands in America formally organised as a province | | ST : | First Eng. settlement in New Hampshire | | DL : | Patents law in England, to protect inventors | | M : | William Byrd dies 4 July |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of caprices
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Tabulatura Nova
| | PH : | James I's last Parliament; monopolies declared illegal | | PH : | England declares war on Spain | | PH : | Virginia Company charter annulled; Virginia becomes crown colony | | PH : | Cardinal Richelieu made first minister of France | | LT : | Saruwaka Kanzaburo opens first Jap. theatre in Yedo | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De veritate, foundation of theory of Eng. deism | | RP : | John Donne: Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions | | ST : | Henry Briggs: Arithmetica logarithmica | | RP : | Antonio de Andrade leaves Jesuit mission at Agra to explore the Himalayas and Tibet | | ED : | Pembroke College, Oxford, founded | | ED : | Captain John Smith: A General Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles | | ST : | Dutch settle in New Amsterdam | | ST : | First Eng. settlement in eastern India | | ST : | Johannes Baptista van Helmont, Belg. scientist, coins the name "gas" for compressible fluid |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Staple of News | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Cantiones sacrae
| | PH : | James I of England (James VI of Scotland) dies; succeeded by Charles I of England and Scotland | | DL : | Plague in London | | LT : | Martin Opitz crowned poet laureate in Vienna | | RP : | Francis Bacon: Of Masques and Triumphs | | ED : | Hugo Grotius: De jure belli et pacis, on international law | | RP : | Order of Sisters of Mercy founded in Paris | | ST : | Johann Rudolf Glauber discovers Glauber's salt | | DL : | First Eng. settlement on Barbados, under Sir William Courteen | | DL : | First fire engines in England | | DL : | Hackney coaches appear in streets of London | | DL : | Introduction of full-bottomed wigs in Europe | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder dies |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Der Psalter nach Cornelius Becker
| | PH : | Knighthoods for all Englishmen with property over £40 year, to help king's revenue | | PH : | Peace of La Rochelle between Huguenots and Fr. crown | | PH : | Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain confirms independence of the Grisons | | PH : | Duchy of Urbino bequeathed to the Pope by last of the Della Rovere family | | RP : | John Donne: Five Sermons | | RP : | Joseph Hall: Contemplations | | ED : | Irish College in Rome founded | | RP : | Sir Henry Spelman: Glossarium archeologicum | | M : | Professorship of music founded at Oxford University | | ST : | Fr. "Company for the Islands of America" incorporated | | ST : | Jardin des Plantes established in Paris | | ST : | Salem, Mass settled | | ST : | Santorio Santorio, Ital. physician, measures human temperature with the thermometer for the first time | | DL : | A royal edict condemns anyone to death who kills his adversary in a duel in France | | PH : | Peter Minuit, director-general of Dutch West India Company's settlement in N. America, buys the entire Island of Manhattan from native Indian chiefs | | PH : | Dutch colony of New Amsterdam founded on Hudson river | | M : | John Dowland dies 21 January |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton: The Battle of Agincourt, The Miseries of Queen Margaret, and Nymphidia, the Court of Faëry | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Second Book of Toccatas
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Opera, Dafne
| | PH : | Huguenots rise again | | PH : | Vincent II, Duke of Mantua, last of the Gonzagas, dies; Charles, Duke of Nevers, claims succession | | PH : | Korea becomes a tributary state of China | | PH : | Richelieu signs treaty with Spain | | PH : | Shah Jahan, succeeding his father Jahangir, becomes the Great Mogul of India | | LT : | Lope de Vega made theological doctor by the Pope | | ED : | Collegium de Propaganda Fide founded | | RP : | Gabriel Naude: Avis pour dresser une bibliothèque, on librarianship | | RP : | Alessandro Tassoni: Manifesto, attacks the House of Savoy | | M : | Heinrich Schütz: Dafne, first Ger. opera, libretto by Martin Opitz, given at Torgau | | VA : | Francis Bacon: New Atlantis, plans for a national museum of science and art (posth.) | | ST : | Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company | | ST : | Johann Kepler compiles the Rudophine Tables, giving places of 1,002 fixed stars | | DL : | "Company of New France", Canada, incorporated by Richelieu | | DL : | Swedish South Sea Company founded |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of instrumental canzoni
(revised in 1634)
| | PH : | Third Parliament of Charles I meets; Oliver Cromwell enters it as Member for Huntingdon | | PH : | Swed-Dan. treaty for defence of Stralsund; Gustavus Adolphus enters Thirty Years' War | | RP : | The Alexandrian Codex presented to Charles I by patriarch of Constantinople | | ED : | Johann Amos Comenius: Informatorium der Mutterschul, on primary education | | RP : | René Descartes: Règles pour la direction de l'esprit | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola canonised by Pope Gregory XV | | ED : | Henry Spelman: Glossary of Law Terms | | ST : | First harbour with sluices being constructed at Le Havre |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The New Inn | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
I
| | PH : | Charles I dissolves Parliament; it does not meet again until 1640 | | PH : | Edict of restitution of church property in Germany, secularised since Peace of Augsburg in 1555 | | PH : | Peace of Susa ends war between England and France | | PH : | Peace of Lübeck: Christian IV undertakes not to intervene in imperial affairs | | PH : | Peace of Alais ends Huguenot revolt | | PH : | Truce of Altmark signed between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Commercial treaty signed between Russia and France | | RP : | Lancelot Andrewes: XCVI Sermons | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes translates The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides | | ST : | Dutch mathematician Albert Gerard uses brackets and other abbreviations in mathematics | | ST : | John Parkinson: Paradisi in sole Paradisus terrestris, on flowers | | DL : | Royal charter granted to Guild of Spectacle Makers, London | | DL : | Colony of Massachusetts founded |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Arie Musicali
Two books of songs
| | PH : | John Winthrop, Engl. Puritan leader, sails with Plymouth Company's expedition, founds Boston - the "Great Migration" | | PH : | Treaty of Madrid ends Anglo-Fr. war | | PH : | "Day of Dupes" in France; Richelieu overthrow conspiracy of Maria de'Medici, the Queen Mother | | LT : | Andres Christensen Arrabo initiates modern Dan. literature with his religious poem Hexaëmeron | | RP : | Congregation of the Engl. Ladies founded in Munich | | VA : | Beginning of the High Baroque period in Italy | | ST : | Franic Higginson: New England's Plantation, on living conditions in America | | DL : | Pirates of all nationalities, called "buccaneers", settle in Tortuga | | DL : | Eng. poet Sir John Suckling invents the card game cribbage | | DL : | Fr. Philanthropist Théophraste Renaudot founds the Bureau d'adresse, a labor-exchange charity organisation |
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| | LT : | Michael Drayton dies | | PH : | Ger. Protestant princes hold a convention at Neu Brandenburg, and decide to form alliance with Gustavus Adolphus | | PH : | Pope Urban VIII annexes Urbino | | PH : | Maria de'Medici exile to Brussels | | RP : | Friedrich Spee von Lagenfeld: Cautio criminalis, against witch-hunting | | ST : | Dutch West India Company founds settlement at the Delaware River | | ST : | Eng. mathematician William Oughtred proposes symbol "X" for multiplication | | DL : | T. Renaudot founds the Gazette in Paris | | DL : | Eng. settlement of Leeward Islands begins at St. Kitts | | DL : | Earthquake in Naples; eruption of Vesuvius | | LT : | John Donne dies 31 March | | LT : | John Dryden born 9 August |
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| | PH : | Queen Christina ascends throne of Sweden (five regents, headed by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, govern country) | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland, dies; succeeded by Vladislav IV | | ST : | Antonio Bosio: Roma sotterranea, report on excavation of catacombs in Rome | | ED : | John Davies: Welsh Dictionary | | RP : | John Selden: Mare Clausum, on England's sovereignty of the sea | | RP : | Johann Angelus Werdenhagen: Introductio universalis in omnes republicas, on comparative politics | | M : | Monteverdi takes holy orders | | ST : | Galileo: Dialogho sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo published, on terrestrial double motion | | ST : | Leiden University Observatory founded | | DL : | First coffee shop opens in London | | DL : | Eng. settlers in Antigua and Montserrat | | DL : | Russian fur trade centre established in Yakutsk, Siberia | | VA : | Johannes Vermeer born | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Lully born 28 November |
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| | LT : | Ben Jonson: A Tale of a Tub | | LT : | Robert Herrick: A Priest to the Temple | | PH : | Charles I crowned King of Scotland in Edinburgh | | PH : | Charles I revives forest eyre to raise money by fines | | RP : | Outbreak of plague in Bavaria leads to passion play vow in Oberammergau | | ST : | Galileo forced by the Inquisition to abjure the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | First Baptist church formed at Southwark, London | | RP : | Edmund Spenser: A View of the Present State of Ireland (posth.) | | RP : | John Cotton becomes a religious leader in Boston | | ST : | Eng. trading post established in Bengal | | PH : | Dutch settle in Connecticut | | RP : | Trial of the Lancashire witches | | DL : | The Royal Scots, oldest regular regiment in Brit. Army, established | | DL : | Wind sawmill erected near the Strand, London | | LT : | George Herbert dies 1 March |
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| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier born | | PH : | Treaty of Polianovsky: King Vladislav of Poland renounces claim to Russia | | RP : | The Oberammergau Passion Play given for first time; re-enacted every 10 years | | RP : | Méric Casubon: The Meditations of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius | | RP : | Anne Hutchinson, religious controversialist, migrates to Massachusetts | | ST : | Jean Nicolet lands on Green Bay; explores Wisconsin | | ED : | Founding of University of Utrecht | | DL : | Covent Garden market, London, opened |
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| | LT : | Richard Lovelace: The Scholars | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Fiori musicale
| | PH : | Franco-Swed. treaty of alliance signed by Richelieu and Oxtenstierna | | PH : | Peace of Prague signed between the Emperor Ferdinand II and the Elector John George of Saxony; Thirty Years' War is now a conflict between France and Sweden against the House of Hapsburg | | PH : | Treaty of Stuhmsdorf: 20 year truce between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Treaty of St. Germain-en-Layes agrees on regular Fr. subsidies to the army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar | | PH : | Dutch occupy Formosa, English Virgin Islands, French Martinique | | RP : | Giulio Alenio, Ital. Jesuit, published first life of Christ in Chinese | | RP : | Cornelius Jansen: Mars gallus, against Richelieu | | ED : | Académie Française founded by Richelieu | | ED : | Budapest University established | | ED : | Eng. High and Latin Schook, Boston, Mass., oldest secondary school in N. America, founded | | DL : | Speed limit on hackney coaches in London: 3 m.p.h. | | DL : | First inland postal service in Britain between London and Edinburgh | | DL : | Sale of tobacco in France restricted to apothecaries, only on doctors' prescriptions |
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| | LT : | Thomas Traherne born | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte
Book I
| | PH : | The Emperor Ferdinand II has his son, Archduke Ferdinand, elected Ferdinand III, King of the Romans | | PH : | Manchus proclaim the Ch'ing Dynasty at Muken | | PH : | Dutch settle in Ceylon | | LT : | Italian Fedeli Company performs Commedia dell'art at the Fr. court | | RP : | Welsh Puritan Roger Williams banished from Mass; established Providence, R.I.; proclaims complete religious freedom | | RP : | Peter Heylyn: The History of the Sabbath | | RP : | George Sandys: A Paraphrase Upon the Psalmes | | M : | Fr. theorist Marin Mersenne publishes his most important work, Harmonie Universelle, with full descriptions of all contemporary musical instruments | | ED : | Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass | | DL : | Tea appears for the first time in Paris | | PH : | Beginning of Pequot War GO ! |
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| | M : | Dietrich Buxtehude born | | PH : | Ferdinand II dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Ferdinand III | | PH : | Bogislav XIV, last Duke of Pomerania dies | | PH : | William Prynne, Puritan parliamentarian condemned, with Henry Burton and John Bastwick, for seditious writing, to be pilloried and mutilated | | PH : | Extermination of Christianity in Japan; prohibition of foreign books; European contacts prohibited | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique, based on Aristotle | | RP : | Introduction of new liturgy into Scotland causes riots | | LT : | Teatro San Cassiano, first public opera house, opens in Venice | | ST : | René Descartes: Géométrie | | PH : | Eng. emigration to America restricted by royal proclamation | | DL : | Eng. traders established in Canton | | ST : | Fr. traders settle at St. Louis, at mouth of the Senegal River | | DL : | Commercial collapse of Dutch tulip trade | | LT : | Ben Jonson dies 6 August |
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| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book VIII of Madrigals, Madrigali guerrieri e amorosi
('Madrigals of War and Love') including 'The Combat Between Tancredi and Clorinda')
| | PH : | Elector of Brandenburg moves his capital to Königsberg | | PH : | Franco-Swed. alliance renewed for three years | | LT : | Schouwburg Theatre opens in Amsterdam | | RP : | William Chillingworth: The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation | | RP : | Scot. Covenant drawn up and signed; Charles I abandons liturgy and canons in Scotland | | ST : | Galileo : Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche | | RP : | Anne Hutchinson, leader of the New England Antinomians, is banished from Boston, Mass, and sets up a community in Rhode Island | | DL : | New Haven, Conn, founded | | DL : | Soldier-student becomes a common type in Germany | | DL : | Torture abolished in England | | PH : | 21 September - The Treaty of Hartford ends Pequot War: Surviving Pequot are divided as slaves among Indian allies and English, Pequot forbidden to inhabit former Pequot territory, and
the name Pequot is to be expunged |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte
Book II
| | PH : | First Bishops' War in Scotland; episcopacy abolished in Scotland | | LT : | Drury Lane Theatre, London, receives its first patent | | ED : | Académie Française compiles dictionary of the Fr. language | | M : | Marco Marazzoli and Vergilio Mazzochi: Chi soffre, speri, first comic opera | | ST : | Gérard Désargues published his book on modern geometry | | ST : | William Gascoigne invents micrometer | | ST : | Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus, which he had predicted | | ST : | Quinine increasingly used for medicinal purposes | | DL : | English settle at Madras | | DL : | First printing press in N. America at Cambridge, Mass |
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| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, Il Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria
('The Return of Ulysses to his Homeland')
| | PH : | Short Parliament (April-May) and Long Parliament (November-1653) in England | | PH : | Second Bishops' War | | PH : | Portugal becomes independent under John IV of Braganza | | PH : | Elector George William of Brandenburg dies; succeeded by the "Great Elector" Frederick William | | PH : | Sultan Murad IV of Turkey dies; succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim | | RP : | John Donne: Eighty Sermons (posth.) | | RP : | John Eliot: Bay Psalm Book, oldest surviving book printed in America | | RP : | Cornelius Jansen: Augustinus, treatise against Jesuit doctrines (posth.) | | RP : | John Milton: Of Reformation Touching Church discipline in England | | ED : | Abo University, Finland, founded | | ST : | Coke made from coal for first time | | ST : | James Howell: Dondona's Grove, or The Vocall Forrest, manual of dendrology | | ST : | John Parkinson: Theatrum botanicum, a herbal | | DL : | Eng. settlers found Fort St. George in Bengal | | DL : | First European café opens in Venice | | DL : | Eight postal lines running in England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens dies |
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| | PH : | Massacre of the Ulster Protestants; Catholic rebellion in Ireland | | RP : | René Descartes: Méditations métaphysiques | | ED : | William Habington: Observations Upon Historie | | PH : | General Court of Massachusetts Bay Company codifies 100 laws | | RP : | George Wither: Hallelujah, or Britain's Second Remembrances, collection of hymns | | ST : | Arsenic prescribed for medicinal purposes for first time | | ST : | Cotton goods begin to be manufactured in Manchester | | DL : | Diurnal Occurrences, a weekly periodical issued in London | | PH : | French settle in Michigan | | DL : | Théophraste Renaudot publishes his plan for free medical treatment of needy in Paris; three years later faculty of medicine forbids him to practice | | VA : | Sir Anthony van Dyck dies |
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| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, L'Incoronazione di Poppea
('The Coronation of Poppea')
| | PH : | Charles I marches to Westminster to arrest five members of the Commons; attempt fails; he flees with his family to Hampton Court | | PH : | Eng. Civil War begins | | DL : | Inflation in Spain | | LT : | All theatres in England closed by order of the Puritans | | RP : | Johann Amos Comenius: A Reformation of Schooles, trans by Samuel Hartlib | | RP : | Thomas Fuller: The Holy State and the Profane State | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: De cive | | ED : | James Howell: Instruction for Foreign Travel | | RP : | Thomas Lechford: Plain Dealing, or Newes from New England, political survey | | RP : | Pope Urban VIII issues bull Universa per Orbem, reducing annual feast days to 32 | | ST : | Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand | | ED : | University of Ancona founded | | DL : | Income and property tax introduced in England | | DL : | Loire-Seine canal finished | | DL : | Montreal, Canada, founded |
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| | PH : | Unsuccessful peace talks between the Cavaliers and Roundheads at Oxford | | PH : | Louis XIII of France dies; succeeded by his five-year-old son Louis XIV with Mazarin as principal minister | | PH : | Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother, invested with supreme power | | PH : | Confederation of New England formed GO ! | | LT : | Molière founds "Illustre Théâtre" in Paris | | ED : | Sir Richard Baker: A Chronicle of the Kings of England | | ED : | François Eudes de Mézeray: Histoire de France | | RP : | John Milton: The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce | | ED : | William Prynne: The Soveraigne Power of Parliaments and Kingdomes | | ED : | Roger Williams: Key into the Language of America | | ST : | Ital. physicist Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer | | DL : | Christiania Almanack, first Norw. printed book, appears | | DL : | Coffee drinking becomes popular in Paris | | DL : | Parcel post established in France | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi dies 1 March | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi dies 29 November |
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| | PH : | Queen Christina begins her actual reign in Sweden | | PH : | Ming dynasty in China ends, Manchu dynasty in power | | LT : | Pegnitzischer Blumenorden, Ger. poetical society founded at Nuremberg | | RP : | René Descartes: Principia philosophicae | | RP : | Henry Hammond: A Practical Catechism | | ED : | Sir Henry Manwayring: The Seaman's Dictionary | | RP : | John Milton: Areopagitica, for the freedom of the press | | RP : | Samuel Rutherford: Lex rex, on the elective nature of the monarchy | | RP : | Pope Urban VIII dies; Giovanni Battista Pamfili becomes Pope Innocent X | | RP : | Roger Williams: Queries of Highest Consideration, separation of church and state | | VA : | Last age of fine Chin. porcelain | | DL : | Dutch settlement in Mauritius | | DL : | Tasman charters parts of northern and western Australia (New Holland) |
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| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi :
Set of keyboard canzoni (published posthumously)
| | PH : | Michael I, Czar of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexis I | | PH : | Peace talks open between Holy Roman Empire and France at Münster and Osnabrück | | PH : | Turk.-Venetian war over Crete | | RP : | Sirk Kenelm Digby: A Treatise on Bodies and of Man's Soul | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De causis errorum | | M : | La Finta Pazza by Francesco Paolo Sacrati given as possibly first opera in Paris | | RP : | Capuchin monks sail up Congo River | | ED : | University of Palermo founded | | DL : | Ordinarie Post-Tidende begins to appear in Stockholm |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Poems with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished | | PH : | Engl. Civil War ends with surrender of Oxford to Roundheads; Parliamentary commissioners present Charles I with the Newcastle Propositions | | RP : | Jeremy Taylor: A Discourse Concerning Prayer | | ST : | Ger. mathematician Athanasius Kircher constructs first projection lantern (laterna magica) |
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| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
II
| | PH : | Treaty of Ulm | | RP : | Eng. Civil War: Charles I agrees to abolish episcopacy and restore Presbyterianism | | PH : | Frederick Henry of Orange dies; succeeded by his son William II of Orange | | PH : | Revolt against Czar Alexis I in Moscow | | RP : | Calvinists acknowledged by Lutheran as co-religionists | | ED : | Thomas May : History of the Long Parliament | | RP : | Dismissal of Anglican professors at Oxford University | | VA : | Dresden Academy of Arts founded | | ST : | Johan Hevel: Selenographia, on the lunar surface | | DL : | First newspaper advertisement | | DL : | Yellow fever in Barbados |
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| | LT : | Robert Herrick: Hesperides | | PH : | King Christian IV of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III | | PH : | Naples restored to Span. rule | | PH : | Outbreak of the Fronde in France | | PH : | Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War; is condemned by Pope Innocent X (bull Zelo Domus Dei) | | PH : | John II Casimir succeeds his brother Vladislav IV as King of Poland | | RP : | George Fox founds the Society of Friends (Quakers) | | RP : | John Lilburne: The Foundation of Freedom | | RP : | John Stearne: Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft | | RP : | Sabbatai Zevi, self-proclaimed Messiah, founds a Jewish sect | | M : | Aria and recitative become two distinct unities in opera | | ED : | University of Bamberg founded | | ST : | John Wilkins: Mathematical Magic | | DL : | Mirrors and chandeliers are being manufactured in Murano |
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| | LT : | Richard Lovelace: Lucasta | | PH : | War of the Fronde begins in France; ended by Treaty of Ruel; followed shortly by outbreak of second Fronde | | PH : | Charles I tried and beheaded; Prince of Wales takes title Charles II and is proclaimed king by the Scots in Edinburgh | | PH : | England declared a Commonwealth (The Interregnum) | | PH : | Sultan Ibrahim deposed and murdered; succeeded by his son Mohammed IV | | PH : | Maryland Assembly passes act of toleration, professing belief in the Holy Trinity GO ! | | RP : | René Descartes: Les Passions de L'âme | | DL : | In Great Britain, English becomes language of all legal documents in place of Latin | | RP : | John Lilburne: An Agreement for the Free People of England | | RP : | John Milton: The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates , defence of Charles I's execution | | ST : | Dutch physician Isbrand de Diemerbrock publishes his study of the plague, De peste | | PH : | Puritan exiles from Virginia settle in Providence, Md. | | ST : | First Brit. navy frigate, "Constant Warwick", constructed | | DL : | Free enterprise in England receives state support |
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| | LT : | Anne Bradstreet: Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America published by her brother without her knowledge | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
III
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Tablatur-Buch
harmonised accompaniments for 100 sacred songs and psalms
| | PH : | Charles II lands in Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Nuremberg between the Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden amplifies Peace of Westphalia | | LT : | Beginning of modern development of Jap. "No" drama | | RP : | Richard Baxter: The Saints' Everlasting Rest | | ED : | Mathew Hale: Analysis of the Civil Law | | ED : | Thomas Hobbes: The Elements of Law, Moral and Political | | ED : | Gilles Ménage: Dictionnaire étymologique | | ED : | James Ussher: Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti (giving beginning of world as 4004 B.C.) | | M : | Beginning of modern harmony; development of modulation | | M : | Athanasius Kircher: Musurgia universalis, theory | | M : | The overture as musical form emerges in two types, Italian and French | | DL : | Opening of first coffee house in England, at Oxford | | DL : | First fiacres in Paris | | DL : | Tea first drunk in England | | DL : | Sir Richard Weston, Eng. agriculturist, advocates cultivation of turnips | | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Olor Iscanus | | PH : | Charles II crowned King of Scots; flees to France after his defeat by Cromwell at Worcester | | PH : | Parliament votes for release of Condé, Fronde leader | | PH : | Treaty between Czar Alexis I and the Cossacks | | PH : | King Louis XIV attains majority | | PH : | Eng. Navigation Act, gives Eng. ships monopoly of foreign trade GO ! | | PH : | Yetuna, new shogun of Japan, overcomes two rebellions in Edo | | LT : | First public "Comedy-house" in Vienna | | RP : | John Donne: Essays in Divinity (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, defence of absolute monarchy | | RP : | Jeremy Taylor Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying | | M : | The young King Louis XIV of France appears as a dancer in a court ballet | | DL : | Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope | | ED : | Mazarin's library closed by order of the Parlement | | ST : | Ital. astronomer Giovanni Riccioli introduces in his map of the moon many of the modern names of lunar features | | LT : | Division of publisher and printer begins in book trade |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Solitary Devotions and The Mount of Olives | | PH : | Eng. Parliament passes Act of Pardon and Oblivion to reconcile Royalists | | PH : | Provisional Fronde government set up in Paris | | PH : | Louis XIV re-establishes lawful government, recalling Mazarin | | RP : | Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac: Cocrate Chrétien, religious dialogues | | RP : | John Donne: Paradoxes, Problems (posth.) | | ED : | Hayashi Shunsai: O-Dai-Ichi-Ran, a history of Japan | | RP : | Gerrard Winstanley: The Law of Freedom in a Platform | | M : | The minuet comes into fashion at Fr. court | | M : | First opera house in Vienna | | ED : | Imperial Ger. Academy of Naturalists founded | | ST : | Ger. scientist Otto von Guericke invents the air pump | | DL : | First London coffee house opened in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi dies | | PH : | Start of first Anglo-Dutch war |
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| | PH : | Ferdinand IV becomes King of the Romans | | PH : | End of Fronde | | PH : | The "Great Elector" abolishes the estates; establishes a standing army | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Bern under Nikolaus Leuenberg | | ED : | Chetham's Library, Manchester, founded | | RP : | Blaise Pascal joins the Jansenists at Port-Royal | | ED : | The London Polyglot Bible (in 10 languages) | | ST : | Armamentarium chirurgicum, work of Ger. surgeon Johann Schultes on surgical instruments and procedures (posth.) | | DL : | Izaak Walton: The Compleat Angler | | DL : | First letter boxes in Paris | | M : | Johann Pachelbel born 30 August |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Flores Solitudinis | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster ends first Anglo-Dutch war; Dutch recognise Navigation Act | | PH : | Treaty of Commerce between England and Sweden | | PH : | Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates on becoming a Roman Catholic; succeeded by her cousin Charles X | | PH : | Coronation of Louis XIV at Rheims | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | DL : | Johann Amos Comenius publishes in Nuremberg first picture book for children, Orbis sensualium pictus | | RP : | John Milton: Defensio secunda | | ST : | Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat state the theory of probability | | DL : | Entailor, fee tail, after Span. model, introduced in Germany | | M : | Samuel Scheidt dies 30 March |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans, second part | | PH : | Cromwell dissolves Parliament and divides England into 11 districts | | RP : | Anglican services prohibited in England | | PH : | Outbreak of first Northern War | | ED : | Pierre Borel: Tréso des recherches et antiquités Gauloises | | RP : | Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews into England | | ED : | William Drummond: A History of the Five Jameses (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Fuller: Church History of Britain | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: Elementorum philosophia | | RP : | Pope Innocent X dies; Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII | | RP : | Thomas Stanley: A History of Philosophy | | ST : | Chin. scientist and naturalist Ch'en yüan-lung publishes Ko-chih-ching-yüan, on new inventions | | DL : | First regular newspaper in Berlin |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Königsberg and Alliance of Marienberg between Sweden and Brandenburg | | PH : | Second Protectorate Parliament | | PH : | King John IV of Portugal dies; succeeded by his son Alfonso VI | | RP : | Manasseh ben Israel: Vindiciae Judaeorum, reply to attacks on Cromwell's readmission of Jews | | RP : | John Bunyan: Some Gospel Truth Opened | | RP : | Marchamont Needham: The Excellency of a Free State | | RP : | Blaise Pascal: Lettres provinciales against Jesuits | | RP : | Spinoza excommunicated | | VA : | Academy of Painting in Rome founded | | M : | Opening of first London opera house | | ST : | Thomas Wharton describes anatomy of glands | | DL : | Regiment of grenadier guards formed | | DL : | Hôpital général, Paris, opens, combining hospital, poorhouse, and factory |
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| | LT : | Richard Lovelace dies | | LT : | Henry Vaughan: The Chemist's Key | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand III dies; his son Leopold I succeeds him | | PH : | Oliver Cromwell rejects offer of title "king" | | PH : | Creation of a new House of Lords increases Cromwell's power | | PH : | Treaty of Bromberg: Brandenburg allied with Poland against Sweden | | RP : | Richard Baxter: A Call to the Unconverted | | RP : | Johann Amos Comenius: Opera didactice omnia | | ED : | Le Sieur Saunier: L'encyclopédie des beaux esprits, believed to be first reference book with "encyclopédie" in title | | ED : | Accademia de Cimento founded in Florence | | ST : | Dutch scientist Christiann Huygens designs first pendulum clocks | | DL : | Drinking chocolate introduced in London | | DL : | First stockings and fountain pens manufactured in Paris |
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| | PH : | Treaty of Roskilde between Sweden and Denmark ends first war | | PH : | Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, and succeeds him as Mogul Emperor | | PH : | Charles X begins Second Northern War | | PH : | Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard | | PH : | Leopold I elected Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Formation of Rhenish League under Fr. protectorate | | RP : | James Harrington: The Prerogative of Popular Government | | ED : | Edward Phillips: A New World of Words | | RP : | Société des missions étrangères founded in Paris | | ST : | J.R. Glauber: De natura salium | | ST : | Jan Swammerdam first observes red blood corpuscles | | ST : | Robert Hooke, naturalist and philosopher, invents the balance spring for watches | | DL : | Swed. Financier Johann Palmstruck devises first bank note, issued by the Swed. state bank |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell born | | PH : | Richard Cromwell resigns | | PH : | Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain | | RP : | Henry More: The Immortality of the Soul | | ED : | William Somner: Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum | | ST : | Eng. physician Thomas Willis describes first typhoid fever | | ED : | Prussian State Library, Berlin, founded |
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| | PH : | Charles X of Sweden dies; succeeded by Charles XI | | PH : | Parliament invites Charles II to return to England (The Restoration) | | PH : | Peace of Oliva signed, ending war between Austria, Poland, Sweden, and Brandenburg, and recognising the "Great Elector's " sovereignty in E. Prussia | | PH : | Peace of Copenhagen ends war between Sweden and Denmark | | PH : | Dan. crown becomes hereditary | | LT : | Patents granted for reopening of London theatres | | RP : | James Harrington: Political Discourse | | ED : | James Howell: Lexicon Tetraglotten, Eng.-Fr.-Ital.-Span. dictionary | | DL : | Dutch peasants (Boers) settle in S. Africa | | DL : | Royal African Company founded | | DL : | Famous "Café Procope" opens in Paris | | DL : | Water closets arrive from France in England | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti born 2 May | | VA : | Diego Velázquez dies |
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| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes born | | PH : | Cardinal Mazarin dies; Louis XIV begins his personal rule | | PH : | Coronation of Charles II | | PH : | Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden ends Northern War | | PH : | "Cavalier Parliament" meets | | DL : | Famine in India, no rain since 1659 | | PH : | Mohammed Kiuprili, Grand Vizier of Turkey dies; succeeded by his son Ahmed Kiuprili | | LT : | Sir William Davenant, poet and dramatist, opens Lincoln's Inn Theatre, London | | RP : | John Eliot translates the Bible into Algonquin (first Amer. Bible edition) | | RP : | Joseph Glanvilil: The Vanity of Dogmatizing | | M : | Académie Royale de Danse founded by Louis XIV | | M : | Mathew Lock made court composer to Charles II | | M : | Edward Lowe: Short Direction for the Performance of Cathedra Servies, to revive organ accompaniment, suppressed during Commonwealth | | ST : | Robert Boyle: The Skeptical Chymist, with definition of chemical elements | | ST : | Christian Huyghens invents the manometer for ascertaining elastic forces of gases | | ST : | John Evelyn: Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke of London Dissipated, an early attack on air pollution | | ED : | Kongelige Bibliothek, Copenhagen, founded | | VA : | Antoine Coypel born 11 March |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Wild Gallant | | PH : | Elizabeth of Bohemia, "the Winter Queen", dies | | PH : | Shun Chih, first Manchu Emperor of China dies; succeeded by his son K'ang-hsi | | RP : | Act of Uniformity gives assent to revised Eng. prayer book | | ED : | Thomas Fuller: The worthies of England, biographical reference work (posth.) | | VA : | Louis XIV begins to build palace of Versailles | | ED : | Founding of the Academia Leopoldina in Vienna | | ST : | The Royal Society receives charter from Charles II | | DL : | Last silver pennies minted in London |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Rival Ladies | | PH : | Turks declare War on Holy Roman Empires | | LT : | Colbert founds Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in Paris | | LT : | The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, opens | | RP : | Robert Boyle: Concerning the Usefulness of Experimental Philosophy | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De religione gentilium (posth.) | | RP : | Writings of Descartes put on the Index | | ST : | Guericke constructs a frictional electrical machine | | ST : | John Newton discovers the binomial theorem | | DL : | First gold guinea pieces coined in England | | DL : | Hearth tax in England | | DL : | Turnpike tolls introduced in England |
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| | PH : | Alliance between France and Brandenburg | | PH : | Truce of Vasvar between Turks and Austrians | | RP : | Conventicle Act, against Nonconformists, forbids meetings of more than five people | | RP : | The Trappist Order founded at La Trappe, Normandy | | M : | French horn becomes an orchestral instrument | | ST : | Thomas Willis: Cerebri anatome on the nervous system | | DL : | "Compagnie des Indes Occidentales" formed to control Fr. trade in Canada, S.America, W.Africa and W. Indies | | DL : | Introduction of large periwig style | | DL : | First Royal Marine Regiment | | PH : | Start of second Anglo-Dutch war |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Indian Emperor | | PH : | Philip IV of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Charles II | | PH : | Absolutism introduced into Denmark by Lex Regia | | LT : | Journal des Savants, first literary periodical, started in Paris | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Holy City | | ED : | Codex Theodosianus, ed by Jacques Godefroy | | RP : | John Eliot: Communion of Churches, privately printed at Harvard, Mass. | | RP : | Five-Mile Act put restrictions on Nonconformist ministers | | ST : | Philosophical Transactions, first scientific journal in England | | ST : | Giovanni Cassini determines rotations of Jupiter, Mars, and Venus | | ST : | Peter Chamberlen invents midwifery forceps | | ST : | Francis Grimaldi: Physico-mathesis de lumine (posth.) explains diffraction of light | | ST : | Robert Hooke: Micrographia, on the microscope | | ED : | University of Kiel founded | | PH : | Colony of New Jersey founded | | ST : | Issac Newton experiments on gravitation; invents differential calculus | | ED : | First modern census taken in Quebec | | ED : | Caleb Cheeshateaumuck, first N. Amer. Indian to take an A.B. Degree at Harvard | | DL : | First issue of the London Gazette | | DL : | The Prince Archbishop of Münster sells 7,000 of his subjects as solders | | DL : | The Great Plague of London begins, killing 68,596 | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin dies |
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| | PH : | France and Dutch declare war on England | | PH : | Quadruple alliance between Holland, Brandenburg, Brunswick, and Denmark to secure safety of Holland | | PH : | Treaty of Cleves between Brandenburg and Neubrug for partition of Jülick-Cleves | | PH : | Hungarian noblemen revolt against Emperor Leopold I | | RP : | First Armenian Bible printed | | RP : | John Bunyan: Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners | | RP : | Leibniz: De arte combinatoria | | RP : | Raskol (Great Schism) breaks out in Russ. Church | | RP : | John Tillotson: The Rule of Faith | | M : | Antonio Stradivari labels his first violin | | ST : | Issac Newton measures the moon's orbit | | DL : | First Cheddar cheese | | DL : | Great Fire of London | | VA : | Gobelin workshops established in Paris by Colbert | | DL : | Cricket Club founded at St. Alban's , Herfordshire, England | | VA : | Frans Hals dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Maiden Queen, Sir Martin Marall and an adaptation of The Tempest | | PH : | Truce of Andrusovo ends 13-year war between Russia and Poland | | PH : | Secret treaty between Louis XIV and Charles II against Spain | | PH : | War of Devolution begins as Fr. troops invade Netherlands | | PH : | Shah Abbas II of Persia dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman | | PH : | Alfonso VI of Portugal banished to the Azores by his brother Pedro, the regent | | PH : | Peace of Breda between the Dutch, France and England | | RP : | Pope Alexander VII dies; Giulio Rospigliosi becomes Pope Clement IX | | ED : | Fr. jurist Guillaume Lamoignon compiles the Code Louis | | RP : | Leibniz: Nova methodus discendique juris | | RP : | Samuel Pufendorf: De statu republicae Germanicae | | ST : | National Observatory, Paris , founded | | DL : | Fr. army uses hand grenades | | PH : | Treaty of Breda ends second Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Alessandro Magnasco born |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: The Mock Astrologer and Tyrannic Love, or the Royal Martyr | | PH : | Alliance of the Hague signed by English and Dutch | | PH : | Treaty of Lisbon: Spain recognises independence of Portugal | | PH : | Brit. East India Company obtains control of Bombay | | PH : | Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Devolution between France and Spain | | PH : | John II Casimir, King of Poland abdicates | | PH : | Treaty between Louis XIV and Leopold I concerning future partition of Span. realms | | RP : | Joseph Glanvill: Plus ultra, or Progress of Knowledge since Aristotle | | RP : | Henry More: Divine Dialogues | | RP : | William Penn: Sandy Foundation Shaken, questions the doctrine of the Trinity | | RP : | Sir Josiah Child: Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money | | ST : | Robert Hooke: Discourse on Earthquakes | | ST : | Isaac Newton constructs reflecting telescope | | DL : | Oder-Spree Canal finished | | M : | François Couperin born 10 November |
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| | PH : | Michael Wisniowiecki, a Lithuanian, elected King of Poland | | PH : | John Locke's constitution for Carolina approved, S. Carolina founded GO ! | | PH : | Venetians lose Crete, their last colonial possession, to the Turks | | RP : | Aurangzeb bans Hindu religion in India | | PH : | Last meeting of the Hanseatic League | | RP : | Pope Clement IX dies | | RP : | William Penn: No Cross, No Crown | | M : | Royal patent for founding Académie Royale des Opéras granted | | M : | Mathew Locke: The Treasury of Musick | | ED : | Edmund Castell: Lexicon Heptaglotton | | ST : | Phosphorus prepared for first time | | ST : | Nicolaus Steno begins the modern study of geology | | ST : | Jan Swammerdam: History of the Insects | | DL : | Outbreak of cholera in China | | DL : | Earliest Fr. trading station in India | | VA : | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: first and second parts of Almanzor and Almahide, or the Conquest of Granada | | PH : | Defensive alliance between France and Bavaria | | PH : | Treaty of Dover between England and France | | PH : | Frederick III, King of Denmark, dies; succeeded by Christian V | | PH : | Rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks crushed | | LT : | John Dryden appointed historiographer royal and poet laureate | | LT : | First Ital. "commedia dell'arte" companies appear in Germany | | RP : | Cardinal Emilio Altieri becomes Pope Clement X | | ED : | John Milton: The Historie of Britain | | RP : | Pascal: Pensées (posth.) | | RP : | Spinoza: Tractatus theologico-politicus | | ST : | Paul Amman: Medicina critica | | ST : | Ital. scientist Giovanni Borelli attempts to use artificial wings for flying | | ST : | Engl. physician Thomas Willis describes for first time typical symptoms of diabetes | | PH : | Hudson's Bay Company incorporated by royal charter to trade in region of N. America draining into Hudson Bay | | DL : | Louis XIV's Minister of War introduces uniforms and paper cartridges in Fr. army | | DL : | First minute hands on watches |
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| | PH : | Turks declare war on Poland | | RP : | First Bible edition in Arabic, printed in Rome | | RP : | John Bunyan: A Confession of My Faith | | ED : | Stephen Skinner: Etymologicon linguae anglicanae | | M : | Paris Opéra opens | | ST : | Leibniz defines nature and existence of the ether | | DL : | Eng. Crown resumes direct control of customs system | | DL : | Founding of the Fr. Senegal Company | | M : | Tomaso Albinoni born 14 June |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Marriage à la Mode and The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery | | DL : | Stop of Eng. exchequer; cash payments suspended for 12 months | | PH : | Declaration of Indulgence issued by Charles II (withdrawn in 1673) | | PH : | Britain declares war on the Dutch | | PH : | France declares war on the Dutch | | ED : | Clarendon Press, official printers of Oxford University, founded | | ED : | Elias Ashmore: Institutions, Laws, Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter | | RP : | William Cave: Primitive Christianity | | RP : | Confessions of faith of the Greek Orthodox Church revived by the Synod of Jerusalem | | ED : | William Tempel: Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands | | DL : | Fulham Pottery, London, founded | | M : | First public concert at Whitefriars, London | | ST : | Root ipecacuanha introduced for medicinal purposes in Europe | | ST : | Flexible hose for use in fighting fires introduced | | ST : | John Josselym: New England's Rarities Discovered, on local flora and fauna | | DL : | Charter granted to the Royal African Company | | PH : | Start of third Anglo-Dutch war | | LT : | Anne Bradstreet dies 16 September | | M : | Heinrich Schütz dies 6 November |
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| | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Roman Forgeries | | LT : | John Dryden: Amboyna | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Incidental music
to Molière's play Le Malade imaginaire ('The Hypochondriac')
| | PH : | Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from office in England | | PH : | After preliminary peace between Brandenburg and France the "Great Elector" promises, in Treaty of Vossen, not to support any enemies of Louis XIV | | PH : | Emperor Leopold I declares war on France | | PH : | King Michael of Poland dies | | PH : | Fr. expedition against Ceylon | | ED : | Robert Clave; Catalogue of All the Books Printed in England Since the Dreadful Fire of London in 1666 | | LT : | Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie, first Russ. autobiography | | M : | Mathew Locke: The Present Practice of Music Vindicated | | ED : | University of Innsbruck founded | | ST : | Stalactic grotto of Antiparos (Aegean Sea) discovered | | DL : | Financier Richard Hoare founds Hoare's Bank, London | | DL : | Mitsui family's trading and banking house in Japan founded |
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| | LT : | Thomas Traherne dies | | LT : | John Dryden: The State of Innocence | | PH : | Jan Sobieski elected as Jan III, King of Poland | | PH : | Sivaji Bhonsla declares himself independent of the Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb; founds Mahratta state and is crowned at Raigarh | | PH : | Office of Stadholder of the United Provinces becomes hereditary in the House of Orange | | LT : | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, rebuilt after the fire and reopened | | ED : | Anthony à Wood: Historia et antiquitates universitatis Oxoniensis | | RP : | Nicolas Malebranch: De la recherche de la vérité | | ED : | Louis Moreri: Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, first encyclopedic reference work on history | | ST : | John Mayow: Tractatus quinque medico-physici, on the nature of combustion | | ST : | Thomas Willis: Pharmaceutice rationalis | | LT : | Robert Herrick dies in October |
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| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini born | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill born | | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Christian Ethicks | | PH : | Alliance between France and Poland | | PH : | War between Sweden and Denmark | | PH : | Charles II of England receives 500,000 crowns from Louis XIV and is able to prorogue Eng. Parliament for 15 months | | PH : | King Charles II of Spain attains majority | | LT : | Poems of Basho (pseudonym of Matsuo Munefusa) help popularise Jap. haiku poetry | | RP : | Jacques Savary: Le Parfait Négociant | | RP : | Philipp Jacob Spener: Pia desideria | | RP : | Spinoza finishes his Ethics | | RP : | Thomas Traherne: Christian Ethics (posth.) | | ST : | Greenwich Observatory established | | ST : | Leibniz invents differential and integral calculus | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Opticks | | ST : | Finite velocity of light established by Olaus Romer | | VA : | Johannes Vermeer dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Aurengzebe | | PH : | Czar Alexis of Russia dies; succeeded by his son Feodor III | | PH : | Ahmed Kiuprili dies; succeeded as grand Vizier of Turkey by his brother-in-law Kara Mustafa | | RP : | "Declaration of the People of Virginia" by Nathaniel Bacon gains support for rebellion against authorities | | RP : | Pope Clement X dies; Benedetto Odescalchi becomes Pope Innocent XI | | RP : | Benjamin Thompson; New England's Crisis | | RP : | Roger Williams: George Fox Digg'd Out of His Burrowes, anti-Quaker tract | | ST : | Thomas Sydenham: Obervationes medicae | | DL : | Influenza epidemic in England | | RP : | Legal protection of Sabbath observance in England |
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| | RP : | William Cave: History of Martyrdoms | | ED : | Johann Jacob Hofmann: Lexicon Universale, on science and arts | | RP : | John Houghton: England's Great Happiness, or A Dialogue between Content and Complaint | | RP : | Increase Mather: The Troubles That Have Happened in New England | | DL : | Ice cream becomes popular as dessert in Paris |
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| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Thalia Rediviva | | LT : | John Dryden: All for Love and Limberham | | LT : | Anne Bradstreet: Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning (posth.) | | PH : | Peace of Nijmegen between France and the Dutch and France and Spain | | PH : | "Popish Plot" in England revealed; trials of many leading Roman Catholics | | PH : | Roman Catholics in England excluded from both Houses of Parliament | | PH : | Hungarian rebellion against Hapsburgs under Emeric Tökölyi | | PH : | Outbreak of war between Russia and Sweden | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress, part I | | RP : | Ralph Cudworth: The True Intellectual System of the Universe | | M : | Thomas Britton, Eng. patron of music, introduces weekly concerts in Clerkenwell, London | | M : | First Ger. opera house opens in Hamburg | | ST : | Ital. mathematician Giovanni Ceva states the geometrical theorem on the nature of concurrency | | ST : | Christian Huygens records his discovery of the polarisation of light | | ST : | Robert de La Salle explores the Great Lakes | | ST : | Thomas Thatcher: A Brief Rule in Small Pocks or Measles, first medical treatise published in America | | DL : | First chrysanthemums arrive in Holland from Japan | | DL : | Import of all Fr. goods to England prohibited | | PH : | End of third Anglo-Dutch war | | M : | Antonio Vivaldi born 4 March | | LT : | Andrew Marvell dies 18 August |
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| | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Gli equivoci nel sembiante
| | PH : | Peace of Nijmegen between Louis XIV and Leopold I | | PH : | Habeas Corpus Amendment Act in England | | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between Sweden and Brandenburg | | PH : | Peace Treaty of Lund between Denmark and Sweden | | RP : | Gilbert Burnet: History of the Reformation of the Church of England, vol I | | RP : | Sir William Petty: A Treatise on Taxes and Contributions | | RP : | Abraham a Sancta Clara: Merk's Wien!, sermons against corruption of morals in Vienna | | ST : | Elias Ashmole founds Ashmolean Museum at Oxford | | ST : | Edmund Halley: Catalogus stellarum australium | | ST : | Fr. Jesuit Louis Hannepin discovers Niagara Falls | | DL : | Edict against duelling in France | | DL : | First German coffeehouses in Hamburg | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy born 27 January |
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| | PH : | Absolutism in Sweden under King Charles XI | | PH : | Maximilian II Emanuel becomes Elector of Bavaria | | PH : | Tsunayoshi becomes Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Comédie Français formed by merging Théâtre Guénéguad Paris, with Théâtre de'Hôtel de Bourgogne | | RP : | Robert Filmer: Patriarche, or The Natural Power of Kings | | ED : | César-Pierre Richelet: Dictionnaire François | | RP : | Sir William Temple: An Essay on Government | | M : | First ballets arrive in Germany from France | | M : | Stradivari makes his earliest known cello | | ST : | First Brandenburgian expedition to W. Africa | | DL : | Dodo, flightless bird of the Raphidae family, extinct | | DL : | Penny post established in London | | PH : | Start of fourth Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Spanish Friar | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Divertissement, Les Plaisirs de Versailles
('The Pleasures of Versailles')
| | PH : | Defensive alliances between Brandenburg and France and between Brandenburg and Sweden | | PH : | European Congress meets at Frankfurt | | ED : | Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: Discours sur l'histoire universelle | | ED : | Jean Mabillon: De re diplomatica, study of historical documents as foundation of historical criticism | | RP : | James Dalrymple of Stair: Institutions of the Law of Scotland | | M : | Female professional dancers appear for first time at the Paris Opéra | | ED : | Academy of Sciences, Moscow, founded | | ST : | Canal du Midi, joining Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, finished | | DL : | Founding of the Chelsea Hospital, London, for wounded and discharged soldiers | | DL : | First checks in England | | M : | Johann Mattheson born 28 September | | VA : | Gerard Ter Borch dies |
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| | LT : | John Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, The Medal and Religio Laici | | PH : | Czar Feodor III of Russia dies; his sister Sophia becomes Regent for her infant brothers, Ivan and Peter | | PH : | Emeric Tökölyi proclaimed King of Hungary by Turks | | ST : | Pierre Bayle: Thoughts on the Comet of 1680, against superstitions on comets | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Holy War | | ED : | François Eudes de Mézeray: De l'origine des Français | | RP : | 58,000 Fr. Huguenots forced to conversion | | ED : | Sir George MacKenzie founds Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, later to becomes Scot. national library | | RP : | Sir William Petty: Essay Concerning Multiplications of Mankind | | ED : | Acta eruditorum, first learned periodical appears (in Latin) in Leipzig | | DL : | Versailles becomes royal residence | | DL : | Weaving mill with 100 looms established in Amsterdam | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta born 13 February |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell : Ode for St. Cecelia's Day
(2 composed in this year, 2 more later)
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Dramatic oratorio, La Descente d'Orphée aux enfers
('The Descent of Orpheus into the Underworld')
| | PH : | Pol.-Aust. alliance against Turks | | PH : | Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II discovered | | PH : | Turks begins siege of Vienna | | PH : | Spain declares war on France | | PH : | Alfonso VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by his brother Peter II | | PH : | Dutch traders admitted to Canton | | PH : | League of The Hague: the Emperor Leopold I and Charles II of Spain join Dutch-Swed. alliance against France | | PH : | Manchus conquer Formosa | | PH : | Peace treaty between William Penn and N. American Indians | | RP : | Mathew Hale: A Discourse Touching Provision for the Poor | | ED : | William Penn: A General Description of Pennsylvania | | ED : | Sir William Petty: The Growth of the City of London | | ST : | Eng. navigator William Dampier begins voyage around the world | | ST : | Newton explains mathematical theory on tides under gravitational attraction of sun, moon, and earth | | DL : | First coffeehouses in Vienna | | DL : | Wild boars become extinct in Great Britain |
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| | PH : | The Emperor, Poland and Venice conclude Holy League of Linz against Turks | | PH : | Bermudas become crown colony | | PH : | The "Great Elector" offers Fr. Huguenots refuge in Brandenburg | | LT : | Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, literary review, published | | LT : | Takemoto Gidayu begins puppet theatre "Joruri" in Tokyo | | RP : | 93 Jewish families expelled from Bordeaux | | RP : | Increase Mather: Remarkable Providences | | ST : | Giovanni Cassini: Les Éléments de l'astronomie vérifiés | | ST : | Ger. explorer Engelbert Kämpfer travels to Persian Gulf, Java, and Japan | | DL : | First attempts in London to light the streets | | PH : | Siamese embassy arrives at court of Louis XIV at Versailles | | PH : | End of fourth Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau born 10 October |
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| | M : | Henry Purcell : Rejoice in the Lord Alway
| | PH : | Charles II of England dies; succeeded by his brother James II | | PH : | Charles, the Elector Palatinates, dies; electorate claimed by Louis XIV for his sister-in-law Liselotte | | DL : | All Chin. ports opened to foreign trade | | ED : | César de Rochefort: Dictionnaire général et curieux | | RP : | Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, exiles thousands of Fr. Protestants | | ST : | David Abercromby: De pulsis variatione | | DL : | Fr. Huguenots begin silk manufacture in Great Britain | | M : | George Frideric Handel born 23 February | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier born 17 March | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach born 21 March |
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| | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Roman Catholics readmitted to Eng. army | | LT : | First Swed. theatre opens in Stockholm | | RP : | Ger. pietist and educator begins at Leipzig his Collegum Philobiblicum for the study of the Bible | | ST : | Halley draws first meteorological map | | ED : | Jean Le Clerc: Bibliothèque universelle et historique, 25 vols | | ST : | Francis Willughby: Historia piscium (posth.) | | DL : | Maison St. Cyr founded as convent school for daughters of poor gentlefolk | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry born 17 March |
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|
| | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni born | | LT : | John Dryden: The Hind and the Panther | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Divertissement, Idle sur le retour de la santé du roi
('Idyll on the King's Return to Health')
| | PH : | James II issues Declaration of Indulgence for liberty of conscience | | PH : | Papal nuncio received by James II | | PH : | Hungarian diet of Pressburg recognises the crown as hereditary possession of the male line of Hapsburgs | | PH : | Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey deposed; succeeded by Suleiman III | | ED : | Fénelon: Traité de l'éducation des filles | | RP : | Samuel von Pufendorf: The Relation of Religious Liberty to Civilian Life | | RP : | John Wallis: Institutio logicae | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica | | ST : | Sir Hans Sloane begins his botanical collection on a visit to Jamaica | | ED : | University of Bologna founded | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Lully dies 22 March |
|
|
| | VA : | François Le Moyne born | | M : | Henry Purcell : Song
'Evening Hymn'
| | PH : | Frederick William, the "Great Elector" dies; succeeded by his son Frederick III | | PH : | Transylvania becomes province under King of Hungary | | PH : | Seven Eng. lords invite William of Orange to England (the "Glorious Revolution") | | PH : | War between France and the Empire | | RP : | Jacques- Bénigne Boussuet: Histoires des variations des églises protestantes | | DL : | Joseph de la Vega: Confusion de confusiones, description of transactions on Amsterdam Exchange | | DL : | London underwriters begin meeting regularly at Lloyd's Coffee House | | ST : | Plate glass being cast for first time | | DL : | Smyrna destroyed by earthquake | | LT : | Alexander Pope born 21 May |
|
|
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Musik's Handmaid
for harpsichord (including a version of 'Lilliburlero')
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Opera, Dido and Aeneas
| | PH : | Parliament confirms abdication of James II | | PH : | Declaration of Rights in England, William and Mary proclaimed King and Queen for life (also in Scotland) | | PH : | Louis XIV declares war on Great Britain | | PH : | Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia | | PH : | Ger. diet declares war on France | | RP : | Pope Innocent XI dies; Pietro Ottoboni becomes Pope Alexander VIII | | ED : | John, Lord Somers: A Brief History of the Succession to the Crown of England | | RP : | William Sherlock: A Practical Discourse Concerning Death | | DL : | William III establishes Devonport Naval Dockyards | | DL : | First modern trade fair held in Leiden, Holland |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Don Sebastian and Amphitryon | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces d'orgue consistantes en deux messes, l'une à l'usage ordinaire des paroisses, l'autre propre pour les couvents de religieux et religieuses
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier :
Setting of the Te Deum
| | PH : | Joseph I elected King of the Romans | | PH : | Act of Grace passed in England | | PH : | Spain joins Great Alliance against France | | RP : | John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | | RP : | Sir William Petty: Political Arithmetics | | DL : | Calcutta founded by Eng. colonial administrator Job Charnock | | ST : | Huyghens publishes his theory of the undulation of light | | ST : | Fr. engineer Denis Papin devises pump with piston, raised by steam | | ED : | Academia dell' arcadia founded in Rome | | DL : | Calico printing introduced to Great Britain from France | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret born 22 January |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: King Arthur | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Six Suites
for two violins
| | M : | Henry Purcell :
Incidental music to King Arthur, play by John Dryden
| | PH : | Hapsburgs recognised as rulers of Transylvania | | DL : | New East India Company formed in London | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Ahmad II | | PH : | Treaty of Limerick ends Irish rebellion | | RP : | Pope Alexander VIII dies; Antonio Pignatelli becomes Pope Innocent XII | | RP : | Christian Faith Society for West Indies founded in London | | RP : | Claude Fleury: Histoire ecclésiastique begun (20 vols, completed in 1720) | | RP : | Kaspar Stieler: Teutsche Sprachschatz | | RP : | Henry Wharton: Anglia sacra | | ED : | Anthony à Wood: Athenae Oxonienses | | ST : | Leibniz: Protagaea, on geology | | DL : | First directory of addresses published in Paris | | VA : | Aelbert Cuyp dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Cleomenes | | M : | Henry Purcell : Songs
'Music for a While' and 'Nymphs and Shepherds'
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Masque or 'semi opera', The Fairy Queen
| | VA : | Antoine Coypel : Democritus | | PH : | Massacre of Clan Macdonald at Glencoe | | PH : | Duke Ernst August of Hanover becomes 9th Elector of the Holy Roman Empire | | LT : | Nahum Tate made poet laureate | | RP : | Edict of Toleration for Christians in China | | ED : | William and Mary College founded in Virginia | | ED : | Johann Konrad Amman: Der redende Stumme, manual of language for deaf-mutes | | DL : | The Bank, later becomes banking house of Coutts and Co., opened in Strand, London | | DL : | Earthquake in Jamaica | | DL : | Queen Mary II founds Greenwich Hospital for wounded sailors and pensioners |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: A Discourse concerning the Original and Progress of Satire | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Chorale Preludes
for organ
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Opera, Médée
| | PH : | Louis XIV begins his peace policy, reconciliation with the Vatican | | DL : | National Debt begins in England | | RP : | Edmund Halley: The Degrees of Mortality of Mankind | | RP : | Secret society, Knights of the Apocalypse, founded in Italy to defend the church against the antichrist | | ED : | Leibniz: Codex Juris gentium diplomaticus | | ED : | John Locke: Thoughts Concerning Education, on learning foreign languages | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Wonders of the Invisible World | | RP : | William Penn: An Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe | | DL : | Kingston, Jamaica, founded |
|
|
| | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto born | | VA : | Charles-Antoine Coypel born | | LT : | John Dryden: Love Triumphant | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Il Pirro e Demetrio
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Ode
'Come Ye Sons of Art' (including aria, 'Sound the Trumpet')
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Zenobia
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni :
12 Trio Sonatas
| | DL : | Founding of the Bank of England | | PH : | Triennial Bill providing for new Parliamentary election every third year | | PH : | Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony | | PH : | Hussain becomes Shah of Persia | | ED : | Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, first edition, 2 vols. | | ST : | Rudolf Camerarius: De sexu plantarum epistola | | ED : | University of Halle founded | | DL : | Salt tax doubled in England |
|
|
| | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Magnificat Fugues
for organ
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Semi opera, The Indian Queen
| | M : | Henry Purcell :
'The Golden Sonata' for 2 violins, viola de gamba, and keyboard
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Queen Mary's Funeral Music
| | PH : | Ahmad II, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Mustafa II | | DL : | End of government press censorship in England | | RP : | John Locke: The Reasonableness of Christianity | | ST : | Pendant barometer invented | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Magnesium sulfate isolated (epsom salts) | | ST : | John Woodward: Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies | | DL : | Royal Bank of Scotland founded | | DL : | Window tax in England | | LT : | Henry Vaughan dies 23 April | | M : | Henry Purcell dies 21 November | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater born 29 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Louis Tocqué born | | DL : | New coinage in England carried out by John Locke and Isaac Newton | | PH : | Eng. Habeas Corpus Act suspended | | ED : | Nicolas Antonio: Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, Span. bibliography | | ED : | William Nicolson: The English Historical Library, 3 vols. | | VA : | Kunstakademie, Berlin, founded | | ED : | John Bellers: Proposals for Raising a College of Industry, on the education of children | | DL : | Board of Trade and Plantations founded in England | | DL : | First Eng. property insurance company founded | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo born 5 March |
|
|
| | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, and La caduta dei Decemviri
| | PH : | Peter the Great, calling himself Peter Michailoff, sets out on a year-and-a-half journey to Prussia, Holland, England and Vienna to study European ways of life | | PH : | Charles XI, King of Sweden, dies; succeeded by Charles XII | | PH : | Augustus, Elector of Saxony, converted to Roman Catholicism, elected King of Poland in succession to Jan III | | PH : | In Treaty of Ryswick: France recognises William III as King of England | | PH : | China conquers western Mongolia | | ED : | Pierre Bayle: Dictionnaire historique et critique, 2 vols | | ED : | William Wotton: Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning | | DL : | Last remains of Maya civilisation destroyed by Spanish in Yucatan | | RP : | Daniel Defoe: An Essay Upon Projects, recommending income tax | | DL : | Sedan chair a popular means of transportation | | DL : | Court of Versailles becomes model for European courts | | DL : | Whitehall Palace, London, burns down | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal born 18 October | | VA : | William Hogarth born 10 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Rebellion of Czar Peter's praetorian guard in Moscow; leaders executed | | PH : | Elector Ernest August of Hanover dies; his eldest son George Louis, future King George I of England, becomes electoral prince | | DL : | Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau introduces goose-stepping and iron ramrods in Prussian army | | RP : | Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) founded | | ED : | Bibliotheca Casanatense founded in Rome | | RP : | Algernon Sidney: Discourses Concerning Government (posth.) | | DL : | The General Society (New East India Trading Company) founded in London | | DL : | Paper manufacturing begins in N. America | | DL : | Tax on beards in Russia | | DL : | Mrs. White's Chocolate House opens in London, soon to become headquarters of Tory Party |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Fables | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Hexachordum Apollinis
six arias with variations for organ or harpsichord
| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Self-Portrait as a Huntsman | | PH : | Peace of Karlowitz signed by Austria, Russia, Poland and Venice with Turkey | | PH : | Denmark and Russia sign mutual defence pact | | PH : | Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe signed by Denmark, Russia, Poland, and Saxony for partition of Swed. empire | | PH : | Christian V, King of Denmark, dies; succeeded by Frederick IV | | RP : | Richard Bentley: Dissertation Upon the Epistles of Phalaris | | RP : | Gilbert Burnet: Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles | | ST : | William Dampier explores northwest coast of Australia | | ST : | Pierre Lemoyne founds first European settlement in Louisianna, at Fort Maurepas | | DL : | Billingsgate, London, becomes a market | | DL : | Peter the Great decrees that New Year in Russia will begin on January 1 instead of September 1 | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin born 2 November |
|
|
| | PH : | The Great Northern War | | PH : | King Charles II of Spain dies, setting the stage for the War of the Spanish Succession | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Lesbina e Adolfo
| | LT : | Development of the Kabuki Theatre in Japan | | RP : | Pope Innocent XII dies; Gian Francesco Albani becomes Pope Clement XI | | DL : | Unmarried women taxed in Berlin | | ED : | Berlin Academy of Science founded | | M : | Joseph Saveur measures and explains vibrations of musical tones | | LT : | John Dryden dies 30 April |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of Settlement in Britain. This settlement establishes the Hanoverian Monarchy | | PH : | War of Spanish Succession | | PH : | Prince Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg crowns himself Frederick I "King of Prussia" | | ED : | University of Venice founded | | ED : | Yale College founded | | M : | Music publisher Henry Playford establishes a series of weekly concerts at Oxford | | RP : | Father Francisco Ximénes translates sacred national book of the Quiché Indians of Guatemala, Popul Vah | | RP : | Benjamin Whichcote: Several Discourses; Moral and Religious Aphorisms | | ED : | Jeremy Collier: The Great historical, Geographical, Genealogical, and Political Dictionary 2 vols. | | PH : | James II of England dies; Louis XIV recognises James Edward as King James III |
|
|
| | VA : | Pietro Longhi born | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Motet, Judicium Salomonis
('Solomon's Judgement')
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Mass, Assumpta est Maria
('The Assumption of Mary')
| | VA : | Antoine Coypel : Venus Imploring Jupiter in Favour of Aeneas | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Denmark | | DL : | The Daily Courant, first daily newspaper issued in London | | ED : | Jesuit college founded in Breslau | | DL : | Asiento Guinea Company founded for slave trade between Africa and America | | VA : | Japanese painter Ogata Korin unites the two imperial schools of Japanese painting - Kano and Yamato | | RP : | Armenian Priest Mekhitar of Sebaste founds in Constantinople Order of the Mekhitarists, Roman Catholic Armenian monks | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Magnalia Christi Americana, ecclesiastical history of New England | | RP : | Daniel Defoe: The Shortest Way with Dissenters | | LT : | Edward Busshe: The Art of English Poetry | | PH : | Rebellion of Protestant peasants, "Camisards", in Cévennes | | LT : | Earliest form of English pantomime given at Drury Lane, London | | PH : | William III dies, succeeded by Queen Anne GO ! | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli born 15 August |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Methuen signed by Britain and Portugal | | DL : | Peter the Great lays foundations of St. Petersburg | | ST : | Isaac Newton elected President of the Royal Society | | PH : | Archduke Charles proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid | | ED : | Universal, Historical, Geographical, Chronological and Classical Dictionary | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto born | | VA : | François Boucher born 29 September |
|
|
| | DL : | Earliest subscription library in Berlin | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Optics, defence of the theory of light | | ST : | John Harris : Lexicon technicum, encyclopaedia of the sciences | | ED : | Dictionnaire de Trévoux, of terms used in arts and sciences, published by the Jesuits at Trévoux | | PH : | Augustus II of Poland deposed, Stanislas Leszczynski elected King Stanislas I | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier dies 24 February | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour born 5 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Turkish Authority overthrown in Tunis | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach :
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, for organ
| | ST : | Royal Observatory, Berlin, founded | | LT : | His Majesty's Theatre opens in London | | ST : | Edmund Halley correctly predicts the return in 1758 of the comet seen in 1682 | | PH : | The Emperor Leopold I dies; succeeded by his eldest son, Joseph I | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo born 15 February |
|
|
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Griselda
| | ST : | Olous Römer's catalogue of astronomical observations | | RP : | Mathew Tindal: Rights of the Christian Church | | PH : | Peace of Altrandstadt: Augustus renouces Polish throne, recognises King Stanislas I | | M : | Johann Pachelbel dies 7 March |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of Union, Scotland and England become one country | | PH : | Death of Aurangzeb leads to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire | | M : | Great German organ builder Gottfried Silbermann builds first organ at Frauenstein, Saxony | | ED : | Edward Lhuyd: Archeologica Britannica, on Celtic language | | RP : | Isaac Watts: Hymns and Spiritual Songs | | PH : | Aurangzeb, Mogul Emperor of Hindustan dies; succeeded by Bahadur Shah | | PH : | "Perpetual Alliance" signed between Prussia and Sweden | | PH : | King Peter II of Portugal dies; succeeded by John V | | M : | Dietrich Buxtehude dies 9 May |
|
|
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Vespetta e Pimpione
| | ED : | Professorship of poetry founded at Oxford University | | RP : | Jeremy Collier: The Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain | | ED : | Bernard de Montfaucon: Paleographia Graeca | | LT : | First German theatre opens in Vienna | | DL : | British East India Company and New East India Company merged | | PH : | Peter the Great divides Russia into eight government districts to ease administration | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni born 25 January |
|
|
| | LT : | Alexander Pope: Pastorals | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Agrippina
| | DL : | First Russian prisoners sent to Siberia | | DL : | First Copyright Act in Britain | | M : | Invention of the pianoforte | | RP : | John Strype: Annals of the Reformation | | PH : | Ienobe becomes Shogun in Japan | | PH : | 14,000 inhabitants of the Palatinate emigrate to North America | | PH : | Peace negotiations at The Hague |
|
|
| | RP : | George Berkeley: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge | | LT : | The Examiner, literary periodical, issued for first time | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Still Life with Dog and Game | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill : The Apotheosis of Romulus | | RP : | William King: An Historical Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes | | RP : | Leibniz: Théodicée (God Created the best of all possible worlds) | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Essays to Do Good | | DL : | English South Sea Company founded | | VA : | Jakob Christoph Le Blon invents three-colour printing | | DL : | Porcelain factory at Meissen, Saxony, founded |
|
|
| | LT : | Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Still Life with Dead Hare and Fruit | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Still Life (Summer) | | PH : | War between Russia and Turkey | | PH : | Joseph I dies is ultimately succeeded by his brother Charles VI, father of Maria Theresa | | RP : | Francis Atterbury: Representation of the State of Religion | | ED : | Berlin Academy started | | RP : | Anthony Ashley Cooper: Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times | | ED : | Thomas Maddox: The History of Antiquities of the Exchequer | | RP : | William Whiston: Primitive Christianity Revived | | VA : | London Academy of Arts established under Geoffrey Kneller | | M : | Clarinet for first time in an orchestra (in J.A.Hasse's opera Croesus) | | M : | Tuning fork invented (supposedly by John Shore) |
|
|
| | ST : | The First Industrial Revolution begins when Newcomen's Steam Engine
is installed at the Dudley Castle Coal Mine | | LT : | Alexander Pope: early version of The Rape of the Lock | | PH : | Peace congress opens at Utrecht | | PH : | Treaty of Aarau ends Swiss war | | PH : | War of Succession between Shah Bahadur's four sons in India | | ED : | Jonathan Swift: A Proposal for Correcting the English Language | | ED : | Académie des sciences, belles lettres et arts, Bordeaux, founded | | ED : | Biblioteca nacional, Madrid, founded | | ST : | Cotton Mather begins his Curiosa Americana | | RP : | Last execution for witchraft in England | | DL : | Slave revolts in New York | | VA : | Francesco Guardi born 5 October |
|
|
| | PH : | The Pragmactic Sanction by Charles VI, allowing Maria Theresa to become the Monarch of Austria | | DL : | Asentio Treaty signed by Britain and Spain. This treaty begins the most active period of the British slave trade | | DL : | King Friedrich I dies and his son Friedrich Wilhelm becomes King of Prussia | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Windsor Forest | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book I
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Canata
No.208 ('Where Sheep May Safely Graze)
| | PH : | King Frederick I of Prussia dies; succeeded by Frederick William I | | PH : | Peace of Adrianople between Turkey and Russia | | PH : | Pragmatic Sanction issued by the Emperor Charles VI states female right of succession in Hapsburg domains | | PH : | An infant, Ietsugu, becomes Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Scriblerus Club founded in London by Swift, Pope, Congreve, and others | | RP : | Arthur Collier: Clavis Universalis, or A New Inquiry After Truth | | RP : | Fénelon: Traité de l'existence et des attributs de Dieu | | RP : | Abbé Saint Pierre: Projet pour la paix perpétuelle | | ED : | Spanish Royal Academy, Madrid, founded | | M : | School of Dance established at Paris Opéra | | ST : | Board of Longitude in England | | ST : | Roger Cotes revises Newton's Principia | | DL : | Pigtails introduced in Prussian Army | | PH : | 11 April - The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War | | VA : | Allan Ramsay born 13 October |
|
|
| | PH : | George I of Hanover became King of England | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Little Organ Book
| | PH : | Peace of Rastatt between France and the Holy Roman Empire | | PH : | Queen Anne of England dies; succeeded by George Louis, elector of Hanover, as King George I | | PH : | Peace of Baden: France keeps Strasbourg and Alsace | | RP : | Gottfried Arnold: Unpartheyische Kirchen-und Ketzer-Historie | | ED : | Worcester College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | D.G. Fahrenheit constructs mercury thermometer with temperature scale | | RP : | Witch trials abolished in Prussia | | M : | C.P.E. Bach born 8 March | | VA : | Richard Wilson born 1 August | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet born 14 August |
|
|
| | PH : | The First Jacobite uprising | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau born | | M : | François Couperin : Concerts Royaux
| | M : | François Couperin : Trois Leçons de ténèbres pour le Mercredi Saint
for voice and basso continuo
motets for voice and instruments, "dans le style de Charpentier"
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Jupiter & Antiope | | PH : | First Parliament of George I opens | | PH : | Louis XIV of France dies; succeeded by his great-grandson Louis XV (age 5) | | PH : | Jacobite rebellion in Scotland | | PH : | Mir Abdullah becomes ruler in Kandahar | | RP : | Isaac Watts: Divine Songs for Children | | VA : | Early beginnings of rococo | | LT : | Vaudevilles, popular musical comedies, appear in Paris | | ST : | British mathematician Brook Taylor invents the calculus of finite differences | | VA : | English painter and architect William Kent "frees the English garden from formality" |
|
|
| | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien born | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Portrait of Pater | | PH : | The Emperor Charles VI declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster between England and the Emperor | | PH : | Yoshimune becomes Shogun of Japan | | RP : | Christian religious teaching prohibited in China | | M : | Couperin: L'Art de toucher le clavecin | | DL : | Scot. economist John Law establishes the Banque générale in France | | DL : | Royal Regiment of Artillary founded |
|
|
| | LT : | Alexander Pope: Collected works | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book II
| | M : | George Frideric Handel :
Chandos Anthems
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Instrumental, Water Music
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : L'Assemblée dans un parc | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Peter I | | PH : | Mongols occupy Lhasa | | RP : | Cardinal de Retz: Mémoires (posth.) | | ST : | Inoculation against smallpox introduced in England | | DL : | Mother Grand Lodge of Freemasons established in London | | DL : | School attendance in Prussia made compulsory | | M : | Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz born 19 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Mezzetin | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Il trionfo dell'onore ovvero Il dissoluto pentito
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Pastoral Opera, Acis and Galatea
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Pilgrims Leaving
the Isle of Cythera | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Gilles as Pierrot | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini : Apollo | | PH : | Peter the Great has his son and heir, Alexis, murdered | | PH : | Peace of Passarowitz ends war between the Empire and Turkey | | PH : | Quadruple Alliance signed by France, the Empire, England, and Holland | | PH : | England declares war on Spain | | ED : | Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti founded at Palermo | | ED : | Philibert-Joseph Le Roux: Dictionnaire comique, satryique, critque, burlesque, libre, et proverbial | | ED : | London Society of Antiquaries founded | | ST : | English inventor Sir Thomas Lombe patents machine which makes thrown silk | | ED : | Collegiate School of America transfers to new site in New Haven, and is renamed Yale University | | DL : | First bank notes in England |
|
|
| | PH : | France declares war on Spain | | PH : | Liechtenstein becomes independent principalilty | | PH : | Peace of Stockholm between Sweden and Hanover | | PH : | Ireland declared inseparable from England | | PH : | Mohammed Shah, grandson of Bahadur Shah, becomes the Great Mogul | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Russia | | M : | Dimitrie Cantemir writes first book on Turkish music, Tratat de musica Turcéasea | | DL : | The Boston Gazette founded | | DL : | Oriental Company founded in Vienna to trade in the East | | DL : | Westminster Hospital, London, founded | | DL : | First cricket match: "Londoners" vs. "Kentish Men" |
|
|
| | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : Fete in a Wood | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Harpsichord Suite
No.5
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : A Halt During the Chase | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Italian Comedians | | PH : | Treaty of Stockholm between Sweden and Prussia | | PH : | Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, abdicates; succeeded by her husband Frederick, Prince of Hesse-Cassel | | PH : | Treaty of Fredericksborg between Sweden and Denmark | | DL : | "South Sea Bubble", English speculation craze, bursts | | PH : | Pragmatic Sanction recognised by estates of Upper and Lower Austria | | PH : | Tibet becomes a Chinese protectorate | | LT : | Old Haymarket theatre opens in London | | LT : | First serialisation of novels in newspapers | | ED : | Bernard de Montfaucon: L'Antiquité expliquée | | DL : | Palatinate court moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim | | DL : | Wallpapers becomes fashionable in England | | DL : | First yacht club established at Cork Harbour, Ireland | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto born 30 January | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Piranesi born 4 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Nystad signed by Russia and Sweden, ends the Great Northern War | | ST : | Dutch Navigator Jacob Roggeveen discovers Samoa and Easter Island | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, La Griselda
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Brandenburg Concertos
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : L'Enseigne de Gersaint | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still life with Fruit
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Dead Wolf
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Dead Roe | | PH : | Peter I proclaimed Emperor of All the Russians | | PH : | China suppresses Formosa revolt | | ED : | Nathaniel Bailey: An Universal Etymologycal English dictionary | | RP : | Michele Angelo Conti elected Pope Innocent XIII in succession to Pope Clement XI | | ED : | Johann Theodor Jablonski of Danzig publishes his Allgemeines Lexikon, first short encyclopaedia | | DL : | Swiss immigrants introduced rifles into America | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau dies 18 July |
|
|
| | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book III
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Well-Tempered Clavier,
first book
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : 12 Concertos
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Allegory of Europe | | PH : | Mir Mahmud conquers Afghanistan and becomes Shah | | DL : | Austrian East India Company founded | | PH : | With Shih Tsung the Yung Cheng dynasty accedes in China | | PH : | Hernhut founded as Moravian settlement in Saxony by Count Zinzendorf | | VA : | James Gibbs builds St. Martin-in-the-fields, London | | M : | Hohann Metheson: Critica Musica, on musical criticism | | M : | Rameau: Traité de l'harmonie | | DL : | British Parliament forbids journalists to report debates | | DL : | Workhouse Test Act for care of poor | | VA : | Antoine Coypel dies 7 January |
|
|
| | VA : | Gavin Hamilton born | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Cantata
No.147 (including 'Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring')
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : St. John Passion
| | VA : | François Le Moyne : Perseus and Andromeda | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Hunting Picnic | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : The Alarm | | PH : | Louis XV attains majority | | PH : | Treaty of Charlottenburg between England and Prussia | | PH : | Prussia establishes a ministry of war, finance, and domains | | ED : | T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng, Chinese encyclopaedia | | ED : | Lodovico Antonio Muratori: Rerum italicarum scriptores, collection of medieval historical material | | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds born 16 July |
|
|
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Giulio Cesare in Egitto
('Julius Caesar in Egypt')
| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Dog Guarding Game near a Rosebush | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : The Seat of Justice in
the Parliament of Paris | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Hercules and Omphale
| | VA : | François Le Moyne : Bather | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still Life with a Monkey, Fruit and Flowers | | PH : | Philip V of Spain abdicates; his successor Luis I dies, Philip King again | | PH : | Czar Peter the Great crowns his wife, Catherine, Czarina | | LT : | Longman's the oldest English publishing house still extant, founded | | ED : | John Oldmixon: A Critical History of England | | ED : | Professorships of modern history and languages founded at Oxford and Cambridge | | M : | Three Choirs Festival founded for Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester | | ED : | Daniel Defoe: A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain | | DL : | Gin drinking becomes popular in Great Britain | | DL : | Paris Bourse opens | | VA : | George Stubbs born 24 August |
|
|
| | PH : | Peter the Great, King of Russia dies | | PH : | Peter the Great of Russia dies; succeeded by his wife Catherine | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction | | PH : | Louis XV of France marries Maria Leszczynska of Poland | | PH : | Ashraf, Shah of Afghanistan, succeeds Mahmud in Persia | | RP : | Frances Hutcheson: An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue | | M : | J.J.Fux: Gradus ad Parnassum, treatise on counterpoint | | M : | First public concert given in Paris | | M : | Prague opera house (Standetheater) founded | | ST : | Guillaume Delisle "Map of Europe" | | ED : | St. Petersburg Academy of Science founded by Catherine I | | DL : | George I revives Military Order of the Bath | | DL : | The New York Gazette issued | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze born 21 August | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti dies 22 October |
|
|
| | M : | François Couperin : Les Nations
4 grand Sonatas
| | VA : | François Le Moyne : The Continence of Scipio | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : Diana at Rest | | PH : | Alliances between Empire and Russia against Turkey | | RP : | St. John of the Cross canonised | | RP : | Johann Lorenz von Mosheim: Institutiones historiae ecclesiasticae | | DL : | First circulating library established by Allan Ramsay in Edinburgh |
|
|
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Coronation anthem, Zadok the Priest
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : St. Mathew Passion
| | PH : | Catherine, Russian Czarina, dies; Peter II becomes Czar | | RP : | American Philosophical Society founded in Philadelphia | | RP : | John Balguy: The Foundation of Moral Goodness | | ST : | Stephen Hales: Vegetable Staticks | | ST : | Coffee first planted in Brazil | | DL : | Miscellanies, satirical periodical issued by Pope, Swift, and Dr. Arbuthnot | | DL : | Quakers demand abolition of slavery | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough born 14 May |
|
|
| | ST : | Danish Navigator Vitus Bering explores the Bering Straits | | LT : | Alexander Pope: The Dunciad | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : The Ray
| | PH : | Treaty of Berlin between the Emperor Charles VI and Frederick William of Prussia | | ED : | Ephraim Chambers: Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | | RP : | William Law: A Serious Call to Devout and Holy Life | | RP : | Jonathan Swift: A Short View of the State of Ireland | | ST : | Dutch explorer Vitus Behring discovers Behring Strait | | ST : | James Bradley discovers aberration of light of fixed stars | | DL : | Madrid Lodge of Freemasons founded; soon suppressed by Inquisition | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs born 22 March |
|
|
| | PH : | Cathrine II is born
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Suite
No.3 in D (including 'Air on the G String')
| | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : Aeneas Carrying Anchises | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Pygmalion Seeing His Statue Come to Life | | PH : | Treaty of Seville between France, Spain, and England | | RP : | Thomas Sherlock: A Tryal of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus | | ED : | Academia de buenas letras, Barcelona, founded | | DL : | The Emperor Yung Cheng prohibits opium smoking in China |
|
|
| | PH : | Maratha government in India | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book IV
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Louis XV Hunting Stag in the Forest of Saint-Germain | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater : Young Girls Bathing | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini : Allegory of Sculpture | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini : Allegory of Painting | | PH : | Czar Peter of Russia dies; succeeded by Anne, daughter of Czar Ivan V | | PH : | Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia imprisoned by his father | | PH : | Sultan Ahmad XII of Turkey deposed; succeeded by Mahmoud I | | PH : | Frederick IV of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian VI | | PH : | Ashraf, Shah of Persia, murdered | | RP : | Pope Benedict XIII dies; Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini becomes Pope Clement XII | | RP : | Mathew Tindal: Christianity as Old as the Creation | | RP : | John and Charles Wesley found Methodist sect at Oxford | | ED : | Martin Wright: Introduction to the Law of Tenures, on English land law | | DL : | Edinburgh Royal Infirmary founded | | DL : | Reduction of slavery in China under the Emperor Yung Cheng |
|
|
| | PH : | The infamous Rebecca Incident near Havanna Cuba sets the stage for the War of Jenkin's Ear | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Moral Essays | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Magnificat
in D Major
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : A "Lean Diet" with Cooking Utensils | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between England, Holland, Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Russia, Prussia, and the emperor agree to oppose Stanislas I in Poland | | RP : | Ralph Cudworth: Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality | | RP : | Mass expulsion of Protestants from Salzburg | | ED : | Voltaire: Histoire de Charles XII | | ST : | Dr John Arbuthnot: An Essay Concerning the Nature of Ailments, advocates dieting | | DL : | 10 Downing Street, Westminster, London residence of British prime ministers, built |
|
|
| | LT : | Poor Richards Almanac first appears in print | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo : The Education
of the Virgin Mary | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : The Basin of San Marco | | RP : | Conrad Beissel founds Seventh Day Baptists (Ephrata Community) in Germantown, Pa | | RP : | George Berkeley: The Minute Philosopher | | RP : | The Moravian Brethren start missionary work | | ED : | J.J.Moser: Foundations of International Law | | M : | Academie of Ancient Music founded in London | | M : | Covent Garden Opera House, London, opened | | M : | J.G. Walther: Musik-Lexikon, first of its kind | | ST : | Hermann Boerhaave: Elements of Chemistry | | DL : | Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanack issued | | M : | Joseph Haydn born 1 April | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard born 5 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo : The Banquet of Cleopatra | | PH : | The War of the Polish Succession | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Imitations of Horace | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater : The Fair at Bezons | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : Allegory of Music | | PH : | War of Polish Succession begins | | PH : | France declares war against Emperor Charles VI | | RP : | Alexander Pope: Essay on Man | | DL : | Latin language abolished in English courts | | DL : | The Serpentine, Hyde Park, laid out | | VA : | Hubert Robert born 22 May | | M : | François Couperin dies 12 September |
|
|
| | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo : The Triumph of
Zephyr and Flora | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Essay on Man | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach :
Coffeehouse Canatas
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Christmas Oratorio
| | PH : | War breaks out between Turkey and Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Russian trade agreement | | RP : | Mme de Lambert, in her Avis d'une Mère à sa Fille, recommends university education for women | | ED : | University of Göttingen founded by King George I | | RP : | The Koran translated into English by George Sale | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill dies 13 May | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby born 3 September | | VA : | George Romney born 15 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : Piazza San Marco | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Italian Concerto
| | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : The Lunch of Oysters | | PH : | End of the Turko-Persian war | | M : | Imperial ballet school at St. Petersburg | | ST : | Linnaeus: Systema naturae | | ST : | French scientist Benoît de Maillet: Telliamed, evolutionary hypothesis | | DL : | The Boston Evening Post issued | | DL : | Royal Burgess Golfing Society, Edinburgh, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Russia and Austria at war with Turkey (ends 1739)
| | PH : | Chi'en Lung becomes Emperor of China
| | VA : | William Hogarth : The Pool of Bethesda | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater : The Chinese Hunt | | PH : | Stanislas I abdicates as King of Poland | | PH : | Theodor von Neuhof elected King of Corsica | | PH : | Chi-en Lung becomes Emperor of China | | PH : | War between Russia and Turkey | | RP : | Joseph Butler: Analogy of Religion | | RP : | English statutes against witchcraft repealed | | RP : | Pope Clement XII condemns Freemasonry | | RP : | William Warburton: The Alliance between Church and State | | DL : | Manufacture of glass begins in Venice at Murano | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater dies 25 July |
|
|
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Berenice
including famous 'Minuet'
| | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : The Triumph of Venice | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : The Grand Turk Giving a
Concert to his Mistress | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : Halt During the Hunt | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : A Hunting Meal | | PH : | Last of the Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, dies; Francis, Duke of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, receives Tuscany; Stanislas of Poland acquires Lorraine | | LT : | Licensing Act restricts number of London theatres, and all plays before public performance to be subjected to censorship of Lord Chamberlain | | LT : | Ignacio de Luzán Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea: Poética, laying down classic rules in Spanish literary composition | | RP : | Alexander Cruden: Concordance of the Holy Scripture | | RP : | Vincent de Paul canonised by Pope Clement XII | | RP : | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: The Nonsense of Common Sense | | ED : | William Oldys: The British Librarian | | RP : | John Wesley: Psalms and Hymns, published in Charleston | | ST : | René de Réaumur: History of the Insects | | VA : | François Le Moyne dies 4 June |
|
|
| | VA : | William Hogarth : Lord Hervey and his friends | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna Closes the War of Polish Succession between France and Austria. Lorraine guaranteed to France
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Serse
(Xerxes), including 'Largo'
| | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : The Marriage Contract | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : Summer | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : Winter | | DL : | Papal bull "In eminenti" against Freemasonry | | ED : | Lodovico Antonnio Muratori: Antiquites Italicae | | ST : | Daniel Bernoilli: Hydrodynamica, pressure and velocity of fluids | | DL : | First cuckoo clocks in Black Forest district | | VA : | Benjamin West born 10 October |
|
|
| | RP : | The Methodist Church founded by John Wesley
| | PH : | War of Jenkins Ear begins
| | PH : | Nadir Shah sacks Delhi | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Saul
including 'Dead March'
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Israel in Egypt
| | VA : | François Boucher : Morning Coffee | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Louis, Grand Dauphin of France
| | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Louis Tocque | | PH : | Sack of Delhi by Persians under Nadir Shah | | RP : | Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia: Anti-Machiavell, against Machiavelli's philosophy of monarchy | | RP : | David Hume: A Treatise of Human Nature | | RP : | Moravian Church founded in America by Spengenberg | | ST : | American astronomer John Winthrop published his Notes on Sunspots | | DL : | Foundling Hospital established in London |
|
|
| | VA : | William Hogarth : The Shrimp Girl | | PH : | War of the Austrian Succession | | VA : | François Boucher : The Toilet of Venus | | M : | George Frideric Handel : 12 Concerti Grossi
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : 6 Violin Sonatas
| | VA : | William Hogarth : Captain Coram | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta : A Boy Holding a Pear | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta : The Soothsayer | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Marie Leczinska, Queen of France
| | PH : | Frederick William I of Prussia dies; succeeded by his son Frederick II, the Great | | PH : | Charles VI dies; succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa | | PH : | Anne, daughter of Peter the Great dies; succeeded by Czar Ivan VI | | RP : | Pope Clement XII dies; succeeded by Cardinal Prospero Lambertini as Pope Benedict XIV | | ST : | Louis Castel: Optique des colours | | ED : | University of Pennsylvania founded | | ED : | Berlin Academy of Science founded by Frederick the Great | | DL : | Frederick the Great introduces freedom of press and freedom of worship in Prussia | | DL : | Smallpox epidemic in Berlin | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of a Boy with a Book
| | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : Bacchanal | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : The Rape of Europa |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini dies | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Messiah
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Goldberg Variations
| | VA : | François Boucher : Leda & the Swan | | PH : | Maria Theresa accepts crown of Hungary | | PH : | Czar Ivan VI deposed and imprisoned; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, becomes Czarina | | LT : | Thomas Betterton: A History of the English Stage | | LT : | Founding of Burgtheater, Vienna | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, sermon delivered at Enfield, Mass. | | RP : | David Hume: Essays, Moral and Political | | ST : | Botanical Garden, Upsala, founded by Linnaeus | | DL : | Highway Act in England to improve roads | | ED : | Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, England, opened | | VA : | Henry Fuseli born 7 February | | M : | Antonio Vivaldi dies 28 July |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, elected and crowned emperor as Charles VII | | PH : | Peace of Berlin ends First Silesian War | | RP : | Etienne Fourmont: Grammatica Sinaica | | ED : | Charles Viner: Legal Encyclopaedia | | ST : | Swiss astronomer Anders Celsius invents centigrade thermometer | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Prussian
Sonatas
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Well-Tempered Clavier,
second book
| | VA : | William Hogarth : The Graham Children | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Marie Adelaide of France as Flora
|
|
|
| | VA : | William Hogarth : Characters and Caricaturas | | PH : | Maria Theresa crowned at Prague | | PH : | Alliance between Austria and Saxony | | RP : | Pogroms in Russia | | ST : | French geographer Jean d'Anville "Map of Italy" | | ED : | University of Erlangen, Germany, founded | | M : | Luigi Boccherini born 19 February | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes dies 20 April | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld born 20 June | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret dies 14 September |
|
|
| | PH : | King George's War (ends 1748) American phase of the War of the Austrian Succession GO ! | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Württemberg
Sonatas
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Semele
| | VA : | Pietro Longhi : The Display of the Elephant | | PH : | France declares war on England and on Maria Theresa | | PH : | Second Silesian War begins | | RP : | George Berkeley: A Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries | | RP : | Ruling Arab family Sa-Udi adopts teachings of Abd-al-Wahhab, becomes Wahhabi | | M : | Madrigal Society, London, founded | | ST : | Jean d'Alembert: Traité de l'équilibre et du mouvement des fluides | | LT : | Alexander Pope dies 21 May |
|
|
| | PH : | Jacobite Rebellion | | VA : | François Boucher : Diana's
Return from the Hunt | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Achilles at the
Court of Lycomedes | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Louis XV of France
| | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Marie Adelaide of France as Diana
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Swan Attacked by a Dog | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : A Girl with a Kitten | | PH : | Emperor Charles VII dies; Francis, husband of Maria Theresa, elected Holy Roman Emperor, first of the Lorraine-Tuscany line | | PH : | Peace of Dresden: Prussia recognises Pragmatic Sanction but retains Silesia | | PH : | Ishege becomes Shogun of Japan | | RP : | Philip Doddridge: The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul | | ST : | Charles Bonnet: Traité d'insectologie | | ST : | Ewald Jurgen von Kleist invents the capacitor (Leydon Jar), a fundamental electrical circuit element | | DL : | Earliest Oddfellows Lodge in England | | M : | The quadrille becomes a fashionable dance in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance between Russia and Austria against Prussia | | PH : | Philip V of Spain dies; succeeded by Ferdinand VI | | PH : | Christian VI of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick V | | RP : | Denis Diderot: Pensées philosophiques | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections | | ST : | Jean-Etienne Guettard draws first geological map of France | | ED : | College of New Jersey founded; becomes Princeton University, 1896 | | DL : | Wearing of tartans prohibited in Great Britain | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Cornard Wood | | VA : | Pietro Longhi : The Tooth Puller | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes born 30 March |
|
|
| | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : View of Verona and the River Adige from the Ponte Nuovo | | PH : | Nadir Shah is assasinated | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Musical Offering
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : Westminster Bridge, London, | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : Drunken Silenus | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of Gabriel Huquier, engraver | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of a Man | | PH : | William IV of Orange-Nassau becomes hereditary stadholder of the seven provinces of the Netherlands | | PH : | Prusso-Swedish alliance for mutual defence | | PH : | Nadir Shah murdered; Ahmed Shah becomes King of Afghanistan | | ED : | Biblioteca Nazionale founded in Florence, Italy | | ED : | Biographia Britannica | | LT : | Benjamin Franklin: Plain Truth | | ST : | Sugar discovered in beetroot | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck born 2 July |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : Warwick Castle | | VA : | William Hogarth : The Gate of Calais | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Madame
Maria Leszczynska
| | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Maurice, Comte de Saxe, Marshal of France
| | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : View of Naples
| | PH : | Shah Rukh, grandson of Nadir Shah, ruler of Persia | | LT : | Marie-Thérese Geoffin opens salon as meeting place for Parisian men of letters | | RP : | Archibald Bower: History of the Popes | | RP : | David Hume: Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding | | M : | Holywell Music room, Oxford, opened | | ST : | Leonhard Euler: Analysis Infinitorum, on pure analytical mathematics | | ST : | English physician John Fothergill describes diphtheria | | ST : | Thomas Lowndes founds chair of astronomy at Cambridge | | DL : | Abolition of hereditary jurisdiction in Scotland | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David born 30 August | | PH : | 18 October - Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends King George's War, restoring the status quo ante in the colonies; general recognition of Pragmatic Sanction and of Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor |
|
|
| | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Magnificat
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Instrumental, Music for the Royal Fireworks
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Solomon
including 'Arrival of the Queen of Sheba'
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Art of the Fugue
(unfinished)
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Mass
in B Minor
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : London- Westminster Abbey | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Madame de Sorquainville
| | PH : | Consolidation Act of British navy | | RP : | Denis Diderot: Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient | | RP : | David Hartley: Observations on Man | | DL : | François Philidor: Analyse des échecs, a study of chess, written by the famous composer | | ED : | Philadelphia Academy founded, becomes University of Pennsylvania, 1791 | | VA : | Alessandro Magnasco dies | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe born 28 August |
|
|
| | RP : | The Jewish sect of Hasidism is founded by Baal Shem Tov | | PH : | The Capital of the Maratha confederacy in India becomes Poona | | VA : | The neoclassical art movement begins in Europe | | M : | The Waltz becomes a popular dance form in Europe | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Concerto
in Bb for flute
| | VA : | François Boucher : The Interrupted Sleep | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Mr. and Mrs. Andrews | | VA : | William Hogarth : The Artist's Servants | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : The Duchess of Parma
and
her daughter Isabelle | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Farmhouse
| | ED : | Portuguese Giacobbo Rodriguez Pereire invents sign language for deaf-mutes | | PH : | John V of Portugal dies; succeeded by José I | | LT : | First playhouse opens in New York | | ED : | Dictionnaire de l'art de vérifier les dates des faits historiques ed. by the Benedictine monks of St.Maur | | RP : | King Frederick the Great: Oeuvres du Philosophe de Sanssouci | | RP : | Baal Shem founds Jewish sect of Chassidim in Carpathian mountain region | | VA : | Neoclassicism, as reaction against baroque and rococo, spreading over Europe | | M : | Johann Breitkopf, Leipzig music publisher, uses movable type for printing music | | ST : | French astronomer Nicolas de Lacaille leads expedition to Cape of Good Hope to determine solar and lunar parallax | | ST : | Johann Tobias Mayer: "Map of the Moon" | | DL : | First Westminster Bridge, London, finished | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach dies 28 July | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Mademoiselle de Coislin |
|
|
| | LT : | Diderots' first volume of the Encyclopeie is published | | ST : | The Lightening conductor is invented by Benjamin Franklin | | VA : | Pietro Longhi : The Rhinoceros | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Self-Portrait, 1751 | | VA : | Richard Wilson : Portrait of Francesco Zuccarelli | | PH : | Frederick II of Sweden dies; succeeded by his brother-in-law, Adolphus Frederick | | PH : | William IV of Holland dies; his widow, Anne, daughter of George II of England, becomes regent | | PH : | China invades Tibet | | ED : | French Encyclopédie published | | RP : | David Hume: Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals | | RP : | Powers of Portuguese Inquisition curtailed by government | | ST : | Linnaeus: Philosophia Botanica | | M : | Francesco Geminiani: The Art of Playing on the Violin | | M : | The minuet becomes Europe's fashionable dance | | M : | "War of the Operas" divides Paris into pro-Italian and pro-French music lovers | | ED : | Ecole supérieure de guerre, Paris, founded | | ED : | Göttinger wissenschaftliche Akademie founded | | DL : | British calendar altered by Act of Parliament: 1 January henceforth to be beginning of New Year | | DL : | First mental asylums in London | | M : | Tomaso Albinoni dies 17 January |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Aranjuez between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | Great Britain adopts Gregorian calendar on Sept 14 | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: Misrepresentations Corrected and Truth Vindicated | | RP : | David Hume: Political Discourses | | RP : | William Law: The Way to Divine Knowledge | | M : | Charles Avison : Essay on Musical Expression | | PH : | Chinese invade and conquer Tibet | | VA : | Charles-Antoine Coypel dies | | VA : | Pietro Longhi : Theatrical Scene | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy dies 26 January | | M : | Johann Friedrich Reichardt born 25 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : John Plampin | | ST : | Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his system of plant classification | | VA : | The founding of the British Museum | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Mlle Ferrand Meditating on Newton | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Oudry | | RP : | Robert Lowth: De sacra poesi Hebraeorum | | RP : | English Act of Parliament permits naturalisation of Jews | | ED : | British Museum, London, granted royal foundation charter | | ST : | Linnaeus: Species Plantorum | | DL : | British Marriage Act forbids weddings by unauthorised persons | | DL : | Vienna Stock Exchange founded |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seven Years (French and Indian) War unofficially begins | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : Storm with a Shipwreck | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: Inquiry into Freedom of the Will | | ED : | David Hume: History of Great Britain | | RP : | Rousseau: L'Inégalité par les hommes: discours | | RP : | John Woolman: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes | | DL : | Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures founded in England | | ED : | King's College, New York, founded; becomes Columbia University, 1784 | | ED : | First female M.D. (University of Halle, Germany) | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta dies 28 April |
|
|
| | PH : | The French and Indian War officially begins in America GO ! | | LT : | The Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto : Saints in Glory | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs : Semiramis Receives the
Message
of the Babylonion Revolt | | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Portrait of the Artist's Wife | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Portrait of the Marquise de Pompadour
| | PH : | Landgrave of Hesse sells mercenaries to England for defence of Hanover | | PH : | End of Anglo-Aust. alliance | | ED : | Samuel Johnson : Dictionary of the English Language | | RP : | Benjamin Franklin: Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of countries | | RP : | Francis Hutchson: A System of Moral Philosophy | | RP : | Immanuel Kant's doctoral thesis: The True Measure of Forces | | RP : | J.J. Winckelmann: Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke | | ED : | University of Moscow founded | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry dies 30 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : Courtyard of the Castle
at Köningstein from the South | | PH : | The Black Hole of Calcutta, 123 British soldiers are alledged to have died there | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster; alliance between Britain and Prussia | | PH : | Treaty of Versailles; alliance between France and Austria | | PH : | British Rule India | | VA : | François Boucher : The Marquise
de Pompadour | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Die Vermählung
Amors mit Psyche | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : The Town and Harbour of Toulon | | PH : | Anglo-Prussian Treaty of Westminster | | PH : | Britain declares war on France - Seven Year's War | | PH : | 120 British soldiers imprisoned and die in India ("Black Hole of Calcutta") | | LT : | Russian royal Court Theatre founded at St. Petersburg | | ED : | Thomas Birch: History of the Royal Society of London | | RP : | Edmund Burke: Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful | | RP : | Alban Butler: Lives of the Saints, vol.1 | | RP : | Arthur Collins: The Peerage of England finished | | RP : | Mirabeau: Ami des hommes ou traité de la population | | ED : | Voltaire finished his Siècle de Louis XIV | | DL : | First chocolate factory in Germany | | DL : | Porcelain factory founded at Sèvres | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born 27 January | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn born 4 March |
|
|
| | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Ekaterina Golovkina | | RP : | Denis Diderot: Entretiens sur le fils natural | | RP : | Richard Price: Review of the Principal Questions in Morals | | ED : | Royal Library, London, transferred to British Museum | | DL : | The London Chronicle appears | | M : | Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz dies 27 March | | M : | Domenico Scarlatti dies 23 July | | VA : | William Blake born 28 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : The Painter's Daughters | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni : Annunciation | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
| | DL : | Samuel Johnson: The Idler, weekly periodical | | RP : | Pope Benedict XIV dies; succeeded by Carlo della Torre Rezzonico as Pope Clement XIII | | RP : | Emerich de Vattel: Le Droit des gens | | RP : | Claude Adrien Helvétius: De l'esprit | | ED : | Serjeant's Inn (London Court) formed | | M : | First English manual on guitar playing published | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon born 4 April |
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| | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto : Justice and Peace | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : View of Vienna from the Belvedere | | LT : | Candide written by Voltaire | | DL : | The Botanical Gardens founded at Kew in London | | PH : | Cherokee War against the English begins | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of a Lady as a Vestal Virgin | | PH : | King Ferdinand VI of Spain dies; succeeded by Charles II | | RP : | Alexander Gerard: An Essay on Taste | | ED : | Oliver Goldshmith: An Enquiry Into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe | | RP : | Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal | | RP : | Adam Smith: Theory of Moral Sentiments | | VA : | William Chambers: Treatise on Civil Architecture | | ST : | Franz Aepinus: Testamen theoriae electricitatis et magnetesmi | | ED : | Bavarian Academy of Science founded | | ED : | British Museum opened (at Montagu House) | | DL : | The Publish Ledger, London daily paper, appears | | M : | George Frideric Handel dies 14 April |
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| | PH : | George III becomes King of England | | PH : | Catherine II, The Great becomes ruler of Russia | | PH : | King George II of England dies; succeeded by his grandson George III | | LT : | James Macpherson: Fragments of Ancient Poetry, Collected in the Highlands, famous literary fraud | | VA : | First exhibition of contemporary art at Royal Society of Arts, London | | M : | Noverre, ballet master at Stuttgart, publishes his Letter on Dancing and Ballets | | ED : | First British school for deaf and dumb opened by Thomas Braidwood, Edinburgh | | DL : | Josiah Wedgewood founds pottery works at Etrurua, Staffordshire | | ST : | Botanical Gardens in Kew, London, opened | | DL : | Rules of whist laid down by Edmund Hoyle | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Sonatas with Varied Repeats
| | VA : | George Stubbs : Mares and Foals in a Landscape | | VA : | Richard Wilson : Solitude | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : Mountain Landscape with Washerwomen and Fisherman |
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| | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Ballet, Don Juan
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphonies
No.6, No.7 and No.8 ('Morning', 'Midday' and 'Evening')
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Laundress | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Village Betrothal | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Diana & Cupid | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs : Parnassus
| | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Mrs. Martin | | PH : | Ieharu, the new Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Benjamin Victor: History of the Theatres of London and Dublin | | RP : | Henry Home: An Introduction to the Art of Thinking | | ST : | Russian scientist and poet Mikhail V. Lomonosov discovers the atmosphere of Venus | | ST : | B.G. Morgagni: On the Causes of Diseases, beginning of pathological anatomy | | ST : | Johann Peter Süssmilch initiates study of statistics | | ED : | First French veterinary school founded at Lyons | | ST : | Society of Arts, London, opens first exhibition of agricultural machines |
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| | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Queen Charlotte | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Orfeo ed Euridice
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : William Pointz | | VA : | George Stubbs : Whistlejacket | | VA : | Richard Wilson : Lake Albano | | PH : | Czarina Elizabeth of Russia dies; succeeded by Peter III, who dies by assassination; succeeded by Catherine II | | PH : | Treaty of Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia | | PH : | Russo-Prussian alliance against Austria signed | | PH : | Truce between Prussia, Saxony, and the Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Robert Lowth: Introduction to English Grammar | | RP : | George Campbell: Dissertation on Miracles | | ED : | John Parkhurst: Hebrew and English Lexicon | | RP : | Rousseau: Du Contrat social, ou principes du droit politique | | ED : | Sorbonne Library, Paris, opened | | VA : | Stuart and Revett: Classical Antiquities of Athens, Vol I | | M : | Benjamin Franklin improves the harmonica, turning it into a practical musical instrument | | ST : | At Carron ironworks in Stirlingshire, Scotland, cast iron converted for the first time into malleable iron |
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| | PH : | The Seven Years war ends with the Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg GO ! | | PH : | Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Filial Piety | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still-life with Pheasant | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : The Cupid Seller | | RP : | Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance | | ED : | Frederick the Great establishes village schools in Prussia |
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| | VA : | German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History of the Art of Antiquity | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.22, 'The Philosopher'
| | PH : | Pontiac's Rebellion in Ohio valley | | PH : | Stanislas Poniatowski elected King of Poland | | PH : | Hyder Ali usurps throne of Mysore | | RP : | Confiscation of Church lands in Russia | | PH : | Deposed Czar Ivan VI murdered in prison | | RP : | Jesuits suppressed in France | | LT : | The Literary Club founded in London by Dr. Johnson, with Burke, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Reynolds, etc. | | LT : | Literary salons founded in Paris by Mme. Necker and Mlle. de Lespinasse | | RP : | Cesare Beccaria-Conesana: On Crimes and Punishments | | RP : | Charles Bonnet: Contemplation de la nature | | ED : | Brown University, Providence, R.I. founded | | RP : | Voltaire: Philosophical Dictionary | | VA : | J.J. Winckelmann: History of Ancient Art | | ST : | James Watt invents condenser, first step toward steam engine | | DL : | London introduces practice of numbering houses | | PH : | April - Sugar Act passed by Parliament to offset expenses of the French and Indian War | | M : | Johann Mattheson dies 17 April | | PH : | July - James Otis publishes The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved | | VA : | William Hogarth dies 26 October |
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| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Studies of a Cat | | PH : | Joseph II becomes the Holy Roman Emperor | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto dies | | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Lady Sarah Bunbury
Sacrificing to the Graces | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : The Ruins of the Old
Kreuzkirche in Dresden | | PH : | British Parliament passes Stamp Act for taxing American colonies GO ! | | PH : | Emperor Francis I, Maria Theresa's husband dies; their son Joseph II succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, becomes co-regent with his mother | | RP : | A.R.J. Turgot: Refléxions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses | | ST : | Spallanzani suggests preserving by means of hermetic sealing | | DL : | Bank of Prussia founded by Frederick the Great | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo dies 15 July |
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| | ST : | The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Six Easy Keyboard Sonatas
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Swing | | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Portrait of David Hume | | PH : | Repeal of Stamp Act, but Declaratory Act states Britain's right to tax American colonies GO ! | | PH : | Frederick V of Denmark dies; succeeded by the mad Christian VII | | LT : | Theatre Royal, Bristol, opens, oldest British theatre still in use | | RP : | Czarina Catherine the Great grants freedom of worship in Russia | | ED : | Adam Ferguson: Essay on the History of Civil Society | | VA : | Lessing: Laokoon, against Winckelmann's theories | | ST : | Louis de Bougainville sets out on voyage to Pacific on which he discovers Tahiti, the Soloman Islands, and New Guinea | | DL : | First paved sidewalk laid in Westminster, London | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier dies 7 November |
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| | PH : | Russian-Turkish War | | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson born | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni dies | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Alceste
| | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : Academie | | PH : | Townshend Duties: taxes on imports of tea, glass, paper, and dyestuffs in American colonies; non-importation agreement at public protest meeting in Boston GO ! | | PH : | First Mysore War | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Spain, Parma, and the Two Sicilies | | RP : | Moses Mendelssohn: Phaedon, or the Immortality of Soul | | VA : | J.J. Winckelmann: Monumenti antichi inediti | | M : | Rousseau: Dictionnaire de musique | | ST : | Astronomer Royal, Nevill Maskelyne issues Nautical Almanac | | ED : | Maria Theresa and Joseph II introduce educational reforms in Austria | | ST : | Joseph Priestley: The History and Present State of Electricity | | DL : | Electrical machine with glass pane becomes a fashionable toy |
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| | DL : | The first modern Circus is formed in England by Philip Astley | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : Experiment with the Air-Pump | | PH : | Ali Bey, leader of the Mamelukes, Sultan of Egypt | | PH : | Gurkhas conquer Nepal | | RP : | Abraham Booth: Reign of Grace | | RP : | Joseph Priestley: Essay on the First Principles of Government | | RP : | Swedenborg: Delititiae sapientiae | | VA : | Founding of the Royal Academy, London, with Joshua Reynolds as president | | ST : | James Cook sails on first circumnavigation | | DL : | New criminal code, on humanist principles, introduced in Austria | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal dies 20 April | | VA : | John Crome born 22 December |
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| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.48, 'Maria Theresa'
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : Inspiration | | DL : | Privy council in London decides to retain tea duty in American colonies | | RP : | Charles Bonnet: Palingénésie philosophique | | RP : | Pope Clement XIII dies; Lorenzo Ganganelli becomes Pope Clement XIV | | RP : | Johann Gottfried von Herder: Kritische Wälder | | ST : | N.J. Cugnot constructs first steam road carriage | | DL : | The Morning Chronicle issued in London | | DL : | Johann Friedrich Oberlin opens first crêche at Steintal, Alsace |
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| | DL : | Louis, the future king of France, marries Marie Antoinette | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Paride ed Elena
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Portrait of Jonathan Buttall | | VA : | George Stubbs : A Horse Frightened by a Lion | | VA : | Benjamin West : Self Portrait | | VA : | Benjamin West : The Death of General Wolfe | | RP : | Edmund Burke: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents | | RP : | Kant: De mundi sensibilie et intelligibilis forma et principiis | | ST : | James cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia | | ED : | Elementary school education reformed in Austria | | ST : | English "Quack" John Hill introduces method of obtaining specimens for microscopic study | | ST : | Leonhard Euler: Introduction to Algebra | | DL : | First public restaurant opens in Paris | | DL : | Visiting cards introduced in England | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo dies 27 March | | LT : | William Wordsworth born 7 April | | VA : | Baron François Gérard born 4 May | | VA : | François Boucher dies 30 May | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven born 17 December | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Love Letter | | VA : | Hubert Robert : The Burning of the Hötel-Dieu during the Night of 29-30 December 1772
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| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Meeting | | PH : | Gustav III succeeds his father as king of Sweden | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : Self Portrait at the Easel | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : Clair de lune | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone | | PH : | Adolphus Frederick of Sweden dies; succeeded by Gustavus III | | ED : | Encyclopaedia Britannica, first edition | | RP : | John William Fletcher: Five Checks to Antinomianism | | ED : | William Robertson: History of America | | VA : | Horace Walpole: Anecdotes of Painting | | ST : | Luigi Galvani discovers electrical nature of nervous impulse | | ST : | The Smeatonian Club for engineers founded in London | | DL : | The Assembly room, Bath, England, opened | | DL : | New York Hospital founded | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros born 16 March | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott born 15 August |
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| | VA : | Louis Tocqué dies | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Poems | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.45, 'Farewell'
| | PH : | Boston Assembly demands rights of colonies, threatens secession | | DL : | Royal Marriage Act in Britain to prevent undesirable royal marriages | | PH : | First Partition of Poland | | LT : | The Göttinger Hainbund, society of young patriotic German poets, formed | | ED : | Herder: On the Origin of Speech, on comparative philology | | RP : | Inquisition abolished in France | | RP : | Mirabeau: Essai sur le despotisme | | RP : | F.S. Sullivan, Irish jurist: Lectures on the Feudal Law and the Constitution and Laws of England | | M : | Flight and Kelly, London firm of organ builders, produces first barrel organs | | ST : | Leonhard Eurler: Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne, on mechanics, optics, acoustics, and astronomy | | ST : | Daniel Rutherford and Joseph Priestley independently discover nitrogen | | DL : | Judge William Murray decides in the Somerset case that a slave is free on landing in England | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge born 21 October |
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| | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Götz von Berlichingen | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Exsultate, Jubilate
('Exult, Rejoice') for soprano and orchestra.
| | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Ladies Adorning
a Term of Hymen | | VA : | Hubert Robert : Landscape with an Arch and The Dome of St Peter's in Rome
| | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : Young Greek Maidens Deck Sleeping Cupid With Flowers | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : Lover Crowning His Mistress | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : The Iron Forge Viewed from Without | | LT : | Swedish national theatre established in Stockholm | | RP : | Pope Clement XIV dissolves Jesuit Order | | RP : | John Eerskine: Institutes of the Law in Scotland | | RP : | Joseph II expels Jesuits from the Empire | | M : | Charles Burney: The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Provinces | | M : | The waltz becomes fashionable in Vienna | | ED : | Philadelphia Museum founded | | DL : | 10 May - British East India Company Regulating Act | | DL : | 29-30 November - Boston Tea Party: protest against tea duty |
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| | PH : | Louis XVI becomes King of France | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: The Sorrows of Werther | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Iphigénie en Aulide
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.29
| | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : Landscape with the Education of Bacchus | | PH : | Quebec Act, to secure Canada's loyalty to Great Britain, established Roman Catholicism in Canada | | PH : | Louis XV, King of France, dies; succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI | | PH : | First Continental Congress meets GO ! | | PH : | Accession of Abdul Hamid I as Sultan of Turkey | | LT : | Lord Chesterfield: Letters to His Son, on how a gentleman should behave | | RP : | John Campbell: A Political Survey of Great Britain | | RP : | John Cartwright: American Independence, the Glory and Interest of great Britain | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Poland | | RP : | Anne Lee of Massachusetts settles in New York to begin a spiritualist revival | | ST : | Aust. physician F.A. Mesmer uses hypnosis for health purposes | | ED : | Swiss educator Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi founds school for orphaned and neglected children in Zurich to enable them to lead productive lives | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich born 5 September |
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| | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Devotional Pieces | | VA : | Gavin Hamilton : Priam Pleading with Achilles
for the Body of Hector | | PH : | Peasant's revolts in Bohemia against servitude | | PH : | American Revolution begins GO ! | | RP : | Cardinal Gianangelo Braschi elected in Feb as Pope Pius VI after a long conclave | | RP : | Justus Moser: Patriotische Phantasien, plea for one organic Germany | | ST : | Digitalis used for first time as a diuretic in dropsy | | ST : | J.C. Fabricius: Systema entomolgiae, classification of insects | | ST : | Pierre-Simon Girard invents water turbine | | ST : | James Watt perfects his invention of the Steam engine | | DL : | First British banks' clearinghouse established in Lombard Street, London | | DL : | First Thames Regatta | | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner born 23 April |
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| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : A Young Girl Reading | | PH : | Treaty of Copenhagen between Russia and Denmark | | RP : | John Cartwright: Take your Choice, on parliamentary reform | | ED : | Edward Gibbon: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | | RP : | Richard Price:Observations on Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War with America | | RP : | Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations | | M : | Charles Burney: History of Music | | M : | Concerts of Ancient Music, London | | DL : | U.S. Congress institutes a national lottery | | DL : | Military ski competitions in Norway | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto dies | | M : | Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann born 24 January | | VA : | John Constable born 11 June | | PH : | 4 July - Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence GO ! |
|
|
| | RP : | Christianity introduced in Korea | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Armide
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Paternal Curse | | LT : | Court and National Theatre, Mannheim, founded | | RP : | Joseph Priestley: Disquisition Relating to Matter and Spirit | | ST : | American engineer David Bushnell invents torpedo | | ST : | Lavoisier proves that air consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen | | DL : | Stars and Stripes adopted as Continental Congress flag | | M : | Heinrich Heine born 13 December |
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|
| | PH : | War of Bavarian Succession | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Lessons for Children of Two to Three Years Old and Lessons for Children of Three Years Old | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Iphigénie en Tauride
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Portrait of Count
Stroganov as a Child | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Wicked
Son Punished | | VA : | Benjamin West : Romeo and Juliet | | PH : | American colonies sign treaties with France and Holland GO ! | | RP : | G.L.L. Buffon: Epoques de la Nature | | RP : | J.A. Deluc: Lettres physiques et morals sur les montagnes | | M : | La Scala, Milan, opened | | ST : | James cook discovers Hawaii | | DL : | Act of Congress prohibits import of slaves into the U.S. | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Piranesi dies 9 November |
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|
| | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Heilig
for two choruses
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart :
Sinfonia Concertante
| | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : Firework Display at the Castel Sant' Angelo in Rome | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britian | | PH : | British war against Mahrattas in India | | LT : | Samuel Johnson: Lives of the Poets | | RP : | David Hume: Dialogues of Natural Religion (posth.) | | ST : | James Rennel: "Bengal Atlas" | | DL : | First children's clinic, London | | DL : | The Derby established at Epson racetrack, Surrey, England | | DL : | Pope Pius VI begins draining Pontine Marshes | | DL : | First 'velocipedes' appear in Paris | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs dies 29 June | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin dies 6 December |
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|
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : Education is Everything | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : Fête at Rambouillet | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Young Woman
in a White Hat | | PH : | Henry Grattan demands Home Rule for Ireland | | PH : | Gordon riots in London ("No Popery") | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Bohemia and Hungary | | PH : | Empress Maria Theresa dies; succeeded by her son Joseph II | | PH : | Outbreak of Second Mysore War | | PH : | Rebellion in Peru against Spanish rule | | RP : | Gaetano Filangieri: Science of Legislation | | M : | Spanish dance 'bolero' invented | | M : | Sébastien Erard makes first modern pianoforte | | ST : | Circular saw invented by Gervinus | | ST : | American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston | | DL : | Scheller constructs first fountain pen | | DL : | The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, first Sunday newspapers, appear in London | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres born 29 August | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto dies 17 October | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Stolen Kiss |
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| | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Nightmare | | ST : | William Herschel discovers the Planet Uranus | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Hymns in Prose for Children | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Sonata
No.11 in A
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Horn Concerto
No.4
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Serenade No.10
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Idomeneo
| | PH : | Warren Hastings deposes Rajah of Benares, plunders treasure of the Nabob of Oudh | | ED : | Clarendon Press, Oxford, established | | RP : | Franciscan monks settle at Los Angeles | | DL : | Joseph II grants patent of religious tolerance and freedom of press in Austria | | RP : | Kant: Critique of Pure Reason, fundamental work of modern philosophy | | RP : | Moses Mendelssohn: On the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews | | M : | Johann Adam Hiller establishes the Gewandhaus concerts at Leipzig | | ST : | Herschel discovers the planet Uranus | | ST : | Composition of mineral tungsten discovered | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Aust. dominions |
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|
| | VA : | Henry Fuseli : The Three Witches | | LT : | William Blake: Poetical Sketches | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Abduction from the Seraglio
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Six string quartets
published as Opus 33
| | VA : | Francesco Guardi : Concert | | VA : | George Romney : Lady Hamilton as 'Nature' | | PH : | Tippoo Sahib succeeds Hyder Ali in Mysore | | PH : | Rama I founds new dynasty in Siam, makes Bangkok his capital | | PH : | Pope Pius VI in Vienna fails to persuade Joseph II to rescind program of tolerance | | RP : | Joseph Priestley: A History of the Corruptions of Christianity | | ED : | Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, founded | | RP : | Dugald Stewart: Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind | | ST : | Montgolfier brothers construct air balloon | | ST : | James Watt invents double-acting rotary steam engine | | PH : | Bank of North America established in Philadelphia | | VA : | Richard Wilson dies 15 May | | M : | Nicolò Paganini born 27 October |
|
|
| | ST : | First successful hot-air ballon flight
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau dies | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.36, 'Linz'
| | PH : | Great Britain recognises American independence | | DL : | Joseph II enforces Germ. language in Bohemia | | DL : | Famine in Japan | | ST : | William Herschel: Motion of the Solar System in Space | | RP : | Kant: Prolegomen to Any Possible Metaphysics | | RP : | Moses Mendelssohn: Jerusalem, plea for freedom of conscience | | RP : | Charles Simeon begins evangelical movement at Cambridge | | DL : | Bank of Ireland founded | | DL : | Civil marriage and divorce in Aust. dominions |
|
|
| | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Portrait of Mrs. Siddons
as the Tragic Muse | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : The Oath of the Horatii | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Lady Macbeth | | PH : | Treaty of Constantinople: Turkey agrees to Russian annexation of the Crimea | | PH : | Joseph II abrogates constitution in Hungary, suppressing feudal rights | | RP : | First Anglican bishop for the colonies | | ED : | Bengal Asiatic Society (study of Sanskrit) founded by William Jones | | RP : | Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: Etudes de la nature | | RP : | Herder: Ideas Toward a Philosophy of History | | RP : | Kant: Notion of a Universal History in a Cosmopolitan Sense | | RP : | John Wesley's Deed of Declaration, the charter of Wesleyan Methodism | | ST : | Swiss inventor Aimé Argant designs oil burner | | ST : | Eng. mathematician George Atwood accurately determines acceleration of a free-falling body | | ST : | Joseph Bramah constructs first patent lock | | ST : | Goethe discovers human intermaxillary bone | | ST : | Scot. millwright Andrew Meikle invents threshing machine | | ED : | First school for the blind in Paris | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Denmark | | VA : | Allan Ramsay dies 10 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.20
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.21
| | VA : | George Stubbs : Haymaking | | PH : | Der Fürstenbund (League of German Princes) formed by Frederick the Great against Joseph II | | PH : | Commercial Treaty signed between Prussia and the U.S. | | LT : | The Reverend James Wilmot of Warwickshire identifies Francis Bacon, as author of Shakespeare's plays | | ED : | Educational reforms in Germany | | RP : | Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Ethics | | PH : | James Madison's Religious Freedom Act abolishes religious tests in Virginia | | RP : | William Paley: Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy | | ST : | Salsano: seismograph for measuring earthquakes | | VA : | Pietro Longhi dies 8 May |
|
|
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.38, 'Prague'
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.23
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Marriage of Figaro
| | M : | Joseph Haydn :
'Paris' symphonies (including No.82 and No.83, 'The Bear' and 'The Hen')
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.24
| | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Oedipus Cursing His Son, Polynices | | PH : | Frederick the Great dies; succeeded by his nephew Frederick William II | | LT : | Berlin Court Theatre opens | | RP : | Mennonites from Central Europe settle in Canada | | ST : | William Herschel: Catalogue of Nebulae | | ST : | M.H.Klaproth, Ger. chemist, discovers uranium | | ST : | American inventor H.James Rumsey designs first mechanically driven boat | | ST : | Earliest attempts at internal gas lighting in Germany and England | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber born 18 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : The Woodsman | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Serenade, Eine kleine Nachtmusik
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Il dissoluto punito, ossia Il Don Giovanni
('The Rake Punished, or Don Giovanni')
| | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Heads of Angels | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : The Death of Socrates
| | VA : | Hubert Robert : The Pont du Gard | | VA : | George Romney : Miss Constable | | PH : | Aust. Netherlands declared province of Hapsburg monarchy | | PH : | Parliament of Paris demands summoning of States-General | | PH : | Turkey declares war on Russia | | RP : | John Adams: A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the U.S.A. | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Defence of usury | | ED : | Imperial Russian Dictionary with 285 words in 200 languages | | RP : | James Madison: The Vices of the Political System of the United States | | ST : | Lavoisier: Méthode de nomenclature chimique | | DL : | Dollar currency introduced in the US | | DL : | English settlement founded for freed slaves in Sierra Leone | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni dies 4 February |
|
|
| | DL : | London's Daily Universal Register becomes the Times | | LT : | William Blake: Natural Religion | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Double Concerto
for Harpsichord, Piano and Orchestra in Eb
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.39
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto
for Flute and Harp in C Major
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.40
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.41 ('Jupiter')
| | PH : | Austria declares war on Turkey | | DL : | Brit. parliamentary motion for abolition of slave trade | | PH : | George III's first attack of mental illness; regency crisis in England | | RP : | Kant Critique of Practical Reason | | ED : | John Lemprière: Classical Dictionary | | RP : | Hannah More: Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General Society | | ST : | James Hutton: New Theory of the Earth | | ST : | Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace: Laws of the Planetary System | | DL : | Bread riots in France | | DL : | First German cigar factory opens | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron born 22 January | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour dies 17 February | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough dies 2 August | | M : | C.P.E. Bach dies 14 December | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli dies 30 December |
|
|
| | PH : | George Washington elected the First President of the United States GO ! | | PH : | The French Revolution begins | | ST : | Planetary satellites of Saturn, Enceladus and Mimas were discovered by Herschel | | LT : | William Wordsworth: An Evening Walk | | LT : | William Blake: Songs of Innocence | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Cosi fan tutte
('Women Are All the Same')
| | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons
| | VA : | George Romney : Tom Hayley as Robin Goodfellow
| | PH : | King George II of England recovers | | PH : | Aust. Netherlands declare independence as Belgium | | PH : | Abdul Hamid I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his nephew Selim III | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation | | M : | Charles Burney: History of Music | | ST : | Antoine Jussieu: Genera plantarum, modern classification of plants | | ED : | Pennsylvania State University | | DL : | Journal des dèbates founded in Paris | | DL : | Tammany founded as benevolent institution, but shortly after becomes political | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet dies 3 December |
|
|
| | LT : | William Blake: Marriage of Heaven and Hell | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Thor in the Boat of Hymir | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : An Italian Landscape with Mountains and a River | | PH : | Joseph of Austria dies; succeeded by his brother Leopold II | | PH : | Festival of Champs de Mars, Paris; Louis XVI accepts the constitution | | PH : | Third Mysore War | | LT : | Royal Literary Fund initiated by David Williams | | RP : | Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France | | RP : | Jews in France are granted civil liberties | | RP : | Kant : Kritik der Urteilskraft | | RP : | The first Roman Catholic bishop consecrated in America | | M : | First musical competition in America | | ST : | Lavoisier: Table of Thirty-One Chemical Elements | | RP : | Alexander Raditcheff: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a plea for the emancipation of serfs | | DL : | Washington, D.C., founded | | PH : | First session of the Supreme Court of the U.S. | | VA : | William Blake : The Marriage of Heaven & Hell |
|
|
| | LT : | William Blake: The French Revolution | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade of 1791 | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Requiem Mass
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : German Dances
(set of 3), 'Sleigh Ride'
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.27
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Clarinet Concerto
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Magic Flute
| | VA : | Benjamin West : The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise | | PH : | Louis XVI, trying to leave France with his family is caught at Varennes and returned to Paris | | PH : | Massacre of the Champ de Mars, Paris | | PH : | Fr. National Assembly dissolves | | PH : | First ten amendments to U.S. constitution (Bill of Rights) ratified GO ! | | PH : | Canada Constitutional Act divides the country into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada | | RP : | Herder: Ideen zur Philosophie die Geschichte der Menschheit | | RP : | Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man, Part I | | RP : | Philippe Pinel: Traitè mèdico-philosophique sur l'aliènation mentale | | M : | The waltz becomes fashionable in England | | DL : | Bank of North America founded | | DL : | Wilberfource's motion for abolition of slave trade carried through Parliament | | ED : | London School of Veterinary Surgery founded | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault born 26 September | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dies 5 December |
|
|
| | LT : | The Old Farmers Almanac is published for the first time | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Remarks on Gilbert Wakefield's Enquiry into . . . Public or Social Worship | | M : | Joseph Haydn :
'London' symphonies (including No.94 'The Surprise')
| | PH : | Peace of Jassy ends war between Russia and Turkey | | PH : | Leopold II of Austria dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Francis II | | PH : | The Girondists form ministry in France; the royal family imprisoned | | PH : | Gustavus II assassinated in Stockholm Opera House: succeeded as King of Sweden by Gustavus IV | | PH : | France declares war on Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia | | DL : | Denmark is the first nation to abolish the slave trade | | PH : | Two political parties formed in the U.S.: The Republican and the Federalist | | RP : | Baptist Missionary Society founded in London | | RP : | Thomas Paine: Rights of Man, Part II | | RP : | Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women | | ST : | Worlds's first chemical society founded, Philadelphia | | ST : | French engineer Claude Chappe invents mechanical semaphore signal | | ST : | Illuminating gas used in England for the first time | | DL : | Libel Act passed in Britain | | DL : | Dollar coinage minted in U.S. | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini born 29 February |
|
|
| | PH : | Reign of Terror in France | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches | | LT : | William Blake: America: A Prophecy and Visions of the Daughters of Albion | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Marat Assassinated
| | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : Endymion Asleep | | VA : | George Stubbs : William Anderson with Two Saddle-horses
| | PH : | Louis XVI executed | | PH : | Reign of Terror begins | | RP : | Roman Catholicism banned in France | | PH : | Queen Marie Antoinette executed | | PH : | Holy Roman Empire declares war on France | | PH : | Second Partition of Poland | | ED : | Compulsory public education in France from the age of six | | RP : | The Feast of Reason in St. Eustache Church, Paris | | RP : | William Godwin; The Inquiry concerning Political Justice | | RP : | Kant: Religion innherhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Religion within the limits of mere reason) | | ST : | Kermadec Islands discovered | | ST : | Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin | | DL : | Board of Agriculture established in Britain | | DL : | U.S. law compels escaped slaves to return to their owners | | VA : | Francesco Guardi dies in January | | LT : | John Clare born 13 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship | | LT : | William Blake: Songs of Innocence and of Experience and The First Book of Urizen | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Self Portrait | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Sir John Sinclair | | VA : | William Blake : God as an Architect | | PH : | "Feast of the Supreme Being" in Paris | | PH : | The Commune of Paris abolished | | PH : | Jacobin Club closed | | PH : | Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Britian | | PH : | Agha Mohammed founds the Kajar dynasty in Persia | | PH : | U.S. Navy established | | LT : | Drury Lane Theatre, London, reopened | | ST : | Erasmus Darwin: Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life | | RP : | Thomas Paine: The Age of Reason | | ST : | Adrien Legendre: Elèments de gèomètrie | | ST : | First telegraph, Paris - Lille | | DL : | Slavery abolished in French colonies | | ED : | Ecole Normale founded in Paris | | ED : | Ecole Polytechnique, the word's first technical college, opens in Paris | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant born 3 November |
|
|
| | LT : | William Blake: The Song of Los | | M : | Joseph Haydn :
Six more 'London' symphonies (including No.100 'The Military', and No.101, 'The Clock'
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Jean-Baptiste Isabey and his Daughter | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Miss Eleanor Urquhart | | PH : | Bread riots and White Terror in Paris | | PH : | Napoleon appointed commander-in-chief, Italy | | PH : | Secret treaty between Austria and Russia for Third Partition of Poland; joined by Prussia | | PH : | Third Partition of Poland | | PH : | King Stanislas II abdicates | | PH : | Treaty of San Lorenzo between U.S. and Spain settles boundary with Florida | | RP : | Freedom of worship in France | | RP : | Kant: Zum ewigen Frieden | | M : | Paris Conservatoire de Musique founded | | ST : | Joseph Bramah invents hydraulic press | | ED : | Institute National, Paris, to replace the abolished academies | | ST : | Metric system adopted in France | | DL : | Speenhamland Act for poor relief in Britain | | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds dies 23 February | | LT : | Joseph Rodman Drake born 7 August | | LT : | John Keats born 31 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems on Various Subjects | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Trumpet Concerto
| | PH : | John Adams elected second president of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britain | | PH : | Agha Mohammed of Persia siezes Khurasan in Khuzistan | | PH : | Kau-Tsung, great Manchu Emperor of China dies, succeeded by Kia-King | | RP : | Louis de Bonald: Thèorie du pouvoir politique et religieux | | RP : | Jean Jacques Cambacérès: Projet de code civil | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Considérations sur la France | | RP : | Richard Watson: An Apology for the Bible | | ST : | G.L.C. Cuvier founds the science of comparative zoology | | ST : | C.W.Hufeland: Macrobiotics, or The Art to Prolong One's Life | | ST : | Engl. physician Edward Jenner introduces vaccination against smallpox | | ST : | J.T. Lowitz prepares pure ethyl alcohol | | DL : | Edict of Peking forbids import of opium into China | | DL : | Freedom of press in France | | ED : | Royal Technical College, Glasgow, founded | | VA : | Camille Corot born 16 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems, Second Edition | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Six string quartets
published as Opus 76 (including 'Emperor Quartet')
| | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley | | PH : | Napoleon proclaims Venetian Constitution, founds Ligurian Republic in Genoa | | PH : | Peace of Campo Formio between France and Austria | | PH : | Final treaty of Polish partition | | PH : | Frederick William II dies; succeeded as King of Prussia by his son Frederick William III | | PH : | Fath Ali, Shah of Persia | | RP : | Chateaubriand: Essai historique, politique, et moral sur les révolutions | | RP : | Kant: Metaphysik der Sitten | | RP : | Schelling: Idden zu einer Philosophie der Natur | | RP : | Wackenroder and Tieck: Outpourings of a Monk, romantic religious essays | | RP : | William Wilberforce: Practical View of the Religious System | | ST : | Thomas Bewick: British Birds | | ST : | J.L.Langrange: Théorie des fonctions analytiques | | ST : | Ger. astronomer H.W.M.Olbers publishes his method of calculating the orbits of comets | | ST : | Nicolas de Saussure: Recherches chimiques sur la végétation | | DL : | First copper pennies minted in England and first one-pound notes issued | | M : | Franz Schubert born 31 January | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby dies 29 August | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti born 29 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Oratorio
The Creation
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.1
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : Buttermere Lake: A Shower | | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Cupid and Psyche | | PH : | French capture Rome: proclaim Roman Republic; Pope Pius VI leaves the city for Valence | | PH : | Napoleon master of Egypt | | PH : | King Ferdinand IV of Naples declares war on France and enters Rome | | PH : | Treaty of Hyderabad between Britain and the Nizam | | PH : | The last King of Poland, Augustus Stanislas II dies | | RP : | T.R.Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population | | ST : | Ger. inventor Aloys Senefelder invents lithography | | DL : | Income tax of 10% of all incomes over £200 introduced in Britain as wartime measure | | VA : | Gavin Hamilton dies 4 January | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix born 26 April |
|
|
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Die Maske
three-act singspiel
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Pathétique Piano Sonata
| | PH : | Austria declares war on France | | PH : | Britain joins Russo-Turk alliance | | PH : | Kingdom of Mysore divided between Britain and Hyderabad | | RP : | Church Missionary Society founded in London | | RP : | Fichte: System der Sittenlehre | | RP : | Herder: Metakritik, attacks Kant and Fichte | | RP : | Schlegel: Geschichte der Poesie der Griechen und Römer | | RP : | Schleiermacher: Reden über die Religion | | ED : | Universities of Cologne and Mainz closed | | ED : | Egyptian Institute founded at Cairo | | ED : | Pestalozzi's school in Burgdorf, Switzerland, opened | | ED : | Rosetta Stone found - deciphering of hieroglyphics now possible |
|
|
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.1
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : Nude Maja | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Portrait of Madame Récamier | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Lieutenant Colonel William Shirriff H.E.I.C.S.
| | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Lady Anne Torphicen | | VA : | William Blake : Job and his Daughters | | PH : | U.S. federal offices are moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. - the new capital city | | PH : | Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to draw up Civil Code | | RP : | Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII | | RP : | Fichte: Der geschlossene Handelsstaat | | RP : | Arnold Heeren: European Political Systems | | RP : | Schelling: System des transzendentalen Idealismus | | RP : | Church of United Brethren in Christ founded in the U.S. | | ST : | German physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology | | ST : | William Herschel discovers existence of infrared solar rays | | ED : | Royal College of Surgeons, London, founded | | ST : | Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell; first battery of zinc and copper plates | | ST : | Eli Whitney makes muskets with interchangeable parts | | DL : | Letter post introduced in Berlin | | DL : | Robert Owen takes over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms |
|
|
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Overture, Musica per la chiesa
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Oratorio
The Seasons
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Moonlight' Piano Sonata
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.3
| | PH : | Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force | | PH : | Peace of Lunéville between Austria and France marks the actual end of the Holy Roman Empire | | PH : | Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President of U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Czar Paul I assassinated; succeeded by Alexander I | | RP : | K.F. Gauss: Disquisitiones arithmeticae | | RP : | Hegel and Schelling published the Critical Journal of Philosophy | | ST : | M.F.X. Bichat: Anatomie générale | | ST : | American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces the first submarine "Nautilus" | | ST : | J.J. Lalande catalogues 47,390 stars | | DL : | Bank of France founded | | DL : | The Union Jack becomes official flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | | ST : | Victoria Regia discovered in Amazon Territory | | M : | Vincenzo Bellini born 3 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.2
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Madame Récamier | | PH : | Napoleon becomes President of Italian Republic | | PH : | Peace of Amiens between Britain and France | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Civil and Penal Legislation | | ED : | G.F. Grotefend deciphers Babylonian cuneiform | | RP : | Daniel Webster: The Rights of Neutral Nations in Time of War | | VA : | Period of the Classicist Empire style | | ST : | John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry | | ST : | William Herschel discovers binary stars | | ST : | German naturalist Gottfried Trevinarus coins the term "biology" | | DL : | Peerage published in London by John Debrett | | DL : | The Duke of Richmond introduces horse racing at Goodwood | | DL : | "Health and Morals of Apprentices" Act in Britain | | VA : | George Romney dies 15 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in G
(lost)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Kreutzer' Violin Sonata
| | PH : | Swiss cantons regain independence (Act of Mediation) | | PH : | U.S. buys large tract of land from Louisiana Purchase GO ! | | PH : | Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior | | RP : | Greek patriot Adamantios Coräes publishes his Present Conditions of Civilisation in Greece | | RP : | Joseph Lancaster: Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes | | ST : | Claude Berthollet: Essai de statique chimique | | ST : | Lazare Carnot: Principes fondamentaux de l'équilibre et du mouvement | | ST : | Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power | | ST : | Henry Shrapnel invents shell | | ST : | Building of Caledonian Canal begins | | ED : | Technical College, Prague, founded | | M : | Adolphe Adam born 24 July | | M : | Hector Berlioz born 11 December |
|
|
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Waldstein' Piano Sonata
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.3 ('Eroica')
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : The Passage
of the St. Gothard | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon in the
Pesthouse at Jaffa | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Innocence Preferring Love to Wealth
| | PH : | Napoleon, proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate, is crowned in the presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris | | PH : | Francis II assumes the title of Emperor of Austria as Francis I | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britain | | RP : | British and Foreign Bible Society founded in London | | PH : | Code Napoléon promulgated | | ST : | Thomas Brown Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect | | VA : | English Water Colour Society founded | | ST : | Thomas Bewick completes his History of British Birds | | DL : | The first dahlias in England | | M : | Mikhail Glinka born 1 June |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Elegiac Stanzas | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in D Minor
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Die lustigen Musikanten
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : 24 Caprices
for solo violin
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Opera, Fidelio
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Appasionata' Piano Sonata
| | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : The Empress Josephine | | VA : | Benjamin West : The Fatal Wounding of Sir Philip Sidney | | PH : | Thomas Jefferson begins his second term as President of U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against France, joined by Austria | | PH : | Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan | | PH : | Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France; Bavaria and Württemberg becomes kingdoms | | PH : | Establishment of modern Egypt; Mehemet Ali proclaimed Pasha | | RP : | Hosea Ballou: A Treatise on Atonement | | RP : | Lord Liverpool: Treatise on the Coins of the Realm | | ST : | Rockets, originally constructed by Sir William Congreve, are reintroduced as weapons into the British army | | ST : | F.W.A. Sartürner isolates morphine | | DL : | Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar | | ED : | Pestalozzi school at Yverdun, Switzerland | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze dies 21 March | | M : | Luigi Boccherini dies 28 May |
|
|
| | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Fugitive Pieces privately printed | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Symphony,
Eb
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Razumovsky' String Quartets
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Violin Concerto
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.4
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.4
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Napoleon | | PH : | Joseph Bonaparte named King of Naples | | PH : | Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland | | PH : | Napoleon's Berlin Decree begins "Continental System" | | PH : | Confederation of Rhine founded | | PH : | Peace of Posen: Saxony is made a kingdom | | ED : | J.C. Adelun: Mithridates, a History of Languages and Dialects | | RP : | Fichte: Bericht über die Wissenschaftslehre | | ED : | Institute de France created by combining Académie Française with other academies | | RP : | James Madison: An Examination of the British Doctrine which Subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not Open in Time of Peace | | RP : | Napoleon establishes a consistorial organisation for Jews in France | | ST : | P.A. Latreille: Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum | | ST : | Sir Francis Beaufort designs scale to indicate wind strength | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning born 6 March | | VA : | George Stubbs dies 10 July | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard dies 22 August |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Poems in two volumes | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hours of Idleness | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet
for piano, two violins, viola, doublebass
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet
for harp, two violins, viola, cello
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Liebe und Eifersucht
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Symphonies
No.1 and No.2
| | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Portrait of Count Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy
| | PH : | Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon, the Czar, and the King of Prussia | | PH : | Jerome Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia | | PH : | Napoleon ensures dictatorship by suppressing Tribunate | | PH : | Sultan Selim III of Turkey deposed and succeeded by Mustafa IV | | DL : | Baron von Stein emancipates serfs | | PH : | France invades Portugal: dethroned Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil | | RP : | U.S. Evangelical Association, founded by Jacob Albright, holds its first convention | | PH : | Commercial Law Code introduced in France | | RP : | Hegel: Phänomenologie des Geistes | | RP : | Gottlieb Hufeland: New Foundations of Political Economy | | ST : | Charles Bell: System of Comparative Surgery | | ED : | Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland: Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, 1799-1804, on Spanish America (first of 30 volumes) | | DL : | Horse racing: First Ascot Gold Cup | | DL : | England prohibits slave trade | | DL : | Street lighting by gas in London |
|
|
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Colossus | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Marmion | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Canzoni
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Der Trank der Unsterblichkeit
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Für Elise' (completed 1810)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Symphonies No.5 and No.6
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Caroline Murat and her Children | | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : The Entombment of Atala | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon on the Battlefield
of Eylau on 9 February 1807 | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : David Johnston | | DL : | U.S. prohibits importation of slaves from Africa | | PH : | Joseph Bonaparte becomes king of Spain, Joachim Murat becomes King of Naples | | PH : | Erfurt Congress | | PH : | Rebellion in Madrid: King Joseph flees; Napoleon takes city | | LT : | Théâtre St. Philippe, New Orleans, opened | | RP : | John Dalton: New System of Chemical Philosophy | | RP : | J.F. Fries: New Critique of Reason | | RP : | Napoleon abolishes the Inquisition in Spain and Italy | | RP : | Schlegel: Von der Sprache und Weisheit der Inder | | ST : | J.L.Gay-Lussac: The Combination of Gases | | ST : | The source of the Ganges River discovered | | DL : | Baronetage published in London by John Debrett | | DL : | Disappearance of fashion of pigtails in men's hair | | ED : | Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii | | DL : | Henry Crabb Robinson, the first war correspondent, sent by The Times of London to Spain to report on the Peninsular War | | VA : | Hubert Robert dies 15 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Abbey in an Oak Forest | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien dies | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Elective Affinities | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Piano Trio
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Miserere in Bb
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Incidental music
to the play Turandot
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.5 ('Emperor')
| | PH : | Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and Turkey | | PH : | War between France and Austria | | PH : | Peace of Schönbrunn | | PH : | Austria joins Continental System | | PH : | James Madison becomes 4th President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | King Gustavus IV of Sweden deposed; succeeded by Charles XIII | | PH : | Marshal Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Prince of Sweden | | PH : | Treaty of friendship between Britain and the Sikhs at Amritsar | | PH : | Napoleon annexes Papal States; Pope Pius VII taken prisoner | | PH : | Ecuador gains independence from Spain | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn born 3 February | | M : | Joseph Haydn dies 31 May | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson born 6 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Morning in the Riesengebirge | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lady in the Lake | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Overture and incidental music to Egmont
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Cloister Graveyard in the Snow | | PH : | Napoleon annexes Holland, Hanover, Bremen, Hamburg, Lauenburg, and Lübeck | | PH : | Venezuela breaks away from Spain | | RP : | Lazare Carnot: De la défense des places fortes | | RP : | Société de Amis formed in Geneva by Protestant revivalists | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generation of Political Constitutions | | VA : | The "Nazarenes" founded by J.F. Overbeck to revive German religious art | | ST : | Gail and Spurzheim: Anatomie et physiologie du systèm nerveux | | ST : | Samuel Hahnemann founds homeopathy | | ST : | François Appert develops techniques for canning food | | DL : | First public billiards rooms in England at the Piazza, Covent Garden, London | | M : | Frederic Chopin born 1 March | | M : | Robert Schumann born 8 June |
|
|
| | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Eighteen Hundred And Eleven, A Poem | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Abu Hassan
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Archduke' Piano Trio
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Jupiter and Thetis | | PH : | George III of England insane; Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent | | DL : | Austria bankrupt | | PH : | Paraguay independent of Spain | | RP : | K.A. Böttiger: Kunstmythologie | | PH : | Civil Code introduced in Austria | | RP : | "Great Schism" of Welsh Protestants; two thirds leave Anglican Church | | ED : | Barthold G. Niebuhr: Roman History | | ED : | J.P.A. Récusat: Essai sur la langue et la littérature | | ED : | University of Christiania, Oslo, founded | | ED : | National University of Nicaragua founded | | DL : | John Rennie begins the building of Waterloo Bridge, London | | M : | Prague Conservatoire is opened | | ST : | Amadeo Avogadro: hypothesis of the molecular composition of gases | | ST : | Sir Charles Bell: New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain | | ST : | S.O. Poisson: Traité de Mécanique | | DL : | French Press Agency founded (later to becomes Agence Havas) | | DL : | "Luddites" destroy industrial machines in North England | | M : | Franz Liszt born 22 October |
|
|
| | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold cantos I and II, published | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Aurora
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La scala di seta
('The Silken Ladder')
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Symphonies No.7 and No.8
| | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Napoleon in His Study
| | PH : | U.S. declares war on Britain GO ! | | RP : | Baptist Union of Great Britain formed | | ED : | H.F. Genesius: Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary | | RP : | Hegel: Die objective Logik | | RP : | Jews in Prussia emancipated (Hardenberg reforms) | | VA : | Elgin Marbles brought to England | | M : | Founding of Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna | | VA : | Swiss explorer Burckhardt discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel | | ST : | Georges Cuvier: Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes | | ST : | Humphry Davy: Elements of Chemical Philosophy | | ST : | Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning flax | | ST : | Laplace: Thérie analytique | | DL : | Royal Yacht Squadron founded | | DL : | Gas, Light and Coke Company, London developed by F.A. Winsor | | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau born 15 April | | LT : | Robert Browning born 7 May |
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|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Rokeby | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, L'italiana in Algeri
('The Italian Girl in Algiers')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Le streghe
('Witches Dance')
| | PH : | Prussia declares war on France | | PH : | Austria declares war on France | | PH : | French expelled from Holland; return of William of Orange | | PH : | Simón Bolivar becomes dictator of Venezuela | | PH : | Mexico declares itself independent | | RP : | J.F. Herbart: Introduction to Philosophy | | RP : | Methodist Missionary Society founded | | RP : | Robert Owen: A New View of Society | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom sureichenden Grunde | | M : | London Philharmonic Society founded | | DL : | Last gold guinea coins issued in England | | M : | The waltz conquers the European ballrooms | | M : | Richard Wagner born 22 May | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi born 10 October |
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|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: The Excursion | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Waverly | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Corsair and Lara published | | M : | Franz Schubert : Song, Gretchen am Spinnerade
('Gretchen and the Spinning Wheel')
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Third of May, 1808 | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Grand Odalisque | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Raphael
and the Fornarina | | PH : | Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba | | PH : | Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up the throne as his hereditary right | | PH : | Congress of Vienna opens | | PH : | Christian Frederick of Denmark elected King of Norway | | PH : | Treaty of Ghent ends British-American war GO ! | | PH : | Hanover proclaimed a kingdom | | PH : | Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, declares war on the Gurkhas (Nepal) | | ED : | Chateaubriand: De Buonaparte et le Bourbons | | RP : | Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisistion | | RP : | Savigny: The Claim of Our Age on Legislation | | VA : | Dulwich Gallery, London, opened | | M : | J.N. Maelzel invents the metronome | | ST : | Berzelius: Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity | | ST : | M.J.B. Orfila: Toxicologie générale | | ST : | At Killingworth Colliery, George Stephenson constructs the first practical steam locomotive | | DL : | English Statute of Apprentices (1563) repealed | | M : | Johann Friedrich Reichardt dies 27 June | | VA : | Jean-François Millet born 4 October |
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|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Collected Poems | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Guy Mannering | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lord of the Isles | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Biographia Literaria | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hebrew Melodies | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Quintet
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Songs, Der Erlkönig, Heidenröslein
| | PH : | Napoleon leaves Elba; the "Hundred Days"; Napoleon abdicates again and is banished to St. Helena | | PH : | Swiss Federal Pact ratified; the Confederation now consists of 22 cantons | | PH : | Joachim Murat, King of Naples executed after attempt to regain Naples | | PH : | Brazil declares itself an independent empire | | RP : | Protestant Baseler Missiongesellschaft founded | | RP : | T.R. Malthus: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent | | ED : | Savigny: History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages | | RP : | Dugald Stewart: Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy | | VA : | The Biedermeier styles arrives | | ST : | Miner's safety lamp invented | | ST : | Augustin Fresnel: research on the diffraction of light | | ST : | Lamarck: Histoire naturelle des animaux | | ST : | L.J. Prout: hypothesis on relation between specific gravity and atomic weight | | DL : | Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain | | DL : | British income tax ended | | DL : | British road surveyor John Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone | | DL : | Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in Indonesia - more than 50,000 dead | | ED : | Technological College, Vienna, founded | | VA : | Ernest Meissonier born 21 February |
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|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Tales of my Landlord | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold canto III and The Prisoner of Chillon | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Siege of Corinth and Parisina | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Undine
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphonies
No.4 'Tragic', and No.5
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Il barbiere di Siviglia
('The Barber of Seville')
| | PH : | Maria I, Queen of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son, Dom John VI | | PH : | Argentina declared independent | | PH : | Prince Metternich opens Diet of German Confederation at Frankfurt | | RP : | American Bible Society founded | | ED : | Nikolai Karamzin: History of the Russian Empire | | ST : | Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope | | ST : | Stethoscope invented | | DL : | Blackwood's Magazine founded, Edinburgh | | DL : | English economic crisis causes large-scale emigration to Canada and U.S. |
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|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Rob Roy | | LT : | John Keats: Poems | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Manfred | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: Thanatopsis | | M : | Franz Schubert : Songs, Die Forelle ('The Trout'), Der Tod und das Mädchen (Death and the Maiden'), An die Musik
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Armida
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, La gazza ladra
('The Thieving Magpie')
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La Cenerentola
('Cinderella')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.1
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Cemetery at Dusk | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : City at Moonrise | | PH : | James Monroe inaugurated as fifth President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German students | | RP : | August Böckh: The Public Economy of Athens | | RP : | Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union | | RP : | Hegel: Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences | | RP : | H.F.R. de Lamennais: Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion | | ED : | Juan Llorente, a former secretary of the Inquisition, publishes his History of the Inquisition in Spain | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Du Pape | | ED : | Braccia Nuova begins building of Vatican Museum, Rome | | ST : | Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium | | ST : | Karl Ritter: Geographie in ihrer Beziehung zu Natur und Geschichte | | DL : | Riots in Derbyshire, England, against low wages | | DL : | Opening of Waterloo Bridge, London (replaced 1945) | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny born 15 February |
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|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Heart of Midlothian | | LT : | John Keats: Endymion | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Beppo and Childe Harold canto IV | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Mosè in Egitto
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Hammerklavier' Piano Sonata
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Wanderer above the Sea of Fog | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : Severed Heads | | PH : | Act suspending Habeas Corpus is repealed | | PH : | Charles XIII of Sweden dies; succeeded by Jean Bernadotte as Charles XIV | | PH : | Chile proclaims its independence | | PH : | Border between Canada and U.S. agreed upon | | ED : | Bonn University founded | | ED : | Josef Dobrovsky: History of the Czech language | | ED : | Henry Hallam: The View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages | | ED : | Prado Museum, Madrid, founded | | ST : | F.W. Bessel: Fundamenta Astronomiae, catalog of 3,222 stars | | ST : | Berzelius publishes molecular weights of 2,000 chemical compounds | | ST : | Cadmium discovered | | DL : | British Order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent | | DL : | "Savannah" becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic (26 days) | | M : | Charles-François Gounod born 18 June |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Peter Bell and The Waggoner | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor, Ivanhoe, and A Legend of Montrose | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Mazeppa and Don Juan cantos I and II | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Invitation to the Dance
for piano (later orchestrated by Berlioz)
| | M : | Franz Schubert : 'Trout' Quintet
| | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : The Raft of the Medusa | | VA : | John Crome : Yarmouth Beach | | PH : | Florida purchased by U.S. from Spain | | PH : | Bolivar becomes President of Colombia | | RP : | Georg Hermes: Philosophical Introduction to Christian Theology | | RP : | Jean Sismondi: Nouveaux principes d'economie politique | | ST : | Mitscherelich discovers isomorphism | | ST : | David Napier constructs the flat-bed cylinder for printing | | ST : | Danish physicist Hans Oersted discovers electromagnetism | | DL : | Opening of Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London | | VA : | Mehemet Ali presents Cleopatra's Needle to Britain | | DL : | Freedom of the press in France | | DL : | Maximum 12-hour working day for juveniles in England | | M : | Franz von Suppé born 18 April | | LT : | Walt Whitman born 31 May | | VA : | Gustave Courbet born 10 June | | M : | Jacques Offenbach born 20 June | | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann born 13 September |
|
|
| | LT : | John Clare: Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Battle of Marathon | | LT : | William Blake: Jerusalem | | VA : | John Constable : Dedham Lock and Mill | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Solitude at Dawn | | PH : | Revolution in Spain - King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812 | | PH : | King George III of England dies; succeeded by Prince Regent as George IV | | DL : | U.S. Land Law fixes land price at a minimum of $1.25 per acre | | RP : | Thomas Brown: Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind | | RP : | Thomas Erskine: Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion | | RP : | J.J. Görres: Germany and the Revolution | | RP : | Jesuits driven out of Rome | | RP : | T. R. Malthus: Principles of Political Economy | | VA : | Discovery of the Venus de Milo | | ST : | André Ampère: Laws of the Electrodynamic Action | | DL : | Washington Colonization Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negros | | VA : | Benjamin West dies 11 March | | LT : | Joseph Rodman Drake dies 21 September |
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|
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Great He-Goat | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Kenilworth | | LT : | John Clare: The Village Minstrel | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Marino Faliero, Don Juan cantos III-V, Cain, The Two Foscari, and Sardanapalus | | VA : | John Constable : Study of Clouds at Hampstead | | VA : | John Constable : The Hay Wain | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Der Freischütz
| | PH : | James Monroe begins second term as U.S. president | | PH : | Revolution in Piedmont: Victor Emmanuel abdicates, names his brother Charles Felix successor | | PH : | Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks | | PH : | Peru proclaimed independent from Spain, followed by Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo | | ED : | Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies | | RP : | George Grote: Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform | | RP : | Hegel: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts | | ED : | Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rosetta Stone | | ST : | Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation | | ST : | T.J. Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity | | ST : | Sir Charles Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction | | DL : | London Co-operative Society founded | | DL : | Manchester Guardian founded | | LT : | John Keats dies 23 February | | VA : | John Crome dies 22 April |
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|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Ecclesiastical Sketches | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Fortunes of Nigel and Halidon Hill | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Vision of Judgment | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Dante and Virgil
in Hell | | M : | Franz Schubert : Fantasia
in C, 'Wanderer' Fantasy
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.8, 'Unfinished'
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Mass
in D (Missa Solemnis)
| | VA : | William Blake : The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins | | PH : | Greeks adopt liberal republican constitution and proclaim independence | | PH : | Augustin de Iturbide elected Emperor of Mexico | | PH : | Brazil becomes independent of Portugal | | PH : | Congress of Verona opens to discuss European problem | | PH : | Bottle riots in Dublin, viceroy attacked by Orangemen | | ED : | Colebrooke founds Royal Asiatic Society (study of Eastern languages) | | RP : | Jean B. J. Fourier: Thèorie analytique de la chaleur | | ST : | J.V. Poncelet: Traité des propriétés projectives des figures on projective geometry | | M : | Royal Academy of Music, London, founded | | VA : | Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama, paintings illuminated in dark room to give illusion of reality | | ST : | A.J. Fresnel perfects lenses for lighthouses | | DL : | Streets of Boston, Mass., lit by gas | | DL : | Sunday Times, London, founded | | M : | Franz Strauss born 26 February | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann dies 25 June | | LT : | Mathew Arnold born 24 December |
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|
| | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel born | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Macduff's Cross, Peveril of the Peak and Quentin Durward | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Don Juan cantos VI-XIV | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Euryanthe
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Moments Musicaux
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Incidental music
to Rosamunde
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Die schöne Müllerin
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Semiramide
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Diabelli' Piano Variations
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.9 ('Choral')
| | PH : | Mexico becomes republic, Iturbide forced to abdicate | | PH : | Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central America | | PH : | The Monroe Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers GO ! | | RP : | Oxford Union Society founded | | RP : | Pope Pius VII dies; succeeded by Pope Leo XII (Annibale de la Genga) | | RP : | Saint-Simon: Catéchisme des industriels | | ED : | Louis Thiers: Histoire de la Révolution Française | | ED : | Sir Robert Smirke designs British Museum, London | | ST : | Charles Babbage's early attempts to construct a calculating machine | | ST : | Faraday succeeds in liquefying chlorine | | ST : | Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric | | ED : | Mechanic's Institute founded in London and Glasgow | | ST : | Walter Oudney, discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa | | ST : | British medical journal The Lancet first issued | | DL : | First Cologne Carnival festivities | | DL : | Death penalty for over 100 crimes abolished in Britain | | ED : | George IV presents the library of George III to British Museum | | DL : | Founding of Royal Thames Yacht Club | | DL : | Rugby Football originates at Rugby School, England | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon dies 16 February | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn dies 8 July |
|
|
| | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson dies | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Massacre at Chios | | M : | Franz Schubert : Sonata
for two pianos, 'Grand Duo'
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Octet
in F
| | M : | Franz Schubert : String Quartet
No.14, 'Der Tod und das Mädchen
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Symphony in B-flat
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Last five string quartets
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Evening | | PH : | Bolivar proclaimed Emperor of Peru | | PH : | Frontier treaty signed between Russia and U.S. | | PH : | U.S. House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four candidates wins a majority in the national election GO ! | | ED : | August Böckh: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecum (ed.) | | ED : | Carlo Botta: History of Italy, 1789-1814 | | ED : | Leopold von Ranke: History of the Latin and Teutonic People, 1494-1535 | | RP : | Sunday School Union formed in U.S. | | VA : | National Gallery, London, founded | | ST : | Portland Cement developed | | ST : | Nicolas Carnot: Puissance motrice du feu (on therodynamics) | | DL : | Founding of Athenaeum Club, London | | DL : | Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed; British workers are allowed to unionise | | DL : | Le Globe, Paris begins publication | | DL : | R.S.P.C.A. founded in London | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault dies 26 January | | M : | Bedrich Smetana born 2 March | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron dies 19 April | | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme born 11 May | | M : | Anton Bruckner born 4 September |
|
|
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Female Nude
Reclining on a Divan | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Talisman | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Octet
for strings
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Adelson e Salvini
| | VA : | William Blake : The Body of Abel Found by Adam & Eve | | VA : | William Blake : Queen Katherine's Dream | | PH : | Ferdinand IV of Naples dies; succeeded by Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Russian Treaty of British territory in north-western N. America | | PH : | Bolivia becomes independent of Peru, Uruguay of Brazil | | PH : | Maximilian I, King of Bavaria, dies; succeeded by his son Louis I | | PH : | Czar Alexander I dies; succeeded by Nicholas I | | RP : | William Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits | | RP : | French law makes sacrilege a capital offence | | ED : | Augustin Thierry: Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands | | ST : | Faraday isolates benzene | | ST : | Oxygen-hydrogen limelight invented | | ED : | Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest | | DL : | Opening of Stockton-Darlington railroad - the first line to carry passengers | | DL : | A Baseball Club organised at Rochester, New York | | DL : | Tea roses from China introduced in Europe | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld dies 9 March | | VA : | Henry Fuseli dies 16 April | | M : | Johann Strauss II born 25 October | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau born 30 November | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David dies 29 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Woodstock | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: An Essay on Mind and Other Poems published anonymously | | LT : | William Blake: Job | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Oberon
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.9
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.3
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.2, including La campanella ('The Little Bell')
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, A Midsummer Night's Dream
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Bianca e Gernando
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Les Francs-juges
| | VA : | William Blake : Satan Inflicting Boils on Job
| | PH : | Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese War | | PH : | John VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by Peter IV | | PH : | Russia declares war on Persia | | PH : | Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul | | RP : | Ngüan Ngüan edits the writings of Confucius | | VA : | U.S. Academy of Design founded | | ST : | André Ampère: Electrodynamics | | ST : | N.J. Lobachevsky develops his system of non-Euclidean geometry | | ED : | Munich University founded | | ST : | Galvanometer invented | | DL : | Unter den Linden, Berlin, lit by gas | | ST : | Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society, London | | DL : | First railroad tunnel, on Liverpool-Manchester line, in England | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber dies 5 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Death of Sardanapalus | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems by Two Brothers | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter and Life of Napoleon | | LT : | John Clare: The Shepherd's Calendar with Village Stories and Other Poems | | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Winterreise
('Winter Journey')
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Nocturne
in E-flat
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
Variations for piano and orchestra on 'La ci darem la mano' (aria from Mozart opera Don Giovanni
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Il pirata
('The Pirate')
| | PH : | Count Kapodistrias elected President of Greece | | PH : | By the Treaty of London the Allies agree to force a truce on the Sultan | | RP : | John Darby founds the Plymouth Brethren | | ED : | Henry Hallam: The Constitutional History of England | | RP : | John Keble: The Christian year | | ST : | J. J. Audubon : Birds of North American | | ST : | Karl von Baer: Epistola de Ova Mammalium et Hominis Generis | | ST : | English physician describes Bright's disease | | VA : | Joseph Niepce produces photographs on a metal plate | | ST : | George Ohm formulates Ohm's Law, defining electrical current potential and resistance | | ST : | James Simpson constructs sand filter for purification of London's water supply | | DL : | Karl Baedeker begins publishing his travel guides | | DL : | Evening Standard, London, appears | | DL : | Sulfur friction matches introduced by John Walker | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven dies 26 March | | VA : | William Holman Hunt born 26 April | | LT : | William Blake dies 12 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Anne of Geierstein | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works (3 volumes) and Work without Hope | | M : | Franz Schubert : String Quintet
in C
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Schwanengesang
('Swan Song')
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Le Comte Ory
('Count Ory')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, Waverly
| | PH : | Maria II deposed, Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portugal | | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Mehemet Ali agrees to Britain's demand to quit Greece | | PH : | Uruguay becomes independent republic following Treaty of Rio de Janeiro | | PH : | Liberal revolt in Mexico, Vincente Guerrero becomes president | | DL : | British Test and Corporation Acts repealed; Catholics and Nonconformists may hold public office | | VA : | German scholar K.O. Müller publishes his treatise on Etruscan antiquities | | ED : | University College, London, opened | | ED : | American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah Webster, published | | ST : | John Franklin publishes an account of his Arctic explorations | | ST : | Cap and ring spinning machines invented | | ST : | Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea begins organic chemistry | | DL : | London weekly Athenaeum issued | | DL : | The Spectator, London weekly periodical, founded | | DL : | Working Men's Party founded in New York | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes dies 16 April | | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May | | M : | Franz Schubert dies 19 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Anthony Frederick Sandys born | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Guillaume Tell
('William Tell')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini :
Variations on 'God Save The King' for violin and orchestra
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
Book I of 'Songs Without Words' (Lieder ohne Worte), for piano
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Zaira
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La straniera
('The Foreigner')
| | PH : | Andrew Jackson inaugurated at President of the U.S. GO ! | | DL : | New Act of Parliament establishes an effective police force in London | | PH : | Peace of Adrianople ends Russo-Turk. war | | DL : | Slavery abolished in Mexico | | PH : | President Guerrero of Mexico overthrown by General Anastasio Bustamante | | DL : | Catholic Emancipation Act allows Roman Catholics in Great Britain to sit in Parliament and to hold almost any public office | | RP : | Pope Leo XII dies; Cardinal Francisco Castiglione elected Pope Pius VIII | | M : | The concertina patented | | VA : | L.J.M. Dagueerre forms a partnership with J.N. Niepce for the development of their photographic inventions | | ST : | Dobereiner: classification of similar elements | | ST : | Von Drayse invents the breechloading needle gun | | ST : | American physicist John Henry constructs and early version of the electromagnetic motor | | ST : | Hydropathy, the system of treating diseases by water, developed by Silesian farmer Vincenz Priessnitz | | DL : | The first co-operative stores in America | | DL : | The omnibus becomes part of London public transport | | DL : | First Oxford-Cambridge boat race takes place at Henley; Oxford wins | | DL : | Suttee, the Indian custom of immolating a widow along with her dead husband, abolished in British India | | DL : | The first U.S. patent on a typewriter granted this year | | ST : | The Royal Zoological Society takes over the menagerie at the Tower of London (origin of the London Zoo at Regent's Park) | | PH : | Uruguay declares war against Argentina | | PH : | Treaty of London settles the dispute between the Dutch and their former Belg. subjects | | PH : | Outbreak of First Opium War between Britain and China | | PH : | Frederick IV, King of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian VIII | | PH : | The independent republic of Natal founded by the Boers | | PH : | Abdul Mejid becomes Sultan of Turkey | | ED : | Franz Bopp identifies Celtic as part of the Indo-European language family | | ED : | John Lloyd Stephens discovers and examines the antiquities of the ancient Maya culture in Central America | | ST : | Charles Goodyear makes possible the commercial use of rubber by discovering the process of "vulcanisation" | | ST : | Metallic element lanthanum discovered | | ST : | Ozone discovered | | ST : | First electric clock built | | DL : | Electrotyping process developed by Moritz Jacobi | | DL : | Abner Doubleday lays out first baseball field and conducts first baseball game ever played | | RP : | Louis Blanc publishes: L'Organization du Travail | | DL : | First Grand National run at Aintree, England | | DL : | Prussia restricts juvenile labour to a maximun of 10 hours a day | | ED : | Lowell Institute, Boston, founded | | DL : | George Weed's anti-slavery pamphlet, Slavery As It Is | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk born 8 May | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais born 8 June | | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein born 28 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Doom of Devorgoil, a Melodrama and Auchindrane | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Anna Bolena
('Anne Boleyn')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Abegg Variations,
for piano
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concertos
No.4 and No.5
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, The Hebrides
(Fingal's Cave)
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, I Capuleti e i Montecchi
('The Capulets and the Montagues)
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Symphony Fantastique
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : The 28th July:
Liberty Leading the People | | PH : | Revolution in Paris | | PH : | William IV becomes King of Great Britain and Ireland | | PH : | Charles X, King of France abdicates | | PH : | Louis Philippe, King of the French, "the Citizen King" | | PH : | Peter II, last of the Vladikas dynasty ascends the throne of Montenegro | | PH : | Serbia a fully autonomous state | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Constitutional Code for all Nations | | RP : | William Cobbett: Rural Rides | | RP : | The religious society of Mormons (now known as Latter Day Saints) founded by Joseph Smith and his friends in New York | | RP : | Pope Pius VIII dies | | ST : | Robert Brown, Scottish botanist, discovers the cell nucleus in plants | | ST : | Scottish geologist Charles Lyell divides the geological system into three groups which he names eocene, miocene, and pliocene | | ST : | Paraffin discovered | | ST : | Founding of Royal Geographic Society, London | | VA : | End of the Nazarene Brotherhood | | ST : | French tailor Barthélemy Thimmonier devises a machine for utilitarian stitching (beginning of the sewing machine) | | M : | Hans von Bülow born 8 January | | VA : | Camille Pissarro born 10 July | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton born 3 December | | LT : | Christina Rossetti born 5 December | | LT : | Emily Dickinson born 10 December |
|
|
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La sonnambula
('The Sleepwalker')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, King Lear
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, The Corsair
| | PH : | Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected Leopold I, King of the Belgians | | PH : | Separation of Belgium from the Netherlands | | PH : | Southampton insurrection: Virginia slave revolt led by Nat Turner | | PH : | The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, divided into two parts, the larger of which goes to Belgium | | DL : | Wretched conditions of the working classes in Lyons, France, lead to uprisings | | DL : | Mass demonstrations in Swiss cities lead to introduction for more liberal legislation and the principle of popular sovereignty | | PH : | Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates; succeeded by Pedro II, his son | | DL : | U.S. Copyright law amended: 28 years, renewable for 14 years | | M : | Samuel Francis Smith writes the words to "My Country, Tis of Thee" (one of the national anthems until 1931) | | RP : | Cardinal Mauro Capellari elected Pope Gregory XVI | | RP : | William Miller, leader of the Second Adventists in America, begins his preachings | | ST : | Chloroform invented | | ST : | Sir James Clark Ross determines position of magnetic North Pole | | DL : | The great cholera pandemic, which began in India in 1826, spread from Russia into Central Europe, reaching Scotland in 1832 | | DL : | William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the abolitionist periodical The Liberator, in Boston | | DL : | Légion Etrangère (French Foreign Legion) formed | | DL : | London Bridge opened | | DL : | First horse-drawn trolleys appear in New York |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, L'Elisir d'amore
('The Elixir of Love')
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
12 piano studies, Opus 10, including 'Black Key', 'Tristesse', and 'Revolutionary' studies
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : M. Bertin | | DL : | Mass demonstrations at Hambach, Germany, in favour of the liberal and national cause | | DL : | The First Reform Act to enfranchise the upper-middle classes passed by the House of Lords; number of voters increased from 500,000 to 1,000,000 | | PH : | Andrew Jackson re-elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian patriot, founds the organisation "Giovine Italia" (Italian Youth), with the aim of achieving national independence | | RP : | The word "socialism" comes into use in English and French | | ED : | Zurich University founded | | VA : | Ando Hiroshige, great master of Japanese colour prints (Ukiyoe) publishes his series Fifty-three stages of the Tokaido | | DL : | The first French railroad line (from St. Etienne to Andrézieux) begins to carry passengers | | ST : | Hungarian mathematician Bolyai publishes his system of non-Euclidean geometry | | ST : | Reichenback discovers creosote in wood tar | | DL : | New England Anti-Slavery Society founded in Boston | | VA : | Edouard Manet born 23 January | | VA : | Arthur Hughes born 27 January | | LT : | Lewis Carroll born 27 January | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dies 22 March | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott dies 21 September |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Pauline, A Fragment of a Confession published anonymously | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Lucrezia Borgia
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Symphony
No.4, 'Italian'
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann :
Romance in G Minor for Violin and Piano
| | PH : | Prince Otto arrives in Nauplia to occupy the newly erected throne of Greece as King Otto | | PH : | Isabella II proclaimed Queen of Spain, with her mother Maria Christian as regent | | PH : | General Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President of Mexico; country threatened by civil war | | PH : | Mehemet Ali is given Egypt and Syria; founds the dynasty that rules Egypt until 1952 | | PH : | All German states join the Zollverein (customs union) | | ED : | Franz Bopp: Vergleichende Grammatik | | ST : | Gauss and Weber devise the electromagnetic telegraph which functions over a distance of 9,000 feet | | ST : | The Handbook of Human Physiology by Johannes Müller | | ST : | Wheatstone bridge, for the comparison of electric resistances, inductances, and capacitances devised | | DL : | British Factory Act provides a system for factory inspection | | DL : | Charity bazaars becomes popular in England | | DL : | New York Sun founded | | DL : | Olympic Club of Philadelphia organises two "Town Ball" teams | | DL : | Abolition of slavery in British Empire | | M : | Johannes Brahms born 7 May | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones born 28 August | | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin born 12 November | | M : | Anton von Webern born 3 December |
|
|
| | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Maria Stuarda
('Mary Stuart')
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Symphony on Two Russian Themes
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
12 piano studies, Opus 25, including 'Butterfly and 'Winter Wind' studies
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Le Chalet
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Symphony, Harold in Italy
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Der Abendstern
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Women of Algiers | | PH : | Quadruple Alliance: Britain, France, Spain and Portugal | | RP : | Spanish Inquisition finally suppressed | | PH : | South Australia Act allows establishment of colony there | | PH : | Maria II ascends throne of Portugal | | PH : | Monopoly of the China trade by the East India Company abolished; friction between China and Britain | | PH : | Carlist Wars begin in Spain | | ED : | George Bancroft: History of the United States, first volume | | RP : | Leopold von Ranke: Die Römischen Päpste | | VA : | The Munich Glyptothek completed | | ST : | Françis Arago: Astronomie Populaire | | ST : | Babbage invents the principle of the "Analytical engine" (modern computer) | | ST : | Von Buch: Theory of Volcanism | | ST : | Faraday: Law of Electrolysis | | ST : | McCormick patents his reaping machine | | ST : | Discovery of phenol (carbolic acid) | | DL : | Disastrous fire in the British Houses of Parliament | | DL : | Gabelsberger publishes his system of German shorthand | | DL : | Hansom cabs introduced in London | | DL : | Poor Law Amendment Act decrees that no able-bodied man in Great Britain shall receive assistance unless he enters a workhouse | | ED : | University of Brussels founded | | ED : | Wilkins begins building the National Gallery, London | | VA : | William Morris born 24 March | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas born 19 July | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge dies 25 July | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas dies 27 September |
|
|
| | LT : | John Clare: The Rural Muse | | LT : | Robert Browning: Paracelsus | | VA : | John Constable : The Glebe Farm | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Lucia di Lammermoor
('The Bride of Lammermoor')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Carnaval,
for piano
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : La danza taretella
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
'Fantaisie-impromptu'
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Ballade
No.1
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, I puritani
('The Puritans')
| | PH : | Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor (and Emperor of Austria as Francis I) dies | | PH : | Ferdinand I becomes Emperor of Austria | | PH : | The Municipal Corporation Act revolutionises borough government in England | | PH : | Second Seminole War GO ! | | LT : | Hans Christian Andersen publishes the first four of his 168 tales for children | | LT : | An edict of the German Federal Diet bans the books of Heine Börne, Gutzkow, and other "Young Germany" writers | | RP : | F.G. Dahlmann publishes Politics, traced back to the elements and extents of the given conditions | | RP : | Charles G. Finney: Lectures on Revivals of religion | | RP : | David Friedrich Strauss: The Life of Jesus | | LT : | The expression "L'Art pour l'Art", coined by French philosopher Victor Cousin, comes into general use | | DL : | Halley's Comet reappears | | DL : | U.S. showman P.T. Barnum begins his career with the exhibition of Joyce Heth (alleged to be George Washington's nurse and over 160 years old) | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros dies 26 June | | M : | Vincenzo Bellini dies 23 September | | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns born 9 October |
|
|
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Ballet, La Fille du Danube
('The Daughter of the Danube')
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Le Postillon de Longjumeau
('The Postman of Longjumeau')
| | DL : | The People's Charter initiates the first national working-class movement in Great Britain | | RP : | Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Über den Willen in der Natur | | ST : | John Frederic Daniell develops a voltaic cell which effectively prevents polarisation | | ST : | Acetylene discovered and identified | | M : | "The Lancers" becomes the fashionable dance throughout Europe | | PH : | Boer farmers launch "The Great Trek"; founding of Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State | | ST : | Asa Gray: Elements of Botany, first botanical textbook | | VA : | Winslow Homer born | | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema born 8 January | | M : | Léo Delibes born 21 February |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Strafford | | M : | Robert Schumann : Études symphoniques
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Davidsbündlertänz
(Dances of the Adherents of the League of David)
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Grande messe des morts
(Requiem)
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Benvenuto Cellini
| | PH : | William IV, King of Great Britain dies | | PH : | Martin van Buren inaugurated President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Ernst Augustus, successor to William IV as King of Hanover, cancels constitution of 1833 | | PH : | Constitutional revolts in Lower and Upper Canada | | ED : | Founding of the University of Athens | | RP : | Bernhard Bolzano: Wissenschaftslehre | | ED : | Friedrich Fröbel opens his first kindergarten | | ED : | Mount Holyoke Female Seminary opens | | ED : | Horace Mann begins educational reforms in Mass. | | RP : | American Presbyterians split into the "old" and "new" school | | ST : | Wheatstone and W.F. Cooke patent electric telegraph | | ST : | Samuel Morse exhibits his electric telegraph at the College of the City of New York | | ST : | Siméon Poisson publishes Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements | | DL : | England introduces official birth registration | | DL : | Gag Law, aimed at suppressing debate on slavery, passed by U.S. Congress | | VA : | Baron François Gérard dies 11 January | | VA : | John Constable dies 31 March |
|
|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: The Seraphim and Other Poems | | M : | Robert Schumann : Kreisleriana,
for piano
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Scenes from Childhood
'Träumerei'
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Ballade
No.2
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : The Fighting Téméraire | | PH : | First British-Afghan War | | PH : | Anti-Corn Law League established in Manchester | | LT : | Gustav Schwab: Die schönsten Sagen des klassischen Altertums | | RP : | French philosopher Auguste Comte gives the basic social science of sociology its name | | VA : | London National Gallery opened | | ST : | F.W. Bessel makes the first definite parallax measurement for a fixed star | | ST : | The Daguerre-Niepce method of photography presented to the Académie des Sciences and the Académie des Beaux Arts | | DL : | The New York Herald is the first U.S. newspaper to employ European correspondents | | DL : | The first travelling post office, running between Birmingham and Liverpool, England | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch born 6 January | | M : | Georges Bizet born 25 October |
|
|
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
24 piano preludes, including 'Raindrop' prelude and Prelude in E-Minor
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Sonata
No.2
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Romeo and Juliet,
Dramatic Symphony
| | DL : | First bicycle constructed by Macmillan | | VA : | Paul Cézanne born 19 January | | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky born 21 March | | VA : | Alfred Sisley born 30 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Sordello | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : La Favorite
('The Favourite')
| | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, La fille du régiment
('The Daughter of the Regiment')
| | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Rienzi
| | M : | Richard Wagner : A Faust Overture
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Song-cycle, Dichterliebe
(Poet's Love)
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Song-cycle, Frauenliebe un Leben
(Women's Love and Life)
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Collection of Songs, Proshchaniye s Peterburgom
('Farewell to St. Petersburg')
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Incidental music
for the play Knyaz Kholmsky ('Prince Kholmsky')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Volkslied
(on a poem by Heine)
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Am Strande
(on a poem by Burnes)
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Ihr Bildnis
| | PH : | Frederick William III, King of Prussia, dies; succeeded by Frederick William IV | | PH : | London Conference on Turko-Egyptian conflict signs the Protocol des Droits | | PH : | Lower and Upper Canada united by Act of Parliament | | PH : | William II ascends the throne of the Netherlands after abdication of his father William I | | RP : | French socialist writer Pierre Joseph Proudhon: Qu'est-ce que la propriété | | VA : | Nelson's Column erected in Trafalgar Square, London | | ST : | Louis Agassiz: Etudes sur les Glaciers | | DL : | Botanical Gardens at Kew, London, opened | | DL : | Transportation of criminals from England to New South Wales comes to end | | DL : | Penny postage established in Great Britain | | DL : | Washington Temperance Society formed | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky born 7 May | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich dies 7 May | | M : | Nicolò Paganini dies 27 May | | LT : | Thomas Hardy born 2 June | | VA : | Claude Monet born 14 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: Death in the School Room | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Der fliegende Holländer
('The Flying Dutchman')
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Nabucco
('Nebuchadnezzar')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.1, 'Spring'
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Ballade
No.3
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Ballet, Giselle
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Song cycle, Les Nuits d'été
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Die gute Nacht, die ich dir sage
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Gedichte aus Rückert's Liebesfrühling
| | PH : | Britain's sovereignty proclaimed over Hong Kong | | PH : | William Henry Harrison dies one month after his inauguration, John Tyler succeeds him GO ! | | DL : | U.S.S. "Creole", carrying slaves from Virginia to Louisiana, is seized by the slaves and sails into Nassau where they become free | | PH : | New Zealand becomes British colony | | PH : | Lajos Kossuth becomes Hungarian nationalist leader | | PH : | Turkey's sovereignty guaranteed by the five Great Powers | | DL : | The London humorous periodical Punch begins to appear | | RP : | Carlye: On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History | | RP : | Emerson: Essays, First Series | | RP : | Ludwig Feuerback: Das Wesen des Christentums | | M : | Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone | | ST : | Bessel deduces a value 1/299 for the ellipticity of the earth | | ST : | Hypnosis discovered | | DL : | Barnum opens the "American Museum", and exhibition of freaks, curios, etc., in New York City | | ED : | The first university degrees granted to women in America | | VA : | Berthe Morisot born 14 January | | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier born 18 January | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir born 25 February | | M : | Antonin Dvorák born 8 September | | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille born 6 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau : Under the Birches | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Franklin Evans | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Poems, Chiefly of Early and Late Years | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: The Cry of the Children | | LT : | Robert Browning: Dramatic Lyrics | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Linda di Chamounix
('Linda of Chamonix')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Piano Quintet
in E-flat
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Stabat mater
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
more incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Symphony
No.3, 'Scotch'
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Opera, Rusian and Lyudmila
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Ballade
No.4
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Odalisque with a Slave | | PH : | Webster-Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and the U.S. defines Canadian frontier | | PH : | Treaty of Nanking ends Opium War between Britain and China | | DL : | Riots and strikes in the industrial areas in the north of England | | PH : | Orange Free State set up by the Boers | | ED : | Macaulay: Lays of Ancient Rome | | M : | New York Philharmonic Society founded | | RP : | Martin Tupper: Proverbial Philosophy, second series | | ST : | Doppler publishes On the Colored Light of the Binary Stars (Doppler Effect) | | ST : | Joseph Henry's discovery of the oscillatory character of electrical discharge | | ST : | Ether first used to produce surgical anaesthesia | | ST : | Julius Robert von Mayer (German physicist) publishes On the Forces of the Inanimate Nature (beginnings of thermodynamics) | | M : | The polka, a lively dance of Czech origin, comes into fashion | | DL : | Queen Victoria makes her first railroad journey, Windsor to Paddington, London | | M : | Jules Massenet born 12 May | | M : | Arthur Sullivan born 13 May |
|
|
| | PH : | Military revolt in Spain drives General Espartero from power: Isabella II declared of age and Queen of Spain | | PH : | Maori revolts against Britain in New Zealand | | PH : | Serbian Skupstina summons Prince Alexander Karageorgevich to the throne | | LT : | D.D. Emmett produces the first minstrel show | | ED : | William H. Prescott: History of the Conquest of Mexico | | RP : | George Borrow: The Bible in Spain | | RP : | Thomas Carlyle: Past and Present | | RP : | John Stuart Mill: Logic | | ED : | British Archaeological Association and Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland founded | | ST : | Oliver Wendell Homes: The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever | | ST : | Alexander von Humboldt: Asie centrale | | ST : | James Prescott Joule determines the amount of work required to produce a unit of heat | | ST : | Metallic element erbium discovered | | DL : | American social reformer Dorothea Dix reveals in a report to the Mass. legislature the shocking conditions in prisons and asylums | | DL : | Guy's Hospital Football Club founded in London | | DL : | S.S. "Great Britain", first propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic | | DL : | Congress grants S.F.B. Morse $30,000 to build first telegraph line (Washington to Baltimore) | | DL : | Worlds' first night club, "Le Bal des Anglais", opens in Paris | | DL : | Beginning of skiing as sport (Norway) |
|
|
| | DL : | First painted Christmas card appears |
|
|
| | M : | Edvard Grieg born 15 June |
|
|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: publishes a two-volume edition of Poems | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Overture, Morning, Noon and Night in Vienna
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Sonata
No.3
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, Roman Carnival
(from Benvenuto Cellini)
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : Rain, Steam and Speed
The Great Western Railway | | PH : | Charles XIV, King of Sweden and Norway since 1818 dies; succeeded by his son as Oscar I | | RP : | Emerson: Essays, second series | | ED : | Bishop Nikolais Grundtvig founds the first institute for adult education | | ST : | Hermann Günther Grassmann: Die Ausdehnungslehre (Calculus of extension) | | DL : | First public bath and wash houses opened in Liverpool, England | | DL : | Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers founded | | DL : | German humorous weekly paper Fliegende Blätter | | DL : | Wood-pulp paper invented by Friedrich Gottlob Keller | | PH : | Treaty of Tangier ends French war in Morocco | | PH : | Revolts of the weavers in Silesia | | PH : | China and the U.S. sign first treaty of peace, amity, and commerce | | ST : | A.W. Kinglake: Eothen | | DL : | Young Men's Christian Association founded in England | | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov born 18 March | | VA : | Henri Rousseau born in Laval, France` | | VA : | Mary Cassatt born 22 May |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: of Dramatic Romances and Lyrics | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Tannhäuser
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Piano Concerto
in A-minor
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
'Spring Song' and 'Bee's Wedding' from 'Songs Without Words'
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Capriccio brillante
(First Spanish Overture)
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Cello Sonata
| | PH : | James K. Polk inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Anglo-Sikh War begins | | PH : | Swiss Sonderbund for the protection of Catholic cantons formed | | ED : | Thomas Carlyle: Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches | | RP : | Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in London | | ED : | Sir Austen Layard begins excavations in Nineveh | | RP : | Max Stirner: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (egocentric anarchistic philosophy) | | VA : | First artistic photo portraits by David Octavius Hill | | ST : | Hydraulic craned patented | | ST : | Power loom for manufacturing carpets is constructed | | ST : | Arthur Cayler: Theory of Linear Transformations | | ST : | First submarine cable laid across English channel | | ST : | Machine for combing cotton and wool patented | | ST : | Acetic acid synthesised | | ST : | Compound steam engine developed | | DL : | Knickerbocker Baseball Club codifies rules of baseball | | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré born 12 May | | VA : | Walter Crane born |
|
|
| | VA : | Camille Corot : Forest of Fontainebleau | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Overture, Poet and Peasant
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Oratorio, Elijah
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Hungarian Rhapsodies
for piano
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Barcarolle
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Dramatic cantata, The Damnation of Faust
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann :
Cadenzas for Beethoven's C minor and G major concerti
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : Angel Standing in a Storm | | PH : | Treaty of Lahore ends First Sikh War | | PH : | Revolts break out in Poland | | PH : | Louis Napoleon escapes from the fortress of Ham to London | | RP : | Evangelical Alliance founded, London | | RP : | Pope Gregory XVI dies; succeeded by Cardinal Mastai-Rerretti as Pope Pius IX | | RP : | Friedrich Vischer: Aesthetics | | RP : | Theodor Waitz: Foundation of Psychology | | RP : | William Whewell: Elements of Morality | | RP : | Brigham Young leads the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake, Utah | | DL : | Electric arc lighting at the Opéra, Paris | | ST : | F.G.J. Henle: Manual of Rational Pathology | | ST : | Ether first used as an anaesthetic in dentistry | | ST : | Nitroglycerine first prepared | | DL : | Famine in Ireland caused by failure of potato crop | | ED : | Smithsonian Institution, Washington, founded | | PH : | 13 May - U.S. declares war against Mexico GO ! |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Princess | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Blessed Damozel | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Macbeth
(later revised)
| | PH : | Liberia proclaimed independent republic | | PH : | Sonderbund War in Switzerland; Catholic cantons refuse to dissolve union | | ED : | W.H. Prescott: History of the Conquest of Peru | | ED : | Louius Blanc: History of the Revolution | | RP : | Karl Marx attacks Proudhon's Philosophy of Poverty in The Poverty of Philosophy | | RP : | The Mormons found Salt Lake City | | RP : | Leopold von Ranke: Neun Bücher preussicher Geschichte | | ST : | George Bool: Mathematical Analysis of Logic | | ST : | Evaporated milk made for the first time | | DL : | First Swiss railroad between Baden and Zurich opens | | ST : | Helmholtz: On the Conservation of Energy | | ST : | I.T. Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, discovers connection between childbed fever and puerperal infection | | DL : | British Factory Act restricts the working day for women and children (between 13 and 18) to 10 hours | | DL : | First Roman Catholic working men's club, Cologne, Germany | | DL : | Gold discoveries in California lead to first gold rush | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn dies 4 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Isabella | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Lohengrin
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Trois études de concert
(including 'Un Sospiro')
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Les Préludes
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage
(Years of Pilgrimage) for piano, Book I
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Overture, Kamarinskaya
| | PH : | King Christian VIII of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III | | PH : | Revolt in Paris; Louis Philippe abdicates, Louis Napoleon elected President of French Republic in December | | PH : | Revolutions in Venice, Berlin, Milan and Parma | | PH : | Second Sikh War begins | | PH : | Sardinia declares war on Austria | | PH : | Revolutions in Vienna, the emperor abdicates in favour of his nephew who becomes Emperor Francis Joseph I | | PH : | Nasr-ed-Din becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Switzerland, by its new constitution, becomes a federal union | | PH : | Ibrahim, Viceroy of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas | | PH : | Revolt in Rome; Pius IX flees to Gaeta | | ED : | Jakob Grimm: History of the German Language | | ED : | Macaulay: History of England | | RP : | Communist Manifesto issued by Marx and Engels | | RP : | Spiritualism becomes popular in U.S. | | DL : | Böttger: first safety matches | | ST : | First appendectomy by Hancock | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Austria | | RP : | Bismarck founds the Neue Preussische Zeitung, Marx the Neue Rheinische Zeitung | | DL : | First Public Health Act in Britain | | DL : | First settlers arrive in New Zealand | | DL : | New York News Agency founded (will become Associated Press in 1856) | | DL : | Sebastian Kneipp introduces cold-water cures as Worrishofen, Germany | | PH : | 2 February - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-U.S. war GO ! | | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry born 27 February | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti dies 8 April | | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin born 7 June | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte born 19 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Mathew Arnold: The Strayed Reveller and other Poems | | VA : | Gustave Courbet : Stonebreakers | | M : | Robert Schumann : Incidental music
to Byron's verse-drama Manfred
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage
Book II
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Totentanz, (Dance of Death), for piano and orchestra
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Piano Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | PH : | Rome proclaimed a republic under Guiseppe Mazzini | | PH : | Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II | | PH : | Peace of Milan ends war | | PH : | Zachary Taylor inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | German National Assembly passes constitution; elects King Frederick William IV of Prussia "Emperor of the Germans"; he refuses to accept | | PH : | Hungarian Diet proclaims independence | | PH : | Revolts in Dresden and Baden | | RP : | French enter Rome and restore Pope Pius IX | | ED : | J.M. Kemble: History of the Saxons in England | | ED : | Who's Who begins publication | | ST : | Fizeau measures speed of light | | ST : | Amyl isolated | | ED : | Bedford College for Women, London, founded | | DL : | Amelia Bloomer begins American women's dress reform | | VA : | John William Waterhouse born 6 April | | M : | Frederic Chopin dies 17 October |
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| | LT : | William Wordsworth: The Prelude | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: In Memoriam | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: The Letters of a Traveller | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese | | LT : | Robert Browning: Christmas Eve and Easter Day | | VA : | Camille Corot : Morning,
the Dance of the Nymphs | | M : | Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.3, 'Rhenish'
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Liebersträume
(Dreams of Love), for piano
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Consolations
for piano
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Giralda
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Te Deum
| | VA : | William Holman Hunt : Claudio and Isabella | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : A Converted British Family
Sheltering a Christian Missionary
from the Persecution of the Druids | | PH : | Outbreak of Anglo-Kaffir War | | PH : | Prussia and Denmark sign Peace of Berlin on Schleswig-Holstein | | PH : | U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore becomes 13th president GO ! | | PH : | Taiping rebellion in China; Hung Hiu-tseun proclaims himself emperor | | RP : | Church council to manage Protestant churches in Prussia | | ED : | Public Libraries Act in Britain | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Social Statics, beginnings of sociology | | M : | Foundation of Bach-Gesellschaft to publish the complete works of J.S. Bach | | ST : | R.W. Bunsen produces gas burner | | ST : | Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics, and kinetic theory of gases | | ST : | The speed of nervous impulse established | | ST : | Pafnut Chebyshev: On Primary Numbers | | DL : | Old age insurance in France | | ST : | Royal Meteorological Society founded | | ED : | School of Mines, London (to becomes College of Science and Technology), founded | | ED : | University of Sydney, Australia, established | | LT : | William Wordsworth dies 23 April |
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| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Ophelia | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Casa Guidi Windows | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : Harvest | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Rigoletto
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Mazeppa
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Transcendental Studies
for piano
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Souvenir d'une nuit d'été à Madrid
(Second Spanish Overture)
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Symphony No.2, Ocean
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Mariana | | PH : | Cuba declares its independence | | PH : | Beginning of Basuto War | | PH : | Coup d'état of Louis Napoleon; plebiscite in France favours new constitution | | PH : | Danilo II converts Montenegro into a secular principality | | RP : | Vincenzo Gioberti: Il Rinnovamento civile d'Italia | | ST : | Franz Neumann: law of electromagnetic induction | | ST : | Isaac Singer devises the continuous stitch sewing machine | | RP : | Mary Carpenter: Reformatory Schools...for Juvenile Offenders | | DL : | First double-decker bus introduced | | DL : | The New York Times appears | | DL : | Maine and Illinois begins to enforce prohibition against liquor | | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner dies 19 December |
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| | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: The Fountain, and other Poems | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Empedocles on Etna, and Other Poems | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk : El Sitio Zaragoza
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Il Trovatore
('The Troubadour')
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Si j'étais roi
('If I Were King')
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Sonatas No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Thomas the Fool
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Ophelia | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : A Huguenot on St Bartolomew's Day | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : On English Coasts | | PH : | South African Republic (Transvaal) established | | PH : | New French constitution gives president monarchical powers, Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor Napoleon III | | PH : | Outbreak of Second Burmese War | | RP : | The Convocation of the Church of England revived | | ST : | Delisle begins the study of modern paleography | | RP : | First Plenary Council of American Roman Catholics held in Baltimore | | ED : | Rank: History of France | | ST : | C.F. Gerhardt: New Theory of Organic Compounds | | ST : | David Livingstone explores Zambezi | | ST : | Dutch army surgeon Mathysen impregnates bandages with plaster | | ST : | Herbert Spencer: The Development Hypothesis (first use of the word "evolution") | | ST : | James Sylvester: Calculus of Forms | | DL : | The U.S. imports sparrows from Germany as defence against caterpillars | | DL : | First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets in London | | DL : | Formation of United All-English Cricket Eleven | | VA : | Edwin Austin Abbey born |
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| | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Reconciliation | | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton born | | VA : | Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee born | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Poems with the famous "preface" (Arnold's first important critical essay) | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Traviata
('The Woman Gone Astray')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Scenes
from Goethe's Faust, for chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Piano Sonata
in B-minor
| | VA : | William Holman Hunt : The Awakening Conscience | | PH : | Peace between Britain and Burma | | PH : | Crimean War begins | | PH : | Maria II of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son Pedro V | | RP : | Johann Herzog: Encyclopaedia of Protestant Theology | | ED : | Mommsen: History of Rome | | RP : | Hippolyte Taine: Essai sur les fables de La Fontaine | | M : | Henry Steinway and his three sons begins the New York firm of piano manufacturers | | ED : | Melbourne University founded | | ST : | Alexander Wood uses hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections | | ST : | Queen Victoria allows choloroform to be administered to her during the birth of her seventh child, thus ensuring its place as an anaesthetic in Britain | | DL : | Telegraph system established in India | | DL : | Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain | | VA : | Howard Pyle born | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh born 30 March |
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| | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Das Rheingold
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Orpheus
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Oratorio, The Childhood of Christ
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Joan of Arc | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : The Scapegoat | | PH : | Convention of Bloemfontein | | PH : | Britain and France conclude alliance with Turkey and declare war on Russia | | PH : | "War for Bleeding Kansas" between free and slave states in U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Elgin Treaty between Britain and U.S. on Canadian trade | | RP : | George Boole: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities | | RP : | Jewish seminary established at Breslau | | DL : | Juvenile Offenders Act in Great Britain | | RP : | Pope Pius IX declares the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary to be an article of faith | | ST : | Christian Ehrenberg: Microgeology | | ST : | Laryngoscope invented | | ST : | First form of lightbulb developed | | ST : | Georg Riemann: On the Hypotheses Forming the Foundation of Geometry | | ED : | University College, Dublin, founded | | DL : | Northcote-Trevelyan report leads to British Civil Service Commission | | ED : | Working Men's College, London, founded | | PH : | Abbas I, Viceroy of Egypt assassinated; succeeded by Mohammed Said | | M : | Leoš Janácek born 3 July | | M : | John Phillip Sousa born 6 November |
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| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : April Love | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Autumn Leaves | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Maud | | LT : | Robert Browning: Men and Women | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Poems, Second Series | | VA : | Gustave Courbet : The Painter's Studio | | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Les Deux aveugles
('The Two Blind Men')
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Symphony in C
| | PH : | Czar Nicholas I of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexander II | | PH : | Britain and Afghanistan join against Persia in Treaty of Peshawar | | PH : | Taiping Rebellion ends | | RP : | Henry Milman: History of Latin Christianity | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Principles of Psychology | | DL : | George Audemars patents rayon production | | ED : | Professorship of technology created at Edinburgh University | | ST : | Printing telegraph invented | | ST : | Tungsten steel developed | | ST : | Mathew Maury: Physical Geography of the Sea | | DL : | First iron Cunard steamer crosses Atlantic | | DL : | Founding of The Daily Telegraph, London | | DL : | London sewers modernised after outbreak of cholera | | ST : | Florence Nightingale introduces hygienic standards into military hospitals during Crimean War |
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| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Home from the Sea | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Fisherman and the Siren | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Die Walküre
('The Valkyrie')
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Dante Symphony
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Valse-fantaisie, ('Fantasy Waltz') for orchestra
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Ballet, Le Corsaire
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Operetta, Le Docteur Miracle
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : The Source | | DL : | Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross | | PH : | Reform edict in Turkish Empire; peace conference in Paris recognises integrity of Turkey | | PH : | Anglo-Chin. war begins | | PH : | Brit.-Persian war begins | | ED : | J.A. Foude: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Deafeat of the Armada | | ED : | Theodor Goldstücker: Sanskrit Dictionary | | RP : | Rudolf Lotze: Mikrokosmos | | RP : | Hippolyte Taine: Les Philosophes classiques du XIXe siècle en France | | ED : | Alexis de Tocqueville: L'Ancien régime et la révolution | | ST : | Pure cocaine extracted from cocoa beans | | ED : | Neanderthal skull found in Feldhofer Cave near Düsseldorf | | DL : | "Big Ben" cast at Whitechapel Bell Foundry | | VA : | John Singer Sargent born | | M : | Heinrich Heine dies 17 February | | M : | Adolphe Adam dies 3 May | | M : | Robert Schumann dies 29 July |
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| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Aurora Leigh | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Simon Boccanegra
(later revised)
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Faust Symphony
| | PH : | Peace of Paris ends Anglo-Persian war | | PH : | Indian Mutiny against British rule | | PH : | Garibaldi forms Italian National Association for unification of the country | | PH : | Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded | | ED : | Henry T. Buckle: History of Civilisation in England | | RP : | Ernest Renan: Etudes d'histoire religieuse | | VA : | Victoria and Albert Museum, London, opened | | M : | Charles Hallé founds the Hallé concerts in Manchester | | ST : | Pasteur proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms | | DL : | Alpine Club, London, founded | | DL : | Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe, caused by speculation in U.S. railroad shares | | DL : | Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain | | DL : | First safety elevator installed | | ED : | Science Museum, South Kensington, London, founded | | DL : | Transatlantic cable laid | | DL : | Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs in Russia | | M : | Mikhail Glinka dies 15 February | | M : | Edward Elgar born 2 June |
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| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Scherz, List und Rache
('Joke, Trick and Revenge')
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Un Ballo in maschera
('A Masked Ball')
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Polkas, Champagne and Tritsch-Tratsch
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Orphée aux enfers
('Orpheus in the Underwold'), later revised
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Serenade
No.1 for orchestra
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, The Trojans
| | PH : | Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chin. war | | PH : | British proclaim peace in India | | PH : | Prince William of Prussia declared regent for the insane King Frederick William IV | | PH : | Alexander Karageorgevich deposed by Serbian Diet; Milos Obrenovic declared king | | RP : | The Blessed Virgin Mary reputed to have appeared at Lourdes, France | | RP : | Henry Carey: Principles of Social Science | | ED : | Thomas Carlyle: Frederick the Great | | RP : | The Paulist Fathers founded by American Catholic priest Issac Hecker | | RP : | Lionel de Rothschild becomes first Jewish member of British Parliament | | RP : | Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church | | M : | New York Symphony gives its first public concert | | ST : | T.H. Huxley: The Theory of the Vetebrate Skulls | | ST : | Mirror galvanometer invented | | DL : | National Association of Baseball Players organised in America | | DL : | Ottawa becomes capital of Canada | | DL : | South Foreland lighthouse lit by electricity | | M : | Giacomo Puccini dies 29 November | | M : | Giacomo Puccini born 23 December |
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|
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Knight of the Sun | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Symphony No.1, La Nuit des Tropiques
| | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : On the Oise | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : The Flood-Gate at Optevoz | | VA : | Camille Corot : La Toilette | | M : | Richard Wagner : Music drama, Tristan and Isolde
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : Symphonic Poem, Wallenstein's Camp
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Opera, Faust
(later revised)
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Concerto No.1
| | PH : | Treaty of Alliance between Sardinia and France | | PH : | France declares war on Austria, armistice followed by peace of Billafranca, formalised by Treaty of Zurich | | PH : | King Ferdinand of the Two Sicilies dies; succeeded by Francis II | | PH : | King Oscar I of Sweden dies; succeeded by Charles XV | | PH : | German National Association formed; aimed at uniting German under Prussia | | ST : | Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection | | RP : | Ferdinand Lassalle: The Italian War and the Mission of Prussia | | RP : | Karl Marx: Critique of Political Economy | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Essay on Liberty | | ED : | Rank: History of England in the 16th and 17th Centuries | | RP : | Ernest Renan: Essais de morale et de critique | | ED : | L.F.K.Tischendorf discovers Codex Sinaiticus | | ED : | Pasquale Villari: Life of Savonarola | | ED : | Anthropological Society, Paris, founded | | ST : | F.L.G. Planté: first practical storage battery | | ST : | Steamroller invented | | DL : | French tightrope walker Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on tightrope | | DL : | Work on Suez Canal begun | | LT : | A E Housman born 26 March | | VA : | Georges Seurat born 2 December |
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|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Poems Before Congress | | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Acceleration
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Mephisto Waltz
No.1, for piano
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Serenade
No.2 for orchestra
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : The Black Brunswicker | | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau : Springtime | | PH : | Treaty of Turin cedes Nice and Savoy to France | | PH : | Garibaldi and his 1,000 redshirts ("i Mille") take Palermo and Naples | | PH : | Garibaldi proclaims Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy | | PH : | Second Maori War begins | | PH : | Treaty of Peking | | PH : | Abraham Lincoln elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | RP : | English Church Union founded | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Considerations on Representative Covernment | | RP : | Charles de Montalembert: Les Moines d'Occident | | ED : | J.L. Motley: The History of the United Netherlands | | RP : | Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in Jerusalem | | ST : | The elements cesium and rubidium discovered | | ST : | G.T. Fechner: Elements of Psychophysics | | ST : | Lenoir constructs first practical internal-combustion engine | | DL : | Cork linoleum invented | | DL : | The Catholic Times published | | DL : | Food and Drugs Act enacted in Britain | | DL : | British Open Golf Championship started | | DL : | Primitive form of typewriter: Christopher Sholes | | DL : | First horse-drawn tram | | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz born 29 May | | M : | Gustav Mahler born 7 July |
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|
| | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Early Italian Poets | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: On Translating Homer | | VA : | Camille Corot : Orpheus Leading Eurydice
from the Underworld | | M : | Arthur Sullivan : The Tempest,
incidental music
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Variations and fugue on a theme of Handel for piano
| | VA : | Ernest Meissonier : The French Campaign | | PH : | Frederick William IV of Prussia died; succeeded by William I | | PH : | Outbreak of Civil War in the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | The King of Naples surrenders, Italy proclaimed a kingdom by Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II as king | | PH : | Warsaw Massacre- troops fire at demonstrators against Russian rule | | DL : | Emancipation of Russian serfs | | PH : | Sultan Abdul Mejid of Turkey dies; succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz | | PH : | Pedro V of Portugal dies; succeded by Louis I | | ED : | Vladimir Dahl: Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue | | RP : | Ferdinand Lassalle: System of Assigned Rights | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Education: Moral, Intellectual, Physical | | RP : | Arthur P. Stanley: Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church | | M : | Royal Academy of Music, London, founded | | ST : | Archaeopteryx: skeleton of link between reptiles and bird discovered | | ST : | Thallium discovered | | ST : | First machine-chilled cold storage unit built | | DL : | Daily weather forecasts are begun in Britain | | DL : | Queen Victoria creates the Order of the Star of India | | DL : | U.S. introduces passport system | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning dies 29 June | | VA : | John William Godward born 9 August |
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|
| | LT : | Christina Rossetti: Goblin Market and Other Poems | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Last Poems (posth.) | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Union
| | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Queen of Spades
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Forza del destino
('The Force of Destiny')
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Musical scherzo, Perpetuum Mobile
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : String Quartet
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Quintet
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Beatrice and Benedict
| | PH : | King Otto I of Greece resigns after military revolt | | ED : | James Bruce: The Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | George Rawlinson: The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World | | RP : | Herbert Specner: First Principles | | ST : | Lion Foucault successfully measures the speed of light | | ST : | Helmholtz: The Doctrine of the Sensations of Tones | | DL : | Swiss humanist Jean Henri Duanant proposes in his book Souvenir de
Solferinio the foundation of an international Voluntary
relief organisation - the Red Cross | | DL : | International Exhibition, London | | M : | Frederick Delius born 29 January | | VA : | Gustav Klimt born 14 July | | M : | Claude Debussy born 22 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Ophelia | | VA : | Jessie Willcox Smith born | | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel : The Birth of Venus | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Die Loreley
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : Opera, The Brandenburgers in Bohemia
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Petite messe solennelle
('Little Solemn Mass')
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso
for violin and orchestra
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
String Quartet No.2
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Opera, Les Pêcheurs de perles
('The Pearl Fishers')
| | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme : The Dance of the Almeh | | VA : | Edouard Manet : Olympia | | PH : | Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation GO ! | | PH : | Mohammed Said, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Ismail | | PH : | William, Prince of Denmark, becomes George I, King of Greece | | PH : | Civil War breaks out in Afghanistan after the death of Dost Mohammed | | PH : | Frederick VII, King of Denmark dies, succeeded by Christian IX | | PH : | French capture Mexico City and proclaim Archduke Maximilian of Austria emperor | | ED : | S.R. Gardiner: History of England...1603-1642 | | RP : | T.H. Huxley: Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature | | ED : | A.W. Kinglake: The Invasion of Crimea | | RP : | Charles Lyell: The Antiquity of Man | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Utilitarianism | | ED : | University of Mass, Amherst, founded as Mass. Agricultural College | | DL : | Ebenezer Butterick develops first paper dress patterns | | ST : | Sir Francis Galton: Meteorographica or Methods of Mapping the Weather | | ED : | National Academy of Sciences founded Washington, D.C. | | ST : | Microstructure of steel discovered leading to development of science of metallurgy | | DL : | Grand Prix de Paris first run at Longchamp | | DL : | A.F. Nadar makes ascent in his balloon "Le Géant" | | DL : | U.S. Congress establishes free city mail delivery | | DL : | Roller skating introduced to America | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix dies 13 August | | VA : | Paul Signac born | | M : | Pietro Mascagni born 7 December | | VA : | Edvard Munch born 12 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Dramatis Personae | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Biographical operetta, Franz Schubert
| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Frithjof
for baritone, female voices and orchestra
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Morning Papers
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Belle Hélène
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Symphony
(subsequently withdrawn by the composer)
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Opera, Mireille
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
in D-minor, known as 'Number 0'
| | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Pink Dress | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Painter's Honeymoon | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : Golden Hours | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : La Loge | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Portrait of Alfred Sisley | | PH : | Peace of Vienna; Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Austria and Prussia | | PH : | Abraham Lincoln re-elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | King Maximilian II of Bavaria dies; succeeded by Louis II | | DL : | First International Workingmen's Association founded by Karl Marx, London and New York | | LT : | Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellscahft founded at Weimar | | RP : | Cesare Lombroso: Genius and Madness | | RP : | Cardinal Newman: Apologia pro Vita Sua | | RP : | Syllabus Errorum issued by Pope Pius Ix: condemns Liberalism, Socialsm, and Rationalism | | ST : | Joseph Bertrand: Treatise on Differential and Integral Calculus | | ST : | Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation (for wine) | | DL : | Geneva Convention establishes the neutrality of battlefield medical facilities | | DL : | Octavia Hill begins London tenement-dwelling reforms | | DL : | Knights of Pythias founded, Washington, D.C. | | DL : | Neue Freie Presse founded in Vienna | | DL : | "In God We Trust" first appears on U.S. coins | | LT : | John Clare dies 20 May | | M : | Richard Strauss born 11 June | | VA : | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec born 24 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Gustave Courbet : Woman with a Parrot | | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Goodnight | | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Sir Galahad | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Drum Taps | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Essays in Criticism |
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