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Piero della Francesca
(1420 - 1492)

1420

PH : Treaty of Troyes; Henry V, recognised by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne, marries Catherine of France and enters Paris
VA : Artist Piero della Francesca born

1422

PH : Henry V of England dies; succeeded by nine-month-old Henry VI
PH : Charles VI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VII

1423

PH : James I of Scotland released by the English

1425

PH : John VIII, Byzantine Emperor
PH : Struggles in Bohemia between Ziska's followers, the Utraquists, and the radical Taborites

1426

M : Holland becomes the centre of European music
ED : Louvain University founded

1427

PH : Itzcoatl, King of the Aztecs, in Mexico, enlarges his empire
ED : Lincoln College, Oxford, founded
VA : Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) dies

1428

PH : Treaty of Delft: peace between England and Flanders
PH : Joan of Arc leads Fr. armies against England

1429

PH : Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans; Charles VII crowned in Rheims
PH : Henry VI crowned at Westminster
PH : Philip of Burgundy creates the Order of the Golden Fleece

1430

LT : Modern English develops from Middle English
VA : Beginning of first Dutch school
DL : "Mad Marjorie", the great cast-iron gun, introduced

1431

PH : Joan of Arc burned at the stake at Rouen
PH : Henry VI of England crowned King of France in Paris
PH : First Ger. peasant revolt at Worms
RP : Pope Eugene IV
ED : Universities of Caen and of Poitiers founded
VA : Artist Andrea Mantegna born

1432

ST : Port sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores

1433

PH : Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor
DL : The double-eagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors

1434

PH : Vladislav III, King of Poland
PH : Cosimo de' Medici becomes ruler of Florence
RP : Revolt in Rome; Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence

1435

PH : Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy
PH : Swed. Parliament (Riksdag) meets for the first time

1436

PH : Compact of Iglau ends Hussite Wars, Emperor Sigismund acknowledged as King of Bohemia

1437

PH : James I murdered at Perth; succeeded by James II
PH : Emperor Sigismund dies; last of the House of Luxembourg; succeeded as king of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany by his son-in-law, Albert V
M : John Dunstable develops counterpoint in musical composition
ED : All Soul's College, Oxford, founded

1438

PH : Nine-years' truce between England and Scotland
PH : Pachacutec founds Inca rule in Peru

1439

PH : The heirs to the Fr. throne receive the title Conte du Dauphiné

1440

PH : Frederick of Styria and Carinthia elected Ger. King
ED : Platonic Academy, Florence, founded

1441

ED : Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, founded
ST : Port. navigators find the first Negroes near Cape Blanc, western Africa, and start slave trade again

1443

DL : Eng. plague order on quarantine and cleansing

1444

PH : Vladislav III of Poland and Hungary killed by the Turks at the Battle of Varna
ED : Cosimo de' Medici founds the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence
VA : Robert Campin dies

1445

ST : Port. navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde
PH : Copenhagen becomes Dan. capital
VA : Botticelli born, day unknown

1446

PH : János Hunyady elected regent of Hungary
VA : Artist Perugino born in Umbria

1447

PH : Scanderbeg defeats Murad II, and gains independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan
RP : Pope Nicholas V
ED : Founding of Palermo University

1448

PH : Anglo-Scot. war renewed, Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England
PH : Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden
PH : Constantine XI Palaeologus the last Byzantine Emperor

1449

PH : English break truce with France, capture Fougères
VA : Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) born

1450

PH : Jack Cade's rebellion in England
LT : Vatican Library founded
LT : Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book
VA : Florence under the Medici becomes centre of Renaissance and humanism
DL : Mocha in south-western Arabia becomes main port for coffee export
VA : Hieronymus Bosch born

1451

PH : Mohammed I, Sultan of the Turks
ED : Glasgow University founded

1452

PH : Frederick III crowned emperor
PH : George of Podebrad elected Regent of Bohemia
ST : Metal plates are used for printing
VA : Artist Leonardo da Vinci is born in Tuscany

1453

PH : Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of the Byzantine Empire
PH : End of Hundred years' War between England and France
ST : Gutenberg and his financier print the 42-line bible at Mainz

1454

PH : Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan
PH : Richard, Duke of York, named "Protector of England" during insanity for Henry VI; Edward, son of Henry, named Prince of Wales
DL : Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data

1455

PH : Duke of York, excluded from Council, defeats royal forces at St. Albans, May, and becomes again "Protector": Beginning of the Wars of the Roses
ST : The Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores the Senegal River
VA : Artist Fra Angelico dies

1456

PH : The trial of Joan of Arc annulled
PH : János Hunyadi dies

1457

PH : Ladislas V Posthumus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, dies; Frederick III inherits Upper and Lower Austria

1458

PH : The Hussite leader, George of Podebrad, becomes King of Bohemia
PH : Matthias Corvinus, son of János Hunyady, becomes King of Hungary
RP : Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II

1459

PH : Renewal of civil war in England

1460

PH : James II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James III
VA : Hans Holbein the Elder born

1461

PH : Edward, son of Richard of York, crowned Edward IV, King of England
PH : Charles VII of France dies; succeeded by Louis XI
PH : Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania

1463

PH : Emperor Frederick III recognises Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, who recognises Hapsburg claims to succession
LT : François Villon, saved from gallows, disappears
DL : Monte di Pietà at Orvieto: money loaned at low interest to poor people

1464

PH : Peace between England and Scotland
PH : Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, dies
RP : Pope Paul II
DL : Louis XI establishes Fr. royal mail service
DL : Scot. Parliament decrees that "fute-ball and golfe not to be used"
VA : Rogier van der Weyden dies

1465

M : First printed music
DL : Edward IV passes edict forbidding "hustling of stones" and other bowling-like sports

1466

LT : Johann Mental prints first Ger. Bible (Strasbourg)

1467

PH : Philip II of Burgundy dies; succeeded by Charles the Bold

1468

RP : Bishopric of Vienna established

1469

PH : Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Magnificent", ruler of Florence
VA : Artist Fra Filippo Lippi dies

1470

ST : Port. navigators discover Gold Coast, West Africa
ST : First Fr. printing press set up at the Sorbonne, Paris

1471

PH : Edward IV, King of England, defeats and kills Richard, Earl of Warwick at Barnet, defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkesbury, and enters London; Henry VI murdered in the Tower
PH : King George of Bohemia dies; succeeded by Vladislav II
RP : Pope Sixtus IV
VA : Albrecht Dürer is born

1472

PH : Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland
VA : Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born
VA : Lucas Cranach the Elder born

1473

PH : Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg

1474

PH : Isabella I, Queen of Aragon
LT : William Caxton prints the first book in English

1475

M : John Taverner born
VA : Matthias Grünewald is born
VA : Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti born in Florence
VA : Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence

1477

LT : Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

1479

PH : Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state
ED : Copenhagen University founded
DL : After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry

1480

PH : Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians
PH : Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan
RP : Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews
ST : Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute
VA : Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate)

1481

PH : Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks
RP : Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church

1482

PH : Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs

1483

PH : Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V
PH : Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III
PH : Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII
VA : Artist Raphael is born in Urbino

1484

RP : Pope Innocent VIII
RP : Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery
M : Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae
DL : Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection

1485

PH : Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty
DL : Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England

1486

PH : Maximilian I elected Ger. King
ST : The Portuguese discover Angola

1487

VA : Titian is born (year approximate)

1488

PH : James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV
PH : Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian
DL : The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin

1489

PH : Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice
PH : Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India
ST : The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use
VA : Correggio is born (year approximate)

1490

PH : Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him
LT : Beginning of development of Span. drama
M : First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts
ST : Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes
DL : The first orphanages in Italy and Holland

1491

PH : Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland
PH : Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession

1492

PH : The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom
PH : Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France
PH : Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence
PH : Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander
PH : Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000
RP : Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI
ED : Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary
RP : By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country
ST : Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine
M : Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice
ST : The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim
PH : Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World    GO !
DL : The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller
VA : Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October
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