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Guido di Pietro (Fra Angelico)
(1387 - 1455)

1387

PH : Sigismund of Brandenburg, son of Charles IV, becomes King of Hungary by marriage
VA : Artist Fra Angelico is born

1388

ED : Cologne University founded

1389

PH : Truce between England, Scotland, and France
PH : Bajazet I, Emir of the Turks
RP : Pope Boniface IX elected at Rome

1390

PH : Robert III, King of Scots

1391

PH : Charles VI seized with madness; his brother Louis becomes Duke of Orleans
PH : Succession dispute in Japan: the Ashikagas become shoguns of Muromachi

1395

PH : Irish rulers do homage to Richard II, receive amnesty

1396

PH : Richard II of England marries Isabella of France at Calais; Anglo-Fr. truce extended to 28 years
LT : Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence: beginning of revival of Greek literature in Italy

1397

PH : Union of Kalmar between Sweden, Denmark, and Norway
VA : Paolo di Dono (Uccello) is born
M : Francesco Landini dies 2 September

1399

PH : Richard II deposed: Henry of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt, succeeds to the throne as Henry IV
VA : Rogier van der Weyden is born

1400

ST : Alchemy becomes more and more a field for swindlers
M : First mention of the dulcimer
VA : Early Renaissance period
ED : Jean Froissart: Chronicles
LT : Earliest known literature written in Cornish tongue
LT : Flourishing of the ecclesiastical drama in Italy
PH : Ascent of the Medici in Florence
PH : Wenceslas IV deposed and succeeded by Rupert III of the Palatinate
PH : Richard II murdered    GO !
PH : Henry IV suppresses rebellion of the barons

1401

PH : Klause Störtebeker, the pirate, executed at Hamburg
VA : Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) is born

1403

ED : Compilation of Yung Lo Ta Tien, Chin. encyclopaedia in 22,937 vols. (only three copies made)
PH : Bajazet dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman I

1404

RP : Pope Innocent III

1405

ST : Konrad Kyeser: Bellifortis, book of military technology
PH : Timur dies; succeeded by Shah Rokh

1406

RP : Pope Gregory XII
PH : Robert II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James I, who is imprisoned in England
VA : Artist Fra Filippo Lippi is born

1407

DL : Bethlehem Hospital, London, Bedlam, becomes an institution for the insane
PH : Louis, Duke of Orleans, murdered by Burgundians; start of civil war in France

1408

RP : Cardinals of Rome and Avignon meet to end Great Schism

1409

ED : Leipzig University founded by Ger. refugees from Prague
RP : Pope Gregory XII abdicates; Council of Pisa, Pope Alexander V

1410

RP : Hus and his followers excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague
RP : Pope John XXIII, antipope
PH : King Rupert dies

1411

ED : Founding of St. Andrews University, Edinburgh
RP : Pope John XXIII excommunicates Jan Hus
PH : Sigismund, King of Hungary, son of Charles IV, elected Ger. King, and crowned emperor

1412

VA : Filippo Bruneleschi: Rules of Perspective

1413

RP : The Disputation of Tortosa (Spain): Joseph Albo defends the Jewish faith
PH : Henry IV dies; succeeded by his son Henry V

1414

DL : The Medici of Florence becomes bankers to the papacy
RP : Thomas à Kempis: Imitatio Christi
RP : The Council of Constance to settle "causa unionis, reformationis, fedei"

1415

RP : Hus burned at the stake at Constance for heresy
RP : Pope John XXIII deposed

1416

RP : Jerome of Prague, a follower of Hus, burned for heresy
VA : The Limbourg Brothers die, probably of plague

1417

RP : Pope Martin V elected in Rome: end of Great Schism
RP : Council of Constance deposes Pope Benedict XIII, who holds out as pretender-pope until his death

1419

PH : Ex-King Wenceslas dies; Sigismund obtains Bohemia
PH : War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites
PH : Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy

1420

PH : Treaty of Troyes; Henry V, recognised by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne, marries Catherine of France and enters Paris
VA : Artist Piero della Francesca born

1422

PH : Henry V of England dies; succeeded by nine-month-old Henry VI
PH : Charles VI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VII

1423

PH : James I of Scotland released by the English

1425

PH : John VIII, Byzantine Emperor
PH : Struggles in Bohemia between Ziska's followers, the Utraquists, and the radical Taborites

1426

M : Holland becomes the centre of European music
ED : Louvain University founded

1427

PH : Itzcoatl, King of the Aztecs, in Mexico, enlarges his empire
ED : Lincoln College, Oxford, founded
VA : Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) dies

1428

PH : Treaty of Delft: peace between England and Flanders
PH : Joan of Arc leads Fr. armies against England

1429

PH : Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans; Charles VII crowned in Rheims
PH : Henry VI crowned at Westminster
PH : Philip of Burgundy creates the Order of the Golden Fleece

1430

LT : Modern English develops from Middle English
VA : Beginning of first Dutch school
DL : "Mad Marjorie", the great cast-iron gun, introduced

1431

PH : Joan of Arc burned at the stake at Rouen
PH : Henry VI of England crowned King of France in Paris
PH : First Ger. peasant revolt at Worms
RP : Pope Eugene IV
ED : Universities of Caen and of Poitiers founded
VA : Artist Andrea Mantegna born

1432

ST : Port sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores

1433

PH : Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor
DL : The double-eagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors

1434

PH : Vladislav III, King of Poland
PH : Cosimo de' Medici becomes ruler of Florence
RP : Revolt in Rome; Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence

1435

PH : Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy
PH : Swed. Parliament (Riksdag) meets for the first time

1436

PH : Compact of Iglau ends Hussite Wars, Emperor Sigismund acknowledged as King of Bohemia

1437

PH : James I murdered at Perth; succeeded by James II
PH : Emperor Sigismund dies; last of the House of Luxembourg; succeeded as king of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany by his son-in-law, Albert V
M : John Dunstable develops counterpoint in musical composition
ED : All Soul's College, Oxford, founded

1438

PH : Nine-years' truce between England and Scotland
PH : Pachacutec founds Inca rule in Peru

1439

PH : The heirs to the Fr. throne receive the title Conte du Dauphiné

1440

PH : Frederick of Styria and Carinthia elected Ger. King
ED : Platonic Academy, Florence, founded

1441

ED : Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, founded
ST : Port. navigators find the first Negroes near Cape Blanc, western Africa, and start slave trade again

1443

DL : Eng. plague order on quarantine and cleansing

1444

PH : Vladislav III of Poland and Hungary killed by the Turks at the Battle of Varna
ED : Cosimo de' Medici founds the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence
VA : Robert Campin dies

1445

ST : Port. navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde
PH : Copenhagen becomes Dan. capital
VA : Botticelli born, day unknown

1446

PH : János Hunyady elected regent of Hungary
VA : Artist Perugino born in Umbria

1447

PH : Scanderbeg defeats Murad II, and gains independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan
RP : Pope Nicholas V
ED : Founding of Palermo University

1448

PH : Anglo-Scot. war renewed, Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England
PH : Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden
PH : Constantine XI Palaeologus the last Byzantine Emperor

1449

PH : English break truce with France, capture Fougères
VA : Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) born

1450

PH : Jack Cade's rebellion in England
LT : Vatican Library founded
LT : Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book
VA : Florence under the Medici becomes centre of Renaissance and humanism
DL : Mocha in south-western Arabia becomes main port for coffee export
VA : Hieronymus Bosch born

1451

PH : Mohammed I, Sultan of the Turks
ED : Glasgow University founded

1452

PH : Frederick III crowned emperor
PH : George of Podebrad elected Regent of Bohemia
ST : Metal plates are used for printing
VA : Artist Leonardo da Vinci is born in Tuscany

1453

PH : Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of the Byzantine Empire
PH : End of Hundred years' War between England and France
ST : Gutenberg and his financier print the 42-line bible at Mainz

1454

PH : Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan
PH : Richard, Duke of York, named "Protector of England" during insanity for Henry VI; Edward, son of Henry, named Prince of Wales
DL : Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data

1455

PH : Duke of York, excluded from Council, defeats royal forces at St. Albans, May, and becomes again "Protector": Beginning of the Wars of the Roses
ST : The Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores the Senegal River
VA : Artist Fra Angelico dies
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