HumanitiesWeb.org - Lucas Cranach the Elder- Portraitist of the Reformation [Chronology]
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Lucas Cranach (the Elder)
(1472 - 1553)

1472

PH : Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland
VA : Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born
VA : Lucas Cranach the Elder born

1473

PH : Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg

1474

PH : Isabella I, Queen of Aragon
LT : William Caxton prints the first book in English

1475

M : John Taverner born
VA : Matthias Grünewald is born
VA : Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti born in Florence
VA : Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence

1477

LT : Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales

1479

PH : Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state
ED : Copenhagen University founded
DL : After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry

1480

PH : Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians
PH : Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan
RP : Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews
ST : Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute
VA : Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate)

1481

PH : Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks
RP : Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church

1482

PH : Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs

1483

PH : Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V
PH : Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III
PH : Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII
VA : Artist Raphael is born in Urbino

1484

RP : Pope Innocent VIII
RP : Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery
M : Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae
DL : Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection

1485

PH : Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty
DL : Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England

1486

PH : Maximilian I elected Ger. King
ST : The Portuguese discover Angola

1487

VA : Titian is born (year approximate)

1488

PH : James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV
PH : Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian
DL : The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin

1489

PH : Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice
PH : Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India
ST : The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use
VA : Correggio is born (year approximate)

1490

PH : Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him
LT : Beginning of development of Span. drama
M : First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts
ST : Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes
DL : The first orphanages in Italy and Holland

1491

PH : Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland
PH : Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession

1492

PH : The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom
PH : Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France
PH : Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence
PH : Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander
PH : Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000
RP : Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI
ED : Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary
RP : By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country
ST : Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine
M : Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice
ST : The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim
PH : Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World    GO !
DL : The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller
VA : Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October

1493

PH : Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal
DL : Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants
PH : Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I
PH : The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany
ED : The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German
RP : Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal
RP : Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros
ST : Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica

1494

PH : Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them    GO !
PH : Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo
PH : Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England
PH : Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England
PH : Ferdianand I of Naples dies
PH : Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England
ED : Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France
RP : Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism
ED : King's College Aberdeen, founded
M : Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments
DL : Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement
VA : Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies

1495

PH : Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy
PH : Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France
PH : The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax
DL : English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars
PH : Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal
PH : Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics
RP : Jews expelled from Portugal
DL : Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng.
DL : Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers

1496

PH : Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III
ED : Jesus College, Cambridge, founded
M : Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition
ST : Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant

1497

PH : King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union
RP : John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection
RP : Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna
RP : Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI
ST : Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope
DL : Severe famine in Florence
VA : Hans Holbein the Younger is born

1498

PH : Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans
LT : Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli"
ST : Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India
DL : The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg

1499

PH : Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city
PH : War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence
PH : War between Turks and Venice
RP : The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada
ED : University of Alcalá founded
M : University of Oxford institutes degrees in music
ST : Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America

1500

PH : Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions
RP : Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks
ED : Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics
ED : Univeristy of Valencia founded
VA : The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance
M : Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types
M : Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted
ST : Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine
ST : Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal
ED : First commercial colleges founded in Venice
DL : First black-lead pencils used in England
ST : First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer
ST : First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca)
DL : First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels
DL : Silver guilders introduced in Germany
DL : First annual horserace meetings at Chester

1501

PH : French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples
PH : Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I
PH : Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty
PH : Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania
LT : Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000
LT : Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull
RP : Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani
RP : Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus
DL : Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000 printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies

1502

PH : The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness
RP : Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established
ED : University of Wittenberg founded
DL : Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany
ED : Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary
M : First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published
ST : Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama
ST : Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena
ST : Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India
ST : Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch

1503

PH : The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs
PH : Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks
PH : War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out
RP : Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II
DL : Pocket handkerchief comes into use
VA : Bronzino is born
VA : Parmigianino is born

1504

PH : Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south)
PH : Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan
ED : Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain
DL : Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown
DL : Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid

1505

M : Thomas Tallis born
PH : Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
PH : Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire
ED : Christ's College, Cambridge, founded
ED : Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources)
ST : Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation

1506

PH : Treaty of Windsor
PH : Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland
ED : Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary
ED : University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded
VA : "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome
DL : Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea
DL : Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy
VA : Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September

1507

PH : Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber
RP : Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome
ST : Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia
ST : Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci
ST : Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors

1508

PH : Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned
PH : The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice

1509

PH : Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice
PH : Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England
ED : Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded
RP : Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More
M : John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London
RP : Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud
ST : First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors
DL : Earthquake destroys Constantinople
DL : Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span. settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World

1510

RP : Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication
ED : John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London
ST : Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine)
DL : Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire
VA : Botticelli dies in Florence

1511

PH : Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy
PH : Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy
M : Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing
ST : Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca
VA : Giorgio Vasari is born

1512

PH : German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation
PH : War between Russia and Poland
LT : First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama
RP : Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church
RP : Shi'ism state religion in Persia
M : Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés
M : Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen
ST : Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun
ST : Ban on quacks in Augsburg
ST : Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons
DL : Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger

1513

PH : Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway
PH : James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency
DL : Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest
PH : Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France
RP : Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X
ST : Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean
ST : Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida

1514

PH : Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia
PH : Anglo-Fr. truce
PH : Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa
RP : Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy
ST : The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River
RP : The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany
DL : Pineapples first arrive in Europe

1515

PH : Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I
PH : Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed
PH : Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons
PH : Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England
RP : The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities
RP : Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin
ST : First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France

1516

PH : Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II
PH : Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments
PH : Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss
RP : Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text
ED : Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French
RP : Sir Thomas More: Utopia
ED : Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded
M : Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses
M : Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy
ST : Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World
DL : Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe
DL : Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples
VA : Hieronymus Bosch dies

1517

DL : "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders
RP : End of Lateran Council
RP : Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German
RP : Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom
RP : Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica
ED : Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded
DL : Coffee in Europe for the first time
VA : Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies

1518

PH : Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain
ST : Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico
ED : Royal College of Physicians, London, founded
ST : Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic
DL : License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot
DL : E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe
ST : Spectacles for the shortsighted
VA : Tintoretto is born

1519

PH : Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V
RP : Erasmus: Colloquia
RP : Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck
RP : Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation
VA : Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands
PH : Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler
ST : Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe
DL : Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent
VA : Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France

1520

PH : Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm
PH : Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent
PH : Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle
ED : Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau
RP : Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer
RP : Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull
ST : Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations
DL : Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain
DL : Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall
VA : Artist Raphael dies in Rome

1521

PH : Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state
PH : King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him
RP : Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther
RP : Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible
RP : Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra
RP : Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma
RP : Pope Leo X dies in December
ST : Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives
ST : Manufacture of silk introduced in France

1522

PH : Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden
PH : Spanish forces conquer Guatemala
RP : Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI
ED : Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia
RP : Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts
RP : Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá
ST : Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru
ST : Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war

1523

PH : Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway
PH : Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden
RP : Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII
M : Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing
ST : Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture
DL : First marine insurance policies issued at Florence
VA : Artist Perugino dies in Perugia

1524

PH : James V, King of Scotland
PH : Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair
PH : Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I
LT : London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England
RP : Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich
RP : Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn
ST : Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography
DL : Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court
VA : Hans Holbein the Elder dies

1525

PH : Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy
PH : Peace signed between England and France
PH : Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary
RP : Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order
ED : Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford
ST : Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry
DL : Hops introduced to England from Artois
DL : Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor
VA : Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate)
M : Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February

1526

PH : Anglo-Scot. peace signed
PH : Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary
PH : Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi
LT : Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal
RP : The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia
RP : Persecution of Jews in Hungary
RP : Luther: German Mass
DL : Card game piquet first played

1527

PH : Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary
PH : The Sack of Rome
LT : Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory
RP : Reformation in Sweden
ED : First Protestant university founded at Marbug

1528

RP : Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions
RP : Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship
RP : Reformation begins in Scotland
M : Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published
ST : Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery
DL : Severe outbreaks of the plague in England
VA : Matthias Grünewald dies
VA : Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born
VA : Albrecht Dürer dies

1529

PH : Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England
RP : Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants")
ED : Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes
LT : Women seen for the first time on Italian stages
ED : King Francis I founds the Collège de France
ST : Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed
RP : Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico
ST : Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published

1530

PH : Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope
PH : Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V
PH : The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies
RP : Melanchthon: Apologia
ST : George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy
ST : Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times
ST : Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World
DL : The Antwerp exchange founded
DL : Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire
DL : General use of the spinning wheel in Europe
DL : Workman's bench comes into use
DL : The game of Bingo is developed

1531

PH : Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England
PH : War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons
RP : First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus
ED : Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen
RP : Inquisition in Portugal
ED : Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany
ED : University of Granada founded
DL : The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition

1532

M : Orlande de Lassus born
ST : Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru
RP : Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII
ED : Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary
RP : Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth.
RP : Reformation in France (John Calvin)
ST : Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs
DL : Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil

1533

PH : Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn
RP : Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope
PH : Accession of Ivan IV of Russia
PH : Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru
ED : Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking
M : First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome
VA : Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg
ST : First lunatic asylums (without medical attention)
LT : Elizabeth I born 7 September

1534

PH : "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia
PH : Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed
RP : Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius
RP : Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III
RP : Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola
RP : Luther completes German translation of the Bible
ST : Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador
DL : Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep
VA : Correggio dies

1535

PH : Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope
PH : Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy
PH : Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death
PH : Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves
ED : Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge
RP : Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia
ED : Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice
ST : First diving bells
DL : Beginnings of the London Exchange
DL : Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners

1536

PH : Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed
PH : Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife
RP : The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster
PH : Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England
RP : John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio
RP : Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione
RP : Reformation in Denmark and Norway
RP : 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree
ED : Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice
M : First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain
ST : India rubber mentioned for the first time

1537

PH : The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed
RP : First Catholic hymnal (Vete)
ED : Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen
M : First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls
ST : Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics
ST : Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology
ST : First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator

1538

RP : Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England
RP : Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa
ST : Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
VA : Albrecht Altdorfer dies

1539

M : William Byrd born
RP : Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans
RP : Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner
RP : Melanchthon: De officio principum
ST : Olaus Magnus: map of the world
DL : First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral
DL : A public lottery held in France

1540

PH : Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife
PH : Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople
PH : Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi
RP : Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III
ED : Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge
RP : Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia
ST : Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid
ST : Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood
VA : Parmigianino dies

1541

PH : Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church
PH : Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct
RP : John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland
RP : Loyola elected General of the Jesuits

1542

PH : Queen Catherine Howard executed
PH : Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne
RP : Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome
ED : Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded
ED : University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici
ST : Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European
ST : Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy
DL : Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria

1543

PH : Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him
RP : Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III
RP : First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition
ST : Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat
VA : Hans Holbein the Younger dies

1544

PH : Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line
ED : University of Königsberg founded
ST : Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology
ST : Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium
ST : Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis
ST : Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra
ST : St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded
ST : Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered

1545

PH : Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I
LT : Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy
RP : Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation
ST : Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree
ST : Claude Garamond designs his antique typography
ST : First European botanical garden in Padua
M : John Taverner dies 15 October

1546

ST : Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League
ED : Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church
RP : Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire
ST : First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn
ST : Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases
ST : Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole
ST : First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus
ST : Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela

1547

PH : Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow
PH : Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI
PH : Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II
PH : Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg
RP : William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie
RP : La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics
M : Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon
DL : First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus
DL : French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities
DL : Moscow destroyed by fire
DL : Poor rate levied in London

1548

PH : Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus
LT : Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris
LT : Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris
RP : Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published
ED : University of Messina founded
RP : Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan
ED : Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London

1549

PH : Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia
LT : Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise
RP : Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England
RP : Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion
ST : Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus
RP : Pope Paul III dies
ED : Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia
ED : Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis
ST : Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador
DL : Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe

1550

RP : Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament
RP : Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III
RP : Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium
VA : Beginning of early Baroque in art
VA : Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting
VA : Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists
M : John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy
DL : Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy
DL : Sealing wax used for first time
DL : First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts

1551

ED : Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university
RP : Jews persecuted in Bavaria
ED : University of Lima founded
ST : Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons
ST : Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology
DL : First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales

1552

LT : Sir Walter Raleigh born
ED : Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits
ED : Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias
RP : Second Prayer Book of Edward VI
ST : Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve
ST : Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI
DL : St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer

1553

PH : Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later
PH : Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England
PH : Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia
RP : Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure
RP : Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.)
RP : Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique
M : The violin in its present form begins to develop
DL : Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru
VA : Lucas Cranach the Elder dies
Personae

Terms Defined

Referenced Works