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Alighieri Dante
(1265 - 1321)

1303

ED : Siena University founded

1265

RP : Pope Clement IV
M : Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix develop the musical form of the motet (musica mensurata)

1266

PH : Balban, Sultan of Delhi
RP : Roger Bacon: Opus maius

1267

DL : The guilds of goldsmiths and tailors of London fight each other in fierce street battles

1268

RP : Three years' vacancy in the papacy

1269

DL : The first toll roads in England

1270

PH : Louis IX dies on the Eighth Crusade, and is succeeded by Philip III
PH : Stephen V of Hungary

1271

RP : Pope Gregory X
ST : Marco Polo journeys to China

1272

PH : Henry III of England dies; succeeded by Edward I    GO !
PH : Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, dies

1273

PH : Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, elected king and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle
RP : Thomas Aquinas: Summa theologica

1274

PH : Edward I crowned at Westminster

1275

RP : Moses de León, Jewish theologian, author of Zohar, the fundamental work on Jewish mysticism
ST : William of Saliceto: Chirurgia, earliest record of human dissection

1276

RP : The year of the four popes: Pope Gregory X, Pope Innocent V, Pope Hadrian V, and Pope John XXI

1277

RP : Pope Nicholas III

1278

PH : Ottokar takes up arms and is defeated by Rudolf and killed at Dürnkrut, Marchfeld; succeeded by Wenceslas II
DL : 278 Jews hanged in London for clipping coin; Christians guilty of the same offense, fined

1280

PH : Eric II of Norway
PH : Asen dynasty in Bulgaria extinquished, the country becoming subject to Serbs, Greeks, and Mongols
PH : Kublai Khan founds Yüan dynasty in China
DL : Rebellion of the textile workers of Flanders against their exploiters

1281

RP : Pope Martin IV

1283

PH : The Teutonic Order completes subjection of Prussia
PH : A false "Emperor Frederick II" appears in Germany

1284

DL : The "Pied Piper of Hamelin"
DL : Sequins first coined in Venice

1285

PH : Philip III dies; succeeded by Philip IV, the Fair
RP : Pope Honorius IV
M : Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion

1286

PH : Alexander III of Scotland dies; succeeded by his infant niece Margaret, "the Maid of Norway", under six guardians

1287

PH : Rudolf proclaims Public Peace at the Diet of Würzburg

1288

PH : Osman I, founder of Ottoman Empire
RP : Pope Nicholas IV
ED : Founding of Montpellier University
M : Adam de la Halle dies

1289

ST : Invention of spectacles

1290

PH : Kaikobad, Sultan of Delhi, murdered; succeeded by Jalaluddin
ED : Lisbon University founded
M : Jean de Muris born

1291

PH : Rudolf I dies
PH : Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden
PH : Mamelukes conquer Acre, ending Christian rule in the East
PH : End of the Crusades: Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus
M : Philippe de Vitry born 31 October

1292

PH : Scottish throne to John Baliol
PH : Adolf, Count of Nassau, elected Ger. King; crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle

1294

RP : Pope Celestine V, followed by Pope Boniface VIII

1295

PH : Alliance between France and Scotland

1296

PH : John Baliol resigns Scot crown to Edward I
PH : Frederick II, King of Sicily
PH : Jalaluddin of Delhi murdered; succeeded by Alauddin Khilji
PH : Scot. coronation stone moved from Scone to Westminster

1297

DL : Moas, giant giraffe birds of New Zealand, die out

1298

PH : Adolf of Nassau dethroned by the electors and killed in battle; succeeded as Ger. King by Albert I of Austria

1299

PH : Treaties between Venice and the Turks, and France and Germany

1300

M : Guillaume de Machaut born
PH : Edward I invades Scotland
PH : Wenceslas II of Bohemia elected King of Poland
LT : Development of Chinese drama
M : The 'Jongleurs', professional musical entertainers in France
DL : In the Ger. cities apothecaries become popular
DL : Temporary end of European slave trade

1301

PH : Andrew III of Hungary, last of the Arpads dies
PH : Edward I's son made Prince of Wales

1302

PH : Anglo-Scot. truce
RP : Papal bull "unam sanctam" pronounces highest papal claims to supremacy
VA : Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) dies in Florence (year approximate)

1303

RP : Pope Boniface VIII quarrels with Philip IV of France and dies a prisoner in the Vatican
ED : Rome University founded
ST : Bernard of Gordon; first medical reference to spectacles

1304

ED : Peterhouse College, Cambridge, founded

1305

PH : Wenceslas II, King of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, dies
RP : Pope Clement V
DL : Edward I standardises the yard and the acre

1306

PH : Robert Bruce crowned King of Scots and defeated by the English at Methuen and Dalry
PH : Wenceslas III, last of the Premyslids, dies - Albert invests his son Rudolf with Bohemia
RP : Philip IV expels the Jews from France

1307

PH : Edward I dies; succeeded by Edward II     GO !
PH : The legendary Rutli vow of the three Swiss cantons
LT : Dante composes his Divina Commedia
RP : Archbishopric of Peking set up

1308

PH : Coronation of Edward II
PH : Albert I murdered; Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg is elected Ger. King
DL : King Philip IV builds one of the earliest indoor tennis courts in Paris

1309

RP : Clement V fixes papal residence at Avignon - beginning of the "Babylonia Captivity", during which Rome is not the papal seat
M : Marchettus of Padua pleads for the introduction of counterpoint into musical composition
ED : Founding of Orleans University

1310

PH : Council of Ten established in Venice

1311

PH : English barons force King Edward II to appoint "lord ordainers", and slowly transfer power away from him     GO !

1312

PH : Treaty of Vienna: Lyons incorporated into France
PH : Henry VII of Luxembourg crowned emperor in Rome

1313

PH : Henry VII of Luxembourg dies

1314

PH : Philip IV of France dies; succeeded by his son Louis X
PH : Double election of Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria
RP : Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, burned at the stake in Paris for alleged heresy
RP : Vacancy in the papal chair for more than two years

1315

PH : Swiss League renewed
DL : Lyons silk industry developed by Ital. immigrants
PH : King John of France dies and Philip V (called The Tall) proclaims himself king

1316

PH : Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland
PH : Murberak, last of the Khilji rulers of Delhi
RP : Pope John XXII
PH : Philip V succeeds Louis X

1317

PH : Salic Law, excluding women from succession to throne, adopted in France

1318

PH : Edward Bruce killed in Battle of Faughart
PH : Truce between Swiss League and Hapsburgs

1320

PH : Gharzi Khan, Sultan of Delhi
PH : Peace of Paris between Flanders and France
PH : Vladislav I Lokietek, King of Poland, crowned in Crakow
M : Philippe de Vitry coins the name "Ars nova" for the new, strongly contrapuntal style of music

1321

RP : Monte Cassino becomes bishopric
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