| | M : | John Taverner born | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald is born | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
born in Florence | | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence |
|
|
| | LT : | Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
|
|
| | PH : | Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state | | ED : | Copenhagen University founded | | DL : | After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians | | PH : | Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan | | RP : | Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks | | RP : | Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
|
|
| | VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
|
|
| | PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
|
|
| | PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
|
|
| | PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World GO ! | | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them GO ! | | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
|
|
| | PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
|
|
| | PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
|
|
| | PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
|
|
| | PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
|
|
| | PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | | VA : | Bronzino is born | | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
|
|
| | M : | Thomas Tallis born | | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| | PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Windsor | | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
|
|
| | PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
|
|
| | PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
|
|
| | PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
|
|
| | PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
|
|
| | DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | | RP : | End of Lateran Council | | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
|
|
| | PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | | RP : | Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
|
|
| | PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
|
|
| | PH : | James V, King of Scotland | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | | RP : | Luther: German Mass | | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
|
|
| | PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | | PH : | The Sack of Rome | | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
|
|
| | RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | | ED : | University of Granada founded | | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
|
|
| | M : | Orlande de Lassus born | | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
|
|
| | PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | | VA : | Correggio dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | | ST : | First diving bells | | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
|
|
| | RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
|
|
| | M : | William Byrd born | | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
|
|
| | PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
|
|
| | ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | | ED : | University of Messina founded | | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
|
|
| | RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
|
|
| | ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | | ED : | University of Lima founded | | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
|
|
| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
|
|
| | M : | Thomas Morley born | | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | | ED : | University of Jena founded | | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | | PH : | French retake Calais |
|
|
| | PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | | ED : | University of Geneva founded | | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
|
|
| | RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
|
|
| | PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
|
|
| | M : | John Dowland born | | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salò moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | | DL : | Plague in Paris | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
|
|
| | LT : | Michael Drayton born | | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | | RP : | Council of Trent ends | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | | RP : | Scots' Psalter | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
|
