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Artemisia Gentileschi
(1593 - 1652)

1593

LT : William Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus and The Taming of the Shrew
LT : Michael Drayton: Idea, the Shepherd's Garland and Peirs Gaveston
M : Thomas Morley : Canzonets
PH : Rudolf II renews war against Turkey
PH : Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic, hearing Mass at St. Denis: "Paris is well worth a mass"
LT : London theatres closed because of the plague
RP : Pierre Charron: Les Trois Vérités, Fr. theological treatise
ST : First Fr. botanical gardens established by University of Montpellier
ST : Giambattista della Porta: De refractione, optices parte, with an account of binocular vision
DL : Sant' Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan
LT : George Herbert born 3 April
VA : Artemisia Gentileschi born

1594

LT : William Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, King John
LT : Michael Drayton: Matilda and Idea's Mirror
M : Thomas Morley : Madrigals to Four Voyces
PH : Henry IV, having been crowned King of France at Chartres, enters Paris
RP : Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship
LT : London theatres open again in May
ST : Giordano Bruno seized by the Vatican for supporting Copernican theory of the universe
RP : Richard Hooker: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (vols 1-4)
ED : Piere Matthieu: Histoire des derniers troubles de France
M : Elizabeth I sends a Thomas Dallam organ to Sultan of Turkey
M : Dafne, by Jacopo Peri, first opera
ST : Galileo's Golden Rule
VA : Tintoretto dies
M : Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies 2 February
VA : Nicolas Poussin born
M : Orlande de Lassus dies 14 June

1595

LT : William Shakespeare: Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream
LT : Michael Drayton: Endymion and Phoebe
M : Thomas Morley : First Book of Canzonets to Two Voyces
M : Thomas Morley : First Book of Balletts
PH : Henry IV declares war on Spain
PH : Dutch begin to colonise E. Indies
PH : Sultan Murad III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Mohammed III
PH : Peasant revolt in Upper Austria
PH : Pope Clement VIII absolves Henry IV, recognising him as King of France
ED : Andrew Maunsell: The Catalogue of English Printed Books
ST : Andreas Libavius: Opera omnia medicochymica
ST : Mercator's atlas published (posth.)
ST : English army abandons bow as weapon of war
DL : First appearance of heels on shoes
DL : Warsaw, capital of Poland

1596

LT : William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice
LT : Michael Drayton: Robert, Duke of Normandy and Mortimeriados
PH : Decrees of Folembray end war of Catholic League in France
PH : Pacification of Ireland
PH : Peace between Japan and China after Japanese fail to invade Korea
RP : Caesar Baronius: Martyrologum Romanum
ED : Gresham College, London, founded
ST : Galileo invents thermometer
ST : J.Kepler: Di admirabili proportione coelestium orbium
ST : G.D. Rheticus: Trigonometric Tables (posth.)
ST : Ludolph van Ceulen's "Van den Circkel" gives ration of the diameter to the circumference of a circle to twenty places
DL : Tomatoes introduced in England
DL : First water closets installed at the Queen's Palace, Richmond

1597

LT : William Shakespeare: The Merry Wives of Windsor
LT : Michael Drayton: England's Heroical Epistles
M : Thomas Morley : Canzonets or Little Short Airs to Five and Six Voices
M : John Dowland : First Booke of Songes or Ayres
PH : Second Span. Armada leaves for England; scattered by storms
PH : Philip II opens peace talks with Henry IV
PH : Re-Catholicisation of Upper Austria effected by force
PH : William V, Duke of Bavaria, abdicates in favour of his son Maximilian I, then retires to a monastery
ED : Aldine Press, Venice, founded 1494, ceases after publication of 908 works.
RP : Sir Francis Bacon: Essays, Civil and Moral
ED : Jean de Serres: Inventaire général de l'histoire de France
RP : James VI of Scotland: Demonologie, on witchcraft
M : John Dowland: First Book of Songes
M : Thomas Morley: A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musick
DL : Engl. Act of Parliament prescribes sentences of transportation to colonies for convicted criminals
DL : Eng. merchants expelled from Holy Roman Empire in retaliation for treatment of the Hanseatic League in London
ST : First field hospitals and field dispensaries

1598

LT : William Shakespeare: Henry IV, Much Ado About Nothing
LT : Ben Jonson: Every Man in His Humour
PH : Fyodor I of Russia dies; Boris Godunov, seizing throne, formally elected Czar of Russia by national assembly
PH : Treaty of Ponts de Cé ends civil war in France
PH : Peace of Vervins: Philip II resigns claim to Fr. crown; country united under Henry IV as single sovereign
PH : King Philip II of Spain dies; succeeded by Philip III
PH : Hideyoshi of Japan dies; his successor, Ieyasu Tokugawa, restores shogunate which endures until the revolution of 1867-68
RP : Juan de Mariana: De rege et regis institutione, on kingship
RP : Edict of Nantes grants Fr. Huguenots freedom of worship (revoked, 1685)
ED : John Florio: A World of Wordes, Eng.-Ital. dictionary
RP : John Manwood: Treatise on the Laws of the Forest
RP : Philibert Mareschal: Le Guide des arts et sciences
ED : Francis Meres: Palladis Tamia, anthology of quotations for 125 Eng. writers
ED : Sir Thomas Bodley begins rebuilding of library at Oxford
ED : Reorganisation of the University of Paris by Henry IV
ST : Carlo Ruini: Dell' anatomia e dell' infirmità de cavallo, e suoi remedii, manual of veterinary science
ST : Korean Admiral Visunsin invents iron-clad warship
ST : Tycho Brahe: Astronomicae Instauratae Mechanica, account of his discoveries and description of his instruments
VA : Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini born

1599

LT : William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It
LT : William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It
LT : Ben Jonson: Every Man Out of His Humour
PH : Duke of Sully, Fr. superintendent of finances, reforms taxation, economic policy, overseas trade and agriculture
PH : Swedish Diet, deposing Sigismund III, proclaims Charles of Södermanland ruler as Charles IX
LT : Building of the Glove Theatre, Southwark, London, where Shakespeare's plays are performed
RP : James VI of Scotland: Basilikon doron, on divine right of kings
ST : Ulissi Aldrovandi, Ital. naturalist, publishes his studies in ornithology
ST : In Marseilles first chamber of commerce founded
DL : Outbreak of plague in Spain
DL : First postal rates fixed in Germany
VA : Anthony van Dyck born
VA : Diego Velázquez born

1600

LT : William Shakespeare: Hamlet
LT : Ben Jonson: Cynthia's Revels
LT : Michael Drayton: The First Part of Sir John Oldcastle
M : Thomas Morley : First Book of Ayres
M : John Dowland : Ayres Vol.II
PH : Henry IV marries Maria de'Medici
PH : Ieyasu, defeating his rivals at Sekigahara, sets himself up as unquestioned ruler in Japan; he moves capital from Kyoto to Ydo (Tokyo)
LT : Fortune Theatre, London, opened
RP : Giordano Bruno burned as heretic in Rome
RP : Persecution of Catholics in Sweden under Charles IX
ED : Scottish College founded in Rome
M : Harps used in orchestras
M : Recorder becomes popular in England
ST : William Gilbert: De Magnete, treatise on magnetism and electricity
ST : Ger. Athanasius Kircher invents magic lantern
ST : Dutch opticians invent the telescope
DL : Amsterdam Bank founded
DL : Wigs and dress trains become fashionable

1601

LT : William Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, Troilus and Cressida
LT : Ben Jonson: The Poetaster
M : Thomas Morley : Triumphs of Oriana
PH : Earl of Essex leads revolt against Elizabeth I; is tried for treason and executed
PH : Michael, Prince of Moldavia, assassinated by Hungarians
PH : Elizabeth I, in her "Golden Speech" to Parliament, surveys achievements of her reign
DL : Abolition of monopolies in England
PH : The "False Dmitri", claiming to be a son of Czar Ivan IV, appears in Poland, winning support for an invasion of Russia
RP : Pierre Charron: De la sagesse, a system of Stoic philosophy
ED : University of Parma founded
M : Caccini's new vocal style: "Nuove musiche"
ST : Kepler becomes astronomer and astrologer to Emperor Rudolf II
ST : John Lancaster leads first East India Company voyage from Torbay to Sumatra
RP : Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci admitted to Peking
DL : Postal agreement between Germany and France
DL : Many Ger. "Badestuben" (type of brothel) closed by authorities, owing to spread of venereal disease

1602

LT : William Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well
PH : War between Persia and Turkey
LT : Thomas Campion Observations in the Art of English Poesie
RP : Conrad Kircher: A Concordance to the Septuagint
RP : Emperor Rudolf II, continues persecution of Protestants in Hapsburg lands, Moravian Brethren meetings suppressed
ED : Ambrosian Library, Milan, founded
ED : Bodleian Library, Oxford, opened
ST : Thomas Blondeville: Theoriques of the Planets
ST : Tycho Brahe: Astronomia Instaurate progymnasmata gives plans of 777 fixed stars (posth.)
DL : Dutch East India Company founded (first modern public company)
ST : Galileo investigates laws of gravitation and oscillation
DL : Paris Charité founded
M : Thomas Morley dies in October

1603

LT : Ben Jonson: Sejanus, His Fall
M : John Dowland : Ayres Vol.III
PH : Queen Elizabeth I of England dies; suceeded by her cousin James VI of Scotland as James I of England and Ireland
PH : Amnesty in Ireland
PH : Mohammed III, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Ahmad I
PH : Revolts in Transylvania against Emperor Rudolf II
PH : Tokugawa family obtains shogunate in Japan and keeps it
LT : Samuel Daniel: A Defence of Rhyme, in reply to Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesie
ED : The Standard Grammer by Nudozersky leads to development of modern Czech language
RP : Johannes Althusias: Politica methodice digesta a grammar of politics
RP : Richard Knolles: General Historie of the Turkes
M : Jean-Baptiste Besard: Thesaurus harmonicus collection of lute music
M : Thomas Robinson: School of Musicke
ST : Founding of Accademia dei Lincei, Rome
ST : Benedito de Goes, a lay Jesuit, sets out for India in search of Cathay
ST : Fabricio di Acquapendente discovers the valves in vein
DL : Heavy outbreak of plague in England
LT : Elizabeth I dies 24 March

1604

LT : William Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, Othello
M : Orlande de Lassus : Magnum opus musicum Volume of 516 motets that his sons published after his death
M : John Dowland : Lachrimae (Seaven Teares Figured in Seven Passionate Pavans for lutes, viols, or violins in five parts)
PH : "False Dmitri", claimant to Russ. throne, defeated by Czar Boris Godunov
PH : Sigismund III of Sweden finally deposed, his uncle Charles IX assuming title of king
PH : Peace between England and Spain
PH : England and France sign commercial treaty
RP : Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London, elected Archbishop of Canterbury
RP : Robert Cawdrey: A Table Alphabetical
ED : University of Oxford and University of Cambridge granted privilege of Parliamentary representation (withdrawn 1948)
VA : Karel van Mander: Het Schilderboek, history of art
M : Company of Musicians incorporated in London
M : Negri: Inventioni di balli, on dance technique
ST : Voyages of Engl. East India Company to Java, the Moluccas, and Agra
ST : King James I: Counterblast to Tobacco
ST : Johann Kepler: Optics
DL : Tomsk founded by Russ. Cossacks

1605

LT : William Shakespeare: King Lear
LT : Ben Jonson: Masque of Blacknesse
LT : Ben Jonson: Volpone, or The Fox
M : William Byrd : Gradualia Vol.I
PH : Czar Boris Godunov dies; succeeded by his son Fyodor II; on entry of "False Dmitri" into Moscow Fyodor is assassinated, Dmitri being crowned Czar of Russia
PH : Akbar, Mogul Emperor of India dies; succeeded by his son Jahangir
PH : Guy Fawkes arrested in cellars of Parliament, accused of trying to blow up House of Lords during James I's state opening of Parliament (The Gunpowder Plot)
PH : Ieyasu retires; his son Hidetada succeeds him as ruler of Japan
LT : First permanent Ger. theatre in Cassel
RP : Sir Francis Bacon: The Advancement of Learning
RP : Pope Clement VIII dies; Alessandro de'Medici elected Pope Leo XI
RP : Pope Leo XI dies; Camillo Borghese elected Pope Paul V
RP : Justus Lipsius: Monita et exemplá politica, on organization of the state
ST : Gaspard Bauhin: Theatrum anatomicum, modern anatomy
DL : Eng. government farms all customs revenue to a London consortium of merchants for an annual rent
DL : Newspaper Nieuwe Tijdenghen issued in Antwerp
DL : Bibliotteca Anglica, first public library in Rome, founded

1606

LT : William Shakespeare: Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra
LT : Michael Drayton: Poems Lyric and Pastoral
PH : King James I's proclamation for a national flag
PH : "False Dmitri" assassinated by the boyar Vasili Shuisky; Shhisky is elected Czar
PH : Peace treaty between Turks and Austrians signed at Zsitva-Torok
RP : Johann Arndt: Wahres Christentum
RP : Joseph Justus Scaliger:Thesaurus temporum, chronology of ancient times
M : First open-air opera in Rome
ST : Galileo Galilei invents proportional compass
ST : Founding of Society of Apothecaries and Grocers, and of Fruiterer's Company in London
VA : Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn born

1607

LT : William Shakespeare: Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, Pericles
LT : John Donne: Divine Poems
M : William Byrd : Gradualia Vol.II
M : John Dowland : Ayres Vol.IV
M : Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, La Favola d'Orfeo ('The Fable of Orpheus')
PH : Charles IX crowned King of Sweden
PH : Union of England and Scotland rejected by Eng. Parliament
RP : Joseph Calasanza organises in Rome the Brotherhood of Piarists
ED : John Cowell: The Interpreter, a law dictionary
ST : Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, first Engl. settlement on American mainland
ST : John Norden, Eng. topographer: The Surveyors' Dialogue, manual of surveying
DL : Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain

1608

LT : Ben Jonson: Masque of Beauty
M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Set of open-score fantasias
M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of madrigals
PH : Protestant States of Rhineland form Protestant Union under Christian of Anhalt and Frederick IV of the Palatinate
PH : Jesuit State of Paraguay established
RP : St.Francis de Sales: Introduction à la vie dévote
ED : Edward Grimestone: A General History of the Netherlands
RP : William Perkins: A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchecraft (posth.)
ST : Dutch scientist Johann Lippershey invents the telescope
ST : Samuel de Champlain founds a Fr. settlement at Quebec
ST : Galileo constructs astronomical telescope
DL : First checks "cash letters" in use in Netherlands
DL : Royal Blackheath Golf Club, London, founded

1609

LT : William Shakespeare: Cymbeline; unauthorized publication of Sonnets
LT : Ben Jonson: Masque of Queens and Epicoene: or, The Silent Woman
M : Orlande de Lassus : Jubilus B. Mariae Virginis 100 settings of the Magnificat, published by his sons after his death
PH : Twelve years truce between Spain and Holland
RP : Bacon: De sapienta veterum
RP : Catholic League of Ger. princes formed at Munich against Protestant Union of May 1608
ED : Garcilaso de la Vaga: History of the Conquest of Peru
RP : Congregation of Female Jesuits founded (dissolved by Pope Urban VIII)
RP : Hugo Grotius: Mare Librum , advocating freedom of the sea
RP : The Emperor Rudolf II permits freedom of religion in Bohemia
M : Orlando Gibbons: Fantazies of Three Parts., first example of engraved music in England
ST : Charles Butler: De fiminine monarchie, or a Treatise concerning Bees
ST : Henry Hudson explores Delaware Bay and Hudson River
ST : Johann Kepler: De motibus stellae Maris
DL : Founding of Bank of Amsterdam
DL : Founding of Charterhouse public school
DL : Tea from China shipped for first time to Europe by Dutch East India Company
DL : Tin-enameled ware made at Delft

1610

LT : William Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale
LT : Ben Jonson: The Alchemist
LT : John Donne: Pseudo-Martyr and A Funerall Elegie
M : Claudio Monteverdi : Vespers
PH : Henry IV of France assassinated; succeeded by his son Louis XIII (age 9), with Maria de'Medici as Regent
PH : Prince Henry, eldest son of King James I, created Prince of Wales
PH : Czar Vasili Shisky deposed; Russ throne offered to Vladislva, son of Sigismund III of Poland
PH : Elector Palatine Frederick IV dies; succeeded by his son Frederick V
LT : Academy of Poetry founded at Padua
RP : John Cowell's Interpreter burned by the common hangman for enhancing authority of the crown
RP : St. Francis de Sales founds, with Mme. de Chantal, Order of the Visitation nuns
ED : Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham found Wadham College, Oxford
ST : Jean Beguin: Tyrocinium chymicum, first textbook on chemistry
ST : Galileo observes Jupiter's satellites, naming them "sideria Medicea"
ST : Thomas Harriott discovers sunspots
ST : Nicolas Pieresc discovers Orion nebula
ST : John Speed: Theatrum of Great Britain, collection of maps
DL : Dutch East India Company introduces the term "share"
ED : The Stationers' Company begins to send a copy of every book printed in England to Bodleian Library, Oxford
VA : Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) dies

1611

LT : William Shakespeare: The Tempest
LT : John Donne: An Anatomy of the World and Ignatius his Conclave
M : William Byrd : Psalmes, Songs & Sonnets
PH : Dissolution of Parliament by James I
PH : War of Calmar declared by Denmark on Sweden
PH : Archduke Matthias crowned King of Bohemia; the Emperor Rudolf II resigns Bohemian crown
PH : Charles IX of Sweden dies , Gustavus II elected King
LT : George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Iliad
RP : Authorized version of the Holy Bible "King James Bible" published
RP : Etienne Pasquier: Les Recherches de la France
ED : John Speed: A History of Great Britain
ED : University of Rome founded
ST : Marco de Dominis published scientific explanation of rainbow
DL : Dutch merchants permitted to trade in Japan
DL : James I institutes the baronetage as a means of raising money

1612

LT : Anne Bradstreet born
LT : William Shakespeare: Henry VIII
LT : George Herbert publishes first verses (two memorial poems in Latin on the death of Prince Henry, the heir apparent)
LT : Michael Drayton: Poly-Olbion
LT : John Donne: Of the Progress of the Soul
PH : The Emperor Rudolf II dies; succeeded by Matthias, King of Bohemia
PH : Treaty between the Dutch and the King of Kandy in Ceylon
ED : Accademia della Crusca publishes the Ital. Vocabolario
RP : Jakob Böhme: Aurora, oder Morgenröte im Aufgant, mystical philosophy
RP : Last recorded burning of heretics in England
RP : Sir John Davies: Discoverie of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Not Entirely Subdued
RP : Roger Fenton: Treatie of Usurie
ST : Simon Marius rediscovers Andromeda nebula
ST : Antonio Neri: L'Arte vetraria, manual on glassmaking
ST : Bartholomew Pitiscus, Ger. Mathematician, uses decimal point in his trigonometrical tables
ST : John Smith: A Map of Virginia
ST : Earliest colonisation of the Bermudas from Virginia
DL : Tobacco planted in Virginia

1613

PH : Peace of Knärod ends Dan.-Swed. War of Calmar
PH : Protestant Union of Germany signs treaty of alliance with Holland
PH : Eng. colonists in Virginia destroy Fr. settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; prevent Fr. colonisation of Maryland
PH : Michael Romanov, son of the patriarch of Moscow, elected Czar of Russia, founding the House of Romanov
PH : Turks invade Hungary
LT : Fire destroys Globe Theatre, London
RP : Oliver de Serra: The Causes of Wealth
RP : Francisco Suarez: Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores
M : Pietro Cerone: El Malopeo y maestro, musical history and theory
ST : Samuel de Champlain explores Ottawa River to Alumette Island
DL : Amsterdam Exchange built
DL : Belfast granted charter of incorporation
DL : Copper coins come into use
DL : John Dennys: The Secrets of Angling

1614

LT : Ben Jonson: Bartholomew Fair
M : Claudio Monteverdi : Book VI of Madrigals (including 'Arianna's Lament')
PH : James I's second Parliament - "The Addled Parliament" - meets and refuses to discuss finance; dissolved
PH : Maria, Queen Regent of France, summons the States General of France to counteract power of nobility
PH : Treaty of Xanten: Jülich-Cleves divided between Brandenburg and Neuburg
PH : Virginian colonists prevent Fr. settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia
ED : Sir Walter Raleigh: The History of the World
DL : Danish East India Company founded
ED : University of Groningen, Holland, founded
RP : John Napier: Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio
ST : Santorio Santorio: De medicina statica, study of metabolism and perspiration
DL : Founders' Company, London, incorporated
DL : The North American Pocahontas, an Indian princess, marries John Rolfe; from their son descend many celebrated persons

1615

M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : First Book of Toccatas
M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of ricercari
PH : Peace of Tyrnau: the Emperor Matthias recognises Bethlen Gabor as Prince of Transylvania; confirms treaty with Turks
LT : George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Odyssey
RP : William Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum, of the reign of Elizabeth I
ED : Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné's Histoire Universelle, a Huguenot-inspired survey from 1553 to 1602, officially burnt in Paris
RP : Jesuits count 13,112 members in 32 provinces
RP : Antoine de Montchrétien: Traité de l'économie politique, mercantilistic tendencies
ST : Galileo Galilei faces the inquisition for the first time
DL : Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung founded by Egenolph Emmel
DL : Merchant Adventurers granted monopoly for export of Eng. cloth

1616

LT : Ben Jonson: The Devil is an Ass and Works, in folio
PH : Sir Walter Raleigh released from Tower to lead expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado
PH : Ieyasu of Japan dies; succeeded by Hidetada, a militant enemy of Christianity
PH : James I begins to sell peerages to improve serious financial position
PH : War between Venice and Austria
RP : Johann Valentin Andrea: Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosenkreutz, beginning of formation of the Rosicrucians
RP : Paulus Bolduanus: Bibliotheca philosophica
RP : Catholic oppression intensified in Bohemia
RP : St.Francis de Sales: Traité de l'amour de Dieu
RP : Notre Dame Cathedral, Antwerp, finished
M : Collegium Musicum founded at Prague
ST : William Baffin discovers Baffin Bay while searching for a Northwest Passage
ST : First rounding of Cape Horn by Willem Schouter and Jacob Lemaire
ST : Galileo prohibited by Catholic Church from further scientific work
ST : John Smith: A Description of New England    GO !
ST : Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius discovers the law of refraction
DL : Gustavus Selenus: Chess, or the Game of Kings
LT : William Shakespeare dies 23 April

1617

PH : Peace of Stolbovo ends war between Russia and Sweden; Gustavus Adolphus recognises Czar Michael, returns to Novgorod, and obtains Karelia
LT : James I makes Ben Jonson poet laureate
ED : Duytsche Academie founded in Amsterdam
RP : Papal bull of Leo X: Epistolae obscurorum virorum
M : J.H.Schein: Banchetto musicale, first dance suite
ST : Willebrord Snellius established technique of trigonometrical triangulation for cartography
DL : "Stuart collars" become a fashion for men and women
VA : Gerard Ter Borch born

1618

LT : John Donne: Holy Sonnets
PH : Peace of Madrid ratified, ending war between Venice and Austria
PH : Prince Philip William of Orange dies; succeeded by his brother Maurice of Nassau
PH : Count Matthias von Thurn leads Bohemians to revolt against Catholic policy of the Regents in Prague
PH : Defenestration in Prague, when the Regents Jaroslav von Martinitz and William Slawata are thrown down from windows in Hradcany Palace by the rebels; beginning of Thirty Years' War
PH : Ferdinand of Styria crowned King of Hungary
PH : Duke Alber of Prussia dies; his possessions pass to the Electorate of Brandenburg
PH : Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England and is executed
PH : Poland signs two-year truce with Sweden, 14-years truce with Turkey
LT : Marquise de Rambouillet starts her literary salon in Paris
LT : Teatro Farnese opened at Parma
RP : Robert Balfour: Commentarii in organum logicum Aristotelis
RP : John Stow and E.Howes: Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles
ST : Martin Böhme: Ein neu Buch von bewehrten Rosz-Arzteneyen, veterinary science
DL : Founding of Dutch West African Company
ST : Kepler: Harmonices mundi, stating the third law of planetary motion
ST : Royal College of Physicians, London, issues Pharmacopoia Londinensis
ST : Johann Jakob Scheuchzer: Natural History of the Swiss Landscape
DL : James I: Book of Sports, the Puritans object to playing of popular sports
LT : Sir Walter Raleigh dies 29 October
LT : Richard Lovelace born 6 December

1619

M : Heinrich Schütz : Psalmen Davids
PH : Maria de'Medici challenges power of her son Louis XIII of France; Treaty of Angoulém ends conflict
PH : The Emperor Matthias dies; Archduke Ferdinand, who assumes crown of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor
PH : Bohemian Diet deposes Ferdinand, and elects Frederick V, Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James I of England, King of Bohemia; Frederick, "The Winter King", crowned in Prague
PH : First representative colonial assembly in America held at Jamestown, VA
RP : Johann Valentin Andreae: Chritianopolis
RP : Jakob Böhmne: On the Principles of Christianity
RP : Hugo Grotius: De veritate religionis Christianae
RP : Pietro Sarpi: Istoria del Concilio Tridentino published in London
RP : Luciló Vanini, Ital. Catholic philosopher, burned as a heretic
ED : Dulwich College, London, founded
ST : John Bainbridge: An Astronomical Description of the Late Comet
ST : Jan Pieters Coen, Dutch explorer founds Batavia
ST : William Harvey announces his discovery of the circulation of the blood
DL : Giro-Bank, Hamburg, founded to improve "desolate state of currency"
DL : A Dutch ship brings the first permanent African settlers to Jamestown

1620

M : Samuel Scheidt : Cantiones sacrae
PH : Revolt of Fr. nobles against Louis XIII; Richelieu makes peace
PH : War between Sweden and Poland
PH : Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline
PH : Agreement of Ulm between Ger. Catholic League and Protestant Union
PH : Pilgrim Fathers, leave Plymouth, England, in "Mayflower" and found Plymouth Colony in Mass.    GO !
RP : Battle of the White Mountain near Prague: Protestant clergy expelled
RP : Johan Heinrich Alsted: Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta
RP : Francis Bacon: Instauratio magna: novum organum scientiarum
M : Michael Praetorius: Syntagma musicum, musical encyclopedia
ST : Edmund Gunter: Canon triangulorum, treatise on logarithms
ED : Uppsala University Library founded
ST : J.P. Bonet: The Art to Teach Dumb People to Speak, Span. manual
DL : Oliver Cromwell denounced because he participates in the "disreputable game of cricket"
VA : Aelbert Cuyp born

1621

PH : Frederick V, Elector Palatine, placed under the ban of the Holy Roman Empire; war moves from Bohemia to the Palatinate
PH : Francis Bacon, charged in Parliament with corruption, is fined £40,000, imprisoned, and declared incapable of holding office; pardoned by the King
PH : Philip III of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Philip IV
PH : Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII
PH : Twelve years truce between Holland and Spain ends; war resumed
LT : Fortune Theatre, London, burnt down
RP : Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy
RP : Pope Paul V dies; Alexander Ludovisi becomes Pope Gregory XV
ST : English attempt to colonise Newfoundland and Nova Scotia
ST : Dutch West India Company chartered
ST : Johann Kepler: The Epitome of the Copernican Astronomer banned by the Roman Catholic Church
ED : University of Strasbourg opened
DL : Corante, or newes from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine, and France, first periodical published with news issued in London
DL : Potatoes planted in Germany for first time
LT : Andrew Marvell born 31 March
LT : Henry Vaughan born 17 April
M : Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck dies 16 October

1622

PH : Ferdinand II and Bethlen Gabor sign peace treaty
PH : Treaty of Montpellier ends rebellion of the Huguenots
PH : James I dissolves Eng. Parliament
ED : Francis Bacon: History of the Regin of Henry VII
RP : Jaboc Böhme: De signatura rerum
RP : Pope Gregory XV canonises Philip Neri and grants Piarists a constitution
RP : Bacon: Historia naturalis et experiementalis
ED : Benedictine University of Salzburg founded
RP : Camillio Baldo: Treatise of How to Perceive from a Letter the Nature and Character of the Person Who Wrote It
DL : Papal chancellery adopts 1 January as beginning of the year - up to then, 25 March
DL : Weekeley Newes issued in London for the first time

1623

PH : Commercial treaty between Holland and Persia
PH : Gustavus Adolphus reforms central administration of Sweden
LT : Maciej Sarbiewski, the "Polish Horace", crowned laureate in Rome by the Pope
RP : William Drummond: A Cypresse Grove philosophical thoughts on death
RP : Pope Gregor XV dies; Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII
ED : Bibliotheca Palatina removed from Heidelberg to Rome
ST : New Netherlands in America formally organised as a province
ST : First Eng. settlement in New Hampshire
DL : Patents law in England, to protect inventors
M : William Byrd dies 4 July

1624

M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of caprices
M : Samuel Scheidt : Tabulatura Nova
PH : James I's last Parliament; monopolies declared illegal
PH : England declares war on Spain
PH : Virginia Company charter annulled; Virginia becomes crown colony
PH : Cardinal Richelieu made first minister of France
LT : Saruwaka Kanzaburo opens first Jap. theatre in Yedo
RP : Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De veritate, foundation of theory of Eng. deism
RP : John Donne: Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions
ST : Henry Briggs: Arithmetica logarithmica
RP : Antonio de Andrade leaves Jesuit mission at Agra to explore the Himalayas and Tibet
ED : Pembroke College, Oxford, founded
ED : Captain John Smith: A General Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles
ST : Dutch settle in New Amsterdam
ST : First Eng. settlement in eastern India
ST : Johannes Baptista van Helmont, Belg. scientist, coins the name "gas" for compressible fluid

1625

LT : Ben Jonson: The Staple of News
M : Heinrich Schütz : Cantiones sacrae
PH : James I of England (James VI of Scotland) dies; succeeded by Charles I of England and Scotland
DL : Plague in London
LT : Martin Opitz crowned poet laureate in Vienna
RP : Francis Bacon: Of Masques and Triumphs
ED : Hugo Grotius: De jure belli et pacis, on international law
RP : Order of Sisters of Mercy founded in Paris
ST : Johann Rudolf Glauber discovers Glauber's salt
DL : First Eng. settlement on Barbados, under Sir William Courteen
DL : First fire engines in England
DL : Hackney coaches appear in streets of London
DL : Introduction of full-bottomed wigs in Europe
VA : Jan Brueghel the Elder dies

1626

M : Heinrich Schütz : Der Psalter nach Cornelius Becker
PH : Knighthoods for all Englishmen with property over £40 year, to help king's revenue
PH : Peace of La Rochelle between Huguenots and Fr. crown
PH : Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain confirms independence of the Grisons
PH : Duchy of Urbino bequeathed to the Pope by last of the Della Rovere family
RP : John Donne: Five Sermons
RP : Joseph Hall: Contemplations
ED : Irish College in Rome founded
RP : Sir Henry Spelman: Glossarium archeologicum
M : Professorship of music founded at Oxford University
ST : Fr. "Company for the Islands of America" incorporated
ST : Jardin des Plantes established in Paris
ST : Salem, Mass settled
ST : Santorio Santorio, Ital. physician, measures human temperature with the thermometer for the first time
DL : A royal edict condemns anyone to death who kills his adversary in a duel in France
PH : Peter Minuit, director-general of Dutch West India Company's settlement in N. America, buys the entire Island of Manhattan from native Indian chiefs
PH : Dutch colony of New Amsterdam founded on Hudson river
M : John Dowland dies 21 January

1627

LT : Michael Drayton: The Battle of Agincourt, The Miseries of Queen Margaret, and Nymphidia, the Court of Faëry
M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Second Book of Toccatas
M : Heinrich Schütz : Opera, Dafne
PH : Huguenots rise again
PH : Vincent II, Duke of Mantua, last of the Gonzagas, dies; Charles, Duke of Nevers, claims succession
PH : Korea becomes a tributary state of China
PH : Richelieu signs treaty with Spain
PH : Shah Jahan, succeeding his father Jahangir, becomes the Great Mogul of India
LT : Lope de Vega made theological doctor by the Pope
ED : Collegium de Propaganda Fide founded
RP : Gabriel Naude: Avis pour dresser une bibliothèque, on librarianship
RP : Alessandro Tassoni: Manifesto, attacks the House of Savoy
M : Heinrich Schütz: Dafne, first Ger. opera, libretto by Martin Opitz, given at Torgau
VA : Francis Bacon: New Atlantis, plans for a national museum of science and art (posth.)
ST : Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company
ST : Johann Kepler compiles the Rudophine Tables, giving places of 1,002 fixed stars
DL : "Company of New France", Canada, incorporated by Richelieu
DL : Swedish South Sea Company founded

1628

M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of instrumental canzoni (revised in 1634)
PH : Third Parliament of Charles I meets; Oliver Cromwell enters it as Member for Huntingdon
PH : Swed-Dan. treaty for defence of Stralsund; Gustavus Adolphus enters Thirty Years' War
RP : The Alexandrian Codex presented to Charles I by patriarch of Constantinople
ED : Johann Amos Comenius: Informatorium der Mutterschul, on primary education
RP : René Descartes: Règles pour la direction de l'esprit
RP : Ignatius Loyola canonised by Pope Gregory XV
ED : Henry Spelman: Glossary of Law Terms
ST : First harbour with sluices being constructed at Le Havre

1629

LT : Ben Jonson: The New Inn
M : Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae I
PH : Charles I dissolves Parliament; it does not meet again until 1640
PH : Edict of restitution of church property in Germany, secularised since Peace of Augsburg in 1555
PH : Peace of Susa ends war between England and France
PH : Peace of Lübeck: Christian IV undertakes not to intervene in imperial affairs
PH : Peace of Alais ends Huguenot revolt
PH : Truce of Altmark signed between Sweden and Poland
PH : Commercial treaty signed between Russia and France
RP : Lancelot Andrewes: XCVI Sermons
RP : Thomas Hobbes translates The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides
ST : Dutch mathematician Albert Gerard uses brackets and other abbreviations in mathematics
ST : John Parkinson: Paradisi in sole Paradisus terrestris, on flowers
DL : Royal charter granted to Guild of Spectacle Makers, London
DL : Colony of Massachusetts founded

1630

M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Arie Musicali Two books of songs
PH : John Winthrop, Engl. Puritan leader, sails with Plymouth Company's expedition, founds Boston - the "Great Migration"
PH : Treaty of Madrid ends Anglo-Fr. war
PH : "Day of Dupes" in France; Richelieu overthrow conspiracy of Maria de'Medici, the Queen Mother
LT : Andres Christensen Arrabo initiates modern Dan. literature with his religious poem Hexaëmeron
RP : Congregation of the Engl. Ladies founded in Munich
VA : Beginning of the High Baroque period in Italy
ST : Franic Higginson: New England's Plantation, on living conditions in America
DL : Pirates of all nationalities, called "buccaneers", settle in Tortuga
DL : Eng. poet Sir John Suckling invents the card game cribbage
DL : Fr. Philanthropist Théophraste Renaudot founds the Bureau d'adresse, a labor-exchange charity organisation

1631

LT : Michael Drayton dies
PH : Ger. Protestant princes hold a convention at Neu Brandenburg, and decide to form alliance with Gustavus Adolphus
PH : Pope Urban VIII annexes Urbino
PH : Maria de'Medici exile to Brussels
RP : Friedrich Spee von Lagenfeld: Cautio criminalis, against witch-hunting
ST : Dutch West India Company founds settlement at the Delaware River
ST : Eng. mathematician William Oughtred proposes symbol "X" for multiplication
DL : T. Renaudot founds the Gazette in Paris
DL : Eng. settlement of Leeward Islands begins at St. Kitts
DL : Earthquake in Naples; eruption of Vesuvius
LT : John Donne dies 31 March
LT : John Dryden born 9 August

1632

PH : Queen Christina ascends throne of Sweden (five regents, headed by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, govern country)
PH : Sigismund III, King of Poland, dies; succeeded by Vladislav IV
ST : Antonio Bosio: Roma sotterranea, report on excavation of catacombs in Rome
ED : John Davies: Welsh Dictionary
RP : John Selden: Mare Clausum, on England's sovereignty of the sea
RP : Johann Angelus Werdenhagen: Introductio universalis in omnes republicas, on comparative politics
M : Monteverdi takes holy orders
ST : Galileo: Dialogho sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo published, on terrestrial double motion
ST : Leiden University Observatory founded
DL : First coffee shop opens in London
DL : Eng. settlers in Antigua and Montserrat
DL : Russian fur trade centre established in Yakutsk, Siberia
VA : Johannes Vermeer born
M : Jean-Baptiste Lully born 28 November

1633

LT : Ben Jonson: A Tale of a Tub
LT : Robert Herrick: A Priest to the Temple
PH : Charles I crowned King of Scotland in Edinburgh
PH : Charles I revives forest eyre to raise money by fines
RP : Outbreak of plague in Bavaria leads to passion play vow in Oberammergau
ST : Galileo forced by the Inquisition to abjure the theories of Copernicus
RP : First Baptist church formed at Southwark, London
RP : Edmund Spenser: A View of the Present State of Ireland (posth.)
RP : John Cotton becomes a religious leader in Boston
ST : Eng. trading post established in Bengal
PH : Dutch settle in Connecticut
RP : Trial of the Lancashire witches
DL : The Royal Scots, oldest regular regiment in Brit. Army, established
DL : Wind sawmill erected near the Strand, London
LT : George Herbert dies 1 March

1634

M : Marc-Antoine Charpentier born
PH : Treaty of Polianovsky: King Vladislav of Poland renounces claim to Russia
RP : The Oberammergau Passion Play given for first time; re-enacted every 10 years
RP : Méric Casubon: The Meditations of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius
RP : Anne Hutchinson, religious controversialist, migrates to Massachusetts
ST : Jean Nicolet lands on Green Bay; explores Wisconsin
ED : Founding of University of Utrecht
DL : Covent Garden market, London, opened

1635

LT : Richard Lovelace: The Scholars
M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Fiori musicale
PH : Franco-Swed. treaty of alliance signed by Richelieu and Oxtenstierna
PH : Peace of Prague signed between the Emperor Ferdinand II and the Elector John George of Saxony; Thirty Years' War is now a conflict between France and Sweden against the House of Hapsburg
PH : Treaty of Stuhmsdorf: 20 year truce between Sweden and Poland
PH : Treaty of St. Germain-en-Layes agrees on regular Fr. subsidies to the army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
PH : Dutch occupy Formosa, English Virgin Islands, French Martinique
RP : Giulio Alenio, Ital. Jesuit, published first life of Christ in Chinese
RP : Cornelius Jansen: Mars gallus, against Richelieu
ED : Académie Française founded by Richelieu
ED : Budapest University established
ED : Eng. High and Latin Schook, Boston, Mass., oldest secondary school in N. America, founded
DL : Speed limit on hackney coaches in London: 3 m.p.h.
DL : First inland postal service in Britain between London and Edinburgh
DL : Sale of tobacco in France restricted to apothecaries, only on doctors' prescriptions

1636

LT : Thomas Traherne born
M : Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte Book I
PH : The Emperor Ferdinand II has his son, Archduke Ferdinand, elected Ferdinand III, King of the Romans
PH : Manchus proclaim the Ch'ing Dynasty at Muken
PH : Dutch settle in Ceylon
LT : Italian Fedeli Company performs Commedia dell'art at the Fr. court
RP : Welsh Puritan Roger Williams banished from Mass; established Providence, R.I.; proclaims complete religious freedom
RP : Peter Heylyn: The History of the Sabbath
RP : George Sandys: A Paraphrase Upon the Psalmes
M : Fr. theorist Marin Mersenne publishes his most important work, Harmonie Universelle, with full descriptions of all contemporary musical instruments
ED : Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass
DL : Tea appears for the first time in Paris
PH : Beginning of Pequot War    GO !

1637

M : Dietrich Buxtehude born
PH : Ferdinand II dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Ferdinand III
PH : Bogislav XIV, last Duke of Pomerania dies
PH : William Prynne, Puritan parliamentarian condemned, with Henry Burton and John Bastwick, for seditious writing, to be pilloried and mutilated
PH : Extermination of Christianity in Japan; prohibition of foreign books; European contacts prohibited
RP : Thomas Hobbes: A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique, based on Aristotle
RP : Introduction of new liturgy into Scotland causes riots
LT : Teatro San Cassiano, first public opera house, opens in Venice
ST : René Descartes: Géométrie
PH : Eng. emigration to America restricted by royal proclamation
DL : Eng. traders established in Canton
ST : Fr. traders settle at St. Louis, at mouth of the Senegal River
DL : Commercial collapse of Dutch tulip trade
LT : Ben Jonson dies 6 August

1638

M : Claudio Monteverdi : Book VIII of Madrigals, Madrigali guerrieri e amorosi ('Madrigals of War and Love') including 'The Combat Between Tancredi and Clorinda')
PH : Elector of Brandenburg moves his capital to Königsberg
PH : Franco-Swed. alliance renewed for three years
LT : Schouwburg Theatre opens in Amsterdam
RP : William Chillingworth: The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation
RP : Scot. Covenant drawn up and signed; Charles I abandons liturgy and canons in Scotland
ST : Galileo : Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche
RP : Anne Hutchinson, leader of the New England Antinomians, is banished from Boston, Mass, and sets up a community in Rhode Island
DL : New Haven, Conn, founded
DL : Soldier-student becomes a common type in Germany
DL : Torture abolished in England
PH : 21 September - The Treaty of Hartford ends Pequot War: Surviving Pequot are divided as slaves among Indian allies and English, Pequot forbidden to inhabit former Pequot territory, and the name Pequot is to be expunged

1639

M : Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte Book II
PH : First Bishops' War in Scotland; episcopacy abolished in Scotland
LT : Drury Lane Theatre, London, receives its first patent
ED : Académie Française compiles dictionary of the Fr. language
M : Marco Marazzoli and Vergilio Mazzochi: Chi soffre, speri, first comic opera
ST : Gérard Désargues published his book on modern geometry
ST : William Gascoigne invents micrometer
ST : Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus, which he had predicted
ST : Quinine increasingly used for medicinal purposes
DL : English settle at Madras
DL : First printing press in N. America at Cambridge, Mass

1640

M : Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, Il Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria ('The Return of Ulysses to his Homeland')
PH : Short Parliament (April-May) and Long Parliament (November-1653) in England
PH : Second Bishops' War
PH : Portugal becomes independent under John IV of Braganza
PH : Elector George William of Brandenburg dies; succeeded by the "Great Elector" Frederick William
PH : Sultan Murad IV of Turkey dies; succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim
RP : John Donne: Eighty Sermons (posth.)
RP : John Eliot: Bay Psalm Book, oldest surviving book printed in America
RP : Cornelius Jansen: Augustinus, treatise against Jesuit doctrines (posth.)
RP : John Milton: Of Reformation Touching Church discipline in England
ED : Abo University, Finland, founded
ST : Coke made from coal for first time
ST : James Howell: Dondona's Grove, or The Vocall Forrest, manual of dendrology
ST : John Parkinson: Theatrum botanicum, a herbal
DL : Eng. settlers found Fort St. George in Bengal
DL : First European café opens in Venice
DL : Eight postal lines running in England
VA : Peter Paul Rubens dies

1641

PH : Massacre of the Ulster Protestants; Catholic rebellion in Ireland
RP : René Descartes: Méditations métaphysiques
ED : William Habington: Observations Upon Historie
PH : General Court of Massachusetts Bay Company codifies 100 laws
RP : George Wither: Hallelujah, or Britain's Second Remembrances, collection of hymns
ST : Arsenic prescribed for medicinal purposes for first time
ST : Cotton goods begin to be manufactured in Manchester
DL : Diurnal Occurrences, a weekly periodical issued in London
PH : French settle in Michigan
DL : Théophraste Renaudot publishes his plan for free medical treatment of needy in Paris; three years later faculty of medicine forbids him to practice
VA : Sir Anthony van Dyck dies

1642

M : Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, L'Incoronazione di Poppea ('The Coronation of Poppea')
PH : Charles I marches to Westminster to arrest five members of the Commons; attempt fails; he flees with his family to Hampton Court
PH : Eng. Civil War begins
DL : Inflation in Spain
LT : All theatres in England closed by order of the Puritans
RP : Johann Amos Comenius: A Reformation of Schooles, trans by Samuel Hartlib
RP : Thomas Fuller: The Holy State and the Profane State
RP : Thomas Hobbes: De cive
ED : James Howell: Instruction for Foreign Travel
RP : Thomas Lechford: Plain Dealing, or Newes from New England, political survey
RP : Pope Urban VIII issues bull Universa per Orbem, reducing annual feast days to 32
ST : Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand
ED : University of Ancona founded
DL : Income and property tax introduced in England
DL : Loire-Seine canal finished
DL : Montreal, Canada, founded

1643

PH : Unsuccessful peace talks between the Cavaliers and Roundheads at Oxford
PH : Louis XIII of France dies; succeeded by his five-year-old son Louis XIV with Mazarin as principal minister
PH : Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother, invested with supreme power
PH : Confederation of New England formed     GO !
LT : Molière founds "Illustre Théâtre" in Paris
ED : Sir Richard Baker: A Chronicle of the Kings of England
ED : François Eudes de Mézeray: Histoire de France
RP : John Milton: The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce
ED : William Prynne: The Soveraigne Power of Parliaments and Kingdomes
ED : Roger Williams: Key into the Language of America
ST : Ital. physicist Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer
DL : Christiania Almanack, first Norw. printed book, appears
DL : Coffee drinking becomes popular in Paris
DL : Parcel post established in France
M : Girolamo Frescobaldi dies 1 March
M : Claudio Monteverdi dies 29 November

1644

PH : Queen Christina begins her actual reign in Sweden
PH : Ming dynasty in China ends, Manchu dynasty in power
LT : Pegnitzischer Blumenorden, Ger. poetical society founded at Nuremberg
RP : René Descartes: Principia philosophicae
RP : Henry Hammond: A Practical Catechism
ED : Sir Henry Manwayring: The Seaman's Dictionary
RP : John Milton: Areopagitica, for the freedom of the press
RP : Samuel Rutherford: Lex rex, on the elective nature of the monarchy
RP : Pope Urban VIII dies; Giovanni Battista Pamfili becomes Pope Innocent X
RP : Roger Williams: Queries of Highest Consideration, separation of church and state
VA : Last age of fine Chin. porcelain
DL : Dutch settlement in Mauritius
DL : Tasman charters parts of northern and western Australia (New Holland)

1645

M : Girolamo Frescobaldi : Set of keyboard canzoni (published posthumously)
PH : Michael I, Czar of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexis I
PH : Peace talks open between Holy Roman Empire and France at Münster and Osnabrück
PH : Turk.-Venetian war over Crete
RP : Sirk Kenelm Digby: A Treatise on Bodies and of Man's Soul
RP : Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De causis errorum
M : La Finta Pazza by Francesco Paolo Sacrati given as possibly first opera in Paris
RP : Capuchin monks sail up Congo River
ED : University of Palermo founded
DL : Ordinarie Post-Tidende begins to appear in Stockholm

1646

LT : Henry Vaughan: Poems with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished
PH : Engl. Civil War ends with surrender of Oxford to Roundheads; Parliamentary commissioners present Charles I with the Newcastle Propositions
RP : Jeremy Taylor: A Discourse Concerning Prayer
ST : Ger. mathematician Athanasius Kircher constructs first projection lantern (laterna magica)

1647

M : Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae II
PH : Treaty of Ulm
RP : Eng. Civil War: Charles I agrees to abolish episcopacy and restore Presbyterianism
PH : Frederick Henry of Orange dies; succeeded by his son William II of Orange
PH : Revolt against Czar Alexis I in Moscow
RP : Calvinists acknowledged by Lutheran as co-religionists
ED : Thomas May : History of the Long Parliament
RP : Dismissal of Anglican professors at Oxford University
VA : Dresden Academy of Arts founded
ST : Johan Hevel: Selenographia, on the lunar surface
DL : First newspaper advertisement
DL : Yellow fever in Barbados

1648

LT : Robert Herrick: Hesperides
PH : King Christian IV of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III
PH : Naples restored to Span. rule
PH : Outbreak of the Fronde in France
PH : Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War; is condemned by Pope Innocent X (bull Zelo Domus Dei)
PH : John II Casimir succeeds his brother Vladislav IV as King of Poland
RP : George Fox founds the Society of Friends (Quakers)
RP : John Lilburne: The Foundation of Freedom
RP : John Stearne: Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft
RP : Sabbatai Zevi, self-proclaimed Messiah, founds a Jewish sect
M : Aria and recitative become two distinct unities in opera
ED : University of Bamberg founded
ST : John Wilkins: Mathematical Magic
DL : Mirrors and chandeliers are being manufactured in Murano

1649

LT : Richard Lovelace: Lucasta
PH : War of the Fronde begins in France; ended by Treaty of Ruel; followed shortly by outbreak of second Fronde
PH : Charles I tried and beheaded; Prince of Wales takes title Charles II and is proclaimed king by the Scots in Edinburgh
PH : England declared a Commonwealth (The Interregnum)
PH : Sultan Ibrahim deposed and murdered; succeeded by his son Mohammed IV
PH : Maryland Assembly passes act of toleration, professing belief in the Holy Trinity    GO !
RP : René Descartes: Les Passions de L'âme
DL : In Great Britain, English becomes language of all legal documents in place of Latin
RP : John Lilburne: An Agreement for the Free People of England
RP : John Milton: The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates , defence of Charles I's execution
ST : Dutch physician Isbrand de Diemerbrock publishes his study of the plague, De peste
PH : Puritan exiles from Virginia settle in Providence, Md.
ST : First Brit. navy frigate, "Constant Warwick", constructed
DL : Free enterprise in England receives state support

1650

LT : Anne Bradstreet: Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America published by her brother without her knowledge
M : Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae III
M : Samuel Scheidt : Tablatur-Buch harmonised accompaniments for 100 sacred songs and psalms
PH : Charles II lands in Scotland
PH : Treaty of Nuremberg between the Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden amplifies Peace of Westphalia
LT : Beginning of modern development of Jap. "No" drama
RP : Richard Baxter: The Saints' Everlasting Rest
ED : Mathew Hale: Analysis of the Civil Law
ED : Thomas Hobbes: The Elements of Law, Moral and Political
ED : Gilles Ménage: Dictionnaire étymologique
ED : James Ussher: Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti (giving beginning of world as 4004 B.C.)
M : Beginning of modern harmony; development of modulation
M : Athanasius Kircher: Musurgia universalis, theory
M : The overture as musical form emerges in two types, Italian and French
DL : Opening of first coffee house in England, at Oxford
DL : First fiacres in Paris
DL : Tea first drunk in England
DL : Sir Richard Weston, Eng. agriculturist, advocates cultivation of turnips
LT : Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans

1651

LT : Henry Vaughan: Olor Iscanus
PH : Charles II crowned King of Scots; flees to France after his defeat by Cromwell at Worcester
PH : Parliament votes for release of Condé, Fronde leader
PH : Treaty between Czar Alexis I and the Cossacks
PH : King Louis XIV attains majority
PH : Eng. Navigation Act, gives Eng. ships monopoly of foreign trade    GO !
PH : Yetuna, new shogun of Japan, overcomes two rebellions in Edo
LT : First public "Comedy-house" in Vienna
RP : John Donne: Essays in Divinity (posth.)
RP : Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, defence of absolute monarchy
RP : Jeremy Taylor Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying
M : The young King Louis XIV of France appears as a dancer in a court ballet
DL : Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope
ED : Mazarin's library closed by order of the Parlement
ST : Ital. astronomer Giovanni Riccioli introduces in his map of the moon many of the modern names of lunar features
LT : Division of publisher and printer begins in book trade

1652

LT : Henry Vaughan: Solitary Devotions and The Mount of Olives
PH : Eng. Parliament passes Act of Pardon and Oblivion to reconcile Royalists
PH : Provisional Fronde government set up in Paris
PH : Louis XIV re-establishes lawful government, recalling Mazarin
RP : Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac: Cocrate Chrétien, religious dialogues
RP : John Donne: Paradoxes, Problems (posth.)
ED : Hayashi Shunsai: O-Dai-Ichi-Ran, a history of Japan
RP : Gerrard Winstanley: The Law of Freedom in a Platform
M : The minuet comes into fashion at Fr. court
M : First opera house in Vienna
ED : Imperial Ger. Academy of Naturalists founded
ST : Ger. scientist Otto von Guericke invents the air pump
DL : First London coffee house opened in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill
VA : Artemisia Gentileschi dies
PH : Start of first Anglo-Dutch war
Personae

Terms Defined

Referenced Works