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Sergei Prokofiev
LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems
LT : Walt Whitman: Goodbye My Fancy LT : Thomas Hardy: A Group of Noble Dames and Tess of the d'Urbervilles M : Charles Ives : Variations VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Star of Bethlehem M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Work Interrupted M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Yolanta
M : Arthur Sullivan : 'Romantic Opera', Ivanhoe
M : Camille Saint-Saëns : Africa
fantasy for piano and orchestra
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, L'amico Fritz
('Friend Fritz')
M : Antonin Dvorák : Overture, Carnival
M : Antonin Dvorák : M : Johannes Brahms : M : Clara Wieck Schumann : VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Kiss VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : We hail the Mary VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : The Return of Persephone RP : Rerum novarum , papal encyclical on the condition of the working classesDL : All-Deutschland Verband founded ST : Beginnings of wireless telegraphy DL : Earthquake in Japan kills as many as 10,000 people PH : Franco-Russ. entente RP : Goldwin Smith: The Canadian Question ED : In Java Dutch anthropologist Eugčne Dubois discovers Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) LT : J.T. Grein founds Independent Theatre Society, London RP : R.W. Church: History of the Oxford Movement (posth.) ST : Samuel P. Langley: Experiments in Aerodynamics ST : Trans-Siberian railroad construction begins PH : Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria, Italy - renewed for 12 years DL : W.L. Judson invents clothing zipper DL : Widespread famine in Russia PH : Young Turk Movement, hoping to secure liberal reforms, is formed in Geneva M : Léo Delibes dies 16 January VA : Ernest Meissonier dies 31 January VA : Georges Seurat dies 29 March M : Sergei Prokofiev born 23 April
LT : Thomas Hardy: The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved M : Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Falstaff
M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Nutcracker
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, En Saga
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Morceaux de Fantasie
for piano (including Prelude in C-sharp Minor)
M : Edward Elgar : Serenade VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : Spirit of the Dead Watching VA : John William Godward : The Betrothed VA : Edvard Munch : Melancholy ST : Diesel patents his internal-combustion engine RP : Emile Fagguet: Politiques et moralistes du six-neuvičme sičcle ST : First automatic telephone switchboard introduced DL : First cans of pineapples PH : Giolitti becomes Premier of Italy PH : Grover Cleveland elected U.S. President GO ! DL : Iron and steel workers strike in U.S. PH : Prince Ito becomes premier of Japan PH : Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas II ST : Viscose discovered (manufacture of rayon) M : Arthur Honegger born 10 March LT : Archibald MacLeish born 7 May M : Darius Milhaud born 4 September LT : Alfred, Lord Tennyson dies 6 October
LT : W.B. Yeats: The Celtic Twilight VA : Mary Cassatt : The Bath M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony M : Jean Sibelius : Karelia Suite
M : Erik Satie : Danses gothiques,
for piano
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Manon Lescaut
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, La Bonne Chanson
('The Good Song')
M : Antonin Dvorák : String Quartet M : Antonin Dvorák : Symphony M : Claude Debussy : String Quartet M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Manhattan Beach
VA : Edvard Munch : Death in the Sick-Room VA : Edvard Munch : The Scream VA : "Art Nouveau" appears in Europe RP : F.H. Bradley: Appearance and Reality PH : Franco-Russ. alliance signed DL : Henry Ford builds his first car ED : Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, founded DL : Karl Benz constructs his four-wheel car PH : Second Irish Home Rule bill passed by Commons but rejected by Lords RP : W.T. Stead: If Christ Came to Chicago DL : World Exhibition in Chicago M : Charles-François Gounod dies 18 October M : Pyotr Tchaikovsky dies 6 November
LT : Thomas Hardy: Life's Little Ironies M : Charles Ives : 67th Psalm
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Thaďs
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Anton Bruckner : Symphony M : Claude Debussy : Prélude ŕ l'aprčs-midi d'un faune
for orchestra
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Spring VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : The Magic Crystal VA : Edvard Munch : Ashes VA : Edvard Munch : Despair ST : Argon discovered DL : Baron de Boubertin founds committee to organise modern Olympic Games RP : Benjamin Kidd: Social Revolution ST : Berliner uses a horizontal gramophone disc instead of a cylinder as a record for sound reproduction ST : Cinematograph invented PH : Czar Alexander III dies; succeeded by his son Nicholas II DL : Death duties introduced in Britain DL : Edison opens his Kinetoscope Parlor, New York ST : Flagstaff Observatory erected, Arizona, U.S. PH : Korea and Japan declare war on China DL : New York Jockey Club founded ED : Pollock and Maitland: History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I ED : Sidney and Beatrice Webb: History of Trade Unionism ST : Swed. explorer Sven Hedin travels in Tibet ST : The Plague bacillus discovered VA : Norman Rockwell born M : Hans von Bülow dies 12 February VA : Gustave Caillebotte dies 21 February M : Emmanuel Chabrier dies 13 September LT : ee cummings born 14 October M : Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein dies 20 November LT : Christina Rossetti dies 29 December
VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples PH : American pressure leads to arbitration of the British boundary dispute with Venezuela PH : A revolt against Spanish rule breaks out in Cuba LT : W.B. Yeats: Poems VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : The Abduction of Psyche M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Til Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
M : Jean Sibelius : Four Lemminkäinen Legends
including The Swan of Tuonela
M : Erik Satie : Messe des pauvres,
a Latin Mass with psalms, for voices and organ or piano
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Christmas Eve
M : Antonin Dvorák : Cello Concerto VA : Lord Frederic Leighton : Flaming June VA : Edvard Munch : Madonna VA : Edvard Munch : Puberty VA : Edvard Munch : Self-Portrait with a Burning Cigarette VA : Gustav Klimt : Love ST : Auguste and Louis Lumičre invent a motion-picture camera RP : Cardinal Vaughan lays foundation stone of Westminster Cathedral PH : End of Chin.-Jap war DL : First public film show in Paris, at the Hôtel Scribe RP : Karl Marx: Das Kapital , vol. 3 (posth.) DL : King C. Gillette invents the safety razor ST : Konstantin Isiolkovski formulates the principle of rocket reaction propulsion ED : London School of Economics and Political Science founded ST : Machine constructed for the liquefaction of air ST : Marconi invents radio telegraphy LT : Oscar Wilde's unsuccessful libel action against the Marquis of Queensberry M : Robert Newman arranges the first Promenade Concerts at Queen's Hall, London RP : Sigmund Freud: Studien über Hysterie RP : Thomas Masaryk: The Czech Question ST : Wilhelm Röntgen discovers x-rays VA : Berthe Morisot dies 2 March M : Franz von Suppé dies 21 May M : Carl Orff born 10 July LT : Robert Graves born 24 July M : Paul Hindemith born 16 November
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Torrent and the Night Before LT : A E Housman: A Shropshire Lad M : Charles Ives : String Quartet, No.1 "Revival Service"
VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Hope M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Also sprach Zarathustra
('Thus Spake Zoroaster')
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La Bohčme
('Bohemian Life')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Koanga
(including 'La Calinda')
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Opera, Pepita Jiménez
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, El capitan
VA : John William Waterhouse : Hylas and the Nymphs DL : Daily Mail issuedVA : Die Jugend and Simplicissimus , two important Ger. art magazines, appear in MunichDL : Beginning of Klondike gold rush ST : Ernest Rutherford: magnetic detection of electrical waves DL : First modern Olympics held in Athens RP : Five annual Nobel Prizes established PH : Further massacres of Armenians in Constantinople ST : Helium discovered RP : Henri Bergson: Matičre et mémoire PH : Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, assassinated VA : National Portrait Gallery, London, moved from Bethnal Green to Westminster ST : Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant opens ST : Radioactivity discovered DL : Royal Victorian Order founded PH : Russia and China sign Manchuria Convention RP : Theodor Herzl: Der Judenstaat , foundation of Zionism VA : Lord Frederic Leighton dies 25 January M : Clara Wieck Schumann dies 20 May VA : Sir John Everett Millais dies 13 August VA : William Morris dies 3 October M : Anton Bruckner dies 11 October M : Virgil Garnett Thomson born 25 November VA : David Alfaro Siqueiros born
LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Children of the Night LT : Thomas Hardy: The Well-Beloved M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Quixote
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Pieces M : Edvard Grieg : Symphonic Dances M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Dolly Suite
for piano duet (later orchestrated)
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, The Stars and Stripes Forever
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Her eyes are with her thoughts... VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin : Where do we come from? DL : Katzenjammer Kids , first Amer. comic strip, begunPH : Crete proclaims union with Greece; Turkey declares war on Greece; Peace of Constantinople DL : Founding of Royal Automobile Club, London RP : Havelock Ellis: Studies in the Psychology of Sex ST : J.J. Thomson discovers electron ST : Julius Hann: Handbook of Climatology PH : King of Korea proclaims himself emperor DL : Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee ST : Ronal Ross discovers malaria bacillus DL : Severe famine in India RP : Sidney and Beatrice Webb: Industrial Democracy VA : Sir Henry Tate donates Tate Gallery, London, to the Brit. people DL : The Sultan of Zanzibar abolishes slavery PH : William McKinley inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! DL : World Exhibition at Brussels RP : Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland M : Johannes Brahms dies 3 April
LT : Thomas Hardy: Wessex Poems M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Ein Heldenleben
('A Hero's Life')
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Tsar's Bride
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Iris
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Bride Elect
VA : John William Waterhouse : Ariadne VA : Gustav Klimt : Pallas Athene
PH : "The Boxers", an anti-foreign, anti-Western organisation formed in China RP : Bismarck: Reflections and Memoirs ST : Dysentery bacillus discovered PH : Empress Elizabeth of Austria murdered by Ital. anarchist in Geneva ST : Ger. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds his airship DL : Paris Métro opened PH : Paul Kruger re-elected President of Transvaal ST : Photographs first taken utilising artificial light ST : Radium and polonium discovered ST : Ramsay discovered the inert atmospheric gases zenon, crypton, and neon VA : The Mackintosh School of Art in Glasgow PH : U.S. declares war on Spain over Cuba; Treaty of Paris GO ! LT : Lewis Carroll dies 14 January VA : Aubrey Beardsley dies LT : Walt Whitman dies 26 March M : Ernst Bacon born 26 May VA : Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones dies 17 June VA : Maurits Cornelis Escher born M : George Gershwin born 26 September VA : René Magritte born
LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wind Among the Reeds M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Cendrillon
('Cinderella')
M : Jean Sibelius : Finlandia
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : Verklärte Nacht
('Transfigured Night'), for string sextet (arranged later for string orchestra)
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Jack-in-the-box
M : Maurice Ravel : Pavane pour une infante défunte
for piano (later orchestrated)
M : Edward Elgar : Enigma Variations, Sea Pictures
M : Frederick Delius : Paris: the Song of a Great City
nocturne for orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Nocturnes
for orchestra
M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Catalonia, suite populaire
for orchestra
M : John Phillip Sousa : March, Hands across the Sea
VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Baths of Caraculla VA : Edvard Munch : The Dance of Life VA : Edvard Munch : The Dead Mother RP : Alexander Bain: The Realisation of the Possible ST : Alpha and beta rays discovered in radioactive atoms PH : Boer War between Britain and the Boers RP : Ernst Haeckel: Die Welträtsel PH : First Peace Conference at The Hague ST : First magnetic recording of sound RP : H.S. Chamberlain: The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century RP : James Ward: Naturalism and Agnosticism RP : John Dewey: School and Society PH : London borough councils established RP : Pope Leo XIII's bull Testem Benevolentiae condemns the "Americanism" of Isaac Thomas Hecker M : Francis Poulenc born 7 January VA : Alfred Sisley dies 29 January M : Johann Strauss II dies 3 June
VA : Paul Cézanne : Chateau Noir PH : The Foraker Act establishes a government for Puerto Rico PH : Boxer risings in China against Europeans PH : Commonwealth of Australia created DL : First Nobel Prizes awarded ED : Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams DL : World Exhibition in Paris VA : Wallace Collection, London, opens VA : Gaugin : Noa Noa , report on his travels through Tahiti ST : F.E. Dorn discovers radon ST : Arthur Evan's excavations in Crete RP : Shintoism reinstated in Japan against Buddhist influence RP : Bertrand Russell : A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz VA : Paul Cézanne : Mont Sainte-Victoire M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Legend of Tsar Saltan
(including 'The Flight of the Bumblebee' and 'The Tsar's Departure and Farewell')
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Tosca
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Requiem Mass
(final version)
M : Edward Elgar : Oratorio M : Antonin Dvorák : Opera, Rusalka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Godspeed PH : King Umberto I, king of Italy, assassinated; succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III VA : Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse ST : Max Planck Formulates Quantum Theory M : Aaron Copland born 14 November M : Arthur Sullivan dies 22 November
ST : First Trans-Atlantic radio signal PH : Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by her son, Edward VII PH : U.S. President McKinley assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt sworn in as successor GO ! PH : Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by Edward (VII) PH : Peace of Peking ends Boxer uprising RP : Rudolf Steiner founds anthroposophy VA : Picasso's blue period VA : The Siegesallee in Berlin : 32 marble statues of members of the House of Hohenzollern M : Ragtime jazz develops in the U.S. ST : Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland M : Charles Ives : Three Harvest Home Chorales
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Jongleur de Notre Dame
('The Juggler of Notre Dame')
M : Maurice Ravel : Jeux d'eau
('Fountains'), for piano
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Edward Elgar : Pomp and Circumstance
March No.1 ('Land of Hope and Glory')
M : Edward Elgar : Concert overture M : Frederick Delius : Opera, A Village Romeo and Juliet
('Walk to the Paradise Garden' added later)
VA : John William Godward : The Tease VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Accolade VA : Gustav Klimt : Judith I
M : Giuseppe Verdi dies 27 January VA : Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec dies 9 September M : Joaquín Rodrigo born 22 November
VA : Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples, PH : Boer War ends DL : The Teddy Bear is introduced PH : Anglo-Japanese treaty recognises the independence of China and Korea PH : Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy renewed for another six years RP : William James The Varieties of Religious Experience RP : Benedetto Croce : Philosophy of the Spirit M : Enrico Caruso makes his first phonograph recording DL : King Edward VII establishes Order of Merit DL : Martinique volcanic fire destroys the town of St. Pierre LT : Edwin A Robinson: Captain Craig LT : John Masefield: Salt-Water Ballads LT : Walter de la Mare: Songs of Childhood LT : Thomas Hardy: Poems of the Past and Present M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Des Knaben Wunderhorn
completed
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Franz Lehár : Concert waltz, Gold und Silber
('Gold and Silver')
M : Frederick Delius : Appalachia
for voices and orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Opera, Pelléas et Mélisande
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Triston and Isolde VA : Gustav Klimt : Portrait of Emilie Floge
M : William Turner Walton born 29 March
ST : First flight at Kitty Hawk VA : First silent movie, The Great Train Robbery PH : Entente Cordiale established PH : King Alexander I of Serbia and Queen Draga murdered ;
Peter Karageorgevich accedes to the throne as Peter I PH : Coronation durbar for Edward Vi, King-emperor, at Delhi RP : G.E. Moore : Principia Ethica RP : Cardinal Guiseppe Sarto installed - Pope Pius X M : Oscar Hammerstein builds the Manhattan Opera House, New York M : First recording of an opera : Verdi's Ernani ED : Universities of Liverpool and Manchester founded ST : Electrocardiograph invented VA : Deutsches Museum, Munich, opens DL : First Tour de France DL : Ford Motor Company founded LT : Thomas Traherne: Poems published M : Manuel de Falla : Piano Pieces, Allegro de concierto
M : Richard Strauss : Symphonia Domestica
M : Jean Sibelius : Incidental music Kuolema ('Death')
M : Jean Sibelius : Violin Concerto M : Arnold Schoenberg : Symphonic Poem, Pelleas und Melisande
M : Erik Satie : (Trois) morceaux en forme de poire
M : Maurice Ravel : Shéhérazade
for mezzo-soprano and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Ten Piano Preludes M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, Jenűfa
(later revised)
M : Claude Debussy : Estampes
('Engravings'), for piano (including 'Jardins sous la pluie')
VA : John William Waterhouse : Windflowers VA : Eugčne Henri Paul Gauguin dies 9 May VA : Camille Pissarro dies 13 November
PH : Russo-Japanese War begins PH : Theodore Roosevelt elected president GO ! PH : Hereros and Hottentots revolt in German South-west Africa LT : Abbey Theatre, Dublin, founded RP : Church and state separated in France ED : Freud : The Psychopathology of Everyday Life RP : Max Weber : The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism M : First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria M : London Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert ST : First telegraphic transmission of photographs - Munich to Nuremburg DL : Ten-hour work day established in France DL : Carl Lindstrom Company founded in Berlin for the production
of phonographs and phonograph records VA : Anthony Frederick Sandys dies LT : Walter de la Mare: Henry Brocken M : Charles Ives : Thanksgiving
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Madame Butterfly
M : Gustav Mahler : Kindertotenlieder
('Songs of the Death of Children')
M : Edvard Grieg : Lyric Suite M : Edward Elgar : Overture M : Frederick Delius : Sea Drift
for baritone and orchestra
VA : John William Godward : Dolce Far Niente VA : John William Waterhouse : Psyche Entering Cupid's Garden PH : Entente Cordiale: Britain and France settle their international differences ST : General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy DL : New York City subway opens VA : Jean Léon Gérôme dies 10 January M : Antonin Dvorák dies 1 May VA : Salvador Dali born
PH : "Bloody Sunday" - Russian Revolution of 1905 ST : Einstein proposes his theory of relativity PH : Norwegian parliament decides on separation from Sweden;
Prince Charles of Denmark elected King Haakon VII of Norway PH : Sinn Fein Party founded in Dublin DL : William Haywood and others found the International Workers of the World (Wobblies) LT : Police censure closes Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession after one performance RP : George Santayana : The Life of Reason VA : Picasso begins his "Pink Period" DL : First motor buses in London DL : First neon lights appear M : Manuel de Falla : Opera, La Vida Breve
('The Short Life')
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Salome
M : Jean Sibelius : Incidental music Pelléas et Mélisande
M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh
M : Maurice Ravel : M : Gustav Mahler : Symphonies M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Die lustige Witwe
('The Merry Widow')
M : Edward Elgar : M : Frederick Delius : A Mass of Life
for soloists, chorus and orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images, Book I
for piano
M : Claude Debussy : La mer
('The sea'), for orchestra
M : Franz Strauss dies 31 May VA : Sir Adolph William Bouguereau dies 19 August
DL : Finland is the first European country to give women the right to vote M : The English Hymnal , edited by Percy Dearmer and Ralph Vaughan WilliamsRP : Franz X. Wernz, the Jesuit general, reforms the order's plan for studies RP : Albert Schweitzer : The Quest of the Historical Jesus M : Mozart Festival in Salzburg ST : The term "allergy" introduced to medicine DL : Simplon Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland opens M : Anton von Webern : Rondo M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic fantasy, Pohjola's Daughter
M : Zoltán Kodály : Symphonic Poem, Summer Evening
(later revised)
M : John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Free Lance
DL : San Francisco earthquake and three-day fire; more than 500 dead ST : Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole M : Dmitry Shostakovich born 25 September VA : Paul Cézanne dies 22 October
PH : Ten Rules of War established at the second Hague Peace Conference VA : Picasso introduces Cubism DL : Typhoid Mary captured for the first time DL : First completely synthetic man-made substance (plastic) PH : English and French agree on Siamese independence RP : Henri Bergson : L'Evolution créatrice RP : William James : Pragmatism RP : Alfred Adler : Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation RP : United methodist Church established in Britain RP : Papal encyclical Pascendi gregis condemns modernism VA : First Cubist exhibition in Paris DL : Boy Scouts founded LT : Sara Teasdale: Sonnets to Duse, and Other Poems VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : Vanity M : Anton von Webern : Quintet M : Charles Ives : Central Park in the Dark
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Golden Cockerel
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Brigg Fair: An English Rhapsody
M : Claude Debussy : Images, Book II
for piano
VA : Gustav Klimt : Danae
VA : Gustav Klimt : The Kiss LT : Wystan Hugh Auden born 21 February M : Edvard Grieg dies 4 September
DL : Ford introduces the Model-T PH : Three year-old Pu Yi becomes Emperor of China PH : Turks revolt in the Ottoman Empire PH : King Carlos I of Portugal and the crown prince both assassinated; Manuel II becomes king PH : Leopold II transfers the Congo to Belgium PH : Ferdinand I of Bulgaria assumes the title czar and declares his country's independence PH : Crete proclaims union with Greece PH : Union of South Africa established VA : "Ashcan School" established by Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, George Bellows, Everett Shinn VA : Matisse coins the term "Cubism" DL : London hosts the Olympic Games ED : Cairo University opened DL : First Model T produced LT : Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations LT : John Masefield: Captain Margaret LT : Thomas Hardy: the last of three parts of The Dynasts published M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : The Unanswered Question
M : Franz Schreker : Ballet, Der Geburtstag der Infantin
('The Infant's Birthday')
M : Maurice Ravel : Rapsodie espagnole
for orchestra
M : Maurice Ravel : Gaspard de la nuit
('Phantoms of the Night'), for piano
M : Leoš Janácek : Along an Overgrown Path
15 pieces for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, Savitri
M : Edward Elgar : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Rhapsody, In a Summer Garden
M : Claude Debussy : Children's Corner
for piano (including 'Jimbo's Lullaby' and 'Golliwogg's Cake-walk')
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Nightingale
DL : Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily LT : Theodore Roethke born 25 May M : Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies 21 June M : Olivier Messiaen born 10 December M : Elliott Cook Carter born 11 December
PH : Japan's Prince Ito is assassinated LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Town down the River LT : John Masefield: Multitude and Solitude and The Tragedy of Nan LT : Thomas Hardy: Time's Laughingstocks M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata M : Charles Ives : Washington's Birthday
M : Jules Massenet : Opera, Don Quichotte
('Don Quixote')
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Song-cycle, On Wenlock Edge
M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Elektra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Erwartung
('Expectation'), for soprano and orchestra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Five Orchestral Pieces
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Poem, Isle of the Dead
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Gustav Mahler : Song-symphony M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Der Graf von Luxemburg
('The Count of Luxemburg')
M : Gustav Holst : Suite M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite Iberia
for piano
ST : North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson M : Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz dies 18 May VA : Francis Bacon born
ST : Halley's comet makes an appearance LT : John Masefield: The Tragedy of Pompey the Great LT : Walter de la Mare: The Return and The Three Mulla Mulgars M : Anton von Webern : M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
for strings
M : Maurice Ravel : Ma mčre l'oye
('Mother Goose'), for two pianos (later orchestrated)
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
for choir
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Thirteen Piano Preludes M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La fanciulla del West
('The Girl of the Golden West')
M : Gustav Mahler : Symphony M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Zigeunerliebe
('Gypsy Love')
M : Gustav Holst : Hymns from the Rig Veda
for chorus and orchestra (one of several sets)
M : Edward Elgar : Violin Concerto M : Frederick Delius : Opera, Fennimore and Gerda
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book I
for piano (including 'Viole')
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Firebird
M : Samuel Barber born 9 March M : Frank Loesser born 29 June VA : Henri Rousseau dies in Paris VA : William Holman Hunt dies 7 September VA : Winslow Homer dies
PH : The Chinese Revolution ST : Structure of an atom discovered
DL : Greenwich Mean Time adopted VA : Mona Lisa is stolen LT : Sara Teasdale: Helen of Troy, and Other Poems LT : John Masefield: The Everlasting Mercy LT : Rupert Brooke: Poems M : Charles Ives : String Quartet M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Der Rosenkavalier
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : Gurrelieder
('Songs of Gurra'), for voices and orchestra
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Études-tableux Opus 33
for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Suite M : Edward Elgar : Symphony M : Frederick Delius : Summer Night on the River
for small orchestra
M : Frederick Delius : Song of the High Hills
for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : Allegro barbaro
for piano
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Petrushka
VA : Edmund Blair Leighton : Stiching the Standard DL : Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed PH : Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero ST : First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War PH : Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty; Sun Yat-sen named president ST : Amundsen reaches South Pole PH : Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli and Libya M : Irving Berlin's Alexander's Ragtime Band M : Gustav Mahler dies 18 May VA : Edwin Austin Abbey VA : Howard Pyle dies
DL : Oreo cookies first introduced DL : The Titanic sinks LT : Walter de la Mare: The Listeners and Other Poems VA : Marc Chagall : Adam and Eve M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der ferne Klang
('The Distant Sound')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Song-cycle, Pierrot lunaire
('Moonstruck Pierrot')
M : Maurice Ravel : Ballet, Daphnis and Chloë
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Fourteen Songs M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto M : Leoš Janácek : In the Mists
for piano
M : Gustav Holst : Oriental Suite, Beni Mora
M : Frederick Delius : On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring
for small orchestra
M : Claude Debussy : Images
for orchestra (including 'Gigue')
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set I
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Sleeping Beauty PH : Balkan Wars begin VA : Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema dies 25 June M : Jules Massenet dies 13 August M : John Cage born 5 September
DL : First crossword puzzle DL : Personal income tax introduced in U.S. LT : John Masefield: Dauber LT : Walter de la Mare: Peacock Pie: A Book of Rhymes LT : Thomas Hardy: A Changed Man LT : Robert Frost: A Boy's Will M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Fourth of July
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin
('The Music Box and the Princess')
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Die Glückliche Hand,
('The Lucky Hand'), drama for orchestra and chorus
M : Erik Satie : Trois embryons desséchés
('Three dried-up embryos')
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Choral Symphony, The Bells
M : Gustav Holst : St. Paul's Suite
for strings
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Opera, Pénélope
M : Edward Elgar : Falstaff
(Symphonic Study)
M : Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book II
for piano
M : Claude Debussy : Ballet, Jeux
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Rite of Spring
PH : Balkan Wars end with London peace treaty ST : Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line PH : Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System becomes law GO ! PH : Woodrow Wilson becomes 28th U.S. president GO ! VA : Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public DL : Suffragists demonstrate in London DL : Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours M : Witold Lutoslawski born 25 January M : Benjamin Britten born 22 November
PH : World War I begins GO ! LT : Edwin A Robinson: Van Zorn LT : Thomas Hardy: Satires of Circumstance LT : Robert Frost: North of Boston M : Anton von Webern : M : Charles Ives : Three Places in New England
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : A Lark Ascending
for violin and orchestra
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, The Oceanides
M : Ottorino Respighi : Sinfonia drammatica
M : Maurice Ravel : DL : Panama Canal officially opened PH : U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests
LT : Sara Teasdale: Rivers to the Sea LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Porcupine LT : Rupert Brooke: 1914 and Other Poems M : Charles Ives : Piano Sonata M : Manuel de Falla : Noches en los jardines de Espańa
('Nights in the Gardens of Spain')
M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El Amor Brujo
('Love, the Magician')
M : Richard Strauss : An Alpine Symphony
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Zoltán Kodály : Cello Sonata M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, Le Jardin clos
('The Enclosed Garden')
M : Claude Debussy : 12 Etudes
('Studies'), for piano
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : The Wanderer
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia When I Survey the Wondrous Cross
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, O God, Our Help
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, The Old Hundredth
PH : Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers ST : Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity VA : D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation VA : Walter Crane dies LT : Rupert Brooke dies 23 April VA : Arthur Hughes dies 23 December
LT : W.B. Yeats: Reveries over Childhood and Youth LT : Edwin A Robinson: The Man against the Sky LT : Robert Frost: Mountain Interval LT : Rupert Brooke: Letters From America (posth.) M : Charles Ives : Symphony M : Arnold Schoenberg : M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Fountains of Rome
M : Gustav Holst : Orchestral suite, The Planets
M : Frederick Delius : Violin Concerto M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set II
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Jerusalem
VA : John William Waterhouse : I am Half Sick of Shadows VA : John William Waterhouse : Miranda VA : John William Waterhouse : A Tale from Decameron PH : U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million PH : President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan. GO ! PH : Easter Rebellion in Ireland put down by British troops ST : Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic PH : 24 April - Irish nationalists launch the Easter rebellion in Dublin, Republic declared and Patrick Pearse announced as first President M : Milton Byron Babbitt born 10 May PH : 22 November - Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary, dies; he is succeeded by Charles I
LT : First Pulitzer Prizes awarded PH : Russian Revolution PH : U.S. enters World War I LT : W.B. Yeats: The Wild Swans at Coole LT : Sara Teasdale: Love Songs LT : Edwin A Robinson: Merlin LT : Thomas Hardy: Moments of Vision LT : Robert Graves: Over the Brazier LT : T S Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Parade
M : Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
first series
M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La rondine
('The Swallow')
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Francis Poulenc : Rapsodie nčgre M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Excursions of Mr. Broucek
M : Gustav Holst : The Hymn of Jesus
for chorus and orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Wooden Prince
M : Igor Stravinsky : Les Noces
('The Wedding'), for voices, percussion and four pianos
PH : Balfour Declaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. RP : Sigmund Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis VA : John William Waterhouse dies 10 February
DL : Daylight Saving
Time introduced PH : Russian Czar Nicholas II and his family are killed LT : Robert Graves: Fairies and Fusiliers M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Die Gezeichneten
('The Stigma Bearers')
M : Erik Satie : Socrate,
for voices and instruments
M : Giacomo Puccini : Il trittico
('The Triptych'), three one-act operas
M : Francis Poulenc : Trois mouvements perpétuels
for piano
M : Leoš Janácek : Orchestral rhapsody, Taras Bulba
M : Edward Elgar : String Quartet M : Béla Bartók : Opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle
M : Igor Stravinsky : The Soldier's Tale,
for speaker, chamber ensemble, dancers
M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Elégie
DL : Worldwide influenza epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million will be dead ("Spanish Flu") PH : Russian Civil War between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks) PH : German Kaiser abdicates (Nov.); hostilities cease on the Western Front VA : Gustav Klimt dies 6 February M : Claude Debussy dies 25 March LT : Joyce Kilmer dies 30 July M : Leonard Bernstein born 25 August M : Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry dies 7 October
DL : Prohibition begins in the U.S. LT : John Masefield: Reynard the Fox M : Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El sombrero de tres picos
('The Three-Cornered Hat')
M : Ottorino Respighi : Ballet, La Boutique fantastique
('The Fantastic Toy Shop') - based on music by Rossini
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Love for Three Oranges
M : Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Le Bestiaire
M : Darius Milhaud : Symphonic Suite M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Le Boeuf sur le toit
('The Ox on the Roof')
M : Leoš Janácek : Song-cycle, The Diary of One Who Disappeared
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Masques et Bergamasques
M : Edward Elgar : Cello Concerto, M : Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Miraculous Mandarin
PH : Third International (Comintern) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements PH : Versailles Treaty, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate GO ! PH : Mahatma Gandhi initiates satyagraha (“truth force”) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India ST : Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight VA : Pierre-Auguste Renoir dies 3 December
PH : U.S. Dept. of Justice "red hunt" nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported ST : First commercial radio broadcast aired LT : Harlem Renaissance begins PH : League of Nations established DL : Women granted the right to vote in U.S. LT : Sara Teasdale: Flame and Shadow LT : Edwin A Robinson: Lancelot LT : T S Eliot: The Sacred Wood M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Der Schatzgräber
('The Treasure Digger')
M : Erik Satie : Musique d'ameublement
('Furniture music')
M : Erik Satie : Trois petites pičces montées
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphonies M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Pulcinella
PH : Treaty of Sčvres dissolves Ottoman Empire PH : Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Finland, Luxembourg are admitted to the League of Nations LT : Howard Nemerov born 1 March M : Max Christian Friedrich Bruch dies 20 October
PH : Irish Free State proclaimed VA : John William Godward dies LT : Edwin A Robinson: Avon's Harvest LT : Marianne Moore: Poems published without her knowledge LT : Walter de la Mare: Memoirs of a Midget M : Edgard Varčse : Offrandes
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, King David
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : Façade
settings of poems by Edith Sitwell
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto M : Darius Milhaud : Suite for orchestra, Saudades do Brasil
('Memories of Brazil')
M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel
('The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower'), written with "Les Six"
M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, Katya Kabanová
M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, L'Horizon chimerique
('The Elusive Horizon')
PH : Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks;
German inflation begins PH : Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China PH : Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania are admitted to the League of Nations LT : Richard Wilbur born 1 March M : Camille Saint-Saëns dies 16 December
PH : Kemal Atatürk founds modern Turkey ST : King Tut's tomb found PH : Mussolini marches on Rome LT : The Reader's Digest first published VA : Edmund Blair Leighton dies LT : A E Housman: Last Poems LT : Thomas Hardy: Late Lyrics and Earlier LT : T S Eliot: The Waste Land LT : ee cummings: The Enormous Room M : Edgard Varčse : Amériques
M : Paul Hindemith : Suite, 1922
M : Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Skating Rink
M : Manuel de Falla : Chamber opera, El Retablo de Maese Pedro
('Master Peter's Puppet Show')
M : Ottorino Respighi : Opera, Belfagor
M : Gustav Holst : A Fugal Overture
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, The Perfect Fool
VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Morning VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Daybreak PH : Hungary is admitted to the League of Nations M : Lukas Foss born 15 August VA : Lucien Freud born
DL : Talking movies invented LT : Wallace Stevens: Harmonium LT : Walter de la Mare: Come Hither and The Riddle, and Other Stories LT : Thomas Hardy: The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall LT : Robert Frost: New Hampshire LT : ee cummings: Tulips and Chimneys M : Edgard Varčse : Octandre
M : Edgard Varčse : Hyperprism
M : Paul Hindemith : Das Marienleben
M : Arthur Honegger : Pacific 231
M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
second series
M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, La Création du monde
('The Creation of the World')
M : Zoltán Kodály : Psalmus hungaricus
for voices and orchestra
M : Leoš Janácek : String Quartet M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Cunning Little Vixen
M : Béla Bartók : Dance Suite M : Igor Stravinsky : Octet PH : Adolf Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich fails PH : Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments DL : Widespread Ku Klux Klan violence in U.S. DL : Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo M : George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue M : Bessie Smith, known as "the Empress of the Blues", makes her first record LT : William Butler Yeats wins Nobel Prize in Literature PH : Ethiopia, Ireland are admitted to the League of Nations PH : Dominican Republic is admitted to the League of Nations VA : Roy Lichtenstein born
DL : First Olympic winter games LT : Marianne Moore: Observations LT : John Masefield: Sard Harker LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Happy Marriage LT : Robert Graves: Poems: 1914-26 VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : The Damsel of the Lake, M : Edgard Varčse : Intégrales
M : Paul Hindemith : String Trio M : Jean Sibelius : Symphony M : Franz Schreker : Opera, Irrelohe
('Flames of Madness')
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Relâche
M : Erik Satie : Ballet, Mercure
M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Pines of Rome
M : Maurice Ravel : Tzigane
('Gypsy'), for violin plus orchestra or piano
M : Francis Poulenc : Ballet, Les Biches
('The Little Darlings')
M : Leoš Janácek : Wind sextet, Mládi
('Youth')
M : Gustav Holst : Choral Symphony
M : Gustav Holst : Opera, At the Boar's Head
M : George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue
for piano and jazz band
M : Aaron Copland : Symphony for Organ and Orchestra
(later arranged without organ)
PH : Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in prison where he writes Mein Kampf; released after eight months
PH : Death of Lenin; Stalin wins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in 1953 LT : Robert Frost wins first of four Pulitzers PH : Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti PH : Teapot Dome scandal M : Gabriel Urbain Fauré dies 4 November
PH : Hitler's Mein Kampf published
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Roman Bartholow and Dionysus in Doubt LT : Walter de la Mare: Broomsticks and Other Tales LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Pot of Earth LT : Thomas Hardy: Human Shows LT : ee cummings: & and XLI Poems M : Paul Hindemith : Concerto M : Ernst Bacon : Prelude and Fugue
M : Sir George Dyson : Children's Suite After Walter De La Mare
M : William Turner Walton : Overture, Portsmouth Point
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Maurice Ravel : Opera, L'Enfant et les sortilčges
('The Child and the Magic Spells')
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, The Steel Step
M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Makropulos Affair
M : George Gershwin : Concerto VA : Frederick Maxfield Parrish : The Knave PH : Locarno conferences seek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees ST : John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television ST : John T. Scopes convicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee "Monkey Trial"; sentence set aside VA : Robert Rauschenberg born PH : Costa Rica withdraws from the League of Nations M : Pierre Boulez born 26 March VA : John Singer Sargent dies M : Erik Satie dies 1 July
LT : Sara Teasdale: Dark of the Moon LT : John Masefield: Odtaa LT : Archibald MacLeish: Streets on the Moon VA : Frank Cadogan Cowper : La Belle Dame Sans Merci M : Paul Hindemith : Opera, Cardillac
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Judith
M : Manuel de Falla : Concerto M : Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, Tapiola
M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto M : Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Turandot
(the final scene completed by Franco Alfano after Puccini's death)
M : Zoltán Kodály : Opera, Háry János
M : Leoš Janácek : Sinfonietta
for orchestra
M : Leoš Janácek : Glagolitic Mass
for soloists, choir and orchestra
M : George Gershwin : M : George Gershwin : Musical, O, Kay!
M : Aaron Copland : Piano Concerto M : Béla Bartók : Out of Doors
for piano
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto DL : General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill PH : U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until 1933 PH : Germany is admitted to the League of Nations, Brazil withdraws VA : Mary Cassatt dies 14 June VA : Claude Monet dies 5 December
DL : BBC founded LT : Edwin A Robinson: Tristram VA : Marc Chagall : Lovers with Flowers M : Edgard Varčse : Arcana
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Antigone
M : Ottorino Respighi : Three Botticelli Pictures
M : Ottorino Respighi : The Birds
suite for small orchestra (based on 17th and 18th century pieces about birds)
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Fiery Angel
M : Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Marosszék
for piano (later orchestrated)
M : Gustav Holst : Tone poem, Egdon Heath
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Funny Face
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Strike Up the Band
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera-oratorio, Oedipus Rex
M : Franz Schreker : Christophorus
PH : German economy collapses - Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazis for political murder PH : Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party ST : Charles A. Lindbergh flies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris ST : Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model ST : Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory DL : Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years VA : The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson, first part-talking motion picture LT : Galway Kinnell born 1 February VA : Juan Gris dies
LT : First Oxford English Dictionary published ST : Penicillin discovered LT : W.B. Yeats: The Tower VA : Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee dies LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Hamlet of A. MacLeish M : Anton von Webern : Symphony M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Symphony M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, Four Saints in Three Acts
M : Olivier Messiaen : Le banquet céleste
for organ
M : Olivier Messiaen : Trois petites liturgies de la Presence Divine
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, Sir John in Love
(including 'Greensleeves')
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Nose
M : Arnold Schoenberg : M : Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, Roman Festivals
M : Maurice Ravel : Boléro
for orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Opera, Christopher Columbus
M : Franz Lehár : Operetta, Das Land des Lächelns
('The Land of Smiles')
M : Leoš Janácek : String Quartet M : Leoš Janácek : Opera, From the House of the Dead
M : Gustav Holst : A Moorside Suite
for brass band
M : George Gershwin : Symphonic Poem, An American in Paris
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Apollon musagčte
M : Franz Schreker : Der singende Teufel
PH : Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations GO ! RP : Anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa LT : Thomas Hardy dies 11 January VA : Andy Warhol born M : Leoš Janácek dies 12 August M : Karlheinz Stockhausen born 22 August VA : Helen Frankenthaler born in New York City
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Cavender's House LT : Robert Graves: Goodbye to All That M : Ernst Toch : Bunte Suite
M : William Turner Walton : Viola Concerto PH : Trotsky expelled from U.S.S.R. PH : Lateran Treaty establishes independent Vatican City DL : In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billion—first phase of Depression and world economic crisis ST : Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe M : Andre Previn born 6 April
ST : Pluto discovered LT : Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night LT : Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night LT : Walter de la Mare: On the Edge LT : Archibald MacLeish: New Found Land LT : Robert Frost: Selected Poems LT : T S Eliot: Ash-Wednesday LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Paid on Both Sides and Poems M : Anton von Webern : Quartet M : Olivier Messiaen : Diptyque
for organ
M : Ernst Toch : Gesprochene Musik
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Ballet, Job, a Masque for Dancing
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Ballet, The Age of Gold
M : Gustav Holst : Prelude and scherzo Hammersmith
M : Gustav Holst : Choral Fantasia
M : George Gershwin : Musical, Girl Crazy
M : Aaron Copland : Piano Variations M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony PH : Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty ST : Cyclotron developed M : Stephen Sondheim born 22 March
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Matthias at the Door LT : Robert Graves: Poems: 1926-1930 LT : T S Eliot: Thoughts After Lambeth LT : ee cummings: CIOPW and ViVa M : Edgard Varčse : Ionisation
M : Paul Hindemith : Das Unaufhörliche
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cris du monde
M : Arthur Honegger : Opera, Amphion
M : Sir George Dyson : The Canterbury Pilgrims
M : William Turner Walton : Cantata, Belshazzar's Feast
M : Maurice Ravel : Piano Concerto M : Gustav Holst : Hammersmith
for orchestra
M : Samuel Barber : Overture, The School for Scandal
M : Samuel Barber : Dover Beach
for solo baritone and string quartet
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Norma
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto M : Igor Stravinsky : PH : Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII PH : German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party PH : Mukden Incident begins Japanese occupation of Manchuria ST : Harold C. Urey discovers heavy hydrogen DL : The Star Spangled Banner officially becomes U.S. national anthemDL : Notorious Scottsboro trial begins, exposing depth of Southern racism in U.S. PH : Mexico is admitted to the League of Nations
LT : Edwin A Robinson: Nicodemus LT : Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador M : Ernst Bacon : Symphony M : Richard Strauss : Opera, Arabella
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District
(later revised as Katerina Izmaylova)
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Opera, Moses and Aaron
M : Francis Poulenc : Concerto M : George Gershwin : Musical, Of Thee I Sing
M : George Gershwin : Cuban Overture
M : Benjamin Britten : Sinfonietta
M : Franz Schreker : Der Schmied von Gent
PH : Nazis lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag seats DL : Famine in U.S.S.R. DL : In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stimulate economy. DL : Veterans march on Washington—most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur PH : Iraq, Turkey are admitted to the League of Nations M : John Phillip Sousa dies 6 March
PH : Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany LT : W.B. Yeats: The Winding Stair and Other Poems LT : Edwin A Robinson: Talifer LT : Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador LT : A E Housman: The Name and Nature of Poetry LT : T S Eliot: The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism LT : ee cummings: Eimi VA : Marc Chagall : Solitude M : Paul Hindemith : String Trio M : Olivier Messiaen : L'Ascension
(for orchestra, later for organ)
M : Sir George Dyson : St Paul's Voyage to Melita
M : Ottorino Respighi : Opera, La Fiamma
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Lieutenant Kijé
M : Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Galánta
for orchestra
M : Gustav Holst : Brook Green Suite
for strings
M : Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Beatrice di Tenda
PH : Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi terror begins PH : Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations PH : Roosevelt inaugurated; launches New Deal GO ! DL : In U.S. Prohibition repealed PH : U.S.S.R. recognised by U.S. PH : Germany, Japan withdraw from the League of Nations LT : Sara Teasdale dies 29 January M : Henryk Mikolaj Górecki born 6 December
VA : Marc Chagall : Bouquet with Flying Lovers PH : Mao Zedong begins the Long March LT : Edwin A Robinson: Amaranth LT : Robert Graves: I, Claudius and Claudius the God LT : T S Eliot: After Strange Gods M : Edgard Varčse : Ecuatorial
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphony, Mathis der Maler
M : Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Sémiramis
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini
(including '18th Variation'), for piano and orchestra
M : Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Nerone
('Nero')
M : Franz Lehár : Opera, Giuditta
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet PH : Hitler becomes führer. PH : U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations PH : Afghanistan, Ecuador, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are admitted to the League of Nations M : Edward Elgar dies 23 February M : Franz Schreker dies 21 March M : Gustav Holst dies 25 May M : Frederick Delius dies 10 June M : Harrison Birtwistle born 15 July
PH : Germany issues the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws VA : Jessie Willcox Smith dies LT : Wallace Stevens: Ideas of Order LT : T S Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral LT : ee cummings: No Thanks and Tom M : Paul Hindemith : Viola concerto, Der Schwanendreher
M : Paul Hindemith : Opera, Mathis der Maler
M : Olivier Messiaen : La nativite de Seigneur
for organ
M : Arthur Honegger : Film music, Mayerling
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Jeanne d’Arc au bűcher
('Joan of Arc at the Stake')
M : Sir George Dyson : Nebuchadnezzar
M : William Turner Walton : Symphony M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto M : George Gershwin : Opera, Porgy and Bess
PH : Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty, introduce compulsory military service DL : Roosevelt opens second phase of New Deal in U.S., calling for social security, better housing, equitable taxation, and farm assistance PH : Mussolini invades Ethiopia; League of Nations invokes sanctions PH : Paraguay withdraws from the League of Nations of Nations LT : Edwin A Robinson dies 6 April VA : Malevich dies VA : Paul Signac dies M : Alban Berg dies 24 December
PH : Spanish Civil War begins PH : King George V dies; succeeded by son, Edward VIII, who soon abdicates to marry an American-born divorcée, and is succeeded by brother, George VI M : Steve Reich dies LT : Marianne Moore: The Pangolin and other verse LT : Robert Frost: A Further Range LT : ee cummings: 1/20 LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Look Stranger! M : Edgard Varčse : Density 21.5
for flute solo
M : Ernst Bacon : Twilight
M : Ernst Bacon : Songs of Eternity
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, The Plow that Broke the Plains
M : Olivier Messiaen : Song-cycles, Počmes pour Mi
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Tarantella
for Male Chorus and Orchestra
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Violin Concerto M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony M : Sergei Prokofiev : Peter and the Wolf
for narrator and orchestra
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, Romeo and Juliet
M : Darius Milhaud : Suite provençale
M : Mikhail Glinka : Opera, Zhizn'za tsarya
('A Life for the Tzar')
M : George Gershwin : Film music, Shall We Dance
M : Samuel Barber : Symphony M : Samuel Barber : String Quartet M : Aaron Copland : El Salón México
for orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : PH : Germans occupy Rhineland, Italy annexes Ethiopia, Rome-Berlin Axis proclaimed (Japan will join in 1940) PH : War between China and Japan begins, to continue through World War II PH : Japan and Germany sign anti-Comintern pact; joined by Italy in 1937 PH : Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua withdraw from the League of Nations M : Ottorino Respighi dies 18 April LT : A E Housman dies 30 April
PH : Japan invades China LT : Wallace Stevens: The Man With the Blue Guitar LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: On This Island M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, The River
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Ballet, Filling Station
M : Olivier Messiaen : O sacrum convivum!
M : William Turner Walton : Coronation march, Crown Imperial
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Francis Poulenc : Mass in G-Major M : Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Tel jour, telle nuit
M : Carl Orff : Cantata, Carmina Burana
M : Darius Milhaud : Suite for 2 pianos, Scaramouche
M : George Gershwin : Film music, A Damsel in Distress
M : Béla Bartók : Sonata M : Benjamin Britten : Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge
VA : Picasso's Guernica mural PH : Hitler repudiates war guilt clause of Versailles Treaty; continues to build German power PH : Egypt is admitted to the League of Nations,El Salvador and Italy withdraw VA : David Hockney born M : George Gershwin dies 11 July M : Maurice Ravel dies 28 December
VA : Marc Chagall : The Three Candles VA : Marc Chagall : Madonna of the Village LT : Broadcast of "The War of the Worlds" causes panic LT : Robert Graves: Collected Poems LT : Robert Graves: Count Belisarius M : Paul Hindemith : Ballet, Nobilissima visione
M : Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cantique des cantiques
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Cantata, Alexander Nevsky
(based on the film score)
M : Francis Poulenc : Concerto M : Carl Orff : Opera, Der Mond
('The Moon')
M : Samuel Barber : Adagio for Strings
M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Billy the Kid
M : Béla Bartók : Violin Concerto M : Igor Stravinsky : Concerto PH : Hitler marches into Austria; political and geographical union of Germany and Austria proclaimed PH : Munich Pact—Britain, France, and Italy agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia DL : In U.S. the Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage PH : Chile, Venezuela withdraw from the League of Nations
LT : Archibald MacLeish: America Was Promises LT : T S Eliot: The Family Reunion and The Idea of a Christian Society LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Journey to a War M : Paul Hindemith : Violin Concerto M : Olivier Messiaen : Les corps glorieux
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Ballet, Pocahontas
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Serenade to Music
for voices and orchestra
M : William Turner Walton : Violin Concerto M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto de Aranjuez
for guitar and orchestra
M : Zoltán Kodály : Variations on a Hungarian Folksong
('The Peacock'), for orchestra
M : Aaron Copland : Film Score, Of Mice and Men
M : Aaron Copland : Quiet City, for orchestra
M : Béla Bartók : Mikrokosmos
for piano
M : Béla Bartók : String Quartet M : Benjamin Britten : Song cycle, Les Illuminations
M : Benjamin Britten : PH : Russo-Finnish War begins DL : New York World's Fair opens DL : Gone with the Wind premieresPH : In U.S., Roosevelt submits $1,319-million defence budget, proclaims U.S. neutrality, and declares limited emergency ST : Einstein writes FDR about feasibility of atomic bomb PH : Hungary, Peru, Spain withdraw from the League of Nations, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is expelled from the League PH : Germany invades Poland; occupies Bohemia and Moravia; renounces pact with England and concludes 10-year non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R LT : William Butler Yeats dies 18 January PH : World War II begins VA : Arthur Rackham dies
PH : Rumania withdraws from the League of Nations VA : Stone Age cave paintings found in France LT : John Masefield: Basilissa LT : T S Eliot: Notes Towards the Definition of Culture LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Another Time M : John Cage : Bacchanale
for prepared piano
M : Paul Hindemith : Cello Concerto M : Paul Hindemith : Ballet, The Four Temperaments
M : Ernst Bacon : Symphony M : Anton von Webern : M : Anton von Webern : Cantatas M : Arthur Honegger : M : William Turner Walton : Overture, Scapino
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Piano Quintet M : Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Dances
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata M : Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Moďse
M : Zoltán Kodály : Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Violin Concerto
M : Aaron Copland : Film Score, Our Town
M : Benjamin Britten : Sinfonia da Requiem
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony PH : Russo-Finnish War ends; Finns lose one-tenth of territory in peace treaty PH : Hitler invades Norway, Denmark (April 9), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (May 10), and France (May 12) PH : Churchill becomes Britain's prime minister PH : Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania annexed by U.S.S.R. DL : The first official network television broadcast is put out by NBC PH : June - Canadian National Resources Mobilisation Act VA : Paul Klee dies
LT : Theodore Roethke: Open House LT : Marianne Moore: What Are Years? LT : John Masefield: In the Mill LT : Robert Graves: The Long Weekend LT : ee cummings: Fifty Poems M : Olivier Messiaen : Quatour pour la fin du temps
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Paganini Variations
for two pianos
M : Sir George Dyson : Concerto M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony PH : Germany attacks the Balkans and Russia ST : Manhattan Project (atomic bomb research) begins PH : Roosevelt enunciates "four freedoms" GO !
DL : T-shirt introduced LT : Wallace Stevens: Notes Towards a Supreme Fiction LT : Robert Frost: A Witness Tree M : John Cage : Credo in Us
M : Paul Hindemith : Ludus tonalis
M : Lukas Foss : Oratorio, The Prairie
M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, The First of the Few
M : Richard Strauss : Horn Concerto M : Arnold Schoenberg : Ode to Napoleon,
for speaker and chamber ensemble
M : Arnold Schoenberg : Piano Concerto M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata M : Carl Orff : Opera, Die Kluge
('The Clever Woman')
M : Aaron Copland : A Lincoln Portrait
for speaker and orchestra
M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Rodeo
M : Leonard Bernstein : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : A Ceremony of Carols
PH : Declaration of United Nations signed in Washington on 1 January GO ! PH : Nazi leaders attend Wannsee Conference to coordinate the "final solution to the Jewish question", the systematic genocide of Jews known as the Holocaust ST : Enrico Fermi achieves nuclear chain reaction DL : More than 120,000 Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry living in western U.S. moved to "relocation centers", some for the duration of the war PH : Haiti withdraws from the League of Nations
LT : Robert Graves: Wife to Mr Milton LT : T S Eliot: Four Quartets M : John Cage : Tosses as it Is Untroubled
for prepared piano
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphonic Metamorphoses on Themes of Carl Maria von Weber
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto heroíco
for piano and orchestra
M : Carl Orff : Cantata, Catulli Carmina
('Songs of Catullus')
M : Leonard Bernstein : Ballet, Fancy Free
M : Béla Bartók : Concerto M : Benjamin Britten : Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings
PH : Mussolini deposed PH : U.S. President freezes prices, salaries, and wages to prevent inflation DL : Income tax withholding introduced in U.S. PH : 14-24 January - Casablanca Conference: Churchill and Roosevelt meet, Stalin declines M : Sergei Rachmaninov dies 28 March
LT : Marianne Moore: Nevertheless LT : ee cummings: 1 x 1 LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: For the Time Being and The Sea and the Mirror M : John Cage : A Book of Music
for two prepared pianos
M : John Cage : Perilous Night
for prepared piano
M : Elliott Cook Carter : The Harmony of Morning
for Female Chorus and Small Orchestra
M : Elliott Cook Carter : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, Henry V
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Sonata M : Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, Cinderella
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Darius Milhaud : Symphony M : Aaron Copland : Ballet, Appalachian Spring
M : Leonard Bernstein : Musical, On The Town
PH : Bretton Woods Conference creates International Monetary Fund and World Bank PH : Dumbarton Oaks Conference—U.S., British Commonwealth, and U.S.S.R. propose establishment of United Nations VA : Edvard Munch dies 23 January VA : Wassily Kandinsky dies
ST : First electronic computer (ENIAC) built LT : Robert Frost: A Masque of Reason M : John Cage : Three Dances
for two prepared pianos
M : Pierre Boulez : Douze Notations
M : Paul Hindemith : Piano Concerto M : Richard Strauss : Metamorphosen,
for strings
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Ivan the Terrible
M : Francis Poulenc : L'histoire de Babar
for narrator and piano
M : Carl Orff : Die Bernauerin
('Bernauer's Wife'), for voices and orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Suite française
M : Samuel Barber : Cello Concerto
M : Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Peter Grimes
M : Igor Stravinsky : Ebony Concerto
M : Igor Stravinsky : Symphony M : Tomaso Albinoni : PH : FDR dies on 12 April; Harry Truman becomes president GO ! PH : Hitler commits suicide 30 April PH : Germany surrenders 7 May; V-E Day declared 8 May PH : U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima (6 Aug. ) and Nagasaki (9 Aug.) M : Pietro Mascagni dies 24 August PH : Japan signs official surrender on 2 September : V-J Day GO ! M : Anton von Webern dies 15 September M : Béla Bartók dies 26 September VA : Newell Convers Wyeth dies PH : United Nations founded 24 October GO !
PH : Juan Perón becomes President of Argentina LT : Robert Graves: King Jesus M : Pierre Boulez : Sonatina M : Pierre Boulez : Sonata M : Ernst Bacon : Piano Quintet M : Ernst Bacon : Cello Sonata M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, The Mother of Us All
M : Manuel de Falla : Cantata, Atlántida
('Atlantis') unfinished, later completed by Ernesto Halffter
M : Richard Strauss : Oboe Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Ballet, Medea
M : Aaron Copland : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
DL : Benjamin Spock's childcare classic published PH : League of Nations dissolved in April PH : First meeting of UN General Assembly opens in London in January PH : Italy abolishes monarchy in June PH : Verdict in Nuremberg war trial: 12 Nazi leaders (including 1 tried in absentia) sentenced to hang; 7 imprisoned; 3 acquitted PH : Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden, Thailand admitted to the United Nations M : Manuel de Falla dies 14 November
LT : Richard Wilbur: The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems LT : Howard Nemerov: The Image and the Law LT : Robert Frost: A Masque of Mercy and Bush LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: The Age of Anxiety M : John Cage : Seasons
for piano or orchestra
M : Paul Hindemith : Clarinet Concerto M : Elliott Cook Carter : Ballet, The Minotaur
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony M : William Turner Walton : String Quartet M : William Turner Walton : Film Score, Hamlet
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, War and Peace
(final version)
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Darius Milhaud : Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Knoxville: Summer of 1915
for soprano and orchestra
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Albert Herring
M : Benjamin Britten : Cantata, Saint Nicholas
PH : Pakistan and Yemen admitted to the United Nations PH : Peace treaties for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland signed in Paris PH : Soviet Union rejects U.S. plan for UN atomic-energy control PH : Truman proposes Truman Doctrine, which was to aid Greece and Turkey in resisting communist expansion GO ! PH : Marshall Plan for European recovery proposed—a coordinated program to help European nations recover from ravages of war GO ! ST : U.S. Air Force pilot Chuck Yeager becomes first person to break the sound barrier PH : India and Pakistan gain independence from Britain LT : Anne Frank's The Diary of a Young Girl published
DL : Policy of Apartheid begun PH : State of Israel founded LT : Theodore Roethke: The Lost Son and Other Poems LT : Archibald MacLeish: Actfive and Other Poems LT : T S Eliot: The Cocktail Party M : John Cage : Sonatas and Interludes
for prepared piano
M : Pierre Boulez : Le soleil des eaux
(includes voices)
M : Pierre Boulez : Sonata M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Acadian Airs and Dances
M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, Louisiana Story
M : Olivier Messiaen : Turangalila-Symphonie
M : Milton Byron Babbitt : M : Richard Strauss : Four Last Songs
for soprano and orchestra
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Violin Concerto PH : Gandhi assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic PH : Burma (4 Jan.) and Ceylon (4 Feb.) granted independence by Britain PH : Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia PH : Organization of American States (OAS) Charter signed at Bogotá, Colombia PH : Independent Republic of Korea is proclaimed, following election supervised by UN PH : United States of Indonesia established as Dutch and Indonesians settle conflict DL : Truman ends racial segregation in military M : Franz Lehár dies 24 October
PH : Communist People's Republic of China formally proclaimed by Chairman Mao Zedong
LT : Howard Nemerov: The Melodramatists LT : Robert Graves: Seven Days in New Crete M : Paul Hindemith : Horn Concerto M : Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto en modo galante
('Concerto in the Galant Style'), for cello and orchestra
M : Francis Poulenc : Piano Concerto M : Samuel Barber : Piano Sonata M : Aaron Copland : Film Score, The Heiress
M : Leonard Bernstein : Symphony M : Benjamin Britten : Spring Symphony
PH : Israel admitted to the United Nations DL : South Africa institutionalizes apartheid PH : Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) established 23 May,
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) established under Soviet rule 7 Oct. PH : Start of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—treaty signed by 12 nations GO ! M : Richard Strauss dies 8 September
DL : First modern credit card introduced ST : First organ transplant PH : Korean War begins GO ! ST : U.S. President Truman orders construction of hydrogen bomb LT : Richard Wilbur: Ceremony and Other Poems LT : T S Eliot: The Cocktail Party LT : ee cummings: Xaipe M : John Cage : String Quartet M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : Cello Concerto M : Olivier Messiaen : Messe de la Pentecote
PH : Indonesia admitted to the United Nations PH : McCarthyism begins in U.S. PH : Truman orders development of hydrogen bomb
DL : Colour television introduced PH : Truman signs peace treaty with Japan, officially ending WWII LT : Wallace Stevens: The Necessary Angel LT : Theodore Roethke: Praise to the End! LT : Marianne Moore: Collected Poems LT : Wystan Hugh Auden: Writes libretto for Stravinsky's Rake's Progress M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kreuzspiel
M : John Cage : Concerto M : John Cage : Music of Changes
M : Paul Hindemith : Symphony M : Ernst Bacon : String Quintet M : Virgil Garnett Thomson : 5 Songs from William Blake
M : Olivier Messiaen : Livre d'orgue
M : Witold Lutoslawski : Little Suite
for orchestra
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, The Pilgrim's Progress
M : Leonard Bernstein : Opera, Trouble in Tahiti
M : Benjamin Britten : Opera, Billy Budd
M : Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Rake's Progress
ST : European Coal and Steel Community formed PH : Libya gains independence M : Arnold Schoenberg dies 13 July
ST : Polio Vaccine Created PH : George VI dies; his daughter Princess Elizabeth becomes queen at age 25 LT : John Masefield: So Long to Learn LT : Archibald MacLeish: The Trojan Horse M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Spiel
(revised, 1973)
M : John Cage : 4'33"
M : John Cage : Music for Carillon M : John Cage : Williams Mix
M : John Cage : Piano Solo, Waiting (1952)
M : Pierre Boulez : Structures for 2 pianos
Book I
M : Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony Scott of the Antarctic )
M : Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony M : Aaron Copland : Ten Old American Songs ST : AEC announces "satisfactory" experiments in hydrogen-weapons research; eyewitnesses tell of blasts near Enewetak
ST : DNA discovered LT : Theodore Roethke: The Waking, Poems LT : Robert Graves: The Nazarene Gospel Restored M : Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kontra-Punkte
M : William Turner Walton : Coronation march, Orb and Sceptre
M : Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony M : Carl Orff : Trionfo di Afrodite
for voices and orchestra
M : Darius Milhaud : Ouverture méditerranéenne
PH : Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower inaugurated president of United States GO ! PH : Stalin dies 5 March: Malenkov becomes Soviet premier; Beria, minister of interior; Molotov, foreign minister PH : East Berliners rise against Communist rule; quelled by tanks PH : Dag Hammarskjöld begins term as UN secretary-general PH : Egypt becomes republic ruled by military junta PH : Korean armistice signed 27 July GO ! PH : Tito becomes president of Yugoslavia M : Sergei Prokofiev dies 5 March VA : Raoul Dufy dies
