| | PH : | Alfred "The Great" crowned as the first king of a unified England GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Bohemia and Moravia united | | PH : | King Olaf of Norway killed in the Battle of Svolder; Norway becomes Danish | | PH : | Piasts rule in Poland | | PH : | King Rajaraja of the Chola dynasty conquers Ceylon | | PH : | King Stephen of Hungary receives from the pope the title of Apostolic Majesty | | PH : | Sancho III, the Great, of Navarre | | LT : | Beowulf, heroic poem written in Old English GO ! | | RP : | Archbishopric of Gniezno established | | RP : | King Stephen of Hungary founds the Monastery of Gran | | RP : | Christianity reaches Iceland and Greenland | | RP : | Spiritual centre of Judaism switches from Mesopotamia to Spain | | VA : | Artistic revival in Italy (fresco and mosaic paintings) | | M : | Musical notation improved by Guido d'Arezzo | | PH : | Leif Ericson, son of Eric the Red, is supposed to have discovered America (Nova Scotia) | | ST : | Indian mathematician Sridhara recognises the importance of the zero | | ST : | Arabs and Jews become court physicians in Germany | | DL : | Widespread fear of the End of the World and the Last Judgement | | DL : | Danegeld - general tax in England | | DL : | Potatoes and corn planted in Peru | | DL : | The Frisians build dikes against floods and invasions | | ST : | Chinese perfect their invention of gunpowder | | DL : | Saxons settle at Bristol |
|
|
| | PH : | Otto III dies; succeeded by his cousin Henry II, the Saint | | PH : | Massacre of St. Brice's Day; Dan. settlers in England murdered by order of Ethelred II | | PH : | Almanzor dies: beginning of the fall of caliphate of Cordoba | | PH : | Muzaffar, Caliph of Cordoba |
|
|
| | PH : | War between Germany and Poland | | RP : | Pope John XVII | | RP : | Founding of Bamberg Cathedral under Henry II |
|
|
| | PH : | King Henry's first Ital. campaign: he defeats Ardoin and is crowned King of Lombardy at Pavia | | PH : | Henry's war against Boleslav | | PH : | Arabs sack Pisa | | PH : | China becomes tributary to the Tungusic Khitans | | RP : | Pope John XVIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcom II, King of Scotland |
|
|
| | DL : | Mohammedans settle in northwestern India |
|
|
| | PH : | Ethelred II pays 30,000 pounds to the Danes to gain two years' freedom from attacks |
|
|
| | PH : | Mahmud of Ghazni defeats Hindus at Peshawar | | M : | Berno, Abbot of Reichenau writes his books on musical theory |
|
|
| | PH : | The Mohammedans sack the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem | | PH : | First Imperial Diet at Goslar | | RP : | Bruno of Querfurt martyred by the Prussians | | RP : | Thietmar, Bishop of Merseburg: Chronical | | RP : | Pope Sergius IV |
|
|
| | PH : | Robert II of France proclaims the "Peace of God" | | RP : | Richer of St. Remy, author of Historia Remensis ecclesiae |
|
|
| | PH : | Ethelred invades South Wales, and the Danes take Canterbury | | RP : | The "Handkerchief of St. Veronica" kept in a special altar in Rome |
|
|
| | PH : | Ethelred pays additional 48,000 pounds to the Danes | | RP : | First persecution of heretics in Germany | | RP : | The "Decretum" of Bishop Burchard of Worms | | RP : | Pope Benedict VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | The Danes masters of England (Reign of Sweyn); Ethelred flees to Normandy |
|
|
| | PH : | On Henry's second Ital. campaign he is crowned emperor in Rome | | PH : | End of Norse rule in Ireland | | PH : | Western part of Bulgaria to Byzantium | | PH : | Sweyn dies; succeeded by Canute: Ethelred returns GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Wessex submits to Canute | | PH : | Arabs conquer Sardinia | | PH : | Jaroslav, Prince of Kiev | | PH : | King Olaf II, the Saint, restores Norw. independence and Christianity | | M : | At Pomposa Monastery, near Ravenna, sight singing is introduced | | DL : | First mention of Leipzig (Slav settlement) | | DL : | Municipal self-government at Benevento - first "communitas" |
|
|
| | PH : | Ethelred II, the Unready, dies; Edmund II declared king by Londoners, Canute chosen by the Witan; the two make peace leaving Edmund with Wessex and Canute with Mercia and Northumbria. On Edmund's death in November, Canute is king of all England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Canute divides England into four earldoms |
|
|
| | PH : | End of war between Germany and Poland | | PH : | Union of southern and northern Scotland | | PH : | Byzantium regains Macedonia; Bulgarians submit | | PH : | Council of Oxford: Canute confirms laws of Edgar |
|
|
| | DL : | Jaroslav the Wise, Prince of Kiev, codifies Russ. law and builds cities, schools, and churches | | PH : | Pisa annexes Corsica | | PH : | Faroes, Shetlands, and Orkneys recognise Olaf Haraldsson as king | | PH : | Rebellion of Bernard II, Duke of Saxony | | RP : | Bamberg Cathedral consecrated by Pope Benedict VIII |
|
|
| | DL : | St. Vitus' dance epidemics in Europe |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Henry II defeats the Greeks in southern Italy | | RP : | Synod of Pavia insists on celibacy of higher clergy |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry II dies; succeeded as Ger. king of Conrad II, the Salic, first of Franconian line | | RP : | Pope John XIX |
|
|
| | PH : | Boleslav I accepts title King of Poland | | PH : | Beginning of decline of Byzantine power | | VA : | Takayoshi founds Tosa school of painting |
|
|
| | M : | Guido d'Arezzo introduces solmisation in music (do, re, me, fa, sol, la) |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II Holy Roman Emperor at Rome |
|
|
| | PH : | Canute conquers Norway | | PH : | Romanus III, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Sancho of Navarre takes Castile |
|
|
| | DL : | Jaroslav of Kiev founds Dorpat | | DL : | Vienna mentioned for the first time in documents (Wien) |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry I, King of France | | PH : | Pol.-Hung. frontier treaty | | PH : | The caliphate of Cordoba abolished |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolph III of Burgundy dies, and Conrad unites Burgundy with the Empire | | RP : | Pope Benedict IX |
|
|
| | PH : | The Germans and Russians defeat Mieczyslav II of Poland, which becomes fief of the Empire | | PH : | Castile becomes a separate kingdom |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcom II of Scotland dies; succeeded by his grandson Duncan | | PH : | Bratislav, Duke of Bohemia | | PH : | Michael IV, the Paphlagonian, Byzantine Emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | Canute dies, his kingdom is divided among his three sons: England to Harold, Norway to Sweyn, and Denmark to Hardicanute GO ! | | PH : | Ferdinand I of Castile |
|
|
| | DL : | Conrad II issues the Constitutio de feudis, which makes fiefs of small holders hereditary in Italy |
|
|
| | PH : | After the death of Stephen of Hungary, Abo usurps the throne, and Peter, the legal heir, flees to Germany | | RP : | Founding of the Order of Vallombrosa |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad II dies; succeeded by Henry III |
|
|
| | PH : | Duncan of Scotland murdered by Macbeth, who becomes king | | PH : | Harold dies; succeeded by Hardicanute GO ! | | PH : | "Truce of God" proclaimed in Aquitaine | | ST : | Petrocellus: Practica important medical work of the school of Salerno |
|
|
| | PH : | Siward murders Eardwulf and becomes sole ruler of Northumbria |
|
|
| | PH : | Hardicanute dies; succeeded by Ethelred's son Edward the Confessor GO ! | | PH : | Magnus, King of Denmark | | PH : | Constantine IX Monomachus, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Rise of the Seljuk Turks |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory VI, the papacy being sold by the deposed Pope Benedict IX | | DL : | Copenhagen first mentioned |
|
|
| | PH : | King Peter returns to Hungary and does homage to Henry III |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III crowned emperor in Rome | | RP : | Both popes dethroned; Synod of Rome elects Pope Clement II, a Saxon |
|
|
| | PH : | Sweyn Estrithson, King of Denmark | | PH : | Harald Hardrada, King of Norway | | PH : | Henry III reestablishes the duchies of Carinthia, Bavaria, and Swabia | | PH : | Andrew I, King of Hungary | | RP : | Pope Benedict IX |
|
|
| |
|
| | RP : | Pope Leo IX, a German |
|
|
| | PH : | Egypt collapses under military dictatorship | | PH : | Normans penetrate into England | | LT : | The Mabinogion, collection of Welsh tales | | ED : | Ssu-ma-Kuang: History of China from 500 b.c. to a.d.1000 | | RP : | The oldest Russ. monasteries, in Kiev | | M : | Polyphonic singing replaces Gregorian chant | | M : | Sys willekommen heirre kerst, first Ger. Christmas carol | | M : | The harp arrives in Europe | | M : | Time values given to musical notes | | ST : | Geographer Adam of Bremen believes the Baltic Sea to be an ocean open to the east | | ST : | Important astronomic instruments (astrolabes) arrive in Europe from Eastern countries | | DL : | Earliest references to Nuremberg, Oslo, Delhi, and Timbuctu | | DL : | Eng. monks excel in embroidery |
|
|
| | PH : | Rebellion of Conrad, Duke of Bavaria | | PH : | Return of Earl Godwin |
|
|
| | PH : | The Norman Robert Guiscard conquers southern Italy and founds Norman empire there | | DL : | Danegeld abolished | | PH : | Henry IV, son of Henry III, elected and crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Harold succeeds his father Godwin as Earl of Wessex |
|
|
| | PH : | Jaroslav of Kiev dies; followed by decline of his empire | | PH : | Poland recaptures Silesia from Bohemia | | RP : | The papal chair remains empty for one year | | RP : | Cleavage between Roman and Eastern Churches becomes permanent | | DL : | Expansion of commercial relations between Italy and Egypt |
|
|
| | PH : | Siward of Northumbria dies; succeeded by Tostig, son of Godwin | | PH : | Spitigniev II of Bohemia | | RP : | Pope Victor II, a Bavarian |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III dies; succeeded by Henry IV, till 1065 under the guardianship of Empress Agnes | | PH : | Michael VI, eastern Emperor | | PH : | Beginning of the democratic Pataria movement in Milan |
|
|
| | PH : | Macbeth murdered by Malcom; succeeded by his stepson Lulach | | PH : | Leofric of Mercia dies; succeeded by Alfgar | | PH : | Isaac Comnenus, Eastern emperor | | RP : | Pope Stephen X | | RP : | Ostronomic Gospel written in Novgorod |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcom slays Lulach and becomes King of Scotland | | PH : | Boleslav II, Duke of Poland | | RP : | Pope Benedict X |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip I made coregent in France | | PH : | Treaty of Melfi: Robert Guiscard and Richard of Aversa, Prince of Capua, become papal vassals | | PH : | Constantine X, Eastern Emperor | | RP : | Pope Nicholas II | | RP : | Papal decree establishing papal elections by cardinals only |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry I of France dies; succeeded by Philip I | | PH : | Bela I, King of Hungary |
|
|
| | PH : | Normans conquer Messina | | RP : | Pope Alexander II |
|
|
| | PH : | Coup d'etat of Kaiserswerth; Archbishop Anno II of Cologne seizes Henry IV | | RP : | Berengar of Tours opposes doctrine of transubstantiation | | DL : | Marrakesh founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Harold and Tostig subdue Wales | | PH : | Victorious Ger. campaign against Hungary | | PH : | Alp Arslan, ruler of the Seljuks |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seljuks conquer Armenia | | PH : | Hungarians seize Belgrade from Byzantium |
|
|
| | PH : | Sancho II, King of Castile | | PH : | Henry IV comes of age | | M : | Wilhelm von Hirsau, Ger. Benedictine monk, writes manuals on musical theory | | PH : | Edward the Confessor dies 1 May; Harold II crowned 1 June; Harold killed in Battle of Hastings on 14 October; William I, the Conqueror, crowned 25 Dec. GO ! | | VA : | Beginning of Norman (Romanesque) architecture | | DL : | Appearance of comet, later called "Halley's Comet" |
|
|
| | DL : | She-tsung, Emperor of China: nationalisation of agricultural production and distribution | | PH : | Nationalist risings in the north and west of England crushed by William I | | VA : | Shotoku Taishi Eden, oldest extant painting of Yamatoe style |
|
|
| | PH : | Rising in Ely under Hereward | | PH : | Bavaria bestowed upon Welf IV by Henry IV | | DL : | Amalfi merchants found in Jerusalem the Order of St. John |
|
|
| | PH : | Normans conquer last Byzantine possessions in Italy | | PH : | Romanus IV defeated and captured by Seljuks at Manzikert | | PH : | Michael VII, Eastern Emperor | | ST : | Constantine the African brings Greek medicine to Western world |
|
|
| | PH : | Normans under Robert Guiscard conquer Palermo |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory VII, Hildebrand of Soana | | RP : | Reorganisation of Eng. Church; York subordinated to Canterbury |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Gerstungen between Henry IV and the Saxons | | PH : | Geza I, King of Hungary | | RP : | Excommunication of married priests |
|
|
| | PH : | Syria and Palestine subdued by Seljuk leader Malik Shah | | RP : | Dictatus papae on papal world dominance |
|
|
| | PH : | Gregory VII, challenged by Ger. bishops at the Synod of Worms, dethrones and excommunicates Henry IV |
|
|
| | PH : | Boleslav II of Poland takes Kiev | | PH : | Romanus IV, Eastern Emperor | | VA : | Work begins on Bayeux tapestry | | PH : | Henry IV goes as penitent to Canossa and is absolved by Gregory VII | | RP : | First Eng. Cluniac monastery at Lewes |
|
|
| | PH : | Nicephorus III, Eastern Emperor | | DL : | Building of Tower of London begins |
|
|
| | DL : | Founding of Newcastle |
|
|
| | PH : | Canute IV, the Saint, King of Denmark | | PH : | Henry IV again deposed and excommunicated | | PH : | Armenian state established in Cilicia | | ST : | Toledan table of positions of stars |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexius I Comnenus, Eastern Emperor | | DL : | Commercial treaty between Venice and Byzantium |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry IV extends the "Peace of God" over his whole empire | | PH : | Toledo taken from the Arabs by Alfonso VI | | PH : | Vratislav, Duke of Bohemia, crowned king |
|
|
| | PH : | Almoravid dynasty revives Mohammedan rule in Spain | | DL : | Compilation of Domesday book (survey of assessment for tax) | | RP : | Pope Victor III | | RP : | Bruno of Cologne founds Carthusian Order |
|
|
| | PH : | William the Conqueror dies; succeeded by William II "Rufus" in England and Robert in Normandy GO ! | | DL : | St. Paul's, London, burns down and is rebuilt |
|
|
| | DL : | The Patzinak Turks settle between the Danube and the Balkans | | RP : | Pope Urban II |
|
|
| | PH : | Ingo I, King of Sweden | | ST : | The first water-driven mechanical clock constructed in Peking |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Caen between William II and Robert of Normandy | | ST : | Walcher of Malvern notes eclipse of the moon in Italy |
|
|
| | PH : | William II conquers Cumberland | | PH : | Vratislav II of Bohemia dies | | PH : | Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah dies; capital moved from Iconium to Smyrna |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcom of Scotland killed during invasion of England; succeeded by his brother Donald Bane | | RP : | Hugh le Gros founds Benedictine monastery, Chester |
|
|
| | PH : | The Cid takes Valencia from the Moors | | DL : | The first record of gondolas in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric I, King of Denmark | | PH : | The Hungarians conquer Croatia and Dalmatia | | RP : | Council of Clermon: Pope Urban II proclaims First Crusade |
|
|
| | PH : | Start of the First Crusade with Godfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lorraine, and Tancred, nephew of Robert Guiscard |
|
|
| | PH : | Edgar, son of Malcom, becomes King of Scotland |
|
|
| | M : | Hildegard von Bingen born | | PH : | Louis VI made coregent of Philip I of France | | PH : | Orkneys, Hebrides, and Isle of Man seized by Magnus II of Norway | | RP : | Monastery of Citeaux, the first Cistercian house, founded by St. Robert | | ST : | Nicholas Prevost of Tours: Antidotarum, a collection of 2650 medical prescriptions from Salerno |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders take Jerusalem; Godfrey, appointed Defender of the Holy Sepulcher, defeats Egyptians at Ascalon | | RP : | Pope Paschal II |
|
|
| | PH : | William Rufus killed accidentally by Sir Walter Tyrel in the New Forest; succeeded by Henry I GO ! | | PH : | Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem | | LT : | Chanson de Roland, Fr. heroic poem | | DL : | The dialect of the Il-de-France becomes the prevailing idiom of France | | DL : | Middle English supersedes Old English | | VA : | Appearance of Gothic architecture | | M : | Beginnings of secular music | | M : | Music school of St. Martial at Limoges develops polyphonic style | | ST : | Decline of Islamic science begins | | DL : | Munich and Stettin mentioned in records | | ST : | Probable colonisation of Polynesia from S. America |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Alton; Robert of Normandy is bought off after invading England | | PH : | King Conrad dies | | PH : | Roger II, Count of Sicily | | PH : | Minsk, capital of independent principality | | PH : | Accession of the Emperor Hai-tsung |
|
|
| | PH : | Boleslav III, Duke of Poland |
|
|
| | PH : | Magnus III of Norway invades Ireland and is killed | | PH : | Public Peace of Mainz for the Holy Roman Empire |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry IV is captured by his son and abdicates | | DL : | Colonisation of eastern Germany begins |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry IV dies; succeeded by Henry V, the last Salic emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | Edgar of Scotland dies; succeeded by his brother Alexander I |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip I of France dies; succeeded by Louis VI |
|
|
| |
|
| | LT : | Earliest record of a miracle play, Dunstable, England |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry V crowned emperor in Rome |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry V excommunicated by the Synod of Vienne |
|
|
| | PH : | Balearic Islands conquered by Pisa | | PH : | Vladimir II Monomakh, Grand Duke of Kiev | | ED : | "Leges Henrici" codified | | RP : | Order of Knights Hospitalers of St. John, Jerusalem, founded | | RP : | St. Bernard joins the Cistercian Order |
|
|
| | PH : | Stephen II, King of Hungary | | PH : | State of Chin established in northern China | | PH : | Florence becomes free republic | | RP : | Founding of Clairvaux with St. Bernard as first abbot |
|
|
| | PH : | John II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor | | RP : | Pope Galasius II |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles the Good, Count of Flanders | | RP : | Pope Calixtus II, a Burgundian monk | | ED : | Bologna University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace between Henry I of England and Louis VI of France | | PH : | Disaster of the "White Ship"; the only legitimate son of Henry I of England drowned off Harfleur | | RP : | Full development of Scholastic philosophy | | DL : | The Chinese may have invented playing cards |
|
|
| | PH : | The Ger. princes meet at Würzburg to work out a compromise between the pope and Emperor Henry V | | RP : | The Synod of Soissons condemns Abelard's teachings on the Trinity |
|
|
| | PH : | The Byzantines exterminate Patzinak Turks | | PH : | Henry I creates earldom of Gloucester for his illegitimate son Robert of Caen | | RP : | Concordat of Worms settles investiture question |
|
|
| | PH : | The Byzantine Emperor John II defeats Serbs | | RP : | First Lateran Council suppresses simony and marriage of priest | | DL : | Founding of St. Bartholomew's hospital, London |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander I of Scotland dies; suceeded by David I | | PH : | The Emperor John II defeats Hungarians | | RP : | William of Malmesbury: On the Antiquity of the Church of Glastonbury | | RP : | Pope Honorius II | | DL : | First Scottish coinage struck |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry V dies; succeeded by Lothar of Saxony as king | | ED : | Tarnenari: O-Kagami, Japanese history | | M : | Beginning of troubadour and trouvère music in France | | ST : | Alexander Neckam: De utensilibus (earliest account of mariner's compass) |
|
|
| | PH : | The Eng. barons accept Matilda, widow of Emperor Henry V and daughter of Henry I of England, as successor to Henry I GO ! | | PH : | Lothar III makes his son-in-law Henry the Proud (Welf) Duke of Bavaria, and (from 1137) Duke of Saxony | | DL : | Venetian commercial privileges in Byzantine Empire renewed |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso I, King of Portugal | | RP : | Order of the Templars recognised by the pope | | RP : | Abbey of Holyrood founded by David I of Scotland |
|
|
| | PH : | Roger II crowned King of Sicily at Palermo | | RP : | Pope Innocent I | | RP : | Anaceltus II, antipope; a distinguished scholar and diplomat, he is canonically more acceptable than Innocent II but fails to get secular backing because he is the son of a rich, converted Jew, founder of the influential Pierleani family |
|
|
| | DL : | Henry I of France grants charters of corporate towns protecting commerce and industry |
|
|
| | PH : | Lothar III crowned emperor by Pope Innocent II | | RP : | Diocese of Carlisle founded | | DL : | St. Bartholomew's Fair, Smithfield, London (until 1855) |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Lothar III invests Albert the Bear with the Nordmark |
|
|
| | PH : | King Conrad, Frederick of Swabia, the King of Denmark, and the Duke of Poland submit to Lothar III | | PH : | King Henry I of England dies; succeeded by his nephew Stephen of Boulogne, a grandson of William the Conqueror GO ! | | PH : | Foundation of the Italian line of the House of Este |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda asserts her right to the Eng. throne | | LT : | Abelard: Historia calamitatum mearum, description of his love affair with Héloise |
|
|
| | PH : | Gruffydd, Prince of North Wales, dies; succeeded by Owain the Great | | PH : | Louise VI of France dies; succeeded by Louis VII | | PH : | The Emperor Lothar III dies | | PH : | Antioch becomes a vassal to Byzantium | | RP : | Creation of bishopric of Aberdeen |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad III elected king, first of the Hohenstaufen line | | PH : | Boleslav III of Poland dies after dividing his realm among his five sons | | RP : | Pretended Messiah appears in France and Persia |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda lands at Arundel: civil war in England GO ! | | PH : | Bavaria falls to Austria | | RP : | Second Lateran Council ends schism | | RP : | Decretum Gratiani, summary of Eng. ecclesiastical law |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav II of Bohemia | | RP : | Council of Sens condemns the heresies of Abelard |
|
|
| | PH : | Matilda proclaimed queen at Winchester | | PH : | Geza II, King of Hungary |
|
|
| | PH : | Manuel I, Byzantine Emperor | | RP : | Pope Celestine II | | DL : | Founding of Lübeck |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seljuks take Edessa | | PH : | Republican regime established in Rome under Arnold of Brescia | | RP : | Pope Lucius II | | ST : | Robert of Chester: Liber de Compositione Alchemiae |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Eugene III | | PH : | Second Crusade proclaimed | | DL : | Bridge over Danube at Ratisbon completed |
|
|
| | PH : | Nureddin, Sultan of Syria | | ST : | Antidotarium Niclai, a treatise on drugs |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders perish in Asia Minor; failure of the Second Crusade | | ED : | Geoffrey of Monmouth: Historia regum Britanniae | | DL : | Moscow mentioned for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | Albert the Bear inherits Brandenburg | | PH : | Eric the Saint, King of Sweden | | PH : | Alauddin Husain, Sultan of Ghor, destroys the empire of Ghazni | | ED : | Founding of Paris University | | LT : | The Black book of Carmarthen, oldest Welsh manuscript | | M : | Troubadour music in southern France becomes organised | | ED : | Medical faculty at Bologna University | | DL : | Arabs in Spain manufacture paper |
|
|
| | PH : | Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou dies; succeeded by Henry, his son by Matilda of England | | RP : | Simon Darschan: Jalkut, Jewish commentaries to the Old Testament | | VA : | The Golden Age of Buddhist art in Burma | | M : | New dance forms develop in Europe | | ST : | "Civitas Hippocratica" founded by 20 Salerno physicians | | DL : | The first fire and plague insurance (in Iceland) | | DL : | The game of chess arrives in England | | DL : | The Chinese use explosives in warfare |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad III dies and his nephew Frederick II Barbarossa becomes king | | PH : | Louis VII divorces his queen, Eleanor, who marries Henry of Anjou, afterward King of England | | M : | Ladies' strophes, the earliest Ger. "Minnelieder" |
|
|
| | PH : | David I of Scotland dies; succeeded by his grandson Malcolm IV | | RP : | Pope Anastasius IV |
|
|
| | PH : | Stephen dies; Henry II, King of England; from now till 1485 the House of Plantagenet rules England GO ! | | RP : | Pope Hadrian IV, Nicholas Breakspeare, the only Eng. pope | | ST : | Mohammed al-Idrisi: Geography, published at Palermo |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Hadrian IV bestows Ireland on Henry II | | PH : | Henry II abolishes fiscal earldoms and restores royal demesne | | RP : | Carmelite Order founded |
|
|
| | PH : | War of the Jap. clans Taira and Minamoto | | PH : | Austria made a duchy with special privileges |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric of Sweden conquers Finland |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa makes Vladislav II King of Bohemia | | DL : | Munich becomes centre of salt trade |
|
|
| | RP : | The great Pope Alexander III |
|
|
| | M : | Perotinus Magister (Pérotin) born | | PH : | Normans expelled from North Africa | | LT : | Tristan et Iseult, Celtic epic by Beroul and Thomas |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa destroys Milan | | RP : | Thomas à Becket elected Archbishop of Canterbury |
|
|
| | M : | Magister Leoninus (Léonin) born | | PH : | Quarrel starts between Henry II and Thomas à Becket |
|
|
| | PH : | Becket flees to France | | LT : | Gautier d'Arras: Eracle |
|
|
| | PH : | Malcolm IV dies; succeeded by his brother William the Lion | | PH : | Byzantium allies with Venice against the Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa |
|
|
| | M : | The Song of Canute, Eng. ballad by a monk of Ely | | DL : | Assize of Clarendon orders erection of jails in all Eng. counties and boroughs |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick Barbarossa crowned emperor | | ED : | Oxford University founded |
|
|
| | DL : | Milan rebuilt | | PH : | Bogolubsky sacks Kiev and assumes title of Grand Prince |
|
|
| | PH : | Although Henry II and Becket formally reconciled, Becket returns to Canterbury and is murdered by four Norman knights | | PH : | Albert the Bear dies | | PH : | Saladin of Damascus subdues Egypt | | LT : | Chrétien de Troyes: Lancelot, romance of courtly love | | RP : | Pope Alexander III establishes rules for canonisation of saints | | DL : | "Inquest of Sheriffs", financial inquiry, results in strengthening the Exchequer |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Eleanor raises Aquitaine against Henry II | | PH : | Reconciliation between Henry II and the Pope | | PH : | The Venice Grand Council restricts the powers of the doges | | ED : | Wace: Roman de Rou, chronicle of Norman dukes |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Eleanor imprisoned | | PH : | Béla III, King of Hungary | | RP : | Waldensian movement begins at Lyons | | DL : | First authenticated influenza epidemics |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Frederick I buys Tuscany, Spoleto, Sardinia, and Corsica from Welf VI | | PH : | Henry II does penance at Canterbury for murder of Becket | | DL : | Earliest horse races in England |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor Frederick I defeated by the Lombard League at Legnano | | PH : | Saladin conquers Syria | | LT : | The first eisteddfod held at Cardigan Castle | | LT : | Romand de Renard, the first version of the Reynard the Fox fables, written in French | | LT : | Walter Map organises the Arthurian legends in their present form | | DL : | Assize of Northampton extends use of Grand Jury |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Ivry between Henry II and Louis VII | | PH : | Peace of Venice between Emperor Frederick I and Pope Alexander III | | DL : | Founding of Belfast |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa crowned King of Burgundy | | DL : | The famous bridge at Avignon built | | RP : | Richard Fitznigel: Dialogus de Saccario, on the financial administration of England |
|
|
| | M : | Hildegard von Bingen dies 17 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis VIII of France dies; succeeded by his son Philip II Augustus | | PH : | Alexius II Comnenus, Byzantine Emperor | | DL : | Ranulf de Glanvill reforms Eng. judicial system | | DL : | Glass windows appear in Eng. private houses | | DL : | First windmills with vertical sails in Europe |
|
|
| | RP : | First Carthusian monastery in England at Witham | | RP : | Pope Lucius III |
|
|
| | PH : | Canute VI, King of Denmark | | RP : | The Jews banished from France |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Constance: Lombard League recognised under imperial overlordship | | PH : | The Emperor Alexius II murdered; succeeded by Andronicus I |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Mainz: the Emperor Frederick I's power at its height | | PH : | Cyprus frees itself from Byzantium | | PH : | Tamara, Queen of Georgia |
|
|
| | PH : | Isaac II Angelus, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Second Bulgarian Empire founded by the brothers Ivan and Peter Asen | | RP : | Pope Urban III | | RP : | Knights Templars established in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VI, son of Frederick Barbarossa, marries Constance, heiress of Sicily, and assumes title of Caesar | | PH : | Beginning of the Kamakura era in Japan |
|
|
| | PH : | Saladin defeats Christians at Hittin and takes Jerusalem | | PH : | Pumjab conquered by Mohammed of Ghor | | RP : | Pope Gregory VIII, followed by Pope Clement III |
|
|
| | PH : | King Henry II of England dies; succeeded by Richard I, Coeur-de-Lion GO ! | | PH : | Third Crusade | | RP : | Massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Richard I | | DL : | First silver florins minted at Florence | | DL : | Commercial treaty between Novgorod and Ger. merchants |
|
|
| | M : | Magister Leoninus (Léonin) dies | | PH : | Frederick I Barbarossa drowned in river Saleph in Cilicia; succeeded by his son Henry VI | | RP : | Order of German Hospitalers founded (transformed in 1198 into Teutonic Order) |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I conquers Cyprus and sells it to the Templars | | LT : | The Nibelungenlied | | RP : | Pope Celestine III | | DL : | Tea arrives in Japan from China |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I returns from the Crusade and is captured by Leopold, Duke of Austria | | PH : | Dukedom of Styria becomes part of the Babenberg realm of Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard is handed over to Henry VI and imprisoned | | DL : | Indigo and brazilwood imported from India to Britain for dying purposes |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard I is released and crowned for the second time | | PH : | Henry VI conquers Sicily and is crowned King of Sicily | | LT : | The Elder Edda, collection of Scandinavian mythology |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexius III, Byzantine Emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | Peter II, King of Aragon | | PH : | Emeric I, King of Hungary | | DL : | Heidelberg mentioned in records |
|
|
| | PH : | Ottokar I, King of Bohemia | | PH : | The Emperor Henry VI dies; succeeded by Otto IV |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent III | | RP : | William of Newburgh: Historia rerum Anglicarum |
|
|
| | PH : | King Richard I, Coeur-de-Lion, killed at a siege in France; succeeded by King John (Lackland), the youngest son of Henry II and Eleanor of Aquitaine GO ! | | PH : | Declaration of Speyer: Ger. princes confirm the right to elect a king | | DL : | Founding of Liverpool |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Le Goulet between England and France
| | ED : | Cambridge University founded
| | RP : | Development of Jewish cabalistic philosophy in southern Europe
| | RP : | Islam begins to replace Indian religions
| | VA : | Early Gothic in England
| | M : | Professional 'bards' in Ireland
| | M : | Cymbals introduced as musical instrument
| | M : | "Carmina Burana", Ger. collection of Latin monastic songs | | ST : | Alcohol is being used for medical purposes
| | DL : | Paris develops into a modern capital
| | DL : | Engagement rings come into fashion
|
|
|
| | ST : | Pass of St. Gotthard, Switzerland, opened |
|
|
| | ED : | Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci: Liber abaci introduces Arabic numerals in Europe | | PH : | Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Montferrat | | RP : | Decretal "Venerabilem" asserts superiority of papacy over empire | | DL : | The first court jesters at European courts |
|
|
| | ED : | Siena University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Crusaders take Constantinople and establish Latin Empire | | PH : | The Emperor Michael sets up independent Greek kingdom of Epirus | | ED : | Vincenza University founded | | DL : | Founding of Amsterdam, Holland |
|
|
| | PH : | Declaration of sultanate of Delhi | | PH : | Genghis Khan, chief prince of the Mongols |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent III places England under interdict | | PH : | Theodore Lascaris founds empire of Nicaea | | PH : | Philip of Swabia, Ger. King murdered by Otto of Wittelsbach |
|
|
| | RP : | Francis of Assisi issues first rules of his brotherhood (the Franciscans) | | PH : | Otto IV crowned emperor in Rome | | PH : | King John invades Scotland and is excommunicated |
|
|
| | PH : | Otto IV excommunicated by Pope Innocent III |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso II, King of Portugal |
|
|
| | DL : | Tiles replace thatched and wooden roofs of London houses | | PH : | Children's Crusade | | PH : | Frederick II elected Ger. king and makes Bohemia hereditary kingdom |
|
|
| | PH : | Council of St. Albans, precursor of Parliament | | PH : | King John of England submits to the Pope, making England and Ireland papal fiefs | | PH : | James I of Aragon |
|
|
| | RP : | Dominican Friars founded by the future St. Dominic, Span. priest | | PH : | Frederick II crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle | | PH : | King John seals Magna Carta at Runnymede GO ! | | RP : | Fourth Lateran Council prohibits trial by ordeal |
|
|
| | PH : | King John dies; succeeded by Henry III GO ! | | RP : | Pope Honorius III |
|
|
| | PH : | Haakon IV, King of Norway | | PH : | Crusade against sultanate of Egypt fails | | ED : | Salamanca University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Worcester between Henry III and Wales
| | PH : | Otto IV dies
| | DL : | Danneborg, the oldest national flag in the world, adopted by Denmark |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III crowned at Westminster | | PH : | Frederick II crowned emperor in Rome, his son Henry being elected Ger. king | | M : | Boy's Choir at the Kreuz-Kirche, Dresden, founded | | DL : | The first giraffes are shown in Europe | | M : | Perotinus Magister (Pérotin) dies |
|
|
| | LT : | The form of the sonnet develops in Ital. poetry | | DL : | Vienna becomes a city |
|
|
| | DL : | Council of Oxford establishes 23 April, St George's Day, as national holiday in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip II Augustus of France dies; succeeded by Louis VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-French war | | PH : | Henry VII proclaims Public Peace ("Treuga Henrici") at Würzburg | | RP : | St Berthold probable founder of the Carmelite Order | | ED : | Founding of Naples University | | ST : | Abdallah ur-Rüml: Mu'jam ul-Buldân, Arab geographical encyclopedia |
|
|
| | PH : | Magna Carta reissued for third time in definitive form | | DL : | Cotton manufactured in Spain |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis VIII dies; succeeded by Louis IX, the Saint |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III declares himself of age | | PH : | Truce in Anglo-Fr. war | | PH : | Genghis Khan dies; his empire is divided among his three sons | | RP : | Pope Gregory IX |
|
|
| | PH : | Sixth Crusade, led by Emperor Frederick II |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II, crowned King of Jerusalem, signs treaty with the Sultan of Egypt | | RP : | The Inquisition in Toulouse forbids Bible reading by all laymen | | ED : | Founding of Toulouse University |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of San Germano between the emperor and pope, Frederick II being absolved from excommunication | | PH : | Wenceslas I, King of Bohemia | | DL : | Leprosy imported to Europe by the Crusaders | | DL : | Founding of Berlin (on the site of former Slav settlements) |
|
|
| | PH : | Muhammad I, founder of Nasrid dynasty in Granada |
|
|
| | RP : | The "Great Halleluyah" penitential movement in northern Italy | | RP : | The pope entrusts the Dominicans with the Inquisition |
|
|
| | PH : | Rebellion of his son Henry VII suppressed by Frederick II; Henry imprisoned | | PH : | Mainz Public Peace, first imperial law in Ger. language |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander Nevski, Grand Duke of Novgorod |
|
|
| | M : | Adam de la Halle born |
|
|
| | PH : | Dafydd ap Llywelyn, Prince of Snowdon | | PH : | Crusade of Richard of Cornwall and Simon de Montfort to Jaffa | | PH : | Border fixed between England and Scotland | | LT : | Guido Guinizelli, Ital. poet establishes a school of poetry ("dolce stil nuovo") | | VA : | Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) born in Florence (year approximate) |
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | Kiel established as a town |
|
|
| | PH : | Five-year truce between England and France |
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | First "Dunmow Flitch" competition |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II deposed by the Council of Lyons |
|
|
| | PH : | Seventh Crusade, led by Louis IX |
|
|
| | ED : | University College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | ST : | Existence of explosives recorded |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick II dies; succeeded by Conrad IV | | PH : | Valdeman I, King of Sweden | | ED : | Establishment of four national colleges at Paris University | | M : | The "Portatio", a portable small organ | | ST : | Vincent of Beauvais: Speculum naturale, historiale, doctrinale | | ST : | Jordanus Rufus: De medicina equorum | | DL : | Hats come into fashion | | DL : | Goose quill used for writing |
|
|
| | PH : | Kublai Khan becomes Governor of China |
|
|
| | PH : | Alfonso X, the Wise, of Castile | | RP : | The Inquisition begins to use instruments of torture | | DL : | Golden florins minted at Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Ottokar II, King of Bohemia | | DL : | Linen first manufactured in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Conrad IV dies | | RP : | Pope Alexander IV | | ED : | Court chaplain Robert de Sorbon founds the Paris School of Theology (will become the Sorbonne) |
|
|
| | DL : | Prague and Stockholm become towns |
|
|
| | PH : | "Hundred Years War" between Venice and Genoa | | RP : | Founding of the Order of Augustine Hermits |
|
|
| | PH : | Llywelyn assumes the title Prince of Wales, and establishes peace between England and Wales | | PH : | Richard of Cornwall elected King of the Romans and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle (he was soon dispossessed) |
|
|
| | PH : | Manfred, illegitimate son of Frederick II, crowned King of Sicily at Palermo | | PH : | Establishment of House of Commons ("Provisions of Oxford") GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Kublai Khan becomes Mongol ruler |
|
|
| | RP : | The first flagellant movement in southern Germany and northern Italy | | M : | The first mastersinger school (Mainz) |
|
|
| |
|
| | M : | Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de la Feuillée |
|
|
| | ED : | Balliol College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | RP : | Thomas Aquinas: Summa contra Gentiles | | RP : | Roger Bacon: De computo naturali | | ED : | Merton College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Clement IV | | M : | Franco of Cologne and Pierre de la Croix develop the musical form of the motet (musica mensurata) |
|
|
| | PH : | Balban, Sultan of Delhi | | RP : | Roger Bacon: Opus maius |
|
|
| | DL : | The guilds of goldsmiths and tailors of London fight each other in fierce street battles |
|
|
| | RP : | Three years' vacancy in the papacy |
|
|
| | DL : | The first toll roads in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis IX dies on the Eighth Crusade, and is succeeded by Philip III | | PH : | Stephen V of Hungary |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory X | | ST : | Marco Polo journeys to China |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III of England dies; succeeded by Edward I GO ! | | PH : | Richard of Cornwall, King of the Romans, dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf, Count of Hapsburg, elected king and crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle | | RP : | Thomas Aquinas: Summa theologica |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward I crowned at Westminster |
|
|
| | RP : | Moses de León, Jewish theologian, author of Zohar, the fundamental work on Jewish mysticism | | ST : | William of Saliceto: Chirurgia, earliest record of human dissection |
|
|
| | RP : | The year of the four popes: Pope Gregory X, Pope Innocent V, Pope Hadrian V, and Pope John XXI |
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | Ottokar takes up arms and is defeated by Rudolf and killed at Dürnkrut, Marchfeld; succeeded by Wenceslas II | | DL : | 278 Jews hanged in London for clipping coin; Christians guilty of the same offense, fined |
|
|
| | PH : | Eric II of Norway | | PH : | Asen dynasty in Bulgaria extinquished, the country becoming subject to Serbs, Greeks, and Mongols | | PH : | Kublai Khan founds Yüan dynasty in China | | DL : | Rebellion of the textile workers of Flanders against their exploiters |
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | The Teutonic Order completes subjection of Prussia | | PH : | A false "Emperor Frederick II" appears in Germany |
|
|
| | DL : | The "Pied Piper of Hamelin" | | DL : | Sequins first coined in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip III dies; succeeded by Philip IV, the Fair | | RP : | Pope Honorius IV | | M : | Adam de la Halle: Le Jeu de Robin et de Marion |
|
|
| | PH : | Alexander III of Scotland dies; succeeded by his infant niece Margaret, "the Maid of Norway", under six guardians |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf proclaims Public Peace at the Diet of Würzburg |
|
|
| | PH : | Osman I, founder of Ottoman Empire | | RP : | Pope Nicholas IV | | ED : | Founding of Montpellier University | | M : | Adam de la Halle dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Invention of spectacles |
|
|
| | PH : | Kaikobad, Sultan of Delhi, murdered; succeeded by Jalaluddin | | ED : | Lisbon University founded | | M : | Jean de Muris born |
|
|
| | PH : | Rudolf I dies | | PH : | Everlasting League between Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden | | PH : | Mamelukes conquer Acre, ending Christian rule in the East | | PH : | End of the Crusades: Knights of St. John of Jerusalem settle in Cyprus | | M : | Philippe de Vitry born 31 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Scottish throne to John Baliol | | PH : | Adolf, Count of Nassau, elected Ger. King; crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Celestine V, followed by Pope Boniface VIII |
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance between France and Scotland |
|
|
| | PH : | John Baliol resigns Scot crown to Edward I | | PH : | Frederick II, King of Sicily | | PH : | Jalaluddin of Delhi murdered; succeeded by Alauddin Khilji | | PH : | Scot. coronation stone moved from Scone to Westminster |
|
|
| | DL : | Moas, giant giraffe birds of New Zealand, die out |
|
|
| | PH : | Adolf of Nassau dethroned by the electors and killed in battle; succeeded as Ger. King by Albert I of Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaties between Venice and the Turks, and France and Germany |
|
|
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut born | | PH : | Edward I invades Scotland
| | PH : | Wenceslas II of Bohemia elected King of Poland
| | LT : | Development of Chinese drama
| | M : | The 'Jongleurs', professional musical entertainers in France | | DL : | In the Ger. cities apothecaries become popular
| | DL : | Temporary end of European slave trade |
|
|
| | PH : | Andrew III of Hungary, last of the Arpads dies
| | PH : | Edward I's son made Prince of Wales
|
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. truce
| | RP : | Papal bull "unam sanctam" pronounces highest papal claims to supremacy
| | VA : | Cenni di Pepi (Cimabue) dies in Florence (year approximate) |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Boniface VIII quarrels with Philip IV of France and dies a prisoner in the Vatican
| | ED : | Rome University founded
| | ST : | Bernard of Gordon; first medical reference to spectacles
|
|
|
| | ED : | Peterhouse College, Cambridge, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Wenceslas II, King of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, dies | | RP : | Pope Clement V | | DL : | Edward I standardises the yard and the acre
|
|
|
| | PH : | Robert Bruce crowned King of Scots and defeated by the English at Methuen and Dalry
| | PH : | Wenceslas III, last of the Premyslids, dies - Albert invests his son Rudolf with Bohemia
| | RP : | Philip IV expels the Jews from France
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward I dies; succeeded by Edward II
GO ! | | PH : | The legendary Rutli vow of the three Swiss cantons | | LT : | Dante composes his Divina Commedia
| | RP : | Archbishopric of Peking set up
|
|
|
| | PH : | Coronation of Edward II
| | PH : | Albert I murdered; Henry VII, Count of Luxembourg is elected Ger. King
| | DL : | King Philip IV builds one of the earliest indoor tennis courts in Paris |
|
|
| | RP : | Clement V fixes papal residence at Avignon - beginning of the "Babylonia Captivity", during which Rome is not the papal seat
| | M : | Marchettus of Padua pleads for the introduction of counterpoint into musical composition
| | ED : | Founding of Orleans University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Council of Ten established in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | English barons force King Edward II to appoint "lord ordainers", and slowly transfer power away from him
GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Vienna: Lyons incorporated into France
| | PH : | Henry VII of Luxembourg crowned emperor in Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VII of Luxembourg dies
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip IV of France dies; succeeded by his son Louis X
| | PH : | Double election of Frederick of Austria and Louis of Bavaria
| | RP : | Jacques de Molay, Grand Master of the Templars, burned at the stake in Paris for alleged heresy
| | RP : | Vacancy in the papal chair for more than two years |
|
|
| | PH : | Swiss League renewed
| | DL : | Lyons silk industry developed by Ital. immigrants
| | PH : | King John of France dies and Philip V (called The Tall) proclaims himself king |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Bruce crowned King of Ireland
| | PH : | Murberak, last of the Khilji rulers of Delhi
| | RP : | Pope John XXII
| | PH : | Philip V succeeds Louis X
|
|
|
| | PH : | Salic Law, excluding women from succession to throne, adopted in France
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Bruce killed in Battle of Faughart
| | PH : | Truce between Swiss League and Hapsburgs
|
|
|
| | PH : | Gharzi Khan, Sultan of Delhi
| | PH : | Peace of Paris between Flanders and France
| | PH : | Vladislav I Lokietek, King of Poland, crowned in Crakow
| | M : | Philippe de Vitry coins the name "Ars nova" for the new, strongly contrapuntal style of music
|
|
|
| | RP : | Monte Cassino becomes bishopric
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip V succeeded by Charles IV
| | M : | The pope forbids the use of counterpoint in church music
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward II of England signs a truce with Robert the Bruce
|
|
|
| | RP : | Pope John XXII excommunicates Louis IV (called the Bavarian) | | PH : | Osman, founder of the Ottoman dynasty, and a Turkish leader, dies |
|
|
| | M : | Francesco Landini born | | PH : | Louis of Bavaria accepts Frederick of Austria as co-regent
| | LT : | Development of No plays in Japan
| | M : | Organ pedals come into use
|
|
|
| | PH : | Osman I, ruler of Turkey, dies
| | ED : | Founding of Oriel College, Oxford, and Clare College, Cambridge
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward II, deposed by Parliament and murdered at Berkeley Castle, is succeed by Edward III
| | DL : | The great fire of Munich
| | DL : | Avignon's public sanitation was so deficient that the stench forced historian Petrarch to move out to nearby Vaucluse "to prolong my life." |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV, last of the direct line of the Capets, dies; succeeded by Philip VI of the House of Valois
| | PH : | Louis IV of Bavaria crowned emperor in Rome; declares Pope John XXII deposed for heresy
| | PH : | Moscow becomes capital of Russia
| | ST : | Invention of the sawmill
|
|
|
| | PH : | David II, King of Scots
|
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick of Austria dies; Louis IV of Bavaria is recognised as emperor
| | RP : | Monastery of Ettal, Bavaria, founded
| | M : | Paris Musicians' Guild, Ménétriers
|
|
|
| | PH : | Disputed Imperial succession in Japan leads to civil war against Hojo regents
| | ST : | First record of weaving in England (York)
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward Baliol, crowned King of Scots, recognises Edward III of overlord
| | PH : | Lucerne joins Swiss League
| | PH : | First record of Parliament divided into two houses
| | M : | Company of mastersingers formed at Toulouse
| | DL : | Bubonic plague originates in India
|
|
|
| | PH : | Casimir III of Poland
| | PH : | Yusuf I, Caliph of Granada: zenith of Arabic civilisation in Granada
|
|
|
| |
|
| | PH : | Edward III, claiming Fr. crown, assumes title King of France
| | PH : | Beginning of the Hundred Years' War
| | ST : | William Merlee of Oxford attempts first scientific weather forecasts
|
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance of Coblenz between Louis IV and Edward III
| | ED : | Founding of Pisa University
|
|
|
| | ED : | Founding of Grenoble University
|
|
|
| | ED : | Queen's College, Oxford, founded
|
|
|
| | LT : | Petrarch crowned poet on the Capitol, Rome
|
|
|
| |
|
| | DL : | Bankruptcy of the great Florentine banking house of Bardi and Peruzzi
|
|
|
| | PH : | Cola di Rienzi, tribune of the people, rules Rome from April until December
| | PH : | Louis IV dies; Charles IV of Luxembourg succeeds him as emperor
| | DL : | Black Death devastates Europe
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward III founds the Order of the Garter
| | ED : | Prague University founded by Charles IV
| | ED : | Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, founded
|
|
|
| | RP : | Persecution of the Jews in Germany
| | DL : | Black Death kills a third of population of England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Philip VI of France dies; succeeded by John II
| | PH : | Treaty of Bautzen: Charles IV cedes Brandenburg and Tirol to the Wittelsbachs
| | M : | Cambrai, instead of Paris, becomes centre of French music
| | M : | Lute playing popular in Europe
| | M : | Mastersinger movement in Germany
| | DL : | The Shogun of Japan prohibits the drinking of tea
|
|
|
| | M : | Jean de Muris dies | | PH : | Zurich joins Swiss League
| | PH : | Firoz Shah, Sultan of Delhi
| | PH : | Leopold III, Duke of Austria
| | DL : | Tennis becomes an open-air game in England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Glarus and Zug join Swiss League
| | RP : | Pope Innocent VI
| | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded
|
|
|
| | PH : | Bern joins Swiss League
| | PH : | Rupert I elector palatine
|
|
|
| | ST : | The mechanical clock at Strasbourg Cathedral
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV of Luxembourg crowned emperor at Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IV issues "Golden Bull", settling election of Ger. kings
|
|
|
| | PH : | Revolution in Paris against the Dauphin, led by Marcel and Robert le Coq
|
|
|
| | PH : | The Hapsburgs, twice defeated at Zurich, sign peace treaty with Swiss League
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of London restores Fr. possessions once held by Henry II of England to Eng. crown
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Calais between Edward III and Philip of Burgundy
| | M : | Beginnings of the development of the clavichord and cembalo
| | DL : | The first francs coined in France
|
|
|
| | DL : | Black Death reappears in England
| | M : | Philippe de Vitry dies 9 June |
|
|
| | PH : | Dmitri IV Donskoi, Grand Duke of Moscow
| | RP : | Pope Urban V
|
|
|
| | PH : | Timur the Lame (Tamerlaine) begins conquest of Asia
| | ST : | Guy de Chauliac: Chirugia magna (on surgery in the Middle Ages) |
|
|
| | PH : | John II of France dies; succeeded by Charles V
| | PH : | Revolts in Crete against Venetian rule
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut: La Messe Notre Dame |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V crowned King of Burgundy at Arles
| | PH : | Leopold III, Duke of Austria
| | ED : | Founding of Vienna University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Adrianople made Turkish capital
| | PH : | English Parliament refuses to pay feudal dues to the pope
|
|
|
| | PH : | Mongol Yüan dynasty in China overthrown by national Ming dynasty
| | PH : | Timur ascends throne of Samarkand
| | PH : | Restoration of the Great Wall of China
|
|
|
| | DL : | Building of the Bastille, Paris |
|
|
| | PH : | Casimir III of Poland, last of the House of Piasts dies; Louis of Hungary elected king
| | RP : | Pope Gregory XI
| | DL : | Steel crossbow used as weapon of war
| | VA : | Approximate date of birth of the Limbourg Brothers |
|
|
| | PH : | Robert II, King of Scots: accession of the House of Stewart
|
|
|
| | RP : | Oxford becomes the spiritual centre of England
|
|
|
| | DL : | Tunnage and poundage imposed on merchants in England
|
|
|
| | PH : | Truce of Bruges between England and France
|
|
|
| | PH : | The Black Prince dies
| | PH : | Wenceslas, son of Charles IV, crowned King of the Romans
|
|
|
| | PH : | Edward III dies; succeeded by his grandson Richard II
GO ! | | RP : | Pope Gregory XI returns to Rome; end of the Church's "Babylonian Captivity"
| | M : | The musicians of the papal chapel, Avignon, return with the court; beginnings of Rome as the centre of music
| | DL : | Playing cards displace dice in Germany
| | M : | Guillaume de Machaut dies 13 April |
|
|
| | PH : | Renewal of Anglo-Fr. war
| | PH : | Charles IV of Luxembourg dies; succeeded by Wenceslas IV
| | RP : | The Great Schism begins: after the death of Pope Gregory XI, two popes elected; Urban VI at Rome, Clement VII at Avignon
|
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Neuberg: Albert III and Leopold III divide Hapsburg territories between them
| | ED : | William of Wykeham founds New College, Oxford
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V of France dies; succeeded by Charles VI, the Mad
| | VA : | Robert Campin, artist, born |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce for six years
| | PH : | Peasants' Revolt in England under Wat Tyler
| | PH : | Venice wins the "hundred years war" against Genoa |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed
| | PH : | Jadviga, daughter of King Louis I, crowned "king" of Poland
|
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Fr. war renewed
| | DL : | The first Fr. court ball at the wedding of Charles VI and Isabella of Bavaria
|
|
|
| | PH : | Leopold III of Austria defeated and killed by the Swiss and Sempach
| | PH : | Grand Prince Jagiello of Lithuania marries Jadviga and becomes Vladislav II, King of Poland
| | ED : | Heidelberg University
|
|
|
| | PH : | Sigismund of Brandenburg, son of Charles IV, becomes King of Hungary by marriage
| | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico is born |
|
|
| | ED : | Cologne University founded
|
|
|
| | PH : | Truce between England, Scotland, and France
| | PH : | Bajazet I, Emir of the Turks
| | RP : | Pope Boniface IX elected at Rome
|
|
|
| | PH : | Robert III, King of Scots
|
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VI seized with madness; his brother Louis becomes Duke of Orleans
| | PH : | Succession dispute in Japan: the Ashikagas become shoguns of Muromachi
|
|
|
| | PH : | Irish rulers do homage to Richard II, receive amnesty
|
|
|
| | PH : | Richard II of England marries Isabella of France at Calais; Anglo-Fr. truce extended to 28 years
| | LT : | Manuel Chrysoloras opens Greek classes in Florence: beginning of revival of Greek literature in Italy
|
|
|
| | PH : | Union of Kalmar between Sweden, Denmark, and Norway
| | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) is born | | M : | Francesco Landini dies 2 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Richard II deposed: Henry of Lancaster, son of John of Gaunt, succeeds to the throne as Henry IV
| | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden is born |
|
|
| | ST : | Alchemy becomes more and more a field for swindlers | | M : | First mention of the dulcimer | | VA : | Early Renaissance period | | ED : | Jean Froissart: Chronicles | | LT : | Earliest known literature written in Cornish tongue | | LT : | Flourishing of the ecclesiastical drama in Italy | | PH : | Ascent of the Medici in Florence | | PH : | Wenceslas IV deposed and succeeded by Rupert III of the Palatinate | | PH : | Richard II murdered GO ! | | PH : | Henry IV suppresses rebellion of the barons |
|
|
| | PH : | Klause Störtebeker, the pirate, executed at Hamburg | | VA : | Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) is born |
|
|
| | ED : | Compilation of Yung Lo Ta Tien, Chin. encyclopaedia in 22,937 vols. (only three copies made) | | PH : | Bajazet dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman I |
|
|
| |
|
| | ST : | Konrad Kyeser: Bellifortis, book of military technology | | PH : | Timur dies; succeeded by Shah Rokh |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Gregory XII | | PH : | Robert II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James I, who is imprisoned in England | | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi is born |
|
|
| | DL : | Bethlehem Hospital, London, Bedlam, becomes an institution for the insane | | PH : | Louis, Duke of Orleans, murdered by Burgundians; start of civil war in France |
|
|
| | RP : | Cardinals of Rome and Avignon meet to end Great Schism |
|
|
| | ED : | Leipzig University founded by Ger. refugees from Prague | | RP : | Pope Gregory XII abdicates; Council of Pisa, Pope Alexander V |
|
|
| | RP : | Hus and his followers excommunicated by the Archbishop of Prague | | RP : | Pope John XXIII, antipope | | PH : | King Rupert dies |
|
|
| | ED : | Founding of St. Andrews University, Edinburgh | | RP : | Pope John XXIII excommunicates Jan Hus | | PH : | Sigismund, King of Hungary, son of Charles IV, elected Ger. King, and crowned emperor |
|
|
| | VA : | Filippo Bruneleschi: Rules of Perspective |
|
|
| | RP : | The Disputation of Tortosa (Spain): Joseph Albo defends the Jewish faith | | PH : | Henry IV dies; succeeded by his son Henry V |
|
|
| | DL : | The Medici of Florence becomes bankers to the papacy | | RP : | Thomas à Kempis: Imitatio Christi | | RP : | The Council of Constance to settle "causa unionis, reformationis, fedei" |
|
|
| | RP : | Hus burned at the stake at Constance for heresy | | RP : | Pope John XXIII deposed |
|
|
| | RP : | Jerome of Prague, a follower of Hus, burned for heresy | | VA : | The Limbourg Brothers die, probably of plague |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Martin V elected in Rome: end of Great Schism | | RP : | Council of Constance deposes Pope Benedict XIII, who holds out as pretender-pope until his death |
|
|
| | PH : | Ex-King Wenceslas dies; Sigismund obtains Bohemia | | PH : | War between Empire and Bohemian Hussites | | PH : | Henry allies with Philip II of Burgundy |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Troyes; Henry V, recognised by Charles VI as heir apparent to the French throne, marries Catherine of France and enters Paris | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca born |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry V of England dies; succeeded by nine-month-old Henry VI | | PH : | Charles VI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VII |
|
|
| | PH : | James I of Scotland released by the English |
|
|
| | PH : | John VIII, Byzantine Emperor | | PH : | Struggles in Bohemia between Ziska's followers, the Utraquists, and the radical Taborites |
|
|
| | M : | Holland becomes the centre of European music | | ED : | Louvain University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Itzcoatl, King of the Aztecs, in Mexico, enlarges his empire | | ED : | Lincoln College, Oxford, founded | | VA : | Tommaso Cassai (Masaccio) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Delft: peace between England and Flanders | | PH : | Joan of Arc leads Fr. armies against England |
|
|
| | PH : | Joan of Arc raises siege of Orleans; Charles VII crowned in Rheims | | PH : | Henry VI crowned at Westminster | | PH : | Philip of Burgundy creates the Order of the Golden Fleece |
|
|
| | LT : | Modern English develops from Middle English | | VA : | Beginning of first Dutch school | | DL : | "Mad Marjorie", the great cast-iron gun, introduced |
|
|
| | PH : | Joan of Arc burned at the stake at Rouen | | PH : | Henry VI of England crowned King of France in Paris | | PH : | First Ger. peasant revolt at Worms | | RP : | Pope Eugene IV | | ED : | Universities of Caen and of Poitiers founded | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna born |
|
|
| | ST : | Port sailor Gonzalo Cabral discovers the Azores |
|
|
| | PH : | Sigismund crowned Holy Roman Emperor | | DL : | The double-eagle becomes the emblem of the Holy Roman emperors |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav III, King of Poland | | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici becomes ruler of Florence | | RP : | Revolt in Rome; Pope Eugene IV flees to Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Charles VII and Philip of Burgundy | | PH : | Swed. Parliament (Riksdag) meets for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | Compact of Iglau ends Hussite Wars, Emperor Sigismund acknowledged as King of Bohemia |
|
|
| | PH : | James I murdered at Perth; succeeded by James II | | PH : | Emperor Sigismund dies; last of the House of Luxembourg; succeeded as king of Hungary, Bohemia, and Germany by his son-in-law, Albert V | | M : | John Dunstable develops counterpoint in musical composition | | ED : | All Soul's College, Oxford, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Nine-years' truce between England and Scotland | | PH : | Pachacutec founds Inca rule in Peru |
|
|
| | PH : | The heirs to the Fr. throne receive the title Conte du Dauphiné |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick of Styria and Carinthia elected Ger. King | | ED : | Platonic Academy, Florence, founded |
|
|
| | ED : | Eton College and King's College, Cambridge, founded | | ST : | Port. navigators find the first Negroes near Cape Blanc, western Africa, and start slave trade again |
|
|
| | DL : | Eng. plague order on quarantine and cleansing |
|
|
| | PH : | Vladislav III of Poland and Hungary killed by the Turks at the Battle of Varna | | ED : | Cosimo de' Medici founds the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana, Florence | | VA : | Robert Campin dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Port. navigator Diniz Diaz discovers Cape Verde | | PH : | Copenhagen becomes Dan. capital | | VA : | Botticelli born, day unknown |
|
|
| | PH : | János Hunyady elected regent of Hungary | | VA : | Artist Perugino born in Umbria |
|
|
| | PH : | Scanderbeg defeats Murad II, and gains independence for India, Persia, and Afghanistan | | RP : | Pope Nicholas V | | ED : | Founding of Palermo University |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. war renewed, Lancaster and York forming the two rival groups in England | | PH : | Knutson Bonde elected King Charles VIII of Sweden | | PH : | Constantine XI Palaeologus the last Byzantine Emperor |
|
|
| | PH : | English break truce with France, capture Fougères | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) born |
|
|
| | PH : | Jack Cade's rebellion in England | | LT : | Vatican Library founded | | LT : | Gutenberg prints the Constance Mass Book | | VA : | Florence under the Medici becomes centre of Renaissance and humanism | | DL : | Mocha in south-western Arabia becomes main port for coffee export | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch born |
|
|
| | PH : | Mohammed I, Sultan of the Turks | | ED : | Glasgow University founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick III crowned emperor | | PH : | George of Podebrad elected Regent of Bohemia | | ST : | Metal plates are used for printing | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci is born in Tuscany |
|
|
| | PH : | Turks capture Constantinople and kill Emperor Constantine XI, end of the Byzantine Empire | | PH : | End of Hundred years' War between England and France | | ST : | Gutenberg and his financier print the 42-line bible at Mainz |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Lodi between Venice and Milan | | PH : | Richard, Duke of York, named "Protector of England" during insanity for Henry VI; Edward, son of Henry, named Prince of Wales | | DL : | Gutenberg produces Indulgences, bearing printed data |
|
|
| | PH : | Duke of York, excluded from Council, defeats royal forces at St. Albans, May, and becomes again "Protector": Beginning of the Wars of the Roses | | ST : | The Venetian navigator Cadamosto explores the Senegal River | | VA : | Artist Fra Angelico dies |
|
|
| | PH : | The trial of Joan of Arc annulled | | PH : | János Hunyadi dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Ladislas V Posthumus, King of Hungary and Bohemia, dies; Frederick III inherits Upper and Lower Austria |
|
|
| | PH : | The Hussite leader, George of Podebrad, becomes King of Bohemia | | PH : | Matthias Corvinus, son of János Hunyady, becomes King of Hungary | | RP : | Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini becomes Pope Pius II |
|
|
| | PH : | Renewal of civil war in England |
|
|
| | PH : | James II of Scotland dies; succeeded by James III | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder born |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward, son of Richard of York, crowned Edward IV, King of England | | PH : | Charles VII of France dies; succeeded by Louis XI | | PH : | Scanderbeg becomes Prince of Albania |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Frederick III recognises Matthias Corvinus of Hungary, who recognises Hapsburg claims to succession | | LT : | François Villon, saved from gallows, disappears | | DL : | Monte di Pietà at Orvieto: money loaned at low interest to poor people |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace between England and Scotland | | PH : | Cosimo de' Medici, ruler of Florence, dies | | RP : | Pope Paul II | | DL : | Louis XI establishes Fr. royal mail service | | DL : | Scot. Parliament decrees that "fute-ball and golfe not to be used" | | VA : | Rogier van der Weyden dies |
|
|
| | M : | First printed music | | DL : | Edward IV passes edict forbidding "hustling of stones" and other bowling-like sports |
|
|
| | LT : | Johann Mental prints first Ger. Bible (Strasbourg) |
|
|
| | PH : | Philip II of Burgundy dies; succeeded by Charles the Bold |
|
|
| | RP : | Bishopric of Vienna established |
|
|
| | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "the Magnificent", ruler of Florence | | VA : | Artist Fra Filippo Lippi dies |
|
|
| | ST : | Port. navigators discover Gold Coast, West Africa | | ST : | First Fr. printing press set up at the Sorbonne, Paris |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward IV, King of England, defeats and kills Richard, Earl of Warwick at Barnet, defeats Queen Margaret and kills Prince Edward at Tewkesbury, and enters London; Henry VI murdered in the Tower | | PH : | King George of Bohemia dies; succeeded by Vladislav II | | RP : | Pope Sixtus IV | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Dan. navigator Deitrich Pining claims to have discovered Newfoundland | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) born | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder born |
|
|
| | PH : | Duke Albrecht Achilles declares indivisibility of electorates of Brandeburg |
|
|
| | PH : | Isabella I, Queen of Aragon | | LT : | William Caxton prints the first book in English |
|
|
| | M : | John Taverner born | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald is born | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
born in Florence | | VA : | Paolo di Dono (Uccello) dies in Florence |
|
|
| | LT : | Caxton prints Chaucer's Canterbury Tales |
|
|
| | PH : | Union of Aragon and Castile under Ferdinand the Catholic and Isabella; beginning of Span. state | | ED : | Copenhagen University founded | | DL : | After the destruction of Arras, Brussels becomes the centre of European tapestry industry |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan III styles himself Czar of the Russians | | PH : | Ludovico Sforza, Regent of Milan | | RP : | Ferdinand and Isabella appoint inquisitors against heresy among converted Jews | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci invents parachute | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | Bajazet II, Sultan of the Turks | | RP : | Beginning of the Spanish Inquisition under the joint direction of state and church |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Arras between Louis XI and Hapsburgs |
|
|
| | PH : | Edward IV of England dies; succeeded by his son young Edward V | | PH : | Edward V and his brother disappear, probably murdered by their uncle, Richard of Gloucester, who claims the throne as Richard III | | PH : | Louis XI of France dies; succeeded by Charles VIII | | VA : | Artist Raphael is born in Urbino |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII | | RP : | Papal bull "Sumis desiderantes" against witchcraft and sorcery | | M : | Joannes de Tinctoris: De inventione et usu musicae | | DL : | Richard III reforms law, trade, and tax collection |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond defeats and kills Richard III; succeeds as Henry VII; starts Tudor dynasty | | DL : | Establishment of Yeomen of the Guard in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Maximilian I elected Ger. King | | ST : | The Portuguese discover Angola |
|
|
| | VA : | Titian is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | James III of Scotland murdered; succeeded by James IV | | PH : | Revolt of Fl. towns against Maximilian | | DL : | The first dispensary (Apotheke) in Berlin |
|
|
| | PH : | Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus, forced to cede her kingdom to Venice | | PH : | Yasuf Adil Shah, a former slave, becomes ruler of Bijapur, India | | ST : | The symbols + (plus) and - (minus) come into use | | VA : | Correggio is born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | PH : | Matthias Corvinus of Hungary dies; Vladislav II of Bohemia elected to succeed him | | LT : | Beginning of development of Span. drama | | M : | First beginnings of ballet at Ital. courts | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci observes capillary action of liquids in small-bore tubes | | DL : | The first orphanages in Italy and Holland |
|
|
| | PH : | Five-year truce of Colstream between England and Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Pressburg: Vladislav II of Hungary and Bohemia acknowledges the Hapsburg right of Succession |
|
|
| | PH : | The Spanish conquer Granada and extinguish Moorish kingdom | | PH : | Charles VIII takes control of affairs in France | | PH : | Lorenzo de' Medici, "The Magnificent", dies; his son Piero becomes ruler in Florence | | PH : | Casimir IV, King of Poland, dies; succeeded in Poland by John Albert, in Lithuania by Alexander | | PH : | Peace of Etaples: France expels Warbeck and pays England an indemnity of £159,000 | | RP : | Pope Innocent VIII dies; Roderigo Borgia becomes Pope Alexander VI | | ED : | Elio Antonio Nebrija: Latin-Spanish dictionary | | RP : | By order of the inquisitor-general, Torquemada, Span. Jews are given three months to accept Christianity or leave the country | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci draws a flying machine | | M : | Opera, treatise on theory of music by Roman philosopher Boëthius, published in Venice | | ST : | The first terrestrial globe constructed by Nuremberg geographer Martin Behaim | | PH : | Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain finance the voyage of Christopher Columbus to the New World GO ! | | DL : | The profession of book publisher emerges, consisting of the three pursuits of type - founder, printer and bookseller | | VA : | Artist Piero della Francesca dies 12 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Alexander VI publishes bull Inter cetera divina dividing the New World between Spain and Portugal | | DL : | Statute of Piotrkow grants Pol. aristocracy privileges at expense of burghers and peasants | | PH : | Frederick III dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by Maximilian I | | PH : | The first Bundschuh (peasants' revolt) in Alsace and south-west Germany | | ED : | The Nuremberg Chronicle, and illustrated world history from the Creation to the present, by Hartmann Schedel published in Latin and German | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI appoints his son Cesare Borgia a cardinal | | RP : | Jacques Lefèvre d'Etaples: Paraphrasis in Aristotelis octo physicos libros | | ST : | Columbus leaves Spain on second voyage; discovers Puerto Rico, Dominica, and Jamaica |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Tordesillas: Spain and Portugal divide New World between them GO ! | | PH : | Charles VIII begins invasion of Italy, enters Florence, deposes Piero de'Medici, and enters Rome; Pope Alexander VI takes refuge in Castel Sant' Angelo | | PH : | Henry VII of England sends Edward Pynings as deputy to Ireland to end support for Perkin Warbeck: Poynings' Laws make Irish legislature dependent on England | | PH : | Maximilian I recognises Perkin Warbeck as King of England | | PH : | Ferdianand I of Naples dies | | PH : | Parliament of Drogheda marks subservience of Ireland to England | | ED : | Aemilius Paulus of Verona appointed historiographer royal to Charles VIII of France | | RP : | Johann Reuchilin: De verbo mirifico, a study of cabalism | | ED : | King's College Aberdeen, founded | | M : | Jean Mauburnus: Rosetume exercitiarum spiritualium, the first systemic study of musical instruments | | DL : | Goods lottery (Pots of Luck) introduced in Germany as popular amusement | | VA : | Domenico di Tommaso Bigordi (Ghirlandaio) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VIII enters Naples, is crowned King of Naples, then retreats toward northern Italy | | PH : | Pope Alexander VI forms Holy League which aims at expelling Charles VIII from Italy; its forces defeated at Battle of Fornovo, the Holy League ends; Charles VIII returns to France | | PH : | The Imperial Diet opens in Worms, proclaims Perpetual Peace, sets up and Imperial Chamber and Court of Appeal, imposes common penny as general tax | | DL : | English Parliament frames new statute of treason and an act against vagabonds and beggars | | PH : | Manuel the Fortunate succeeds John II as King of Portugal | | PH : | Peace between France and the allies, with Lodovico Sforza as agent, foreshadows idea of balance of power in European politics | | RP : | Jews expelled from Portugal | | DL : | Dry dock in Porstmouth, Eng. | | DL : | Syphilis epidemic spreads from Naples all over Europe through Fr. soldiers |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand II of Naples dies; succeeded as king by Frederick III | | ED : | Jesus College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Franchino Gafori: Practica Musica, treatise on composition | | ST : | Romano Pane first describes tobacco plant |
|
|
| | PH : | King John II of Denmark defeats Swed. army at Brunkeberg, enters Stockholm, and revives Scandinavian Union | | RP : | John Alcock: The Hill of Perfection | | RP : | Conradus Celtis introduces humanism in Vienna | | RP : | Savonarola excommunicated for attempting to depose Pope Alexander VI | | ST : | Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope | | DL : | Severe famine in Florence | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles VIII of France dies; succeeded by his cousin, Louis XII, Duke of Orleans | | LT : | Mémoires by Philippe de Commines, the "French Machiavelli" | | ST : | Vasco da Gama discovers sea route to India | | DL : | The first Ger. pawnshop at Nuremberg |
|
|
| | PH : | Partition of Milan: Lodovico Sforza flees, French take Milan; Louis XIII enters the city | | PH : | War between Swabian League and Swiss cantons; ends with the Peace of Basel, the Swiss establishing their independence | | PH : | War between Turks and Venice | | RP : | The Span. inquisitory-general, Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros, introduces forced mass conversions of Moors, thus causing great Moorish revolt in Granada | | ED : | University of Alcalá founded | | M : | University of Oxford institutes degrees in music | | ST : | Amerigo Vespucci and Alonso de Ojeda leave Spain on voyage of discovery to S. America |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Augsburg establishes Council of Regency for administering the Holy Roman Empire and divides Germany into six "circles" or regions | | RP : | Pope Alexander VI proclaims a Year of Jubilee, and imposes a tithe for crusade against Turks | | ED : | Aldus of Venice founds academy for study of Greek classics and invents italics | | ED : | Univeristy of Valencia founded | | VA : | The turn of the century marks end of Early and beginning of High Renaissance | | M : | Ottavio de'Petrucci of Venice prints music with movable types | | M : | Hans Folz of Nuremberg reforms songs of the Mastersingers: from now on worldly subjects admitted | | ST : | Hieronymus Brunschwig: Liber de arti distillandi, the first herbal medicine | | ST : | Pedro Alvarez Cabral discovers Brazil, claiming it for Portugal | | ED : | First commercial colleges founded in Venice | | DL : | First black-lead pencils used in England | | ST : | First recorded Caesarean operation performed on a living woman by Swiss pig gelder Jakob Nufer | | ST : | First manufacture of faience (in Faenza) and majolica (in Majorca) | | DL : | First regular postal connection between Vienna and Brussels | | DL : | Silver guilders introduced in Germany | | DL : | First annual horserace meetings at Chester |
|
|
| | PH : | French enter Rome; the Pope declares Louis XII King of Naples | | PH : | Peace of Trent between France and Emperor Maximilian I | | PH : | Ismail I, Sheikh of Ardabil, conquers Persia, founding Safavid dynasty | | PH : | Ivan III of Moscow invades Lithuania | | LT : | Discover in Nuremberg of manuscripts of plays by the nun Roswitha of Gandersheim, who lived c.1000 | | LT : | Burning of books against the authority of the Church ordered by papal bull | | RP : | Erasmus: Enchiridion militis christiani | | RP : | Giorgio Valla: De expetendis fugiendis rebus | | DL : | Swift development of book printing and typography; since 1445 more than 1,000
printing offices have produced approx. 35,000 books with approx. 10 million copies |
|
|
| | PH : | The Council of Regency loses its effectiveness | | RP : | Professorships of divinity at Oxford and Cambridge established | | ED : | University of Wittenberg founded | | DL : | Peasants' revolt in the bishopric of Speyer, Germany | | ED : | Ambrogio Calepino: Cornucopiae, a polyglot dictionary | | M : | First Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés published | | ST : | Columbus sails, on his fourth and lst voyage, to Honduras and Panama | | ST : | Joao de Nova discovers St. Helena | | ST : | Vespucci concludes that S.America is an independent continent, not identical with India | | ST : | Peter Henlein of Nuremberg constructs the "Nuremberg Egg", the first watch |
|
|
| | PH : | The Casa Contratacción (Colonial Office) founded in Madrid to deal with American affairs | | PH : | Venice abandons Lepanto and signs peace treaty with Turks | | PH : | War of Succession between Bavaria and the Palatinate breaks out | | RP : | Francesco Todeschini-Piccolomini elected Pope Pius III, Giuliano della Rovere elected Pope Julius II | | DL : | Pocket handkerchief comes into use | | VA : | Bronzino is born | | VA : | Parmigianino is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Lyons - divides Italy between France (north) and Spain (south) | | PH : | Treaty of Blois - gives France control of Milan | | ED : | Bull by Pope Julius II establishes University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain | | DL : | Henry VII places Eng. guilds and trade companies under supervision of the Crown | | DL : | Postal service between Vienna and Brussels extended to Madrid |
|
|
| | M : | Thomas Tallis born | | PH : | Treaty of Salamanca - Ferdinand of Aragon understakes to rule Castile jointly with his daughter Juana and her husband Philip
| | PH : | Maximilian I begins reformation of Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Christ's College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | Jakob Wimpfeling: Epitome rerum Germanicarum (history of Germany based on original sources) | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves a form of cubic equation |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Windsor | | PH : | Sigismund I ascends throne of Poland | | ED : | Reuchlin: Rudimenta linguae Hebraicae, grammar and dictionary | | ED : | University of Frankfurt and der Oder founded | | VA : | "Laocoön" group unearthed in Rome | | DL : | Jakob Fugger, Augsburg merchant, imports spices from E. Indies to Europe by sea | | DL : | Niccolò Machiavelli creates Florentine militia, first national army in Italy | | VA : | Artist Andrea Mantegna dies 13 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Diet of Constance recognises unity of Holy Roman Empire and founds Imperial Chamber | | RP : | Pope Julius II proclaims indulgence for aiding rebuilding of St. Peter's, Rome | | ST : | Alvise Cadamosto: La Prima Navigazione per l'Oceano alle terre de' Negri della Bassa Ethiopia, exploration of Gambia | | ST : | Martin Waldeseemüller: Cosmographiae introductio, proposes the New World be called "America" after Amerigo Vespucci | | ST : | Orlando Galla of Venice improves manufacture of glass mirrors |
|
|
| | PH : | Maximilian I assumes title of emperor without being crowned | | PH : | The League of Cambrai formed by Margaret of Austria, the Cardinal of Rouen, and Ferdinand of Aragon for purpose of despoiling Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Julius II joins League of Cambrai and excommunicates Venetian Republic; France declares war on Venice | | PH : | Henry, Prince of Wales succeeds his father as King Henry VIII of England | | ED : | Brasenose College, Oxford, and St. John's College, Cambridge, founded | | RP : | Erasmus lectures at Cambridge; dedicates his Praise of Folly to Thomas More | | M : | John Fisher: The Seven Penitential Psalms printed in London | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Germany; the converted Jew, Johann Pfefferkorn, receives authority of Emperor Maximilian I to confiscate and destroy all Jewish books, especially the Talmud | | ST : | First attempts to restrict right to practice medicine to licensed and qualified doctors | | DL : | Earthquake destroys Constantinople | | DL : | Beginnings of slave trade; Bartolomé de Las Casas proposes that each Span.
settler should brings a certain number of Negro slaves to the New World |
|
|
| | RP : | Pope Julius II absolves Venice from excommunication | | ED : | John Colet founds St. Paul's School, London | | ST : | Leonardo da Vinci designs horizontal water wheel (principle of the water turbine) | | DL : | Hamburg becomes Free City of the Holy Roman Empire | | VA : | Botticelli dies in Florence |
|
|
| | PH : | Pope Julius II forms Holy League with Venice and Aragon to drive the French out of Italy | | PH : | Henry VIII joins Holy League and begins to reform Royal Navy | | M : | Arnolt Schilick: Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten, on organ building and playing | | ST : | Portuguese discover Amboyna and conquer Malacca | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari is born |
|
|
| | PH : | German Diet assembles in Cologne and undertakes further imperial reorganisation | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | LT : | First use of word "masque" to denote a poetic drama | | RP : | Fifth Lateran Council: "Immortality of the Soul" pronounced dogma of the Church | | RP : | Shi'ism state religion in Persia | | M : | Second Book of Masses by Josquin des Prés | | M : | Erhart Deglin, music printer of Augsburg, publishes the Liederbuch zu vier Stimmen | | ST : | Copernicus: Commentariolus, in which he states that the earth and the other planets turn around the sun | | ST : | Ban on quacks in Augsburg | | ST : | Royal Navy builds double-deck ships with 70 guns, 1,000 tons | | DL : | Public resistance to trading monopolies in Germany founders on indebtedness of Emperor Maximilian I to Jakob Fugger |
|
|
| | PH : | Christian II, King of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | James IV of Scotland dies at Battle of Flodden against English; succeeded by his infant son James V, for whom his mother Margaret Tudo assumes regency | | DL : | Peasants' revolts in Württemberg and Black Forest | | PH : | Treaty of Mechlin: Maximilian I, Henry VIII, the pope, and Ferdinand of Aragon agree to invade France | | RP : | Pope Julius II dies; Giovanni de'Medici elected Pope Leo X | | ST : | Vasco Nuñez de Balboa crosses Panama Isthmus and discovers Pacific Ocean | | ST : | Juan Ponce de Leon discovers Florida |
|
|
| | PH : | Selim I, sultan of Turkey, attacks Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. truce | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Hungary led by George Dózsa | | RP : | Septem horae canonicae, first book printed in Arabic type, published in Italy | | ST : | The Corporation of Trinity House founded in London to provide navigational help for Thames River | | RP : | The House of Fugger secures right to sell papal indulgences in Germany | | DL : | Pineapples first arrive in Europe |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis XII of France dies; succeeded by his nephew Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Fr. peace treaty signed | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between Emperor Maximilian I, Sigismund of Poland, and Vladislav of Hungary concerning mutual succession of Hapsburgs and Jagellons | | PH : | Scottish Parliament names Duke of Albany, nephew of James III, as Protector of Scotland; Margaret Tudor, Queen Regent, escapes to England | | RP : | The Lateran Council's decree, De impressione librorum, forbids printing of books without permission of Roman Catholic authorities | | RP : | Epistolae obscurorum virorum, satire of scholarship, written in dog-Latin by German humanists in support of Reuchlin | | ST : | First nationalised factories (weapons, tapestries) open in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Aarchduke Charles succeeds as King of Spain on death of Ferdinand II | | PH : | Concordat of Bologna between Pope Leo X and Francis I; France secures internal independence in ecclesiastical appointments | | PH : | Treaty of Freiburg; perpetual peace between France and the Swiss | | RP : | Erasmus publishes the New Testament with Greek and Latin text | | ED : | Sir Anthony Fitzherbert: La Grande Abridgement, a digest of important legal cases written in Old French | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: Utopia | | ED : | Corpus Christi College, Oxford, founded | | M : | Josquin de Prés: Third Book of Masses | | M : | Engravings of music on plates used for first time in Italy | | ST : | Peter martyr: Decades, on the discoveries of the New World | | DL : | Dyestuff indigo comes to Europe | | DL : | Franz von Taxis made postmaster-general of the Netherlands; imperial mail service is extended to Rome and Naples | | VA : | Hieronymus Bosch dies |
|
|
| | DL : | "Evil May Day" riots in London; 60 rioters hanged on Cardinal Wolsey's orders | | RP : | End of Lateran Council | | RP : | Martin Luther, in protest against sale of indulgences, posts his 95 theses on door of Palast Church in Wittenberg; beginning of Reformation in German | | RP : | Pope Leo X publishes bull for a five-year peace in Christendom | | RP : | Johann Reuchlin: De arte cabbalistica | | ED : | Collège de Trois Langues, Louvain, founded | | DL : | Coffee in Europe for the first time | | VA : | Bartolommeo di Pagola del Fartorino (Fra) dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of London between England, France, Emperor Maximilian I, the pope, and Spain | | ST : | Juan de Grijalva discovers Mexico | | ED : | Royal College of Physicians, London, founded | | ST : | Adam Riese publishes his first book on practical arithmetic | | DL : | License to import 4,000 African slaves to Span. American colonies granted to Lorens de Gominot | | DL : | E.Asian porcelain comes to Europe | | ST : | Spectacles for the shortsighted | | VA : | Tintoretto is born |
|
|
| | PH : | Emperor Maximilian I dies; Charles I of Spain becomes Holy Roman Emperor as Charles V | | RP : | Erasmus: Colloquia | | RP : | Luther questions the infallibility of papal decision in his Leipzig Disputation with Johann Eck | | RP : | Ulrich Zwingli, preaching in Zurich, begins Swiss Reformation | | VA : | Mannerism as artistic manifestation and as reaction to classic tendencies of the Renaissance begins to appear in Italy and later in the Netherlands | | PH : | Hernando Cortes enters Tenochtitlan, capital of Mexico, and is received by Montezuma, the Aztec ruler | | ST : | Magellan leaves Europe to circumnavigate the globe | | DL : | Cortes introduces Arabian horses from Spain to N. American continent | | VA : | Artist Leonardo da Vinci dies in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Christian II of Denmark and Norway defeats Swedes at Lake Asunden and is crowned King of Sweden in Stockholm | | PH : | Sultan Selim I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his son Suleiman I, the Magnificent | | PH : | Charles V crowned in Holy Roman Emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle | | ED : | Royal Library of France founded by King Francis at Fontainebleau | | RP : | Beginning of the Anabaptist movement in Germany under Thomas Münzer | | RP : | Pope Leo X excommunicates Luther (bull "Exsurge") and declares him a heretic; Luther publicly burns the bull | | ST : | Scipione del Ferro solves cubic equations | | DL : | Chocolate brought from Mexico to Spain | | DL : | Henry VIII orders building of bowling lanes in Whitehall | | VA : | Artist Raphael dies in Rome |
|
|
| | PH : | Hernando Cortes assumes control of Mexico after destruction of Aztec state | | PH : | King Manuel I of Portugal dies; his son, John III, the Pious succeeds him | | RP : | Pope Leo X confers title "Defender of the Faith" on Henry VIII for his "Assertio septem sacramentorum", against Luther | | RP : | Luther is banned from the Holy Roman Empire; is imprisoned in the Wartburg, begins his German translation of the Bible | | RP : | Niccolò Machiavelli: Dell' arte della guerra | | RP : | Melanchthon: Locci Communes, on the Lutheran Dogma | | RP : | Pope Leo X dies in December | | ST : | Ferdinand Magellan killed in the Philippines by natives | | ST : | Manufacture of silk introduced in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes Regent of Sweden | | PH : | Spanish forces conquer Guatemala | | RP : | Adrian of Utrecht, Regent of Spain, elected Pope Adrian VI | | ED : | Alessandro Alessandri : Dies Geniales, nonsequential encyclopedia | | RP : | Luther returns to Wittenberg, condemning fanatics and iconoclasts | | RP : | Polyglot Bible (in Latin, Greek, Hebrew, and Aramaic) published by the University of Alcalá | | ST : | Pascuel de Andagoya leads land expedition from Panama to discover Peru | | ST : | Dürer designs a flying machine for use in war |
|
|
| | PH : | Danish nobles depose Christian II, electing his uncle the Duke of Schleswig-Holstein King Frederick I of Denmark and Norway | | PH : | Gustavus Vasa becomes King Gustavus I of Sweden | | RP : | Pope Adrian VI dies; Giulio de' Medici becomes Pope Clement VII | | M : | Hands Judenkünig of Vienna publishes first manual of lute playing | | ST : | Anthony Fitzherbert: Book of Husbandry, first Eng. manual of agriculture | | DL : | First marine insurance policies issued at Florence | | VA : | Artist Perugino dies in Perugia |
|
|
| | PH : | James V, King of Scotland | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in southern Germany under leadership of Thomas Münzer, Florian Geyer, and Michael Gaismair | | PH : | Treaty of Malmö: Denmark confirms independence of Sweden under Gustavus I | | LT : | London printer Jan Wynkyn de Worde publishes a translation of the Gesta Romanorum; uses italic type for the first time in England | | RP : | Zwingli abolishes Catholic Mass in Zurich | | RP : | Johann Walther produces (in collaboration with Martin Luther), the hymnal Geystlich Gesangk-Büchleyn | | ST : | Petrus Apianus of Ingolstadt: Cosmographia, first textbook on theoretical geography | | DL : | Turkeys from S. America eaten for first time at the Eng. court | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Elder dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Germans and Spanish defeat French and Swiss at Pavia: Charles V becomes master of Italy | | PH : | Peace signed between England and France | | PH : | Seven-year truce signed between Sultan of Turkey and King of Hungary | | RP : | Matteo Bassi founds Capuchin Order | | ED : | Cardinal Wolsey endows Cardinal College, Oxford | | ST : | Dürer compiles first German manual on geometry | | DL : | Hops introduced to England from Artois | | DL : | Juan Luis Vives: De subventione pauperum, demanding state help for the poor | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder born (year approximate) | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina born 3 February |
|
|
| | PH : | Anglo-Scot. peace signed | | PH : | Battle of Mohacs: Pressburg (Bratislava declared capital of Hungary; both John Zápolya and Ferdinand of Austria are crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Babar founds Mogul dynasty in Delhi | | LT : | Francisco de Sáde Miranda founds Italiante school of literature in Portugal | | RP : | The Anabaptists settle down as "Moravian Brothers" in Moravia | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Hungary | | RP : | Luther: German Mass | | DL : | Card game piquet first played |
|
|
| | PH : | Reogranisation of the Hapsburg administration in Austria; Ferdinand is crowned King of Bohemia in Prague and is recognised as sole King of Hungary | | PH : | The Sack of Rome | | LT : | Marco Girolamo Vida: De arte poetica, on poetic theory | | RP : | Reformation in Sweden | | ED : | First Protestant university founded at Marbug |
|
|
| | RP : | Afonso de Valdés: Diálog de Mercurio y Carón, on current political questions | | RP : | Erasmus: Ciceronianus, satire on Latin scholarship | | RP : | Reformation begins in Scotland | | M : | Martin Agricola: Eyn kurtz deudsche Musica published | | ST : | Paracelsus: Die kleine Chirurgia, first manual of surgery | | DL : | Severe outbreaks of the plague in England | | VA : | Matthias Grünewald dies | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) born | | VA : | Albrecht Dürer dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Cambrai between Francis I and Charles V ("Ladies Peace"), joined by England | | RP : | Second Diet of Speyer opens; the Lutheran minority protests against decisions of Catholic majority ("Protestants") | | ED : | Antonio de Guevara: El Relos de principes, on the education of Spanish princes | | LT : | Women seen for the first time on Italian stages | | ED : | King Francis I founds the Collège de France | | ST : | Italian physician Giovanni Battista da Monte introduces in Padua clinical examinations of patients at the sickbed | | RP : | Bernardino de Sahagún starts his Franciscan mission in Mexico | | ST : | Kunst-und recht Alchämei-Büchlein, a manual on alchemy, published |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V crowned Holy Roman Emperor and King of Italy by Pope Clement VII at Bologna; last imperial coronation by a pope | | PH : | Knights of St. John re-established in Malta by Charles V | | PH : | The Confession of Augsburg, prepared by Melanchthon, is signed by the Protestant princes; they form the Schmalkaldic League against Emperor Charles V and his Catholic allies | | RP : | Melanchthon: Apologia | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, first treatise on mineralogy | | ST : | Regnier Gemma Frisius suggests that longitude can be found by means of difference of times | | ST : | Peter Martyr: Decades de orbe novo (posth.), on the discoveries in the New World | | DL : | The Antwerp exchange founded | | DL : | Criminal code and police regulations for the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | General use of the spinning wheel in Europe | | DL : | Workman's bench comes into use | | DL : | The game of Bingo is developed |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII recognised as Supreme Head of the Church in England | | PH : | War in Switzerland between Protestant Zurich and Catholic cantons | | RP : | First complete edition of Aristotle's works published by Erasmus | | ED : | Sir Thomas Elyot: The Boke named the Governour, on education for statesmen | | RP : | Inquisition in Portugal | | ED : | Beatus Rhenanus: Rerum Germanicarum libri tres, a history of Germany | | ED : | University of Granada founded | | DL : | The "great comet" (later Halley's) arouses a wave of superstition |
|
|
| | M : | Orlande de Lassus born | | ST : | Francisco Pizarro leads expedition from Panama to Peru | | RP : | Eng. clergy submit to Henry VIII | | ED : | Robert Estienne (Stephanus): Thesaurus linguae Latinae, first Lat.-Eng. dictionary | | RP : | Machiavelli's Il Principe published posth. | | RP : | Reformation in France (John Calvin) | | ST : | Ger. botanist Otto Brunfels: Book of Herbs | | DL : | Sugar cane first cultivated in Brazil |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII secretly marries Anne Boleyn | | RP : | Thomas Cranmer becomes Archbishop of Canterbury: he declares marriage between Henry and Catherine of Aragon void and marriage with Anne Boleyn lawful; Anne crowned queen; Henry is excommunicated by pope | | PH : | Accession of Ivan IV of Russia | | PH : | Pizarro executes the Inca of Peru | | ED : | Nicholas Udall: Floures for Latine Speaking | | M : | First madrigals by Philippe Jacques Verdelot, Arcadelt, and others, printed in Rome | | VA : | Allerhand Farben and mancherley weyse Dünten zu bereyten, manual for the production of paints and inks, published in Augsburg | | ST : | First lunatic asylums (without medical attention) | | LT : | Elizabeth I born 7 September |
|
|
| | PH : | "Communist state" of Anabaptists under leadership of John Leiden at Münster, Westphalia | | PH : | Final rift between England and Rome - Church of England is officially formed | | RP : | Confession of Basel drafted by Oswald Myconius | | RP : | Pope Clement VII dies; Cardinal Alessandro Farnese elected Pope Paul III | | RP : | Jesuit Order founded by Ignatius Loyola | | RP : | Luther completes German translation of the Bible | | ST : | Jacques Cartier sights coast of Labrador | | DL : | Decree forbidding Eng. farmers to own more than 2,000 sheep | | VA : | Correggio dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Eng. clergy abjure authority of the pope | | PH : | Sir Thomas More tried for treason and executed after refusing the oath of the king's supremacy | | PH : | Münster capitulates to the Hessian army; Catholicism prevails again; Anabaptist leader John of Leiden tortured to death | | PH : | Charles V conquers Tunis and frees 20,000 Christian slaves | | ED : | Study of canon law forbidden in Cambridge | | RP : | Order of the Ursulines founded by Angela Merici in Brescia | | ED : | Marino Sanudo's "Diarii" finished, source for the history and daily life of Venice | | ST : | First diving bells | | DL : | Beginnings of the London Exchange | | DL : | Statute of Uses curbs power of Eng. landowners |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Anne Boleyn sent to the Tower of London and executed | | PH : | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, his third wife | | RP : | The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rising against the dissolution of monasteries, begins under Robert Aske of Doncaster | | PH : | Act of Parliament declares the authority of the pope void in England | | RP : | John Calvin: Christianae religionis Institutio | | RP : | Reginald Pole: Pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione | | RP : | Reformation in Denmark and Norway | | RP : | 376 religious houses dissolved in England by royal decree | | ED : | Sansovino (Jacopo Tatti): St. Mark's Library, Venice | | M : | First songbook with lute accompaniment printed in Spain | | ST : | India rubber mentioned for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | The Pilgrimage of Grace and similar risings are put down; Robert Aske is sentenced to death for treason and executed | | RP : | First Catholic hymnal (Vete) | | ED : | Robert Recorde: Introductions for to Lerne to Recken with the Pen | | M : | First conservatories of music are founded; in Naples for boys, in Venice for girls | | ST : | Niccolò Fontana, called "Tartaglia", initiates the science of ballistics | | ST : | Paracelsus: Grosse Astronomie, manual of astrology | | ST : | First map of Flanders by Gerardus Mercator |
|
|
| | RP : | Destruction of relics and shrines in southern England | | RP : | Melanchthon: Ethica doctrinae elementa | | ST : | Bogotá founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada | | VA : | Albrecht Altdorfer dies |
|
|
| | M : | William Byrd born | | RP : | Calvin: Commentary on the Epistle to the Romans | | RP : | Erasmus: Proverbs or Adagies, trans. by Richard Taverner | | RP : | Melanchthon: De officio principum | | ST : | Olaus Magnus: map of the world | | DL : | First Christmas tree, at Strasbourg Cathedral | | DL : | A public lottery held in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves; marriage annulled by the convocation of Canterbury and York; Henry marries Catherine Howard, his fifth wife | | PH : | Treaty between Venice and Turkey signed at Constantinople | | PH : | Afghan rebel Sher Shah becomes Emperor of Delhi | | RP : | Order of the Jesuits confirmed by Pope Paul III | | ED : | Henry VIII founds regius professorships of Greek, Hebrew, divinity, civil law, and physics ast Oxford and Cambridge | | RP : | Augustinus Steuchus: De perenni philosophia | | ST : | Ether produced from alcohol and sulfuric acid | | ST : | Michael Servetus discovers pulmonary circulation of the blood | | VA : | Parmigianino dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII assumes titles of King of Ireland and Head of the Irish Church | | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard sent to the Tower on suspicion of immoral conduct | | RP : | John Knox leads Calvinist Reformation in Scotland | | RP : | Loyola elected General of the Jesuits |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Catherine Howard executed | | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, ascends the throne | | RP : | Pope Paul III establishes Inquisition in Rome | | ED : | Magdalen College, Cambridge, founded | | ED : | University of Pisa refounded by Cosimo I de'Medici | | ST : | Antonio da Mota enters Japan as the first European | | ST : | Andreas Vesalius: De fabrica corporis humani, modern anatomy | | DL : | Heavy taxes on drinks in Bavaria |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr, his sixth queen, who survives him | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitiorum issued by Pope Paul III | | RP : | First Protestants burned at the stake by Span. Inquisition | | ST : | Span. navigator and mechanician Blasco da Baray submits to Charles V the design for a steamboat | | VA : | Hans Holbein the Younger dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of hereditary settlement fixes Swed. succession in male line | | ED : | University of Königsberg founded | | ST : | Georg Agricola initiates the study of physical geology | | ST : | Luca Ghini publishes the first herbarium | | ST : | Sebastian Münster: Cosmographia generalis | | ST : | Michael Stifel: Aritmetica integra | | ST : | St Bartholomew's Hospital in London re-founded | | ST : | Silver mines of Potosi, Peru, discovered |
|
|
| | PH : | Truce of Adrianople between Charles V, Ferdinand of Austria, and Suleiman I | | LT : | Stage comedians create a new type of improvised theatrical entertainment in northern Italy | | RP : | Council of Trent meets to discuss Reformation and Counter Reformation | | ST : | Gernoimo Cardano works out Scipione del Ferro's equations of the third and fourth degree | | ST : | Claude Garamond designs his antique typography | | ST : | First European botanical garden in Padua | | M : | John Taverner dies 15 October |
|
|
| | ST : | Civil war in Germany (Schmalkaldic War) between Emperor Charles V and the Schmalkldic League | | ED : | Cardinal College, Oxford, refounded as Christ Church | | RP : | Etienne de La Boétie: Le Discours de la servitude volontaire | | ST : | First Welsh book printed: Yny Lhyvyr Mwnn | | ST : | Ital. physician Girolamo Fracastoro states his view on infections and epidemic diseases | | ST : | Fl. geographer Gerardus Mercator states that the earth has a magnetic pole | | ST : | First pharmacopoia by Valerius Cordus | | ST : | Abortive efforts to find the legendary Dorado in Venezuela |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan IV crowned Czar of Russia in Moscow | | PH : | Henry VIII of England dies; succeeded by his and Jane Seymour's son Edward VI | | PH : | Francis I of France dies; succeeded by his son Henry II | | PH : | Crown of Bohemia proclaimed hereditary in the House of Hapsburg | | RP : | William Baldwin: A Treatise of Morall Phylosophie | | RP : | La chambre ardente created in France for the trial of heretics | | M : | Swiss musical theorist Henricus Glareanus publishes his work on the 12 church modes, Dodekachordon | | DL : | First predictions of the Fr. astrologer Nostradamus | | DL : | French instead of Latin declared the official language of the Fr. authorities | | DL : | Moscow destroyed by fire | | DL : | Poor rate levied in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Sigusmund I of Poland dies; succeeded by his son Sigismund II Augustus | | LT : | Hôtel de Bourgogne, first roofed theatre, opened in Paris | | LT : | Royal edict forbids performance of "mystères" in Paris | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola: Spiritual Exercises published | | ED : | University of Messina founded | | RP : | Francis Zavier founds a Jesuit mission in Japan | | ED : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds seven professorships in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan IV calls first national assembly in Russia | | LT : | Joachim du Bellay, leader of the poetic Pléiade group, states the program of Fr. Classicism: Défense et illustration dela langue francaise | | RP : | Only the new Book of Prayer may be used in England | | RP : | Consensus Tigurinus agreement between Calvin and Zwinglians on Holy Communion | | ST : | Melanchthon objects to the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | Pope Paul III dies | | ED : | Siegmund von Herberstein: Rerum Moscovitarum commentarii, report on Russia | | ED : | Konrad von Gesner: Biblioteca universalis | | ST : | Thomé de Souza founds Sao Salvador | | DL : | Court jesters (dwarfs, cripples) appear in Europe |
|
|
| | RP : | Thomas Cranmer: A Defence of the Catholic Doctrine of the Sacrament | | RP : | Cardinal Giovanni Maria del Monte becomes Pope Julius III | | RP : | Siegmund von Herberstein: De natura fossilium | | VA : | Beginning of early Baroque in art | | VA : | Beginnings of Jap. "Ukiyoe" painting | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari: Lives of the Artists | | M : | John Marbeck: The Booke of Common Praier noted, first musical setting of Eng. liturgy | | DL : | Game of billiards played for the first time in Italy | | DL : | Sealing wax used for first time | | DL : | First written reference to game of cricket (creag) in young Edward VI's wardrobe accounts |
|
|
| | ED : | Jesuits found Collegio Romano in Rome as papal university | | RP : | Jews persecuted in Bavaria | | ED : | University of Lima founded | | ST : | Pierre Belon: Histoire naturelle des estranges poissons | | ST : | Konrad von Gesner: Historia animalium, modern zoology | | DL : | First licensing of alehouses and taverns in England and Wales |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh born | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum, Rome, founded by Jesuits | | ED : | Francesco López de Gómera, private secretary to Cortes, publishes his Historia general de las Indias | | RP : | Second Prayer Book of Edward VI | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Tabulae anatomicae, Eustachian tube and valve | | ST : | Christ's Hospital, London, founded by King Edward VI | | DL : | St. Andrew's Golf Club, Scotland, founded; Mary, Queen of Scots, probably first female golfer |
|
|
| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey proclaimed Queen of England; deposed nine days later | | PH : | Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, becomes Queen of England | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman I makes peace with Persia | | RP : | Domingo de Soto: De justicia et jure | | RP : | Sir Thomas More: A Dialogue of Comfort Against Tribulation (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Wilson: The Arte of Rhetorique | | M : | The violin in its present form begins to develop | | DL : | Pedro de Cieza de Leon describes the potato in his Chronicle of Peru | | VA : | Lucas Cranach the Elder dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Lady Jane Grey executed | | PH : | Princess Elizabeth sent to the Tower for suspected participation in rebellion against Mary I | | RP : | Catholic restoration in England | | ED : | Trinity College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | Ulisse Aldrovandi: Herbarium |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Augsburg: Lutheran states to enjoy equal rights with Catholic | | PH : | Charles V turns over government of Netherlands to his son Philip | | ED : | An Aztec dictionary published | | RP : | Pope Julius III dies 23 March; Cardinal Marcello Cervino elected Pope Marcellus II (dies 30 April); Cardinal Giovanni Pietro Caraffa elected Pope Paul IV | | ST : | Pierre Belon: L'Histoire de la nature des oyseaux | | ST : | Tobacco brought for the first time to Spain from America |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles V abdicates, assigning Spain to his son Philip II, and the Holy Roman Empire to his brother Ferdinand I, and retires into the monastery of Yuste | | PH : | Akbar the Great, Mogul Emperor of India | | RP : | Juan de Ávila: Audi filia, ascetic Christian text | | RP : | Jesuit Order established in Prague | | ST : | George Agricola: De re metallica, a study of mineralogy (posth.) | | DL : | Stationer's Company of London granted monopoly of printing in England |
|
|
| | M : | Thomas Morley born | | PH : | John III, King of Portugal dies; succeeded by his grandson Sebastian I | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain and France | | LT : | The Sack-Full of Newes, first English play to be censored | | ED : | Gonville College, Cambridge, refounded as Gonville and Caius College | | ST : | Robert Recorde: Whetstone of Wit, first Eng. treatise on algebra | | ED : | Repton School, Derbyshire, founded | | ED : | Accademia di San Luca, Rome | | ST : | Thomas Tusser: A Hundreth Good Pointes of Husbandrie | | DL : | Influenza epidemic throughout Europe |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand I assumes the title of Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Ex-Emperor Charles V dies | | PH : | Queen Mary I of England dies; succeeded by Elizabeth I | | DL : | John Knox: The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstrous Regiment of Women | | RP : | Zohar, cabbalistic work of Jewish mysticism (13th-century), printed | | ED : | University of Jena founded | | M : | Gioseffo Zarlino: Institutioni harmoniche, definitions of modern major and minor scales | | DL : | Thomas Gresham suggests reform of Eng. currency (Gresham's Law) | | DL : | Hamburg Exchange founded | | DL : | Portuguese introduce Europeans to the habit of taking snuff | | PH : | French retake Calais |
|
|
| | PH : | King Christian III of Denmark and Norway dies; succeeded by Frederick II | | PH : | Coronation of Queen Elizabeth I | | PH : | King Henry II of France killed in a tournament; succeeded by his son Francis II, whose wife Mary, Queen of Scots, assumes title Queen of England | | PH : | Margaret of Parma, sister of Philip II, Regent in the Netherlands | | LT : | Thomas Sackville: Induction, introducing the new age of Elizabethan literature | | RP : | Elizabethan Prayer Book | | RP : | Mattias Flacius: Ecclesiastica historica | | RP : | Pope Paul IV dies; Giovanni Angelo de'Medici elected Pope Pius IV | | ED : | University of Geneva founded | | ST : | Realdo Colombo describes position and posture of human embryo |
|
|
| | RP : | Huguenot conspiracy at Amboise; liberty of worship promised in France | | PH : | King Francis II of France dies; succeeded by Charles IX with Catherine de'Medici, his mother, as regent | | RP : | Church of Scotland founded | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Della historia, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Beginnings of Puritanism in England | | ED : | Westminster School, London, founded | | VA : | The Uffizi at Florence founded | | ST : | First scientific society founded at Naples by Giambattista della Porta | | PH : | Madrid becomes capital of Spain | | DL : | Tobacco plant imported to Western Europe by Jean Nicot | | DL : | Visiting cards used for the first time by Germ. students in Italy |
|
|
| | PH : | Edict of Orleans suspends persecution of Huguenots | | PH : | Baltic states of the Order of the Teutonic Knights secularised | | RP : | First Calvinist refugees from Flanders settle in England | | ST : | Gabriele Fallopius: Observations anatomicae | | DL : | Ruy López develops in Spain the modern technique of chess playing | | ST : | Forerunners of hand grenades made for the first time | | ED : | Merchant Taylors' School, London, founded | | VA : | St. Paul's Cathedral, London, badly damaged by fire | | DL : | Tulips from the Near East first come to Western Europe |
|
|
| | M : | John Dowland born | | PH : | Shane O'Neill rebels in Ireland | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand I signs eight-year truce with Suleiman I of Turkey | | PH : | Maximilian, son of Ferdinand I, becomes King of Bohemia | | RP : | Third session of Council of Trent convenes | | RP : | 1,200 Fr. Huguenots slain at Massacre of Vassy; first War of Religion begins | | RP : | Eng. Articles of Religion of 1552 reduced to the Thirty-Nine Articles | | M : | Gasparo Bertolotti da Salò moves to Brescia to become first great Ital. violin maker | | ST : | French attempt to colonise Florida | | ST : | John Hawkins makes his first journey to the New World; begins slave trade between Guinea and West Indies | | DL : | Milled coins introduced in England | | DL : | Plague in Paris | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck born in April |
|
|
| | LT : | Michael Drayton born | | RP : | Peace of Amboise ends first War of Religion in France; the Huguenots are granted limited toleration | | PH : | Charles IX of France (at 13) is declared of age | | PH : | Maximilian II elected King of Hungary | | ST : | First printing presses in Russia | | LT : | Blossoming of Span. mystic poetry | | RP : | John Foxe's Book of Martyrs, first Eng. edition | | RP : | Council of Trent ends | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Bavaria | | RP : | Term "Puritan" first used in England | | VA : | John Shute: First and Chief Grounds of Architecture | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator draws the first accurate map of Lorraine | | ST : | Ambroise Pare: Cinq livres de chirugie | | DL : | Eng. Parliament passes acts for relief of the poor and for regulating apprentices | | DL : | General outbreak of plague in Europe kills 20,000 people in London |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Troyes ends war between England and France | | PH : | Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor since 1556 dies; succeeded by his son Maximilian II | | RP : | Council of Trent's Professio Fidei confirmed by Pope Pius IV | | RP : | Counter Reformation begins in Poland | | RP : | Index librorum prohibitorum published after receiving papal approval | | RP : | Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory in Rome | | RP : | Scots' Psalter | | ST : | Bartolommeo Eustachio: Opuscula anatomica | | DL : | Horse-drawn coach introduced in England from Holland | | VA : | Artist Michelangelo de Buonarotti
dies in Rome | | LT : | William Shakespeare born 23 April |
|
|
| | RP : | Jacobus Anconcio: Stratagemata Satanae, advocating religious toleration | | ED : | Thomas Cooper: Thesaurus linguae Romanae et Britannicae | | RP : | Pierre de la Place: Histoire de nostre temps | | RP : | Pope Pius IV dies | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, empowered to carry out human dissections | | ST : | Bernardino Telesio: De rerum natura, foreshadowing empirical methods of science | | DL : | Sir Thomas Gresham founds the Royal Exchange, London | | DL : | Pencils manufactured in England | | DL : | Sir John Hawkins introduces sweet potatoes and tobacco into England |
|
|
| | PH : | Suleiman I dies; succeeded by Selim II as Sultan of Turkey | | RP : | Calvinist riots in the Netherlands; Regent Margaret of Palma abolishes Inquisition | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland | | PH : | Turko-Hungarian war renewed in spite of truce of 1562 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem, on the philosophy of history | | RP : | Heinrich Bullinger unites Calvinism with Zwinglianism in Second Helvetian Confession | | RP : | Cardinal Michaele Ghislieri becomes Pope Pius V | | DL : | Notizie Scritte, one of first newspapers, appears in Venice |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Mary forced to abdicate; makes her stepbrother, the Earl of Moray, regent | | PH : | Duke of Alba arrives as military governor in the Netherlands and begins reign of terror; Margaret of Parma resigns regency | | PH : | In Japan Nobunaga deposes shogunate and centralises government | | ED : | Francesco Guicciardini: Storia d'Italia (posth.) | | RP : | Maximilian II establishes monastery council to superintend clergy | | ED : | University of Helmstedt, Brunswick, founded | | ST : | Alvaro Mendana de Neyra discovers Solomon Islands in Pacific Ocean | | PH : | Rio de Janeiro founded | | DL : | Two million Indians die in S. America of typhoid fever | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi born 15 May |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace between Selim II and Maximilian II | | PH : | Treaty of Longjumeau ends second War of Religion in France | | PH : | Swedes declare Eric XIV unfit to reign and proclaim John III king | | DL : | First modern eisteddfod for Welsh music and literature held at Caerwys | | RP : | First translation of the Bible into Czech | | RP : | Archbishop Parker's Bishop's Bible | | ED : | English College founded at Douai by William Allen to train Jesuit missionaries for work in England | | RP : | Jesuit missionaries welcomed in Japan | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues revised Brevarium Romanun | | ST : | Gerardus Mercator devises cylindrical projection for charts | | ST : | Costanzo Varolio studies the anatomy of the human brain | | DL : | Alexander Nowell, Dean of St. Paul's, London, invents bottled beer | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder born |
|
|
| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland unites Poland with Lithuania; Union of Lublin | | ST : | Tycho Brahe begins at Augsburg construction of a 19-foot quandrant and a celestial glove, five feet in diameter | | ST : | Mercator: Cosmographia, and map of the world for navigational use | | DL : | 40,000 inhabitants of Lisbon die in carbuncular fever epidemic | | DL : | Public lottery held in London to finance repairs to the port | | VA : | Pieter Bruegel the Elder dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye ends third civil war in France; Huguenots gain amnesty | | PH : | Peace of Stettin: Denmark recognises independence of Sweden | | PH : | Imperial Diet meets at Speyer | | DL : | Japan opens port of Nagasaki to overseas trade | | PH : | Turks declare war on Venice | | LT : | Lodovico Castelvetro demands introduction of Aristotelian principles to contemporary drama | | M : | Jean Antoine de Baïf founds Académie de Poésie et de Musique, Paris | | ED : | Roger Ascham: The Scholemaster, manual on education | | RP : | Consensus of Sendomir: Calvinists, Lutherans and Moravian Brothers of Poland ally against Jesuits | | RP : | Blaise de Monluc: Commentaires on Fr. politics | | RP : | Pope Pius V issues bull, Regnans in Excelsis, excommunicating Elizabeth I | | RP : | Missale Romanum issued by Pius V | | M : | Earliest known music festival to honour St. Cecilia, in Normandy | | M : | Culminating point of vocal polyphonic a cappella style (Palestrina, Orlando di Lasso) | | ST : | Abraham Ortelius (Antwerp): Theatrum orbis terrarum, first modern atlas, with 53 maps | | DL : | Nuremberg postal services begin |
|
|
| | PH : | Sigismund II of Poland dies; end of Jagellon dynasty | | PH : | Reconciliation between Charles IX of France and Huguenots | | DL : | Act of Parliament forbids export of wool from England | | RP : | Act of Parliament enforces subscription to the Thirty-Nine Articles among clergy | | ED : | Bibliotheca Laurenziana in Florence opened to the public | | RP : | Hugh Latimer: Frutefull Sermons | | RP : | Francesco Patrizi: Discussiones peripateticae, anti-Aristotelian arguments | | ED : | Harrow School founded by John Lyon | | ED : | Jesus College, Oxford, founded by Hugh Price |
|
|
| | LT : | John Donne born | | PH : | Dutch War of Independence begins | | PH : | Estates of Poland declare the monarchy elective | | RP : | Massacre on St. Bartholomew's Day in Paris: 2,000 Huguenots murdered there | | PH : | Fourth War of Religion begins in France | | ED : | Annibale Caro: Lettere Familiari, history of Tuscan literary language in Italy | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Commentaqrii de statu religionis et reipublicae, survey of Fr. Wars of Religion | | ED : | Henri Estienne: Thesaurus linguae Graecae | | RP : | Mathew Parker: De antiquitate Britannicae ecclesiae | | RP : | Pope Pius V dies; Cardinal Ugo Buoncompagni elected Pope Gregory XIII | | M : | "Il Re", one of the earliest cellos by Andrea Amati of Cremona | | ST : | Artis auriferae quam chemium vocant, one of the earliest books on alchemy, published in Basel | | ST : | Tycho Brahe discovers the "New Star" in the Milky Way | | ST : | Society of Antiquaries founded in London | | DL : | Pigeons carrying letters used by Dutch during Span. siege of Haarlem | | VA : | Bronzino dies | | LT : | Ben Jonson born 11 June |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Constantinople ends war between Turks and Venice | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Anjou, elected King of Poland; returns to France to succeed his brother Charles IX | | PH : | Fourth Fr. War of Religion ends; Huguenots granted an amnesty | | PH : | Wan-Li begins reign as 13th emperor of the Ming dynasty in China | | ED : | Collegium Germanicum established in Rome | | RP : | François Hofman: Francogallia, a treatise on election and deposition of kings | | M : | Orlando di Lasso: Patrocinium musices | | ST : | Francis Drake sees Pacific Ocean for first time | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) born |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles IX of France dies; succeeded by his brother Henry III, King of Poland | | PH : | Selim II, Sultan of Turkey dies; succeeded by Murad III | | PH : | Fifth French War of Religion | | RP : | First auto-da-fé in Mexico | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Discours sur les causes de l'extrême cherté en France, on luxury | | RP : | Hubert Languet: Vindiciae contra tyrannos, political theories of the Huguenots | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Ulissi Aldovrandi: Antidotarii Bononiensis epitome, a treatise on drugs | | ST : | Conrad Dasypodius builds the famous Strasbourg clock | | VA : | Giorgio Vasari dies |
|
|
| | M : | Thomas Tallis : Motets, Cantiones sacrae
published jointly with William Byrd
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
(joint collection with Thomas Tallis
| | PH : | King Henry III of France crowned at Rheims | | PH : | Stephen Báthory of Transylvania becomes King of Poland | | PH : | Freedom from arrest granted by Eng. Parliament for its members and their servants | | DL : | State bankruptcy in Spain | | ED : | University of Leiden founded by William of Orange | | ST : | Tycho Brahe constructs an observatory at Uraniborg for Frederick II of Denmark | | ST : | George Turberville: Book of Falconrie | | DL : | Outbreaks of plague in Sicily, spreading through Italy up to Milan |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of Federation between Holland and Zeeland signed in Delft | | RP : | Edict of Beaulieu tolerating Reformed religion in France | | PH : | Emperor Maximilian II dies; succeeded by his brother Rudolf II | | ED : | Académy du Palais founded in Paris by Henry III, associated with Baïf's Académie of 1570 | | RP : | Jean Bodin: La république, advocating constitutional change | | RP : | League of Torgau, supporting opinions of the Lutherans, draws up Articles of Faith | | ED : | University of Warsaw, Poland, founded | | ST : | Clusius publishes his treatise on flowers of Spain and Portugal; beginning of modern botany | | ST : | Robert Norman, English hydrographer, discovers magnetic 'dip', or inclination | | ST : | François Viète introduces decimal fractions | | VA : | Titian dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry of Navarre recognised head of Huguenot party | | PH : | Perpetual Edict to settle civil war in the Netherlands issued by Don John of Austria; rejected by William of Orange | | PH : | Sixth Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Peace of Bergerac ends sixth War of Religion | | RP : | William Allot: Thesaurus Bibliorum | | ED : | Richard Eden: History of Travel in East and West Indies | | RP : | Lutheran Book of Concord drafted | | ED : | William Harrison: Description of England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens born |
|
|
| | PH : | Sebastian, King of Portugal, killed at Alcazar during invasion of Morocco | | PH : | John III of Sweden secretly converted to Catholicism | | PH : | Mohammed Khudabanda becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Otomo Yoshishige, one of chief rulers of Japan, converted to Christianity | | ED : | Jacques Cujas: Commentaries on Roman Law | | ED : | Eng. College of Douai removed to Rheims | | ST : | Catacombs of Rome discovered | | DL : | Work begun on Pont Neuf, oldest bridge over Seine River, Paris |
|
|
| | PH : | Signing of Union of Utrecht marks foundation of Dutch Republic | | LT : | Stephen Gosson: The Schools of Abuse, against the theatre | | LT : | Thomas Lodge: A Defense of Poetry, Music and Stage Plays, answer to Gosson | | RP : | St. John of the Cross: Dark Night of the Soul |
|
|
| | PH : | Seventh Fr. War of Religion breaks out | | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, kills his son and heir with his own hands | | RP : | Last performance of a miracle play in Coventry | | RP : | Jean Bodin: Démonomanie des sorciers, against witchcraft | | RP : | Jesuits Edmund Campion and Robert Parson land in England, begin Jesuit mission | | ED : | François de la Noue: 24 Discours politiques et militaires, Huguenot point of view on Fr. Wars of Religion | | RP : | Michel de Montaigne: Essais | | ST : | Francis Drake returns to England from voyage of circumnavigation | | DL : | Venice imports coffee from Turkey to Italy | | DL : | Earthquake in London | | DL : | New building banned in London to restrict growth of city | | VA : | Frans Hals born (year approximate) |
|
|
| | RP : | Edmund Campion, Eng. Jesuit, tried for treason and executed | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII attempts to reconcile Roman Catholic and Russian Orthodox churches | | PH : | James VI of Scotland signs Second Confession of Faith | | ED : | Lancelot Popelinière: Premier Livre de l'idée de l'histoire accomplieé, contemporary history | | M : | Vincenzo Galiglei: Dialogo della musica antica e moderna | | ST : | William Borough: A Discourse on the Variation of the Compass or Magneticall Needle | | ST : | Elizabeth I knights Francis Drake at Deptford | | ST : | Galileo Galilei discovers isochronous property of the pendulum | | DL : | Sedan chairs in general use in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Raid of Ruthven: James VI kidnapped by Protestant nobles | | DL : | Gregorian Calendar adopted in Papal States, Spain, and Portugal, France and the Netherlands and Scandinavia | | PH : | Nobunaga, ruler of Japan, assassinated | | PH : | Venetian Constitution amended; authority of Council of Ten restricted | | ED : | George Buchanan: Rerum Scoticarum historiae | | RP : | Jesuit mission founded in China | | ED : | Utrecht Library founded | | ED : | University of Edinburgh founded | | ED : | Richard Hakluyt: Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America | | ST : | Urbain Hémand investigates the anatomy of the teeth | | DL : | Royal Navy gets graduated pay according to rank | | DL : | London's first waterworks founded; water wheels installed on London Bridge |
|
|
| | DL : | England adopts Gregorian Calendar | | PH : | James VI of Scotland escapes from hands of Ruthven raiders after 10 months | | LT : | Queen's Company of Players formed in London by Sir Edmund Tilney | | RP : | Francesco Sansovino: Del Governo et ammistrazione di diversi regni et republiche | | ED : | Joseph Justus Scaliger: Opus de emendatione temporum, foundation of modern chronology | | RP : | Sir Thomas Smith: De repubica Anglorum, on government machinery in England | | DL : | First known life insurance in England, on life of William Gibbons | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi born in September |
|
|
| | PH : | Ivan IV, The Terrible, dies; succeeded as Czar of Russia by his son Fyodor, who relinquishes most of his powers to his brother-in-law Boris Godunov | | ED : | Foundation of Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere ed Arti in Lucca | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: Spaccio della bestia trionfante | | RP : | Nicholas Sanders: De origine ac progressu schismatis Anglicani | | RP : | Reginald Scot: The Discoverie of Witchcraft, attacking superstition | | ED : | Emmanuel College, Cambridge, founded by Sir Walter Mildmay | | ED : | Uppingham School founded | | DL : | Dutch trading post founded at Archangel, Russia | | ST : | Sir Walter Raleigh discovers and annexes Virginia | | DL : | Banco di Rialto founded in Venice | | ST : | Oldest extant wave-swept lighthouse erected at Cordouan, at the mouth of the Gironde River |
|
|
| | PH : | Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England decline sovereignty of the Netherlands; but Elizabeth takes the Netherlands under her protection | | PH : | Hideyoshi sets up dictatorship in Japan | | LT : | Teatro Olimpico, in Vicenza, opened | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIII dies; Cardinal Felice Peretti becomes Pope Sixtus V | | ED : | Jesuit University founded in Graz, Austria | | ST : | Simon Stevin formulates the law of equilibrium | | ST : | Lucas Janszoon Waghearen: Spiegel der Zeevaart, a book of sailing directions | | ST : | Bartholomew Newsam constructs first Eng. travelling and standing clocks | | M : | Heinrich Schütz born 9 October | | M : | Thomas Tallis dies 23 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, tried for treason at Fotheringay; sentence is pronounced against her; Elizabeth confirms it | | PH : | Abbas I becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Stephen Báthory, King of Poland, dies | | LT : | Beginning of Kabuki theatre, Japan | | LT : | William Webbe: Discourse of English Poetrie | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Annales ecclesiastici, history of the Roman Catholic Church | | PH : | Ludwig Pfyffer forms League of the Seven Swiss Catholic Cantons | | ED : | William Camden: Britannia, guide to the counties of Britain | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V fixes number of cardinals at 70; issues bull, "Detestablilis", forbidding usury | | DL : | Corn severely short in England |
|
|
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt born | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book I of Madrigals
| | PH : | Mary, Queen of Scots, executed at Fotheringay | | PH : | A son of King John of Sweden succeeds Stephen Báthory as Sigismund III of Poland | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V proclaims Catholic crusade for invasion of England | | LT : | First company of Eng. players in Germany | | RP : | Antonio Agustino: Dialogo de medallas y inscriciones, on numismatics (posth.) | | RP : | John Knox: Hystory of the Reformation in Scotland (posth.) | | RP : | Rederijckkunst, Dutch manual on rhetoric | | M : | Zeminoth Israel publishes early collection of Jewish songs | | DL : | Construction of Rialto Bridge, Venice, by Antonio da Ponte |
|
|
| | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Sonets & Songs
| | PH : | Frederick II of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian IV | | PH : | Henry, Duke of Guise, and his brother Louis, Cardinal of Guise, assassinated by order of Henry III; another brother, the Duke of Mayenne, becomes leader of Catholic League | | RP : | William Morgan's translation of the Bible into Welsh | | RP : | Jan Blahoslav's Czech translation of New Testament incorporated in Kralice Bible | | RP : | Thomas Stapleton: Tres Thomae, controversial Roman Catholic tract | | ED : | Vatican Library opened in Rome | | ST : | Joachim Camerarius: Hortus medicus | | ST : | Timothy Bright: An Arte of Shorte, Swifte, and Secrete Writing by Character, manual of shorthand | | VA : | Paolo Caliari (Veronese) dies |
|
|
| | M : | William Byrd : Songs of Sundrie Natures
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry III, King of France, last of the house of Valois, assassinated; on his deathbed he recognises Henry, King of Navarre, as his successor, who, as Henry IV, is the first Burbon to become King of France | | PH : | House of Commons first appoints a Standing Committee for Privileges | | LT : | Thomas Nashe: Anatomie of Absurdities, criticism of contemporary literature | | LT : | George Puttenham: The Arte of English Poesie | | RP : | Amador Arrais: Dialogues de Dom Frei Amador Arraiz, Port. conversations on moral and religious themes | | PH : | Boris Godunov asserts Moscow's religious independence of Constantinople | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Politicorum sive Civilis Doctrinae | | ED : | Kiev Academy founded | | ED : | Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge, founded | | M : | Thoinot Arbeau: Orchésographie, early treatise on dancing, with several dance tunes | | ST : | Richard Hakluyt: The Principall Navigations and Discoveries of the English Nation | | DL : | Forks used for the first time at Fr. court | | DL : | The Reverend William Lee (Cambridge) invents the stocking frame, first knitting machine |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VI | | PH : | Catholic League proclaims Cardinal de Bourbon King Charles X of France in Jan; he dies in May | | PH : | Shah Abbas I of Persia makes peace with Turkey | | LT : | Ital. Commedia dell' arte company, "I Accesi", begins activities | | RP : | Pope Sixtus V dies; Cardinal Giambattista Castagna succeeds him as Pope Urban VII and dies 12 days later; Cardinal Niccolò Sfondrato becomes Pope Gregory XIV | | RP : | José de Acosta: Historia natural y moral de las Indias | | ST : | Galileo: De Motu, description of experiments on dropping of various bodies | | ST : | Coal mining begins in the Ruhr |
|
|
| | LT : | Michael Drayton: Harmonie of the Church | | M : | William Byrd : My Ladye Nevells Book
collection of keyboard pieces
| | M : | William Byrd : Cantiones Sacrae
| | PH : | Henry IV of France excommunicated by Pope Gregory XIV | | PH : | Christian I of Saxony dies; succeeded by his eight-year-old son Christian II | | RP : | Giordano Bruno: De immenso et innumerabilis seu de universo et mundis | | RP : | Pope Gregory XIV dies; Cardinal Antonio Facchinetti becomes Pope Innocent IX | | ED : | Trinity College, Dublin, founded by Elizabeth I | | ST : | François Viète: In Artem analyticam isagoge, on using letters for algebraic quantities | | DL : | Skittle alleys, in use since the end of the 12th century, become popular in Germany | | LT : | Robert Herrick born in August |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard III and The Comedy of Errors | | LT : | John III of Sweden dies; succeeded by Sigismund III of Poland | | LT : | Emperor Rudolf II makes peace with Poland | | LT : | Cardinal Ippolito Aldobrandini elected Pope Clement VIII | | LT : | Thomas Sanchez: De sacramento matrimonii, on religious and legal aspects of marriage | | LT : | Lodovico Zacconi: Prattica di musica, original edition | | LT : | Galileo: Della scienza mechanica, problems of raising weights | | ST : | Ruined Roman city of Pompeii discovered | | DL : | Plague kills 15,000 people in London | | DL : | Windmills used in Holland to drive mechanical saws |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Titus Andronicus and The Taming of the Shrew | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Idea, the Shepherd's Garland and Peirs Gaveston | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
| | PH : | Rudolf II renews war against Turkey | | PH : | Henry IV becomes a Roman Catholic, hearing Mass at St. Denis: "Paris is well worth a mass" | | LT : | London theatres closed because of the plague | | RP : | Pierre Charron: Les Trois Vérités, Fr. theological treatise | | ST : | First Fr. botanical gardens established by University of Montpellier | | ST : | Giambattista della Porta: De refractione, optices parte, with an account of binocular vision | | DL : | Sant' Ambrogio Bank founded in Milan | | LT : | George Herbert born 3 April | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi born |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Two Gentlemen of Verona, Love's Labor's Lost, King John | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Matilda and Idea's Mirror | | M : | Thomas Morley : Madrigals to Four Voyces
| | PH : | Henry IV, having been crowned King of France at Chartres, enters Paris | | RP : | Edict of St. Germain-en-Laye grants Huguenots freedom of worship | | LT : | London theatres open again in May | | ST : | Giordano Bruno seized by the Vatican for supporting Copernican theory of the universe | | RP : | Richard Hooker: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (vols 1-4) | | ED : | Piere Matthieu: Histoire des derniers troubles de France | | M : | Elizabeth I sends a Thomas Dallam organ to Sultan of Turkey | | M : | Dafne, by Jacopo Peri, first opera | | ST : | Galileo's Golden Rule | | VA : | Tintoretto dies | | M : | Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina dies 2 February | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin born | | M : | Orlande de Lassus dies 14 June |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Richard II, Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night's Dream | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Endymion and Phoebe | | M : | Thomas Morley : First Book of Canzonets to Two Voyces
| | M : | Thomas Morley : First Book of Balletts
| | PH : | Henry IV declares war on Spain | | PH : | Dutch begin to colonise E. Indies | | PH : | Sultan Murad III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Mohammed III | | PH : | Peasant revolt in Upper Austria | | PH : | Pope Clement VIII absolves Henry IV, recognising him as King of France | | ED : | Andrew Maunsell: The Catalogue of English Printed Books | | ST : | Andreas Libavius: Opera omnia medicochymica | | ST : | Mercator's atlas published (posth.) | | ST : | English army abandons bow as weapon of war | | DL : | First appearance of heels on shoes | | DL : | Warsaw, capital of Poland |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Merchant of Venice | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Robert, Duke of Normandy and Mortimeriados | | PH : | Decrees of Folembray end war of Catholic League in France | | PH : | Pacification of Ireland | | PH : | Peace between Japan and China after Japanese fail to invade Korea | | RP : | Caesar Baronius: Martyrologum Romanum | | ED : | Gresham College, London, founded | | ST : | Galileo invents thermometer | | ST : | J.Kepler: Di admirabili proportione coelestium orbium | | ST : | G.D. Rheticus: Trigonometric Tables (posth.) | | ST : | Ludolph van Ceulen's "Van den Circkel" gives ration of the diameter to the circumference of a circle to twenty places | | DL : | Tomatoes introduced in England | | DL : | First water closets installed at the Queen's Palace, Richmond |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Merry Wives of Windsor | | LT : | Michael Drayton: England's Heroical Epistles | | M : | Thomas Morley : Canzonets
or Little Short Airs to Five and Six Voices
| | M : | John Dowland : First Booke of Songes or Ayres
| | PH : | Second Span. Armada leaves for England; scattered by storms | | PH : | Philip II opens peace talks with Henry IV | | PH : | Re-Catholicisation of Upper Austria effected by force | | PH : | William V, Duke of Bavaria, abdicates in favour of his son Maximilian I, then retires to a monastery | | ED : | Aldine Press, Venice, founded 1494, ceases after publication of 908 works. | | RP : | Sir Francis Bacon: Essays, Civil and Moral | | ED : | Jean de Serres: Inventaire général de l'histoire de France | | RP : | James VI of Scotland: Demonologie, on witchcraft | | M : | John Dowland: First Book of Songes | | M : | Thomas Morley: A Plaine and Easie Introduction to Practicall Musick | | DL : | Engl. Act of Parliament prescribes sentences of transportation to colonies for convicted criminals | | DL : | Eng. merchants expelled from Holy Roman Empire in retaliation for treatment of the Hanseatic League in London | | ST : | First field hospitals and field dispensaries |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry IV, Much Ado About Nothing | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Every Man in His Humour | | PH : | Fyodor I of Russia dies; Boris Godunov, seizing throne, formally elected Czar of Russia by national assembly | | PH : | Treaty of Ponts de Cé ends civil war in France | | PH : | Peace of Vervins: Philip II resigns claim to Fr. crown; country united under Henry IV as single sovereign | | PH : | King Philip II of Spain dies; succeeded by Philip III | | PH : | Hideyoshi of Japan dies; his successor, Ieyasu Tokugawa, restores shogunate which endures until the revolution of 1867-68 | | RP : | Juan de Mariana: De rege et regis institutione, on kingship | | RP : | Edict of Nantes grants Fr. Huguenots freedom of worship (revoked, 1685) | | ED : | John Florio: A World of Wordes, Eng.-Ital. dictionary | | RP : | John Manwood: Treatise on the Laws of the Forest | | RP : | Philibert Mareschal: Le Guide des arts et sciences | | ED : | Francis Meres: Palladis Tamia, anthology of quotations for 125 Eng. writers | | ED : | Sir Thomas Bodley begins rebuilding of library at Oxford | | ED : | Reorganisation of the University of Paris by Henry IV | | ST : | Carlo Ruini: Dell' anatomia e dell' infirmità de cavallo, e suoi remedii, manual of veterinary science | | ST : | Korean Admiral Visunsin invents iron-clad warship | | ST : | Tycho Brahe: Astronomicae Instauratae Mechanica, account of his discoveries and description of his instruments | | VA : | Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini born |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It | | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry V, Julius Caesar, As You Like It | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Every Man Out of His Humour | | PH : | Duke of Sully, Fr. superintendent of finances, reforms taxation, economic policy, overseas trade and agriculture | | PH : | Swedish Diet, deposing Sigismund III, proclaims Charles of Södermanland ruler as Charles IX | | LT : | Building of the Glove Theatre, Southwark, London, where Shakespeare's plays are performed | | RP : | James VI of Scotland: Basilikon doron, on divine right of kings | | ST : | Ulissi Aldrovandi, Ital. naturalist, publishes his studies in ornithology | | ST : | In Marseilles first chamber of commerce founded | | DL : | Outbreak of plague in Spain | | DL : | First postal rates fixed in Germany | | VA : | Anthony van Dyck born | | VA : | Diego Velázquez born |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Hamlet | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Cynthia's Revels | | LT : | Michael Drayton: The First Part of Sir John Oldcastle | | M : | Thomas Morley : First
Book of Ayres
| | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.II
| | PH : | Henry IV marries Maria de'Medici | | PH : | Ieyasu, defeating his rivals at Sekigahara, sets himself up as unquestioned ruler in Japan; he moves capital from Kyoto to Ydo (Tokyo) | | LT : | Fortune Theatre, London, opened | | RP : | Giordano Bruno burned as heretic in Rome | | RP : | Persecution of Catholics in Sweden under Charles IX | | ED : | Scottish College founded in Rome | | M : | Harps used in orchestras | | M : | Recorder becomes popular in England | | ST : | William Gilbert: De Magnete, treatise on magnetism and electricity | | ST : | Ger. Athanasius Kircher invents magic lantern | | ST : | Dutch opticians invent the telescope | | DL : | Amsterdam Bank founded | | DL : | Wigs and dress trains become fashionable |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Twelfth Night, Troilus and Cressida | | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Poetaster | | M : | Thomas Morley : Triumphs of Oriana
| | PH : | Earl of Essex leads revolt against Elizabeth I; is tried for treason and executed | | PH : | Michael, Prince of Moldavia, assassinated by Hungarians | | PH : | Elizabeth I, in her "Golden Speech" to Parliament, surveys achievements of her reign | | DL : | Abolition of monopolies in England | | PH : | The "False Dmitri", claiming to be a son of Czar Ivan IV, appears in Poland, winning support for an invasion of Russia | | RP : | Pierre Charron: De la sagesse, a system of Stoic philosophy | | ED : | University of Parma founded | | M : | Caccini's new vocal style: "Nuove musiche" | | ST : | Kepler becomes astronomer and astrologer to Emperor Rudolf II | | ST : | John Lancaster leads first East India Company voyage from Torbay to Sumatra | | RP : | Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci admitted to Peking | | DL : | Postal agreement between Germany and France | | DL : | Many Ger. "Badestuben" (type of brothel) closed by authorities, owing to spread of venereal disease |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: All's Well that Ends Well | | PH : | War between Persia and Turkey | | LT : | Thomas Campion Observations in the Art of English Poesie | | RP : | Conrad Kircher: A Concordance to the Septuagint | | RP : | Emperor Rudolf II, continues persecution of Protestants in Hapsburg lands, Moravian Brethren meetings suppressed | | ED : | Ambrosian Library, Milan, founded | | ED : | Bodleian Library, Oxford, opened | | ST : | Thomas Blondeville: Theoriques of the Planets | | ST : | Tycho Brahe: Astronomia Instaurate progymnasmata gives plans of 777 fixed stars (posth.) | | DL : | Dutch East India Company founded (first modern public company) | | ST : | Galileo investigates laws of gravitation and oscillation | | DL : | Paris Charité founded | | M : | Thomas Morley dies in October |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Sejanus, His Fall | | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.III
| | PH : | Queen Elizabeth I of England dies; suceeded by her cousin James VI of Scotland as James I of England and Ireland | | PH : | Amnesty in Ireland | | PH : | Mohammed III, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Ahmad I | | PH : | Revolts in Transylvania against Emperor Rudolf II | | PH : | Tokugawa family obtains shogunate in Japan and keeps it | | LT : | Samuel Daniel: A Defence of Rhyme, in reply to Campion's Observations in the Art of English Poesie | | ED : | The Standard Grammer by Nudozersky leads to development of modern Czech language | | RP : | Johannes Althusias: Politica methodice digesta a grammar of politics | | RP : | Richard Knolles: General Historie of the Turkes | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Besard: Thesaurus harmonicus collection of lute music | | M : | Thomas Robinson: School of Musicke | | ST : | Founding of Accademia dei Lincei, Rome | | ST : | Benedito de Goes, a lay Jesuit, sets out for India in search of Cathay | | ST : | Fabricio di Acquapendente discovers the valves in vein | | DL : | Heavy outbreak of plague in England | | LT : | Elizabeth I dies 24 March |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Measure for Measure, Othello | | M : | Orlande de Lassus : Magnum opus musicum
Volume of 516 motets that his sons published after his death
| | M : | John Dowland : Lachrimae
(Seaven Teares Figured in Seven Passionate Pavans for lutes, viols, or violins in five parts)
| | PH : | "False Dmitri", claimant to Russ. throne, defeated by Czar Boris Godunov | | PH : | Sigismund III of Sweden finally deposed, his uncle Charles IX assuming title of king | | PH : | Peace between England and Spain | | PH : | England and France sign commercial treaty | | RP : | Richard Bancroft, Bishop of London, elected Archbishop of Canterbury | | RP : | Robert Cawdrey: A Table Alphabetical | | ED : | University of Oxford and University of Cambridge granted privilege of Parliamentary representation (withdrawn 1948) | | VA : | Karel van Mander: Het Schilderboek, history of art | | M : | Company of Musicians incorporated in London | | M : | Negri: Inventioni di balli, on dance technique | | ST : | Voyages of Engl. East India Company to Java, the Moluccas, and Agra | | ST : | King James I: Counterblast to Tobacco | | ST : | Johann Kepler: Optics | | DL : | Tomsk founded by Russ. Cossacks |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: King Lear | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Blacknesse | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Volpone, or The Fox | | M : | William Byrd : Gradualia
Vol.I
| | PH : | Czar Boris Godunov dies; succeeded by his son Fyodor II; on entry of "False Dmitri" into Moscow Fyodor is assassinated, Dmitri being crowned Czar of Russia | | PH : | Akbar, Mogul Emperor of India dies; succeeded by his son Jahangir | | PH : | Guy Fawkes arrested in cellars of Parliament, accused of trying to blow up House of Lords during James I's state opening of Parliament (The Gunpowder Plot) | | PH : | Ieyasu retires; his son Hidetada succeeds him as ruler of Japan | | LT : | First permanent Ger. theatre in Cassel | | RP : | Sir Francis Bacon: The Advancement of Learning | | RP : | Pope Clement VIII dies; Alessandro de'Medici elected Pope Leo XI | | RP : | Pope Leo XI dies; Camillo Borghese elected Pope Paul V | | RP : | Justus Lipsius: Monita et exemplá politica, on organization of the state | | ST : | Gaspard Bauhin: Theatrum anatomicum, modern anatomy | | DL : | Eng. government farms all customs revenue to a London consortium of merchants for an annual rent | | DL : | Newspaper Nieuwe Tijdenghen issued in Antwerp | | DL : | Bibliotteca Anglica, first public library in Rome, founded |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Macbeth, Antony and Cleopatra | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Poems Lyric and Pastoral | | PH : | King James I's proclamation for a national flag | | PH : | "False Dmitri" assassinated by the boyar Vasili Shuisky; Shhisky is elected Czar | | PH : | Peace treaty between Turks and Austrians signed at Zsitva-Torok | | RP : | Johann Arndt: Wahres Christentum | | RP : | Joseph Justus Scaliger:Thesaurus temporum, chronology of ancient times | | M : | First open-air opera in Rome | | ST : | Galileo Galilei invents proportional compass | | ST : | Founding of Society of Apothecaries and Grocers, and of Fruiterer's Company in London | | VA : | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn born |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Coriolanus, Timon of Athens, Pericles | | LT : | John Donne: Divine Poems | | M : | William Byrd : Gradualia
Vol.II
| | M : | John Dowland : Ayres
Vol.IV
| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, La Favola d'Orfeo
('The Fable of Orpheus')
| | PH : | Charles IX crowned King of Sweden | | PH : | Union of England and Scotland rejected by Eng. Parliament | | RP : | Joseph Calasanza organises in Rome the Brotherhood of Piarists | | ED : | John Cowell: The Interpreter, a law dictionary | | ST : | Founding of Jamestown, Virginia, first Engl. settlement on American mainland | | ST : | John Norden, Eng. topographer: The Surveyors' Dialogue, manual of surveying | | DL : | Bank of Genoa fails after announcement of national bankruptcy in Spain |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Beauty | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi :
Set of open-score fantasias
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of madrigals
| | PH : | Protestant States of Rhineland form Protestant Union under Christian of Anhalt and Frederick IV of the Palatinate | | PH : | Jesuit State of Paraguay established | | RP : | St.Francis de Sales: Introduction à la vie dévote | | ED : | Edward Grimestone: A General History of the Netherlands | | RP : | William Perkins: A Discourse of the Damned Art of Witchecraft (posth.) | | ST : | Dutch scientist Johann Lippershey invents the telescope | | ST : | Samuel de Champlain founds a Fr. settlement at Quebec | | ST : | Galileo constructs astronomical telescope | | DL : | First checks "cash letters" in use in Netherlands | | DL : | Royal Blackheath Golf Club, London, founded |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: Cymbeline; unauthorized publication of Sonnets | | LT : | Ben Jonson: Masque of Queens and Epicoene: or, The Silent Woman | | M : | Orlande de Lassus : Jubilus B. Mariae Virginis
100 settings of the Magnificat, published by his sons after his death
| | PH : | Twelve years truce between Spain and Holland | | RP : | Bacon: De sapienta veterum | | RP : | Catholic League of Ger. princes formed at Munich against Protestant Union of May 1608 | | ED : | Garcilaso de la Vaga: History of the Conquest of Peru | | RP : | Congregation of Female Jesuits founded (dissolved by Pope Urban VIII) | | RP : | Hugo Grotius: Mare Librum , advocating freedom of the sea | | RP : | The Emperor Rudolf II permits freedom of religion in Bohemia | | M : | Orlando Gibbons: Fantazies of Three Parts., first example of engraved music in England | | ST : | Charles Butler: De fiminine monarchie, or a Treatise concerning Bees | | ST : | Henry Hudson explores Delaware Bay and Hudson River | | ST : | Johann Kepler: De motibus stellae Maris | | DL : | Founding of Bank of Amsterdam | | DL : | Founding of Charterhouse public school | | DL : | Tea from China shipped for first time to Europe by Dutch East India Company | | DL : | Tin-enameled ware made at Delft |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Winter's Tale | | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Alchemist | | LT : | John Donne: Pseudo-Martyr and A Funerall Elegie | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Vespers
| | PH : | Henry IV of France assassinated; succeeded by his son Louis XIII (age 9), with Maria de'Medici as Regent | | PH : | Prince Henry, eldest son of King James I, created Prince of Wales | | PH : | Czar Vasili Shisky deposed; Russ throne offered to Vladislva, son of Sigismund III of Poland | | PH : | Elector Palatine Frederick IV dies; succeeded by his son Frederick V | | LT : | Academy of Poetry founded at Padua | | RP : | John Cowell's Interpreter burned by the common hangman for enhancing authority of the crown | | RP : | St. Francis de Sales founds, with Mme. de Chantal, Order of the Visitation nuns | | ED : | Nicholas and Dorothy Wadham found Wadham College, Oxford | | ST : | Jean Beguin: Tyrocinium chymicum, first textbook on chemistry | | ST : | Galileo observes Jupiter's satellites, naming them "sideria Medicea" | | ST : | Thomas Harriott discovers sunspots | | ST : | Nicolas Pieresc discovers Orion nebula | | ST : | John Speed: Theatrum of Great Britain, collection of maps | | DL : | Dutch East India Company introduces the term "share" | | ED : | The Stationers' Company begins to send a copy of every book printed in England to Bodleian Library, Oxford | | VA : | Michelangelo Merisi (Caravaggio) dies |
|
|
| | LT : | William Shakespeare: The Tempest | | LT : | John Donne: An Anatomy of the World and Ignatius his Conclave | | M : | William Byrd : Psalmes, Songs & Sonnets
| | PH : | Dissolution of Parliament by James I | | PH : | War of Calmar declared by Denmark on Sweden | | PH : | Archduke Matthias crowned King of Bohemia; the Emperor Rudolf II resigns Bohemian crown | | PH : | Charles IX of Sweden dies , Gustavus II elected King | | LT : | George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Iliad | | RP : | Authorized version of the Holy Bible "King James Bible" published | | RP : | Etienne Pasquier: Les Recherches de la France | | ED : | John Speed: A History of Great Britain | | ED : | University of Rome founded | | ST : | Marco de Dominis published scientific explanation of rainbow | | DL : | Dutch merchants permitted to trade in Japan | | DL : | James I institutes the baronetage as a means of raising money |
|
|
| | LT : | Anne Bradstreet born | | LT : | William Shakespeare: Henry VIII | | LT : | George Herbert publishes first verses (two memorial poems in Latin on the death of Prince Henry, the heir apparent) | | LT : | Michael Drayton: Poly-Olbion | | LT : | John Donne: Of the Progress of the Soul | | PH : | The Emperor Rudolf II dies; succeeded by Matthias, King of Bohemia | | PH : | Treaty between the Dutch and the King of Kandy in Ceylon | | ED : | Accademia della Crusca publishes the Ital. Vocabolario | | RP : | Jakob Böhme: Aurora, oder Morgenröte im Aufgant, mystical philosophy | | RP : | Last recorded burning of heretics in England | | RP : | Sir John Davies: Discoverie of the True Causes Why Ireland Was Not Entirely Subdued | | RP : | Roger Fenton: Treatie of Usurie | | ST : | Simon Marius rediscovers Andromeda nebula | | ST : | Antonio Neri: L'Arte vetraria, manual on glassmaking | | ST : | Bartholomew Pitiscus, Ger. Mathematician, uses decimal point in his trigonometrical tables | | ST : | John Smith: A Map of Virginia | | ST : | Earliest colonisation of the Bermudas from Virginia | | DL : | Tobacco planted in Virginia |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Knärod ends Dan.-Swed. War of Calmar | | PH : | Protestant Union of Germany signs treaty of alliance with Holland | | PH : | Eng. colonists in Virginia destroy Fr. settlement at Port Royal, Nova Scotia; prevent Fr. colonisation of Maryland | | PH : | Michael Romanov, son of the patriarch of Moscow, elected Czar of Russia, founding the House of Romanov | | PH : | Turks invade Hungary | | LT : | Fire destroys Globe Theatre, London | | RP : | Oliver de Serra: The Causes of Wealth | | RP : | Francisco Suarez: Defensio catholicae fidei contra anglicanae sectae errores | | M : | Pietro Cerone: El Malopeo y maestro, musical history and theory | | ST : | Samuel de Champlain explores Ottawa River to Alumette Island | | DL : | Amsterdam Exchange built | | DL : | Belfast granted charter of incorporation | | DL : | Copper coins come into use | | DL : | John Dennys: The Secrets of Angling |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: Bartholomew Fair | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book VI of Madrigals
(including 'Arianna's Lament')
| | PH : | James I's second Parliament - "The Addled Parliament" - meets and refuses to discuss finance; dissolved | | PH : | Maria, Queen Regent of France, summons the States General of France to counteract power of nobility | | PH : | Treaty of Xanten: Jülich-Cleves divided between Brandenburg and Neuburg | | PH : | Virginian colonists prevent Fr. settlements in Maine and Nova Scotia | | ED : | Sir Walter Raleigh: The History of the World | | DL : | Danish East India Company founded | | ED : | University of Groningen, Holland, founded | | RP : | John Napier: Mirifici logarithmorum canonis descriptio | | ST : | Santorio Santorio: De medicina statica, study of metabolism and perspiration | | DL : | Founders' Company, London, incorporated | | DL : | The North American Pocahontas, an Indian princess, marries John Rolfe; from their son descend many celebrated persons |
|
|
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : First Book of Toccatas
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of ricercari
| | PH : | Peace of Tyrnau: the Emperor Matthias recognises Bethlen Gabor as Prince of Transylvania; confirms treaty with Turks | | LT : | George Chapman completes his translation of Homer's Odyssey | | RP : | William Camden: Annales rerum Anglicarum, of the reign of Elizabeth I | | ED : | Theodore Agrippa d'Aubigné's Histoire Universelle, a Huguenot-inspired survey from 1553 to 1602, officially burnt in Paris | | RP : | Jesuits count 13,112 members in 32 provinces | | RP : | Antoine de Montchrétien: Traité de l'économie politique, mercantilistic tendencies | | ST : | Galileo Galilei faces the inquisition for the first time | | DL : | Frankfurter Oberpostamts-Zeitung founded by Egenolph Emmel | | DL : | Merchant Adventurers granted monopoly for export of Eng. cloth |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Devil is an Ass and Works, in folio | | PH : | Sir Walter Raleigh released from Tower to lead expedition to Guiana in search of El Dorado | | PH : | Ieyasu of Japan dies; succeeded by Hidetada, a militant enemy of Christianity | | PH : | James I begins to sell peerages to improve serious financial position | | PH : | War between Venice and Austria | | RP : | Johann Valentin Andrea: Chymische Hochzeit Christiani Rosenkreutz, beginning of formation of the Rosicrucians | | RP : | Paulus Bolduanus: Bibliotheca philosophica | | RP : | Catholic oppression intensified in Bohemia | | RP : | St.Francis de Sales: Traité de l'amour de Dieu | | RP : | Notre Dame Cathedral, Antwerp, finished | | M : | Collegium Musicum founded at Prague | | ST : | William Baffin discovers Baffin Bay while searching for a Northwest Passage | | ST : | First rounding of Cape Horn by Willem Schouter and Jacob Lemaire | | ST : | Galileo prohibited by Catholic Church from further scientific work | | ST : | John Smith: A Description of New England GO ! | | ST : | Dutch astronomer and mathematician Willebrord Snellius discovers the law of refraction | | DL : | Gustavus Selenus: Chess, or the Game of Kings | | LT : | William Shakespeare dies 23 April |
|
|
| | PH : | Peace of Stolbovo ends war between Russia and Sweden; Gustavus Adolphus recognises Czar Michael, returns to Novgorod, and obtains Karelia | | LT : | James I makes Ben Jonson poet laureate | | ED : | Duytsche Academie founded in Amsterdam | | RP : | Papal bull of Leo X: Epistolae obscurorum virorum | | M : | J.H.Schein: Banchetto musicale, first dance suite | | ST : | Willebrord Snellius established technique of trigonometrical triangulation for cartography | | DL : | "Stuart collars" become a fashion for men and women | | VA : | Gerard Ter Borch born |
|
|
| | LT : | John Donne: Holy Sonnets | | PH : | Peace of Madrid ratified, ending war between Venice and Austria | | PH : | Prince Philip William of Orange dies; succeeded by his brother Maurice of Nassau | | PH : | Count Matthias von Thurn leads Bohemians to revolt against Catholic policy of the Regents in Prague | | PH : | Defenestration in Prague, when the Regents Jaroslav von Martinitz and William Slawata are thrown down from windows in Hradcany Palace by the rebels; beginning of Thirty Years' War | | PH : | Ferdinand of Styria crowned King of Hungary | | PH : | Duke Alber of Prussia dies; his possessions pass to the Electorate of Brandenburg | | PH : | Sir Walter Raleigh returns to England and is executed | | PH : | Poland signs two-year truce with Sweden, 14-years truce with Turkey | | LT : | Marquise de Rambouillet starts her literary salon in Paris | | LT : | Teatro Farnese opened at Parma | | RP : | Robert Balfour: Commentarii in organum logicum Aristotelis | | RP : | John Stow and E.Howes: Summarie of Englyshe Chronicles | | ST : | Martin Böhme: Ein neu Buch von bewehrten Rosz-Arzteneyen, veterinary science | | DL : | Founding of Dutch West African Company | | ST : | Kepler: Harmonices mundi, stating the third law of planetary motion | | ST : | Royal College of Physicians, London, issues Pharmacopoia Londinensis | | ST : | Johann Jakob Scheuchzer: Natural History of the Swiss Landscape | | DL : | James I: Book of Sports, the Puritans object to playing of popular sports | | LT : | Sir Walter Raleigh dies 29 October | | LT : | Richard Lovelace born 6 December |
|
|
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Psalmen Davids
| | PH : | Maria de'Medici challenges power of her son Louis XIII of France; Treaty of Angoulém ends conflict | | PH : | The Emperor Matthias dies; Archduke Ferdinand, who assumes crown of Bohemia, is elected Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Bohemian Diet deposes Ferdinand, and elects Frederick V, Elector Palatine, son-in-law of James I of England, King of Bohemia; Frederick, "The Winter King", crowned in Prague | | PH : | First representative colonial assembly in America held at Jamestown, VA | | RP : | Johann Valentin Andreae: Chritianopolis | | RP : | Jakob Böhmne: On the Principles of Christianity | | RP : | Hugo Grotius: De veritate religionis Christianae | | RP : | Pietro Sarpi: Istoria del Concilio Tridentino published in London | | RP : | Luciló Vanini, Ital. Catholic philosopher, burned as a heretic | | ED : | Dulwich College, London, founded | | ST : | John Bainbridge: An Astronomical Description of the Late Comet | | ST : | Jan Pieters Coen, Dutch explorer founds Batavia | | ST : | William Harvey announces his discovery of the circulation of the blood | | DL : | Giro-Bank, Hamburg, founded to improve "desolate state of currency" | | DL : | A Dutch ship brings the first permanent African settlers to Jamestown |
|
|
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Cantiones sacrae
| | PH : | Revolt of Fr. nobles against Louis XIII; Richelieu makes peace | | PH : | War between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Massacre of Protestants in the Valtelline | | PH : | Agreement of Ulm between Ger. Catholic League and Protestant Union | | PH : | Pilgrim Fathers, leave Plymouth, England, in "Mayflower" and found Plymouth Colony in Mass. GO ! | | RP : | Battle of the White Mountain near Prague: Protestant clergy expelled | | RP : | Johan Heinrich Alsted: Encyclopaedia septem tomis distincta | | RP : | Francis Bacon: Instauratio magna: novum organum scientiarum | | M : | Michael Praetorius: Syntagma musicum, musical encyclopedia | | ST : | Edmund Gunter: Canon triangulorum, treatise on logarithms | | ED : | Uppsala University Library founded | | ST : | J.P. Bonet: The Art to Teach Dumb People to Speak, Span. manual | | DL : | Oliver Cromwell denounced because he participates in the "disreputable game of cricket" | | VA : | Aelbert Cuyp born |
|
|
| | PH : | Frederick V, Elector Palatine, placed under the ban of the Holy Roman Empire; war moves from Bohemia to the Palatinate | | PH : | Francis Bacon, charged in Parliament with corruption, is fined £40,000, imprisoned, and declared incapable of holding office; pardoned by the King | | PH : | Philip III of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Philip IV | | PH : | Huguenot rebellion against Louis XIII | | PH : | Twelve years truce between Holland and Spain ends; war resumed | | LT : | Fortune Theatre, London, burnt down | | RP : | Robert Burton: The Anatomy of Melancholy | | RP : | Pope Paul V dies; Alexander Ludovisi becomes Pope Gregory XV | | ST : | English attempt to colonise Newfoundland and Nova Scotia | | ST : | Dutch West India Company chartered | | ST : | Johann Kepler: The Epitome of the Copernican Astronomer banned by the Roman Catholic Church | | ED : | University of Strasbourg opened | | DL : | Corante, or newes from Italy, Germany, Hungarie, Spaine, and France, first periodical published with news issued in London | | DL : | Potatoes planted in Germany for first time | | LT : | Andrew Marvell born 31 March | | LT : | Henry Vaughan born 17 April | | M : | Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck dies 16 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand II and Bethlen Gabor sign peace treaty | | PH : | Treaty of Montpellier ends rebellion of the Huguenots | | PH : | James I dissolves Eng. Parliament | | ED : | Francis Bacon: History of the Regin of Henry VII | | RP : | Jaboc Böhme: De signatura rerum | | RP : | Pope Gregory XV canonises Philip Neri and grants Piarists a constitution | | RP : | Bacon: Historia naturalis et experiementalis | | ED : | Benedictine University of Salzburg founded | | RP : | Camillio Baldo: Treatise of How to Perceive from a Letter the Nature and Character of the Person Who Wrote It | | DL : | Papal chancellery adopts 1 January as beginning of the year - up to then, 25 March | | DL : | Weekeley Newes issued in London for the first time |
|
|
| | PH : | Commercial treaty between Holland and Persia | | PH : | Gustavus Adolphus reforms central administration of Sweden | | LT : | Maciej Sarbiewski, the "Polish Horace", crowned laureate in Rome by the Pope | | RP : | William Drummond: A Cypresse Grove philosophical thoughts on death | | RP : | Pope Gregor XV dies; Maffeo Barberini becomes Pope Urban VIII | | ED : | Bibliotheca Palatina removed from Heidelberg to Rome | | ST : | New Netherlands in America formally organised as a province | | ST : | First Eng. settlement in New Hampshire | | DL : | Patents law in England, to protect inventors | | M : | William Byrd dies 4 July |
|
|
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of caprices
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Tabulatura Nova
| | PH : | James I's last Parliament; monopolies declared illegal | | PH : | England declares war on Spain | | PH : | Virginia Company charter annulled; Virginia becomes crown colony | | PH : | Cardinal Richelieu made first minister of France | | LT : | Saruwaka Kanzaburo opens first Jap. theatre in Yedo | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De veritate, foundation of theory of Eng. deism | | RP : | John Donne: Devotions Upon Emergent Occasions | | ST : | Henry Briggs: Arithmetica logarithmica | | RP : | Antonio de Andrade leaves Jesuit mission at Agra to explore the Himalayas and Tibet | | ED : | Pembroke College, Oxford, founded | | ED : | Captain John Smith: A General Historie of Virginia, New England and the Summer Isles | | ST : | Dutch settle in New Amsterdam | | ST : | First Eng. settlement in eastern India | | ST : | Johannes Baptista van Helmont, Belg. scientist, coins the name "gas" for compressible fluid |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The Staple of News | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Cantiones sacrae
| | PH : | James I of England (James VI of Scotland) dies; succeeded by Charles I of England and Scotland | | DL : | Plague in London | | LT : | Martin Opitz crowned poet laureate in Vienna | | RP : | Francis Bacon: Of Masques and Triumphs | | ED : | Hugo Grotius: De jure belli et pacis, on international law | | RP : | Order of Sisters of Mercy founded in Paris | | ST : | Johann Rudolf Glauber discovers Glauber's salt | | DL : | First Eng. settlement on Barbados, under Sir William Courteen | | DL : | First fire engines in England | | DL : | Hackney coaches appear in streets of London | | DL : | Introduction of full-bottomed wigs in Europe | | VA : | Jan Brueghel the Elder dies |
|
|
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Der Psalter nach Cornelius Becker
| | PH : | Knighthoods for all Englishmen with property over £40 year, to help king's revenue | | PH : | Peace of La Rochelle between Huguenots and Fr. crown | | PH : | Treaty of Monzon between France and Spain confirms independence of the Grisons | | PH : | Duchy of Urbino bequeathed to the Pope by last of the Della Rovere family | | RP : | John Donne: Five Sermons | | RP : | Joseph Hall: Contemplations | | ED : | Irish College in Rome founded | | RP : | Sir Henry Spelman: Glossarium archeologicum | | M : | Professorship of music founded at Oxford University | | ST : | Fr. "Company for the Islands of America" incorporated | | ST : | Jardin des Plantes established in Paris | | ST : | Salem, Mass settled | | ST : | Santorio Santorio, Ital. physician, measures human temperature with the thermometer for the first time | | DL : | A royal edict condemns anyone to death who kills his adversary in a duel in France | | PH : | Peter Minuit, director-general of Dutch West India Company's settlement in N. America, buys the entire Island of Manhattan from native Indian chiefs | | PH : | Dutch colony of New Amsterdam founded on Hudson river | | M : | John Dowland dies 21 January |
|
|
| | LT : | Michael Drayton: The Battle of Agincourt, The Miseries of Queen Margaret, and Nymphidia, the Court of Faëry | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Second Book of Toccatas
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Opera, Dafne
| | PH : | Huguenots rise again | | PH : | Vincent II, Duke of Mantua, last of the Gonzagas, dies; Charles, Duke of Nevers, claims succession | | PH : | Korea becomes a tributary state of China | | PH : | Richelieu signs treaty with Spain | | PH : | Shah Jahan, succeeding his father Jahangir, becomes the Great Mogul of India | | LT : | Lope de Vega made theological doctor by the Pope | | ED : | Collegium de Propaganda Fide founded | | RP : | Gabriel Naude: Avis pour dresser une bibliothèque, on librarianship | | RP : | Alessandro Tassoni: Manifesto, attacks the House of Savoy | | M : | Heinrich Schütz: Dafne, first Ger. opera, libretto by Martin Opitz, given at Torgau | | VA : | Francis Bacon: New Atlantis, plans for a national museum of science and art (posth.) | | ST : | Charles I grants charter to the Guiana Company | | ST : | Johann Kepler compiles the Rudophine Tables, giving places of 1,002 fixed stars | | DL : | "Company of New France", Canada, incorporated by Richelieu | | DL : | Swedish South Sea Company founded |
|
|
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Book of instrumental canzoni
(revised in 1634)
| | PH : | Third Parliament of Charles I meets; Oliver Cromwell enters it as Member for Huntingdon | | PH : | Swed-Dan. treaty for defence of Stralsund; Gustavus Adolphus enters Thirty Years' War | | RP : | The Alexandrian Codex presented to Charles I by patriarch of Constantinople | | ED : | Johann Amos Comenius: Informatorium der Mutterschul, on primary education | | RP : | René Descartes: Règles pour la direction de l'esprit | | RP : | Ignatius Loyola canonised by Pope Gregory XV | | ED : | Henry Spelman: Glossary of Law Terms | | ST : | First harbour with sluices being constructed at Le Havre |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: The New Inn | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
I
| | PH : | Charles I dissolves Parliament; it does not meet again until 1640 | | PH : | Edict of restitution of church property in Germany, secularised since Peace of Augsburg in 1555 | | PH : | Peace of Susa ends war between England and France | | PH : | Peace of Lübeck: Christian IV undertakes not to intervene in imperial affairs | | PH : | Peace of Alais ends Huguenot revolt | | PH : | Truce of Altmark signed between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Commercial treaty signed between Russia and France | | RP : | Lancelot Andrewes: XCVI Sermons | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes translates The Peloponnesian War by Thucydides | | ST : | Dutch mathematician Albert Gerard uses brackets and other abbreviations in mathematics | | ST : | John Parkinson: Paradisi in sole Paradisus terrestris, on flowers | | DL : | Royal charter granted to Guild of Spectacle Makers, London | | DL : | Colony of Massachusetts founded |
|
|
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Arie Musicali
Two books of songs
| | PH : | John Winthrop, Engl. Puritan leader, sails with Plymouth Company's expedition, founds Boston - the "Great Migration" | | PH : | Treaty of Madrid ends Anglo-Fr. war | | PH : | "Day of Dupes" in France; Richelieu overthrow conspiracy of Maria de'Medici, the Queen Mother | | LT : | Andres Christensen Arrabo initiates modern Dan. literature with his religious poem Hexaëmeron | | RP : | Congregation of the Engl. Ladies founded in Munich | | VA : | Beginning of the High Baroque period in Italy | | ST : | Franic Higginson: New England's Plantation, on living conditions in America | | DL : | Pirates of all nationalities, called "buccaneers", settle in Tortuga | | DL : | Eng. poet Sir John Suckling invents the card game cribbage | | DL : | Fr. Philanthropist Théophraste Renaudot founds the Bureau d'adresse, a labor-exchange charity organisation |
|
|
| | LT : | Michael Drayton dies | | PH : | Ger. Protestant princes hold a convention at Neu Brandenburg, and decide to form alliance with Gustavus Adolphus | | PH : | Pope Urban VIII annexes Urbino | | PH : | Maria de'Medici exile to Brussels | | RP : | Friedrich Spee von Lagenfeld: Cautio criminalis, against witch-hunting | | ST : | Dutch West India Company founds settlement at the Delaware River | | ST : | Eng. mathematician William Oughtred proposes symbol "X" for multiplication | | DL : | T. Renaudot founds the Gazette in Paris | | DL : | Eng. settlement of Leeward Islands begins at St. Kitts | | DL : | Earthquake in Naples; eruption of Vesuvius | | LT : | John Donne dies 31 March | | LT : | John Dryden born 9 August |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Christina ascends throne of Sweden (five regents, headed by Chancellor Axel Oxenstierna, govern country) | | PH : | Sigismund III, King of Poland, dies; succeeded by Vladislav IV | | ST : | Antonio Bosio: Roma sotterranea, report on excavation of catacombs in Rome | | ED : | John Davies: Welsh Dictionary | | RP : | John Selden: Mare Clausum, on England's sovereignty of the sea | | RP : | Johann Angelus Werdenhagen: Introductio universalis in omnes republicas, on comparative politics | | M : | Monteverdi takes holy orders | | ST : | Galileo: Dialogho sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo published, on terrestrial double motion | | ST : | Leiden University Observatory founded | | DL : | First coffee shop opens in London | | DL : | Eng. settlers in Antigua and Montserrat | | DL : | Russian fur trade centre established in Yakutsk, Siberia | | VA : | Johannes Vermeer born | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Lully born 28 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Ben Jonson: A Tale of a Tub | | LT : | Robert Herrick: A Priest to the Temple | | PH : | Charles I crowned King of Scotland in Edinburgh | | PH : | Charles I revives forest eyre to raise money by fines | | RP : | Outbreak of plague in Bavaria leads to passion play vow in Oberammergau | | ST : | Galileo forced by the Inquisition to abjure the theories of Copernicus | | RP : | First Baptist church formed at Southwark, London | | RP : | Edmund Spenser: A View of the Present State of Ireland (posth.) | | RP : | John Cotton becomes a religious leader in Boston | | ST : | Eng. trading post established in Bengal | | PH : | Dutch settle in Connecticut | | RP : | Trial of the Lancashire witches | | DL : | The Royal Scots, oldest regular regiment in Brit. Army, established | | DL : | Wind sawmill erected near the Strand, London | | LT : | George Herbert dies 1 March |
|
|
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier born | | PH : | Treaty of Polianovsky: King Vladislav of Poland renounces claim to Russia | | RP : | The Oberammergau Passion Play given for first time; re-enacted every 10 years | | RP : | Méric Casubon: The Meditations of the Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius | | RP : | Anne Hutchinson, religious controversialist, migrates to Massachusetts | | ST : | Jean Nicolet lands on Green Bay; explores Wisconsin | | ED : | Founding of University of Utrecht | | DL : | Covent Garden market, London, opened |
|
|
| | LT : | Richard Lovelace: The Scholars | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi : Fiori musicale
| | PH : | Franco-Swed. treaty of alliance signed by Richelieu and Oxtenstierna | | PH : | Peace of Prague signed between the Emperor Ferdinand II and the Elector John George of Saxony; Thirty Years' War is now a conflict between France and Sweden against the House of Hapsburg | | PH : | Treaty of Stuhmsdorf: 20 year truce between Sweden and Poland | | PH : | Treaty of St. Germain-en-Layes agrees on regular Fr. subsidies to the army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar | | PH : | Dutch occupy Formosa, English Virgin Islands, French Martinique | | RP : | Giulio Alenio, Ital. Jesuit, published first life of Christ in Chinese | | RP : | Cornelius Jansen: Mars gallus, against Richelieu | | ED : | Académie Française founded by Richelieu | | ED : | Budapest University established | | ED : | Eng. High and Latin Schook, Boston, Mass., oldest secondary school in N. America, founded | | DL : | Speed limit on hackney coaches in London: 3 m.p.h. | | DL : | First inland postal service in Britain between London and Edinburgh | | DL : | Sale of tobacco in France restricted to apothecaries, only on doctors' prescriptions |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Traherne born | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte
Book I
| | PH : | The Emperor Ferdinand II has his son, Archduke Ferdinand, elected Ferdinand III, King of the Romans | | PH : | Manchus proclaim the Ch'ing Dynasty at Muken | | PH : | Dutch settle in Ceylon | | LT : | Italian Fedeli Company performs Commedia dell'art at the Fr. court | | RP : | Welsh Puritan Roger Williams banished from Mass; established Providence, R.I.; proclaims complete religious freedom | | RP : | Peter Heylyn: The History of the Sabbath | | RP : | George Sandys: A Paraphrase Upon the Psalmes | | M : | Fr. theorist Marin Mersenne publishes his most important work, Harmonie Universelle, with full descriptions of all contemporary musical instruments | | ED : | Harvard College founded at Cambridge, Mass | | DL : | Tea appears for the first time in Paris | | PH : | Beginning of Pequot War GO ! |
|
|
| | M : | Dietrich Buxtehude born | | PH : | Ferdinand II dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Ferdinand III | | PH : | Bogislav XIV, last Duke of Pomerania dies | | PH : | William Prynne, Puritan parliamentarian condemned, with Henry Burton and John Bastwick, for seditious writing, to be pilloried and mutilated | | PH : | Extermination of Christianity in Japan; prohibition of foreign books; European contacts prohibited | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: A Briefe of the Art of Rhetorique, based on Aristotle | | RP : | Introduction of new liturgy into Scotland causes riots | | LT : | Teatro San Cassiano, first public opera house, opens in Venice | | ST : | René Descartes: Géométrie | | PH : | Eng. emigration to America restricted by royal proclamation | | DL : | Eng. traders established in Canton | | ST : | Fr. traders settle at St. Louis, at mouth of the Senegal River | | DL : | Commercial collapse of Dutch tulip trade | | LT : | Ben Jonson dies 6 August |
|
|
| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Book VIII of Madrigals, Madrigali guerrieri e amorosi
('Madrigals of War and Love') including 'The Combat Between Tancredi and Clorinda')
| | PH : | Elector of Brandenburg moves his capital to Königsberg | | PH : | Franco-Swed. alliance renewed for three years | | LT : | Schouwburg Theatre opens in Amsterdam | | RP : | William Chillingworth: The Religion of Protestants a Safe Way to Salvation | | RP : | Scot. Covenant drawn up and signed; Charles I abandons liturgy and canons in Scotland | | ST : | Galileo : Discorsi e Dimonstrazioni Matematiche | | RP : | Anne Hutchinson, leader of the New England Antinomians, is banished from Boston, Mass, and sets up a community in Rhode Island | | DL : | New Haven, Conn, founded | | DL : | Soldier-student becomes a common type in Germany | | DL : | Torture abolished in England | | PH : | 21 September - The Treaty of Hartford ends Pequot War: Surviving Pequot are divided as slaves among Indian allies and English, Pequot forbidden to inhabit former Pequot territory, and
the name Pequot is to be expunged |
|
|
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Kleine geistliche Concerte
Book II
| | PH : | First Bishops' War in Scotland; episcopacy abolished in Scotland | | LT : | Drury Lane Theatre, London, receives its first patent | | ED : | Académie Française compiles dictionary of the Fr. language | | M : | Marco Marazzoli and Vergilio Mazzochi: Chi soffre, speri, first comic opera | | ST : | Gérard Désargues published his book on modern geometry | | ST : | William Gascoigne invents micrometer | | ST : | Jeremiah Horrocks observes the transit of Venus, which he had predicted | | ST : | Quinine increasingly used for medicinal purposes | | DL : | English settle at Madras | | DL : | First printing press in N. America at Cambridge, Mass |
|
|
| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, Il Ritorno d'Ulisse in Patria
('The Return of Ulysses to his Homeland')
| | PH : | Short Parliament (April-May) and Long Parliament (November-1653) in England | | PH : | Second Bishops' War | | PH : | Portugal becomes independent under John IV of Braganza | | PH : | Elector George William of Brandenburg dies; succeeded by the "Great Elector" Frederick William | | PH : | Sultan Murad IV of Turkey dies; succeeded by Sultan Ibrahim | | RP : | John Donne: Eighty Sermons (posth.) | | RP : | John Eliot: Bay Psalm Book, oldest surviving book printed in America | | RP : | Cornelius Jansen: Augustinus, treatise against Jesuit doctrines (posth.) | | RP : | John Milton: Of Reformation Touching Church discipline in England | | ED : | Abo University, Finland, founded | | ST : | Coke made from coal for first time | | ST : | James Howell: Dondona's Grove, or The Vocall Forrest, manual of dendrology | | ST : | John Parkinson: Theatrum botanicum, a herbal | | DL : | Eng. settlers found Fort St. George in Bengal | | DL : | First European café opens in Venice | | DL : | Eight postal lines running in England | | VA : | Peter Paul Rubens dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Massacre of the Ulster Protestants; Catholic rebellion in Ireland | | RP : | René Descartes: Méditations métaphysiques | | ED : | William Habington: Observations Upon Historie | | PH : | General Court of Massachusetts Bay Company codifies 100 laws | | RP : | George Wither: Hallelujah, or Britain's Second Remembrances, collection of hymns | | ST : | Arsenic prescribed for medicinal purposes for first time | | ST : | Cotton goods begin to be manufactured in Manchester | | DL : | Diurnal Occurrences, a weekly periodical issued in London | | PH : | French settle in Michigan | | DL : | Théophraste Renaudot publishes his plan for free medical treatment of needy in Paris; three years later faculty of medicine forbids him to practice | | VA : | Sir Anthony van Dyck dies |
|
|
| | M : | Claudio Monteverdi : Opera, L'Incoronazione di Poppea
('The Coronation of Poppea')
| | PH : | Charles I marches to Westminster to arrest five members of the Commons; attempt fails; he flees with his family to Hampton Court | | PH : | Eng. Civil War begins | | DL : | Inflation in Spain | | LT : | All theatres in England closed by order of the Puritans | | RP : | Johann Amos Comenius: A Reformation of Schooles, trans by Samuel Hartlib | | RP : | Thomas Fuller: The Holy State and the Profane State | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: De cive | | ED : | James Howell: Instruction for Foreign Travel | | RP : | Thomas Lechford: Plain Dealing, or Newes from New England, political survey | | RP : | Pope Urban VIII issues bull Universa per Orbem, reducing annual feast days to 32 | | ST : | Abel Tasman discovers Tasmania and New Zealand | | ED : | University of Ancona founded | | DL : | Income and property tax introduced in England | | DL : | Loire-Seine canal finished | | DL : | Montreal, Canada, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Unsuccessful peace talks between the Cavaliers and Roundheads at Oxford | | PH : | Louis XIII of France dies; succeeded by his five-year-old son Louis XIV with Mazarin as principal minister | | PH : | Anne of Austria, the Queen Mother, invested with supreme power | | PH : | Confederation of New England formed GO ! | | LT : | Molière founds "Illustre Théâtre" in Paris | | ED : | Sir Richard Baker: A Chronicle of the Kings of England | | ED : | François Eudes de Mézeray: Histoire de France | | RP : | John Milton: The Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce | | ED : | William Prynne: The Soveraigne Power of Parliaments and Kingdomes | | ED : | Roger Williams: Key into the Language of America | | ST : | Ital. physicist Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer | | DL : | Christiania Almanack, first Norw. printed book, appears | | DL : | Coffee drinking becomes popular in Paris | | DL : | Parcel post established in France | | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi dies 1 March | | M : | Claudio Monteverdi dies 29 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Queen Christina begins her actual reign in Sweden | | PH : | Ming dynasty in China ends, Manchu dynasty in power | | LT : | Pegnitzischer Blumenorden, Ger. poetical society founded at Nuremberg | | RP : | René Descartes: Principia philosophicae | | RP : | Henry Hammond: A Practical Catechism | | ED : | Sir Henry Manwayring: The Seaman's Dictionary | | RP : | John Milton: Areopagitica, for the freedom of the press | | RP : | Samuel Rutherford: Lex rex, on the elective nature of the monarchy | | RP : | Pope Urban VIII dies; Giovanni Battista Pamfili becomes Pope Innocent X | | RP : | Roger Williams: Queries of Highest Consideration, separation of church and state | | VA : | Last age of fine Chin. porcelain | | DL : | Dutch settlement in Mauritius | | DL : | Tasman charters parts of northern and western Australia (New Holland) |
|
|
| | M : | Girolamo Frescobaldi :
Set of keyboard canzoni (published posthumously)
| | PH : | Michael I, Czar of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexis I | | PH : | Peace talks open between Holy Roman Empire and France at Münster and Osnabrück | | PH : | Turk.-Venetian war over Crete | | RP : | Sirk Kenelm Digby: A Treatise on Bodies and of Man's Soul | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De causis errorum | | M : | La Finta Pazza by Francesco Paolo Sacrati given as possibly first opera in Paris | | RP : | Capuchin monks sail up Congo River | | ED : | University of Palermo founded | | DL : | Ordinarie Post-Tidende begins to appear in Stockholm |
|
|
| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Poems with the Tenth Satire of Juvenal Englished | | PH : | Engl. Civil War ends with surrender of Oxford to Roundheads; Parliamentary commissioners present Charles I with the Newcastle Propositions | | RP : | Jeremy Taylor: A Discourse Concerning Prayer | | ST : | Ger. mathematician Athanasius Kircher constructs first projection lantern (laterna magica) |
|
|
| | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
II
| | PH : | Treaty of Ulm | | RP : | Eng. Civil War: Charles I agrees to abolish episcopacy and restore Presbyterianism | | PH : | Frederick Henry of Orange dies; succeeded by his son William II of Orange | | PH : | Revolt against Czar Alexis I in Moscow | | RP : | Calvinists acknowledged by Lutheran as co-religionists | | ED : | Thomas May : History of the Long Parliament | | RP : | Dismissal of Anglican professors at Oxford University | | VA : | Dresden Academy of Arts founded | | ST : | Johan Hevel: Selenographia, on the lunar surface | | DL : | First newspaper advertisement | | DL : | Yellow fever in Barbados |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Herrick: Hesperides | | PH : | King Christian IV of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III | | PH : | Naples restored to Span. rule | | PH : | Outbreak of the Fronde in France | | PH : | Peace of Westphalia ends Thirty Years' War; is condemned by Pope Innocent X (bull Zelo Domus Dei) | | PH : | John II Casimir succeeds his brother Vladislav IV as King of Poland | | RP : | George Fox founds the Society of Friends (Quakers) | | RP : | John Lilburne: The Foundation of Freedom | | RP : | John Stearne: Confirmation and Discovery of Witchcraft | | RP : | Sabbatai Zevi, self-proclaimed Messiah, founds a Jewish sect | | M : | Aria and recitative become two distinct unities in opera | | ED : | University of Bamberg founded | | ST : | John Wilkins: Mathematical Magic | | DL : | Mirrors and chandeliers are being manufactured in Murano |
|
|
| | LT : | Richard Lovelace: Lucasta | | PH : | War of the Fronde begins in France; ended by Treaty of Ruel; followed shortly by outbreak of second Fronde | | PH : | Charles I tried and beheaded; Prince of Wales takes title Charles II and is proclaimed king by the Scots in Edinburgh | | PH : | England declared a Commonwealth (The Interregnum) | | PH : | Sultan Ibrahim deposed and murdered; succeeded by his son Mohammed IV | | PH : | Maryland Assembly passes act of toleration, professing belief in the Holy Trinity GO ! | | RP : | René Descartes: Les Passions de L'âme | | DL : | In Great Britain, English becomes language of all legal documents in place of Latin | | RP : | John Lilburne: An Agreement for the Free People of England | | RP : | John Milton: The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates , defence of Charles I's execution | | ST : | Dutch physician Isbrand de Diemerbrock publishes his study of the plague, De peste | | PH : | Puritan exiles from Virginia settle in Providence, Md. | | ST : | First Brit. navy frigate, "Constant Warwick", constructed | | DL : | Free enterprise in England receives state support |
|
|
| | LT : | Anne Bradstreet: Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America published by her brother without her knowledge | | M : | Heinrich Schütz : Symphoniae sacrae
III
| | M : | Samuel Scheidt : Tablatur-Buch
harmonised accompaniments for 100 sacred songs and psalms
| | PH : | Charles II lands in Scotland | | PH : | Treaty of Nuremberg between the Holy Roman Emperor and Sweden amplifies Peace of Westphalia | | LT : | Beginning of modern development of Jap. "No" drama | | RP : | Richard Baxter: The Saints' Everlasting Rest | | ED : | Mathew Hale: Analysis of the Civil Law | | ED : | Thomas Hobbes: The Elements of Law, Moral and Political | | ED : | Gilles Ménage: Dictionnaire étymologique | | ED : | James Ussher: Annales Veteris et Novi Testamenti (giving beginning of world as 4004 B.C.) | | M : | Beginning of modern harmony; development of modulation | | M : | Athanasius Kircher: Musurgia universalis, theory | | M : | The overture as musical form emerges in two types, Italian and French | | DL : | Opening of first coffee house in England, at Oxford | | DL : | First fiacres in Paris | | DL : | Tea first drunk in England | | DL : | Sir Richard Weston, Eng. agriculturist, advocates cultivation of turnips | | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans |
|
|
| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Olor Iscanus | | PH : | Charles II crowned King of Scots; flees to France after his defeat by Cromwell at Worcester | | PH : | Parliament votes for release of Condé, Fronde leader | | PH : | Treaty between Czar Alexis I and the Cossacks | | PH : | King Louis XIV attains majority | | PH : | Eng. Navigation Act, gives Eng. ships monopoly of foreign trade GO ! | | PH : | Yetuna, new shogun of Japan, overcomes two rebellions in Edo | | LT : | First public "Comedy-house" in Vienna | | RP : | John Donne: Essays in Divinity (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan, defence of absolute monarchy | | RP : | Jeremy Taylor Rule and Exercises of Holy Dying | | M : | The young King Louis XIV of France appears as a dancer in a court ballet | | DL : | Dutch settle at Cape of Good Hope | | ED : | Mazarin's library closed by order of the Parlement | | ST : | Ital. astronomer Giovanni Riccioli introduces in his map of the moon many of the modern names of lunar features | | LT : | Division of publisher and printer begins in book trade |
|
|
| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Solitary Devotions and The Mount of Olives | | PH : | Eng. Parliament passes Act of Pardon and Oblivion to reconcile Royalists | | PH : | Provisional Fronde government set up in Paris | | PH : | Louis XIV re-establishes lawful government, recalling Mazarin | | RP : | Jean-Louis Guez de Balzac: Cocrate Chrétien, religious dialogues | | RP : | John Donne: Paradoxes, Problems (posth.) | | ED : | Hayashi Shunsai: O-Dai-Ichi-Ran, a history of Japan | | RP : | Gerrard Winstanley: The Law of Freedom in a Platform | | M : | The minuet comes into fashion at Fr. court | | M : | First opera house in Vienna | | ED : | Imperial Ger. Academy of Naturalists founded | | ST : | Ger. scientist Otto von Guericke invents the air pump | | DL : | First London coffee house opened in St. Michael's Alley, Cornhill | | VA : | Artemisia Gentileschi dies | | PH : | Start of first Anglo-Dutch war |
|
|
| | PH : | Ferdinand IV becomes King of the Romans | | PH : | End of Fronde | | PH : | The "Great Elector" abolishes the estates; establishes a standing army | | PH : | Peasants' revolt in Bern under Nikolaus Leuenberg | | ED : | Chetham's Library, Manchester, founded | | RP : | Blaise Pascal joins the Jansenists at Port-Royal | | ED : | The London Polyglot Bible (in 10 languages) | | ST : | Armamentarium chirurgicum, work of Ger. surgeon Johann Schultes on surgical instruments and procedures (posth.) | | DL : | Izaak Walton: The Compleat Angler | | DL : | First letter boxes in Paris | | M : | Johann Pachelbel born 30 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Flores Solitudinis | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster ends first Anglo-Dutch war; Dutch recognise Navigation Act | | PH : | Treaty of Commerce between England and Sweden | | PH : | Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates on becoming a Roman Catholic; succeeded by her cousin Charles X | | PH : | Coronation of Louis XIV at Rheims | | PH : | War between Russia and Poland | | DL : | Johann Amos Comenius publishes in Nuremberg first picture book for children, Orbis sensualium pictus | | RP : | John Milton: Defensio secunda | | ST : | Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat state the theory of probability | | DL : | Entailor, fee tail, after Span. model, introduced in Germany | | M : | Samuel Scheidt dies 30 March |
|
|
| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Silex Scintillans, second part | | PH : | Cromwell dissolves Parliament and divides England into 11 districts | | RP : | Anglican services prohibited in England | | PH : | Outbreak of first Northern War | | ED : | Pierre Borel: Tréso des recherches et antiquités Gauloises | | RP : | Oliver Cromwell readmits Jews into England | | ED : | William Drummond: A History of the Five Jameses (posth.) | | RP : | Thomas Fuller: Church History of Britain | | RP : | Thomas Hobbes: Elementorum philosophia | | RP : | Pope Innocent X dies; Fabio Chigi becomes Pope Alexander VII | | RP : | Thomas Stanley: A History of Philosophy | | ST : | Chin. scientist and naturalist Ch'en yüan-lung publishes Ko-chih-ching-yüan, on new inventions | | DL : | First regular newspaper in Berlin |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Königsberg and Alliance of Marienberg between Sweden and Brandenburg | | PH : | Second Protectorate Parliament | | PH : | King John IV of Portugal dies; succeeded by his son Alfonso VI | | RP : | Manasseh ben Israel: Vindiciae Judaeorum, reply to attacks on Cromwell's readmission of Jews | | RP : | John Bunyan: Some Gospel Truth Opened | | RP : | Marchamont Needham: The Excellency of a Free State | | RP : | Blaise Pascal: Lettres provinciales against Jesuits | | RP : | Spinoza excommunicated | | VA : | Academy of Painting in Rome founded | | M : | Opening of first London opera house | | ST : | Thomas Wharton describes anatomy of glands | | DL : | Regiment of grenadier guards formed | | DL : | Hôpital général, Paris, opens, combining hospital, poorhouse, and factory |
|
|
| | LT : | Richard Lovelace dies | | LT : | Henry Vaughan: The Chemist's Key | | PH : | Emperor Ferdinand III dies; his son Leopold I succeeds him | | PH : | Oliver Cromwell rejects offer of title "king" | | PH : | Creation of a new House of Lords increases Cromwell's power | | PH : | Treaty of Bromberg: Brandenburg allied with Poland against Sweden | | RP : | Richard Baxter: A Call to the Unconverted | | RP : | Johann Amos Comenius: Opera didactice omnia | | ED : | Le Sieur Saunier: L'encyclopédie des beaux esprits, believed to be first reference book with "encyclopédie" in title | | ED : | Accademia de Cimento founded in Florence | | ST : | Dutch scientist Christiann Huygens designs first pendulum clocks | | DL : | Drinking chocolate introduced in London | | DL : | First stockings and fountain pens manufactured in Paris |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Roskilde between Sweden and Denmark ends first war | | PH : | Aurangzeb imprisons his father, Shah Jahan, and succeeds him as Mogul Emperor | | PH : | Charles X begins Second Northern War | | PH : | Oliver Cromwell dies; succeeded as Lord Protector by his son Richard | | PH : | Leopold I elected Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Formation of Rhenish League under Fr. protectorate | | RP : | James Harrington: The Prerogative of Popular Government | | ED : | Edward Phillips: A New World of Words | | RP : | Société des missions étrangères founded in Paris | | ST : | J.R. Glauber: De natura salium | | ST : | Jan Swammerdam first observes red blood corpuscles | | ST : | Robert Hooke, naturalist and philosopher, invents the balance spring for watches | | DL : | Swed. Financier Johann Palmstruck devises first bank note, issued by the Swed. state bank |
|
|
| | M : | Henry Purcell born | | PH : | Richard Cromwell resigns | | PH : | Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain | | RP : | Henry More: The Immortality of the Soul | | ED : | William Somner: Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum | | ST : | Eng. physician Thomas Willis describes first typhoid fever | | ED : | Prussian State Library, Berlin, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles X of Sweden dies; succeeded by Charles XI | | PH : | Parliament invites Charles II to return to England (The Restoration) | | PH : | Peace of Oliva signed, ending war between Austria, Poland, Sweden, and Brandenburg, and recognising the "Great Elector's " sovereignty in E. Prussia | | PH : | Peace of Copenhagen ends war between Sweden and Denmark | | PH : | Dan. crown becomes hereditary | | LT : | Patents granted for reopening of London theatres | | RP : | James Harrington: Political Discourse | | ED : | James Howell: Lexicon Tetraglotten, Eng.-Fr.-Ital.-Span. dictionary | | DL : | Dutch peasants (Boers) settle in S. Africa | | DL : | Royal African Company founded | | DL : | Famous "Café Procope" opens in Paris | | DL : | Water closets arrive from France in England | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti born 2 May | | VA : | Diego Velázquez dies |
|
|
| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes born | | PH : | Cardinal Mazarin dies; Louis XIV begins his personal rule | | PH : | Coronation of Charles II | | PH : | Peace of Kardis between Russia and Sweden ends Northern War | | PH : | "Cavalier Parliament" meets | | DL : | Famine in India, no rain since 1659 | | PH : | Mohammed Kiuprili, Grand Vizier of Turkey dies; succeeded by his son Ahmed Kiuprili | | LT : | Sir William Davenant, poet and dramatist, opens Lincoln's Inn Theatre, London | | RP : | John Eliot translates the Bible into Algonquin (first Amer. Bible edition) | | RP : | Joseph Glanvilil: The Vanity of Dogmatizing | | M : | Académie Royale de Danse founded by Louis XIV | | M : | Mathew Lock made court composer to Charles II | | M : | Edward Lowe: Short Direction for the Performance of Cathedra Servies, to revive organ accompaniment, suppressed during Commonwealth | | ST : | Robert Boyle: The Skeptical Chymist, with definition of chemical elements | | ST : | Christian Huyghens invents the manometer for ascertaining elastic forces of gases | | ST : | John Evelyn: Fumifugium, or the Inconvenience of the Air and Smoke of London Dissipated, an early attack on air pollution | | ED : | Kongelige Bibliothek, Copenhagen, founded | | VA : | Antoine Coypel born 11 March |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: The Wild Gallant | | PH : | Elizabeth of Bohemia, "the Winter Queen", dies | | PH : | Shun Chih, first Manchu Emperor of China dies; succeeded by his son K'ang-hsi | | RP : | Act of Uniformity gives assent to revised Eng. prayer book | | ED : | Thomas Fuller: The worthies of England, biographical reference work (posth.) | | VA : | Louis XIV begins to build palace of Versailles | | ED : | Founding of the Academia Leopoldina in Vienna | | ST : | The Royal Society receives charter from Charles II | | DL : | Last silver pennies minted in London |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: The Rival Ladies | | PH : | Turks declare War on Holy Roman Empires | | LT : | Colbert founds Académie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres in Paris | | LT : | The Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, opens | | RP : | Robert Boyle: Concerning the Usefulness of Experimental Philosophy | | RP : | Lord Herbert of Cherbury: De religione gentilium (posth.) | | RP : | Writings of Descartes put on the Index | | ST : | Guericke constructs a frictional electrical machine | | ST : | John Newton discovers the binomial theorem | | DL : | First gold guinea pieces coined in England | | DL : | Hearth tax in England | | DL : | Turnpike tolls introduced in England |
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance between France and Brandenburg | | PH : | Truce of Vasvar between Turks and Austrians | | RP : | Conventicle Act, against Nonconformists, forbids meetings of more than five people | | RP : | The Trappist Order founded at La Trappe, Normandy | | M : | French horn becomes an orchestral instrument | | ST : | Thomas Willis: Cerebri anatome on the nervous system | | DL : | "Compagnie des Indes Occidentales" formed to control Fr. trade in Canada, S.America, W.Africa and W. Indies | | DL : | Introduction of large periwig style | | DL : | First Royal Marine Regiment | | PH : | Start of second Anglo-Dutch war |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: The Indian Emperor | | PH : | Philip IV of Spain dies; succeeded by his son Charles II | | PH : | Absolutism introduced into Denmark by Lex Regia | | LT : | Journal des Savants, first literary periodical, started in Paris | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Holy City | | ED : | Codex Theodosianus, ed by Jacques Godefroy | | RP : | John Eliot: Communion of Churches, privately printed at Harvard, Mass. | | RP : | Five-Mile Act put restrictions on Nonconformist ministers | | ST : | Philosophical Transactions, first scientific journal in England | | ST : | Giovanni Cassini determines rotations of Jupiter, Mars, and Venus | | ST : | Peter Chamberlen invents midwifery forceps | | ST : | Francis Grimaldi: Physico-mathesis de lumine (posth.) explains diffraction of light | | ST : | Robert Hooke: Micrographia, on the microscope | | ED : | University of Kiel founded | | PH : | Colony of New Jersey founded | | ST : | Issac Newton experiments on gravitation; invents differential calculus | | ED : | First modern census taken in Quebec | | ED : | Caleb Cheeshateaumuck, first N. Amer. Indian to take an A.B. Degree at Harvard | | DL : | First issue of the London Gazette | | DL : | The Prince Archbishop of Münster sells 7,000 of his subjects as solders | | DL : | The Great Plague of London begins, killing 68,596 | | VA : | Nicolas Poussin dies |
|
|
| | PH : | France and Dutch declare war on England | | PH : | Quadruple alliance between Holland, Brandenburg, Brunswick, and Denmark to secure safety of Holland | | PH : | Treaty of Cleves between Brandenburg and Neubrug for partition of Jülick-Cleves | | PH : | Hungarian noblemen revolt against Emperor Leopold I | | RP : | First Armenian Bible printed | | RP : | John Bunyan: Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners | | RP : | Leibniz: De arte combinatoria | | RP : | Raskol (Great Schism) breaks out in Russ. Church | | RP : | John Tillotson: The Rule of Faith | | M : | Antonio Stradivari labels his first violin | | ST : | Issac Newton measures the moon's orbit | | DL : | First Cheddar cheese | | DL : | Great Fire of London | | VA : | Gobelin workshops established in Paris by Colbert | | DL : | Cricket Club founded at St. Alban's , Herfordshire, England | | VA : | Frans Hals dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: The Maiden Queen, Sir Martin Marall and an adaptation of The Tempest | | PH : | Truce of Andrusovo ends 13-year war between Russia and Poland | | PH : | Secret treaty between Louis XIV and Charles II against Spain | | PH : | War of Devolution begins as Fr. troops invade Netherlands | | PH : | Shah Abbas II of Persia dies; succeeded by his son Suleiman | | PH : | Alfonso VI of Portugal banished to the Azores by his brother Pedro, the regent | | PH : | Peace of Breda between the Dutch, France and England | | RP : | Pope Alexander VII dies; Giulio Rospigliosi becomes Pope Clement IX | | ED : | Fr. jurist Guillaume Lamoignon compiles the Code Louis | | RP : | Leibniz: Nova methodus discendique juris | | RP : | Samuel Pufendorf: De statu republicae Germanicae | | ST : | National Observatory, Paris , founded | | DL : | Fr. army uses hand grenades | | PH : | Treaty of Breda ends second Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Alessandro Magnasco born |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: The Mock Astrologer and Tyrannic Love, or the Royal Martyr | | PH : | Alliance of the Hague signed by English and Dutch | | PH : | Treaty of Lisbon: Spain recognises independence of Portugal | | PH : | Brit. East India Company obtains control of Bombay | | PH : | Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle ends War of Devolution between France and Spain | | PH : | John II Casimir, King of Poland abdicates | | PH : | Treaty between Louis XIV and Leopold I concerning future partition of Span. realms | | RP : | Joseph Glanvill: Plus ultra, or Progress of Knowledge since Aristotle | | RP : | Henry More: Divine Dialogues | | RP : | William Penn: Sandy Foundation Shaken, questions the doctrine of the Trinity | | RP : | Sir Josiah Child: Brief Observations Concerning Trade and the Interest of Money | | ST : | Robert Hooke: Discourse on Earthquakes | | ST : | Isaac Newton constructs reflecting telescope | | DL : | Oder-Spree Canal finished | | M : | François Couperin born 10 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Michael Wisniowiecki, a Lithuanian, elected King of Poland | | PH : | John Locke's constitution for Carolina approved, S. Carolina founded GO ! | | PH : | Venetians lose Crete, their last colonial possession, to the Turks | | RP : | Aurangzeb bans Hindu religion in India | | PH : | Last meeting of the Hanseatic League | | RP : | Pope Clement IX dies | | RP : | William Penn: No Cross, No Crown | | M : | Royal patent for founding Académie Royale des Opéras granted | | M : | Mathew Locke: The Treasury of Musick | | ED : | Edmund Castell: Lexicon Heptaglotton | | ST : | Phosphorus prepared for first time | | ST : | Nicolaus Steno begins the modern study of geology | | ST : | Jan Swammerdam: History of the Insects | | DL : | Outbreak of cholera in China | | DL : | Earliest Fr. trading station in India | | VA : | Rembrandt Harmenszoon van Rijn dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: first and second parts of Almanzor and Almahide, or the Conquest of Granada | | PH : | Defensive alliance between France and Bavaria | | PH : | Treaty of Dover between England and France | | PH : | Frederick III, King of Denmark, dies; succeeded by Christian V | | PH : | Rebellion of Ukrainian Cossacks crushed | | LT : | John Dryden appointed historiographer royal and poet laureate | | LT : | First Ital. "commedia dell'arte" companies appear in Germany | | RP : | Cardinal Emilio Altieri becomes Pope Clement X | | ED : | John Milton: The Historie of Britain | | RP : | Pascal: Pensées (posth.) | | RP : | Spinoza: Tractatus theologico-politicus | | ST : | Paul Amman: Medicina critica | | ST : | Ital. scientist Giovanni Borelli attempts to use artificial wings for flying | | ST : | Engl. physician Thomas Willis describes for first time typical symptoms of diabetes | | PH : | Hudson's Bay Company incorporated by royal charter to trade in region of N. America draining into Hudson Bay | | DL : | Louis XIV's Minister of War introduces uniforms and paper cartridges in Fr. army | | DL : | First minute hands on watches |
|
|
| | PH : | Turks declare war on Poland | | RP : | First Bible edition in Arabic, printed in Rome | | RP : | John Bunyan: A Confession of My Faith | | ED : | Stephen Skinner: Etymologicon linguae anglicanae | | M : | Paris Opéra opens | | ST : | Leibniz defines nature and existence of the ether | | DL : | Eng. Crown resumes direct control of customs system | | DL : | Founding of the Fr. Senegal Company | | M : | Tomaso Albinoni born 14 June |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Marriage à la Mode and The Assignation, or Love in a Nunnery | | DL : | Stop of Eng. exchequer; cash payments suspended for 12 months | | PH : | Declaration of Indulgence issued by Charles II (withdrawn in 1673) | | PH : | Britain declares war on the Dutch | | PH : | France declares war on the Dutch | | ED : | Clarendon Press, official printers of Oxford University, founded | | ED : | Elias Ashmore: Institutions, Laws, Ceremonies of the Order of the Garter | | RP : | William Cave: Primitive Christianity | | RP : | Confessions of faith of the Greek Orthodox Church revived by the Synod of Jerusalem | | ED : | William Tempel: Observations upon the United Provinces of the Netherlands | | DL : | Fulham Pottery, London, founded | | M : | First public concert at Whitefriars, London | | ST : | Root ipecacuanha introduced for medicinal purposes in Europe | | ST : | Flexible hose for use in fighting fires introduced | | ST : | John Josselym: New England's Rarities Discovered, on local flora and fauna | | DL : | Charter granted to the Royal African Company | | PH : | Start of third Anglo-Dutch war | | LT : | Anne Bradstreet dies 16 September | | M : | Heinrich Schütz dies 6 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Roman Forgeries | | LT : | John Dryden: Amboyna | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Incidental music
to Molière's play Le Malade imaginaire ('The Hypochondriac')
| | PH : | Test Act excludes Roman Catholics from office in England | | PH : | After preliminary peace between Brandenburg and France the "Great Elector" promises, in Treaty of Vossen, not to support any enemies of Louis XIV | | PH : | Emperor Leopold I declares war on France | | PH : | King Michael of Poland dies | | PH : | Fr. expedition against Ceylon | | ED : | Robert Clave; Catalogue of All the Books Printed in England Since the Dreadful Fire of London in 1666 | | LT : | Archpriest Petrovich Avvakum writes his Zhitie, first Russ. autobiography | | M : | Mathew Locke: The Present Practice of Music Vindicated | | ED : | University of Innsbruck founded | | ST : | Stalactic grotto of Antiparos (Aegean Sea) discovered | | DL : | Financier Richard Hoare founds Hoare's Bank, London | | DL : | Mitsui family's trading and banking house in Japan founded |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Traherne dies | | LT : | John Dryden: The State of Innocence | | PH : | Jan Sobieski elected as Jan III, King of Poland | | PH : | Sivaji Bhonsla declares himself independent of the Mogul Emperor Aurangzeb; founds Mahratta state and is crowned at Raigarh | | PH : | Office of Stadholder of the United Provinces becomes hereditary in the House of Orange | | LT : | Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, London, rebuilt after the fire and reopened | | ED : | Anthony à Wood: Historia et antiquitates universitatis Oxoniensis | | RP : | Nicolas Malebranch: De la recherche de la vérité | | ED : | Louis Moreri: Le Grand Dictionnaire historique, first encyclopedic reference work on history | | ST : | John Mayow: Tractatus quinque medico-physici, on the nature of combustion | | ST : | Thomas Willis: Pharmaceutice rationalis | | LT : | Robert Herrick dies in October |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini born | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill born | | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Christian Ethicks | | PH : | Alliance between France and Poland | | PH : | War between Sweden and Denmark | | PH : | Charles II of England receives 500,000 crowns from Louis XIV and is able to prorogue Eng. Parliament for 15 months | | PH : | King Charles II of Spain attains majority | | LT : | Poems of Basho (pseudonym of Matsuo Munefusa) help popularise Jap. haiku poetry | | RP : | Jacques Savary: Le Parfait Négociant | | RP : | Philipp Jacob Spener: Pia desideria | | RP : | Spinoza finishes his Ethics | | RP : | Thomas Traherne: Christian Ethics (posth.) | | ST : | Greenwich Observatory established | | ST : | Leibniz invents differential and integral calculus | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Opticks | | ST : | Finite velocity of light established by Olaus Romer | | VA : | Johannes Vermeer dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Aurengzebe | | PH : | Czar Alexis of Russia dies; succeeded by his son Feodor III | | PH : | Ahmed Kiuprili dies; succeeded as grand Vizier of Turkey by his brother-in-law Kara Mustafa | | RP : | "Declaration of the People of Virginia" by Nathaniel Bacon gains support for rebellion against authorities | | RP : | Pope Clement X dies; Benedetto Odescalchi becomes Pope Innocent XI | | RP : | Benjamin Thompson; New England's Crisis | | RP : | Roger Williams: George Fox Digg'd Out of His Burrowes, anti-Quaker tract | | ST : | Thomas Sydenham: Obervationes medicae | | DL : | Influenza epidemic in England | | RP : | Legal protection of Sabbath observance in England |
|
|
| | RP : | William Cave: History of Martyrdoms | | ED : | Johann Jacob Hofmann: Lexicon Universale, on science and arts | | RP : | John Houghton: England's Great Happiness, or A Dialogue between Content and Complaint | | RP : | Increase Mather: The Troubles That Have Happened in New England | | DL : | Ice cream becomes popular as dessert in Paris |
|
|
| | LT : | Henry Vaughan: Thalia Rediviva | | LT : | John Dryden: All for Love and Limberham | | LT : | Anne Bradstreet: Several Poems Compiled with Great Variety of Wit and Learning (posth.) | | PH : | Peace of Nijmegen between France and the Dutch and France and Spain | | PH : | "Popish Plot" in England revealed; trials of many leading Roman Catholics | | PH : | Roman Catholics in England excluded from both Houses of Parliament | | PH : | Hungarian rebellion against Hapsburgs under Emeric Tökölyi | | PH : | Outbreak of war between Russia and Sweden | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Pilgrim's Progress, part I | | RP : | Ralph Cudworth: The True Intellectual System of the Universe | | M : | Thomas Britton, Eng. patron of music, introduces weekly concerts in Clerkenwell, London | | M : | First Ger. opera house opens in Hamburg | | ST : | Ital. mathematician Giovanni Ceva states the geometrical theorem on the nature of concurrency | | ST : | Christian Huygens records his discovery of the polarisation of light | | ST : | Robert de La Salle explores the Great Lakes | | ST : | Thomas Thatcher: A Brief Rule in Small Pocks or Measles, first medical treatise published in America | | DL : | First chrysanthemums arrive in Holland from Japan | | DL : | Import of all Fr. goods to England prohibited | | PH : | End of third Anglo-Dutch war | | M : | Antonio Vivaldi born 4 March | | LT : | Andrew Marvell dies 18 August |
|
|
| | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Gli equivoci nel sembiante
| | PH : | Peace of Nijmegen between Louis XIV and Leopold I | | PH : | Habeas Corpus Amendment Act in England | | PH : | Peace of St. Germain-en-Laye between Sweden and Brandenburg | | PH : | Peace Treaty of Lund between Denmark and Sweden | | RP : | Gilbert Burnet: History of the Reformation of the Church of England, vol I | | RP : | Sir William Petty: A Treatise on Taxes and Contributions | | RP : | Abraham a Sancta Clara: Merk's Wien!, sermons against corruption of morals in Vienna | | ST : | Elias Ashmole founds Ashmolean Museum at Oxford | | ST : | Edmund Halley: Catalogus stellarum australium | | ST : | Fr. Jesuit Louis Hannepin discovers Niagara Falls | | DL : | Edict against duelling in France | | DL : | First German coffeehouses in Hamburg | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy born 27 January |
|
|
| | PH : | Absolutism in Sweden under King Charles XI | | PH : | Maximilian II Emanuel becomes Elector of Bavaria | | PH : | Tsunayoshi becomes Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Comédie Français formed by merging Théâtre Guénéguad Paris, with Théâtre de'Hôtel de Bourgogne | | RP : | Robert Filmer: Patriarche, or The Natural Power of Kings | | ED : | César-Pierre Richelet: Dictionnaire François | | RP : | Sir William Temple: An Essay on Government | | M : | First ballets arrive in Germany from France | | M : | Stradivari makes his earliest known cello | | ST : | First Brandenburgian expedition to W. Africa | | DL : | Dodo, flightless bird of the Raphidae family, extinct | | DL : | Penny post established in London | | PH : | Start of fourth Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Spanish Friar | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Divertissement, Les Plaisirs de Versailles
('The Pleasures of Versailles')
| | PH : | Defensive alliances between Brandenburg and France and between Brandenburg and Sweden | | PH : | European Congress meets at Frankfurt | | ED : | Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet: Discours sur l'histoire universelle | | ED : | Jean Mabillon: De re diplomatica, study of historical documents as foundation of historical criticism | | RP : | James Dalrymple of Stair: Institutions of the Law of Scotland | | M : | Female professional dancers appear for first time at the Paris Opéra | | ED : | Academy of Sciences, Moscow, founded | | ST : | Canal du Midi, joining Bay of Biscay to the Mediterranean, finished | | DL : | Founding of the Chelsea Hospital, London, for wounded and discharged soldiers | | DL : | First checks in England | | M : | Johann Mattheson born 28 September | | VA : | Gerard Ter Borch dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Absalom and Achitophel, The Medal and Religio Laici | | PH : | Czar Feodor III of Russia dies; his sister Sophia becomes Regent for her infant brothers, Ivan and Peter | | PH : | Emeric Tökölyi proclaimed King of Hungary by Turks | | ST : | Pierre Bayle: Thoughts on the Comet of 1680, against superstitions on comets | | RP : | John Bunyan: The Holy War | | ED : | François Eudes de Mézeray: De l'origine des Français | | RP : | 58,000 Fr. Huguenots forced to conversion | | ED : | Sir George MacKenzie founds Advocates' Library, Edinburgh, later to becomes Scot. national library | | RP : | Sir William Petty: Essay Concerning Multiplications of Mankind | | ED : | Acta eruditorum, first learned periodical appears (in Latin) in Leipzig | | DL : | Versailles becomes royal residence | | DL : | Weaving mill with 100 looms established in Amsterdam | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta born 13 February |
|
|
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Ode for St. Cecelia's Day
(2 composed in this year, 2 more later)
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Dramatic oratorio, La Descente d'Orphée aux enfers
('The Descent of Orpheus into the Underworld')
| | PH : | Pol.-Aust. alliance against Turks | | PH : | Rye House Plot to assassinate Charles II discovered | | PH : | Turks begins siege of Vienna | | PH : | Spain declares war on France | | PH : | Alfonso VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by his brother Peter II | | PH : | Dutch traders admitted to Canton | | PH : | League of The Hague: the Emperor Leopold I and Charles II of Spain join Dutch-Swed. alliance against France | | PH : | Manchus conquer Formosa | | PH : | Peace treaty between William Penn and N. American Indians | | RP : | Mathew Hale: A Discourse Touching Provision for the Poor | | ED : | William Penn: A General Description of Pennsylvania | | ED : | Sir William Petty: The Growth of the City of London | | ST : | Eng. navigator William Dampier begins voyage around the world | | ST : | Newton explains mathematical theory on tides under gravitational attraction of sun, moon, and earth | | DL : | First coffeehouses in Vienna | | DL : | Wild boars become extinct in Great Britain |
|
|
| | PH : | The Emperor, Poland and Venice conclude Holy League of Linz against Turks | | PH : | Bermudas become crown colony | | PH : | The "Great Elector" offers Fr. Huguenots refuge in Brandenburg | | LT : | Nouvelles de la République des Lettres, literary review, published | | LT : | Takemoto Gidayu begins puppet theatre "Joruri" in Tokyo | | RP : | 93 Jewish families expelled from Bordeaux | | RP : | Increase Mather: Remarkable Providences | | ST : | Giovanni Cassini: Les Éléments de l'astronomie vérifiés | | ST : | Ger. explorer Engelbert Kämpfer travels to Persian Gulf, Java, and Japan | | DL : | First attempts in London to light the streets | | PH : | Siamese embassy arrives at court of Louis XIV at Versailles | | PH : | End of fourth Anglo-Dutch war | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau born 10 October |
|
|
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Rejoice in the Lord Alway
| | PH : | Charles II of England dies; succeeded by his brother James II | | PH : | Charles, the Elector Palatinates, dies; electorate claimed by Louis XIV for his sister-in-law Liselotte | | DL : | All Chin. ports opened to foreign trade | | ED : | César de Rochefort: Dictionnaire général et curieux | | RP : | Louis XIV revokes Edict of Nantes, exiles thousands of Fr. Protestants | | ST : | David Abercromby: De pulsis variatione | | DL : | Fr. Huguenots begin silk manufacture in Great Britain | | M : | George Frideric Handel born 23 February | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier born 17 March | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach born 21 March |
|
|
| | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Roman Catholics readmitted to Eng. army | | LT : | First Swed. theatre opens in Stockholm | | RP : | Ger. pietist and educator begins at Leipzig his Collegum Philobiblicum for the study of the Bible | | ST : | Halley draws first meteorological map | | ED : | Jean Le Clerc: Bibliothèque universelle et historique, 25 vols | | ST : | Francis Willughby: Historia piscium (posth.) | | DL : | Maison St. Cyr founded as convent school for daughters of poor gentlefolk | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry born 17 March |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni born | | LT : | John Dryden: The Hind and the Panther | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Divertissement, Idle sur le retour de la santé du roi
('Idyll on the King's Return to Health')
| | PH : | James II issues Declaration of Indulgence for liberty of conscience | | PH : | Papal nuncio received by James II | | PH : | Hungarian diet of Pressburg recognises the crown as hereditary possession of the male line of Hapsburgs | | PH : | Sultan Mohammed IV of Turkey deposed; succeeded by Suleiman III | | ED : | Fénelon: Traité de l'éducation des filles | | RP : | Samuel von Pufendorf: The Relation of Religious Liberty to Civilian Life | | RP : | John Wallis: Institutio logicae | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica | | ST : | Sir Hans Sloane begins his botanical collection on a visit to Jamaica | | ED : | University of Bologna founded | | M : | Jean-Baptiste Lully dies 22 March |
|
|
| | VA : | François Le Moyne born | | M : | Henry Purcell : Song
'Evening Hymn'
| | PH : | Frederick William, the "Great Elector" dies; succeeded by his son Frederick III | | PH : | Transylvania becomes province under King of Hungary | | PH : | Seven Eng. lords invite William of Orange to England (the "Glorious Revolution") | | PH : | War between France and the Empire | | RP : | Jacques- Bénigne Boussuet: Histoires des variations des églises protestantes | | DL : | Joseph de la Vega: Confusion de confusiones, description of transactions on Amsterdam Exchange | | DL : | London underwriters begin meeting regularly at Lloyd's Coffee House | | ST : | Plate glass being cast for first time | | DL : | Smyrna destroyed by earthquake | | LT : | Alexander Pope born 21 May |
|
|
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Musik's Handmaid
for harpsichord (including a version of 'Lilliburlero')
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Opera, Dido and Aeneas
| | PH : | Parliament confirms abdication of James II | | PH : | Declaration of Rights in England, William and Mary proclaimed King and Queen for life (also in Scotland) | | PH : | Louis XIV declares war on Great Britain | | PH : | Peter the Great becomes Czar of Russia | | PH : | Ger. diet declares war on France | | RP : | Pope Innocent XI dies; Pietro Ottoboni becomes Pope Alexander VIII | | ED : | John, Lord Somers: A Brief History of the Succession to the Crown of England | | RP : | William Sherlock: A Practical Discourse Concerning Death | | DL : | William III establishes Devonport Naval Dockyards | | DL : | First modern trade fair held in Leiden, Holland |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Don Sebastian and Amphitryon | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces d'orgue consistantes en deux messes, l'une à l'usage ordinaire des paroisses, l'autre propre pour les couvents de religieux et religieuses
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier :
Setting of the Te Deum
| | PH : | Joseph I elected King of the Romans | | PH : | Act of Grace passed in England | | PH : | Spain joins Great Alliance against France | | RP : | John Locke: An Essay Concerning Human Understanding | | RP : | Sir William Petty: Political Arithmetics | | DL : | Calcutta founded by Eng. colonial administrator Job Charnock | | ST : | Huyghens publishes his theory of the undulation of light | | ST : | Fr. engineer Denis Papin devises pump with piston, raised by steam | | ED : | Academia dell' arcadia founded in Rome | | DL : | Calico printing introduced to Great Britain from France | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret born 22 January |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: King Arthur | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Six Suites
for two violins
| | M : | Henry Purcell :
Incidental music to King Arthur, play by John Dryden
| | PH : | Hapsburgs recognised as rulers of Transylvania | | DL : | New East India Company formed in London | | PH : | Sultan Suleiman III of Turkey dies; succeeded by Ahmad II | | PH : | Treaty of Limerick ends Irish rebellion | | RP : | Pope Alexander VIII dies; Antonio Pignatelli becomes Pope Innocent XII | | RP : | Christian Faith Society for West Indies founded in London | | RP : | Claude Fleury: Histoire ecclésiastique begun (20 vols, completed in 1720) | | RP : | Kaspar Stieler: Teutsche Sprachschatz | | RP : | Henry Wharton: Anglia sacra | | ED : | Anthony à Wood: Athenae Oxonienses | | ST : | Leibniz: Protagaea, on geology | | DL : | First directory of addresses published in Paris | | VA : | Aelbert Cuyp dies |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Cleomenes | | M : | Henry Purcell : Songs
'Music for a While' and 'Nymphs and Shepherds'
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Masque or 'semi opera', The Fairy Queen
| | VA : | Antoine Coypel : Democritus | | PH : | Massacre of Clan Macdonald at Glencoe | | PH : | Duke Ernst August of Hanover becomes 9th Elector of the Holy Roman Empire | | LT : | Nahum Tate made poet laureate | | RP : | Edict of Toleration for Christians in China | | ED : | William and Mary College founded in Virginia | | ED : | Johann Konrad Amman: Der redende Stumme, manual of language for deaf-mutes | | DL : | The Bank, later becomes banking house of Coutts and Co., opened in Strand, London | | DL : | Earthquake in Jamaica | | DL : | Queen Mary II founds Greenwich Hospital for wounded sailors and pensioners |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: A Discourse concerning the Original and Progress of Satire | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Chorale Preludes
for organ
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Opera, Médée
| | PH : | Louis XIV begins his peace policy, reconciliation with the Vatican | | DL : | National Debt begins in England | | RP : | Edmund Halley: The Degrees of Mortality of Mankind | | RP : | Secret society, Knights of the Apocalypse, founded in Italy to defend the church against the antichrist | | ED : | Leibniz: Codex Juris gentium diplomaticus | | ED : | John Locke: Thoughts Concerning Education, on learning foreign languages | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Wonders of the Invisible World | | RP : | William Penn: An Essay on the Present and Future Peace of Europe | | DL : | Kingston, Jamaica, founded |
|
|
| | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto born | | VA : | Charles-Antoine Coypel born | | LT : | John Dryden: Love Triumphant | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Il Pirro e Demetrio
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Ode
'Come Ye Sons of Art' (including aria, 'Sound the Trumpet')
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Zenobia
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni :
12 Trio Sonatas
| | DL : | Founding of the Bank of England | | PH : | Triennial Bill providing for new Parliamentary election every third year | | PH : | Augustus the Strong, Elector of Saxony | | PH : | Hussain becomes Shah of Persia | | ED : | Dictionnaire de l'Académie française, first edition, 2 vols. | | ST : | Rudolf Camerarius: De sexu plantarum epistola | | ED : | University of Halle founded | | DL : | Salt tax doubled in England |
|
|
| | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Magnificat Fugues
for organ
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Semi opera, The Indian Queen
| | M : | Henry Purcell :
'The Golden Sonata' for 2 violins, viola de gamba, and keyboard
| | M : | Henry Purcell : Queen Mary's Funeral Music
| | PH : | Ahmad II, Sultan of Turkey, dies; succeeded by Mustafa II | | DL : | End of government press censorship in England | | RP : | John Locke: The Reasonableness of Christianity | | ST : | Pendant barometer invented | | ED : | University of Berlin founded | | ST : | Magnesium sulfate isolated (epsom salts) | | ST : | John Woodward: Essay Toward a Natural History of the Earth and Terrestrial Bodies | | DL : | Royal Bank of Scotland founded | | DL : | Window tax in England | | LT : | Henry Vaughan dies 23 April | | M : | Henry Purcell dies 21 November | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater born 29 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Louis Tocqué born | | DL : | New coinage in England carried out by John Locke and Isaac Newton | | PH : | Eng. Habeas Corpus Act suspended | | ED : | Nicolas Antonio: Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, Span. bibliography | | ED : | William Nicolson: The English Historical Library, 3 vols. | | VA : | Kunstakademie, Berlin, founded | | ED : | John Bellers: Proposals for Raising a College of Industry, on the education of children | | DL : | Board of Trade and Plantations founded in England | | DL : | First Eng. property insurance company founded | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo born 5 March |
|
|
| | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, and La caduta dei Decemviri
| | PH : | Peter the Great, calling himself Peter Michailoff, sets out on a year-and-a-half journey to Prussia, Holland, England and Vienna to study European ways of life | | PH : | Charles XI, King of Sweden, dies; succeeded by Charles XII | | PH : | Augustus, Elector of Saxony, converted to Roman Catholicism, elected King of Poland in succession to Jan III | | PH : | In Treaty of Ryswick: France recognises William III as King of England | | PH : | China conquers western Mongolia | | ED : | Pierre Bayle: Dictionnaire historique et critique, 2 vols | | ED : | William Wotton: Reflections on Ancient and Modern Learning | | DL : | Last remains of Maya civilisation destroyed by Spanish in Yucatan | | RP : | Daniel Defoe: An Essay Upon Projects, recommending income tax | | DL : | Sedan chair a popular means of transportation | | DL : | Court of Versailles becomes model for European courts | | DL : | Whitehall Palace, London, burns down | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal born 18 October | | VA : | William Hogarth born 10 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Rebellion of Czar Peter's praetorian guard in Moscow; leaders executed | | PH : | Elector Ernest August of Hanover dies; his eldest son George Louis, future King George I of England, becomes electoral prince | | DL : | Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau introduces goose-stepping and iron ramrods in Prussian army | | RP : | Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) founded | | ED : | Bibliotheca Casanatense founded in Rome | | RP : | Algernon Sidney: Discourses Concerning Government (posth.) | | DL : | The General Society (New East India Trading Company) founded in London | | DL : | Paper manufacturing begins in N. America | | DL : | Tax on beards in Russia | | DL : | Mrs. White's Chocolate House opens in London, soon to become headquarters of Tory Party |
|
|
| | LT : | John Dryden: Fables | | M : | Johann Pachelbel : Hexachordum Apollinis
six arias with variations for organ or harpsichord
| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Self-Portrait as a Huntsman | | PH : | Peace of Karlowitz signed by Austria, Russia, Poland and Venice with Turkey | | PH : | Denmark and Russia sign mutual defence pact | | PH : | Treaty of Preobrazhenskoe signed by Denmark, Russia, Poland, and Saxony for partition of Swed. empire | | PH : | Christian V, King of Denmark, dies; succeeded by Frederick IV | | RP : | Richard Bentley: Dissertation Upon the Epistles of Phalaris | | RP : | Gilbert Burnet: Exposition of the Thirty-Nine Articles | | ST : | William Dampier explores northwest coast of Australia | | ST : | Pierre Lemoyne founds first European settlement in Louisianna, at Fort Maurepas | | DL : | Billingsgate, London, becomes a market | | DL : | Peter the Great decrees that New Year in Russia will begin on January 1 instead of September 1 | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin born 2 November |
|
|
| | PH : | The Great Northern War | | PH : | King Charles II of Spain dies, setting the stage for the War of the Spanish Succession | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Lesbina e Adolfo
| | LT : | Development of the Kabuki Theatre in Japan | | RP : | Pope Innocent XII dies; Gian Francesco Albani becomes Pope Clement XI | | DL : | Unmarried women taxed in Berlin | | ED : | Berlin Academy of Science founded | | M : | Joseph Saveur measures and explains vibrations of musical tones | | LT : | John Dryden dies 30 April |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of Settlement in Britain. This settlement establishes the Hanoverian Monarchy | | PH : | War of Spanish Succession | | PH : | Prince Elector Frederick III of Brandenburg crowns himself Frederick I "King of Prussia" | | ED : | University of Venice founded | | ED : | Yale College founded | | M : | Music publisher Henry Playford establishes a series of weekly concerts at Oxford | | RP : | Father Francisco Ximénes translates sacred national book of the Quiché Indians of Guatemala, Popul Vah | | RP : | Benjamin Whichcote: Several Discourses; Moral and Religious Aphorisms | | ED : | Jeremy Collier: The Great historical, Geographical, Genealogical, and Political Dictionary 2 vols. | | PH : | James II of England dies; Louis XIV recognises James Edward as King James III |
|
|
| | VA : | Pietro Longhi born | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Motet, Judicium Salomonis
('Solomon's Judgement')
| | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier : Mass, Assumpta est Maria
('The Assumption of Mary')
| | VA : | Antoine Coypel : Venus Imploring Jupiter in Favour of Aeneas | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Denmark | | DL : | The Daily Courant, first daily newspaper issued in London | | ED : | Jesuit college founded in Breslau | | DL : | Asiento Guinea Company founded for slave trade between Africa and America | | VA : | Japanese painter Ogata Korin unites the two imperial schools of Japanese painting - Kano and Yamato | | RP : | Armenian Priest Mekhitar of Sebaste founds in Constantinople Order of the Mekhitarists, Roman Catholic Armenian monks | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Magnalia Christi Americana, ecclesiastical history of New England | | RP : | Daniel Defoe: The Shortest Way with Dissenters | | LT : | Edward Busshe: The Art of English Poetry | | PH : | Rebellion of Protestant peasants, "Camisards", in Cévennes | | LT : | Earliest form of English pantomime given at Drury Lane, London | | PH : | William III dies, succeeded by Queen Anne GO ! | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli born 15 August |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Methuen signed by Britain and Portugal | | DL : | Peter the Great lays foundations of St. Petersburg | | ST : | Isaac Newton elected President of the Royal Society | | PH : | Archduke Charles proclaimed King of Spain in Madrid | | ED : | Universal, Historical, Geographical, Chronological and Classical Dictionary | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto born | | VA : | François Boucher born 29 September |
|
|
| | DL : | Earliest subscription library in Berlin | | ST : | Isaac Newton: Optics, defence of the theory of light | | ST : | John Harris : Lexicon technicum, encyclopaedia of the sciences | | ED : | Dictionnaire de Trévoux, of terms used in arts and sciences, published by the Jesuits at Trévoux | | PH : | Augustus II of Poland deposed, Stanislas Leszczynski elected King Stanislas I | | M : | Marc-Antoine Charpentier dies 24 February | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour born 5 September |
|
|
| | PH : | Turkish Authority overthrown in Tunis | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach :
Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, for organ
| | ST : | Royal Observatory, Berlin, founded | | LT : | His Majesty's Theatre opens in London | | ST : | Edmund Halley correctly predicts the return in 1758 of the comet seen in 1682 | | PH : | The Emperor Leopold I dies; succeeded by his eldest son, Joseph I | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo born 15 February |
|
|
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Griselda
| | ST : | Olous Römer's catalogue of astronomical observations | | RP : | Mathew Tindal: Rights of the Christian Church | | PH : | Peace of Altrandstadt: Augustus renouces Polish throne, recognises King Stanislas I | | M : | Johann Pachelbel dies 7 March |
|
|
| | PH : | Act of Union, Scotland and England become one country | | PH : | Death of Aurangzeb leads to the disintegration of the Mughal Empire | | M : | Great German organ builder Gottfried Silbermann builds first organ at Frauenstein, Saxony | | ED : | Edward Lhuyd: Archeologica Britannica, on Celtic language | | RP : | Isaac Watts: Hymns and Spiritual Songs | | PH : | Aurangzeb, Mogul Emperor of Hindustan dies; succeeded by Bahadur Shah | | PH : | "Perpetual Alliance" signed between Prussia and Sweden | | PH : | King Peter II of Portugal dies; succeeded by John V | | M : | Dietrich Buxtehude dies 9 May |
|
|
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : Opera, Vespetta e Pimpione
| | ED : | Professorship of poetry founded at Oxford University | | RP : | Jeremy Collier: The Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain | | ED : | Bernard de Montfaucon: Paleographia Graeca | | LT : | First German theatre opens in Vienna | | DL : | British East India Company and New East India Company merged | | PH : | Peter the Great divides Russia into eight government districts to ease administration | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni born 25 January |
|
|
| | LT : | Alexander Pope: Pastorals | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Agrippina
| | DL : | First Russian prisoners sent to Siberia | | DL : | First Copyright Act in Britain | | M : | Invention of the pianoforte | | RP : | John Strype: Annals of the Reformation | | PH : | Ienobe becomes Shogun in Japan | | PH : | 14,000 inhabitants of the Palatinate emigrate to North America | | PH : | Peace negotiations at The Hague |
|
|
| | RP : | George Berkeley: A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge | | LT : | The Examiner, literary periodical, issued for first time | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Still Life with Dog and Game | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill : The Apotheosis of Romulus | | RP : | William King: An Historical Account of the Heathen Gods and Heroes | | RP : | Leibniz: Théodicée (God Created the best of all possible worlds) | | RP : | Cotton Mather: Essays to Do Good | | DL : | English South Sea Company founded | | VA : | Jakob Christoph Le Blon invents three-colour printing | | DL : | Porcelain factory at Meissen, Saxony, founded |
|
|
| | LT : | Alexander Pope: An Essay on Criticism | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Still Life with Dead Hare and Fruit | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Still Life (Summer) | | PH : | War between Russia and Turkey | | PH : | Joseph I dies is ultimately succeeded by his brother Charles VI, father of Maria Theresa | | RP : | Francis Atterbury: Representation of the State of Religion | | ED : | Berlin Academy started | | RP : | Anthony Ashley Cooper: Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, and Times | | ED : | Thomas Maddox: The History of Antiquities of the Exchequer | | RP : | William Whiston: Primitive Christianity Revived | | VA : | London Academy of Arts established under Geoffrey Kneller | | M : | Clarinet for first time in an orchestra (in J.A.Hasse's opera Croesus) | | M : | Tuning fork invented (supposedly by John Shore) |
|
|
| | ST : | The First Industrial Revolution begins when Newcomen's Steam Engine
is installed at the Dudley Castle Coal Mine | | LT : | Alexander Pope: early version of The Rape of the Lock | | PH : | Peace congress opens at Utrecht | | PH : | Treaty of Aarau ends Swiss war | | PH : | War of Succession between Shah Bahadur's four sons in India | | ED : | Jonathan Swift: A Proposal for Correcting the English Language | | ED : | Académie des sciences, belles lettres et arts, Bordeaux, founded | | ED : | Biblioteca nacional, Madrid, founded | | ST : | Cotton Mather begins his Curiosa Americana | | RP : | Last execution for witchraft in England | | DL : | Slave revolts in New York | | VA : | Francesco Guardi born 5 October |
|
|
| | PH : | The Pragmactic Sanction by Charles VI, allowing Maria Theresa to become the Monarch of Austria | | DL : | Asentio Treaty signed by Britain and Spain. This treaty begins the most active period of the British slave trade | | DL : | King Friedrich I dies and his son Friedrich Wilhelm becomes King of Prussia | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Windsor Forest | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book I
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Canata
No.208 ('Where Sheep May Safely Graze)
| | PH : | King Frederick I of Prussia dies; succeeded by Frederick William I | | PH : | Peace of Adrianople between Turkey and Russia | | PH : | Pragmatic Sanction issued by the Emperor Charles VI states female right of succession in Hapsburg domains | | PH : | An infant, Ietsugu, becomes Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Scriblerus Club founded in London by Swift, Pope, Congreve, and others | | RP : | Arthur Collier: Clavis Universalis, or A New Inquiry After Truth | | RP : | Fénelon: Traité de l'existence et des attributs de Dieu | | RP : | Abbé Saint Pierre: Projet pour la paix perpétuelle | | ED : | Spanish Royal Academy, Madrid, founded | | M : | School of Dance established at Paris Opéra | | ST : | Board of Longitude in England | | ST : | Roger Cotes revises Newton's Principia | | DL : | Pigtails introduced in Prussian Army | | PH : | 11 April - The Treaty of Utrecht ends Queen Anne's War | | VA : | Allan Ramsay born 13 October |
|
|
| | PH : | George I of Hanover became King of England | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Little Organ Book
| | PH : | Peace of Rastatt between France and the Holy Roman Empire | | PH : | Queen Anne of England dies; succeeded by George Louis, elector of Hanover, as King George I | | PH : | Peace of Baden: France keeps Strasbourg and Alsace | | RP : | Gottfried Arnold: Unpartheyische Kirchen-und Ketzer-Historie | | ED : | Worcester College, Oxford, founded | | ST : | D.G. Fahrenheit constructs mercury thermometer with temperature scale | | RP : | Witch trials abolished in Prussia | | M : | C.P.E. Bach born 8 March | | VA : | Richard Wilson born 1 August | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet born 14 August |
|
|
| | PH : | The First Jacobite uprising | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau born | | M : | François Couperin : Concerts Royaux
| | M : | François Couperin : Trois Leçons de ténèbres pour le Mercredi Saint
for voice and basso continuo
motets for voice and instruments, "dans le style de Charpentier"
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Jupiter & Antiope | | PH : | First Parliament of George I opens | | PH : | Louis XIV of France dies; succeeded by his great-grandson Louis XV (age 5) | | PH : | Jacobite rebellion in Scotland | | PH : | Mir Abdullah becomes ruler in Kandahar | | RP : | Isaac Watts: Divine Songs for Children | | VA : | Early beginnings of rococo | | LT : | Vaudevilles, popular musical comedies, appear in Paris | | ST : | British mathematician Brook Taylor invents the calculus of finite differences | | VA : | English painter and architect William Kent "frees the English garden from formality" |
|
|
| | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien born | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Portrait of Pater | | PH : | The Emperor Charles VI declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster between England and the Emperor | | PH : | Yoshimune becomes Shogun of Japan | | RP : | Christian religious teaching prohibited in China | | M : | Couperin: L'Art de toucher le clavecin | | DL : | Scot. economist John Law establishes the Banque générale in France | | DL : | Royal Regiment of Artillary founded |
|
|
| | LT : | Alexander Pope: Collected works | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book II
| | M : | George Frideric Handel :
Chandos Anthems
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Instrumental, Water Music
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : L'Assemblée dans un parc | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Peter I | | PH : | Mongols occupy Lhasa | | RP : | Cardinal de Retz: Mémoires (posth.) | | ST : | Inoculation against smallpox introduced in England | | DL : | Mother Grand Lodge of Freemasons established in London | | DL : | School attendance in Prussia made compulsory | | M : | Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz born 19 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Mezzetin | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, Il trionfo dell'onore ovvero Il dissoluto pentito
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Pastoral Opera, Acis and Galatea
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Pilgrims Leaving
the Isle of Cythera | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Gilles as Pierrot | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini : Apollo | | PH : | Peter the Great has his son and heir, Alexis, murdered | | PH : | Peace of Passarowitz ends war between the Empire and Turkey | | PH : | Quadruple Alliance signed by France, the Empire, England, and Holland | | PH : | England declares war on Spain | | ED : | Accademia dei Scienze, Lettere, ed Arti founded at Palermo | | ED : | Philibert-Joseph Le Roux: Dictionnaire comique, satryique, critque, burlesque, libre, et proverbial | | ED : | London Society of Antiquaries founded | | ST : | English inventor Sir Thomas Lombe patents machine which makes thrown silk | | ED : | Collegiate School of America transfers to new site in New Haven, and is renamed Yale University | | DL : | First bank notes in England |
|
|
| | PH : | France declares war on Spain | | PH : | Liechtenstein becomes independent principalilty | | PH : | Peace of Stockholm between Sweden and Hanover | | PH : | Ireland declared inseparable from England | | PH : | Mohammed Shah, grandson of Bahadur Shah, becomes the Great Mogul | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Russia | | M : | Dimitrie Cantemir writes first book on Turkish music, Tratat de musica Turcéasea | | DL : | The Boston Gazette founded | | DL : | Oriental Company founded in Vienna to trade in the East | | DL : | Westminster Hospital, London, founded | | DL : | First cricket match: "Londoners" vs. "Kentish Men" |
|
|
| | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : Fete in a Wood | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Harpsichord Suite
No.5
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : A Halt During the Chase | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : Italian Comedians | | PH : | Treaty of Stockholm between Sweden and Prussia | | PH : | Ulrica, Queen of Sweden, abdicates; succeeded by her husband Frederick, Prince of Hesse-Cassel | | PH : | Treaty of Fredericksborg between Sweden and Denmark | | DL : | "South Sea Bubble", English speculation craze, bursts | | PH : | Pragmatic Sanction recognised by estates of Upper and Lower Austria | | PH : | Tibet becomes a Chinese protectorate | | LT : | Old Haymarket theatre opens in London | | LT : | First serialisation of novels in newspapers | | ED : | Bernard de Montfaucon: L'Antiquité expliquée | | DL : | Palatinate court moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim | | DL : | Wallpapers becomes fashionable in England | | DL : | First yacht club established at Cork Harbour, Ireland | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto born 30 January | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Piranesi born 4 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Nystad signed by Russia and Sweden, ends the Great Northern War | | ST : | Dutch Navigator Jacob Roggeveen discovers Samoa and Easter Island | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti : Opera, La Griselda
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Brandenburg Concertos
| | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau : L'Enseigne de Gersaint | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still life with Fruit
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Dead Wolf
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Dead Roe | | PH : | Peter I proclaimed Emperor of All the Russians | | PH : | China suppresses Formosa revolt | | ED : | Nathaniel Bailey: An Universal Etymologycal English dictionary | | RP : | Michele Angelo Conti elected Pope Innocent XIII in succession to Pope Clement XI | | ED : | Johann Theodor Jablonski of Danzig publishes his Allgemeines Lexikon, first short encyclopaedia | | DL : | Swiss immigrants introduced rifles into America | | VA : | Jean-Antoine Watteau dies 18 July |
|
|
| | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book III
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Well-Tempered Clavier,
first book
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : 12 Concertos
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Allegory of Europe | | PH : | Mir Mahmud conquers Afghanistan and becomes Shah | | DL : | Austrian East India Company founded | | PH : | With Shih Tsung the Yung Cheng dynasty accedes in China | | PH : | Hernhut founded as Moravian settlement in Saxony by Count Zinzendorf | | VA : | James Gibbs builds St. Martin-in-the-fields, London | | M : | Hohann Metheson: Critica Musica, on musical criticism | | M : | Rameau: Traité de l'harmonie | | DL : | British Parliament forbids journalists to report debates | | DL : | Workhouse Test Act for care of poor | | VA : | Antoine Coypel dies 7 January |
|
|
| | VA : | Gavin Hamilton born | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Cantata
No.147 (including 'Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring')
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : St. John Passion
| | VA : | François Le Moyne : Perseus and Andromeda | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Hunting Picnic | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : The Alarm | | PH : | Louis XV attains majority | | PH : | Treaty of Charlottenburg between England and Prussia | | PH : | Prussia establishes a ministry of war, finance, and domains | | ED : | T'u Shu Chi Ch'eng, Chinese encyclopaedia | | ED : | Lodovico Antonio Muratori: Rerum italicarum scriptores, collection of medieval historical material | | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds born 16 July |
|
|
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Giulio Cesare in Egitto
('Julius Caesar in Egypt')
| | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes : Dog Guarding Game near a Rosebush | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : The Seat of Justice in
the Parliament of Paris | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Hercules and Omphale
| | VA : | François Le Moyne : Bather | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still Life with a Monkey, Fruit and Flowers | | PH : | Philip V of Spain abdicates; his successor Luis I dies, Philip King again | | PH : | Czar Peter the Great crowns his wife, Catherine, Czarina | | LT : | Longman's the oldest English publishing house still extant, founded | | ED : | John Oldmixon: A Critical History of England | | ED : | Professorships of modern history and languages founded at Oxford and Cambridge | | M : | Three Choirs Festival founded for Gloucester, Hereford, and Worcester | | ED : | Daniel Defoe: A Tour Through the Whole Island of Great Britain | | DL : | Gin drinking becomes popular in Great Britain | | DL : | Paris Bourse opens | | VA : | George Stubbs born 24 August |
|
|
| | PH : | Peter the Great, King of Russia dies | | PH : | Peter the Great of Russia dies; succeeded by his wife Catherine | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction | | PH : | Louis XV of France marries Maria Leszczynska of Poland | | PH : | Ashraf, Shah of Afghanistan, succeeds Mahmud in Persia | | RP : | Frances Hutcheson: An Inquiry into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue | | M : | J.J.Fux: Gradus ad Parnassum, treatise on counterpoint | | M : | First public concert given in Paris | | M : | Prague opera house (Standetheater) founded | | ST : | Guillaume Delisle "Map of Europe" | | ED : | St. Petersburg Academy of Science founded by Catherine I | | DL : | George I revives Military Order of the Bath | | DL : | The New York Gazette issued | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze born 21 August | | M : | Alessandro Scarlatti dies 22 October |
|
|
| | M : | François Couperin : Les Nations
4 grand Sonatas
| | VA : | François Le Moyne : The Continence of Scipio | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : Diana at Rest | | PH : | Alliances between Empire and Russia against Turkey | | RP : | St. John of the Cross canonised | | RP : | Johann Lorenz von Mosheim: Institutiones historiae ecclesiasticae | | DL : | First circulating library established by Allan Ramsay in Edinburgh |
|
|
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Coronation anthem, Zadok the Priest
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : St. Mathew Passion
| | PH : | Catherine, Russian Czarina, dies; Peter II becomes Czar | | RP : | American Philosophical Society founded in Philadelphia | | RP : | John Balguy: The Foundation of Moral Goodness | | ST : | Stephen Hales: Vegetable Staticks | | ST : | Coffee first planted in Brazil | | DL : | Miscellanies, satirical periodical issued by Pope, Swift, and Dr. Arbuthnot | | DL : | Quakers demand abolition of slavery | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough born 14 May |
|
|
| | ST : | Danish Navigator Vitus Bering explores the Bering Straits | | LT : | Alexander Pope: The Dunciad | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : The Ray
| | PH : | Treaty of Berlin between the Emperor Charles VI and Frederick William of Prussia | | ED : | Ephraim Chambers: Cyclopaedia, or An Universal Dictionary of Arts and Sciences | | RP : | William Law: A Serious Call to Devout and Holy Life | | RP : | Jonathan Swift: A Short View of the State of Ireland | | ST : | Dutch explorer Vitus Behring discovers Behring Strait | | ST : | James Bradley discovers aberration of light of fixed stars | | DL : | Madrid Lodge of Freemasons founded; soon suppressed by Inquisition | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs born 22 March |
|
|
| | PH : | Cathrine II is born
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Suite
No.3 in D (including 'Air on the G String')
| | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : Aeneas Carrying Anchises | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Pygmalion Seeing His Statue Come to Life | | PH : | Treaty of Seville between France, Spain, and England | | RP : | Thomas Sherlock: A Tryal of the Witnesses of the Resurrection of Jesus | | ED : | Academia de buenas letras, Barcelona, founded | | DL : | The Emperor Yung Cheng prohibits opium smoking in China |
|
|
| | PH : | Maratha government in India | | M : | François Couperin : Pièces de Clavecin
Book IV
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Louis XV Hunting Stag in the Forest of Saint-Germain | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater : Young Girls Bathing | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini : Allegory of Sculpture | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini : Allegory of Painting | | PH : | Czar Peter of Russia dies; succeeded by Anne, daughter of Czar Ivan V | | PH : | Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia imprisoned by his father | | PH : | Sultan Ahmad XII of Turkey deposed; succeeded by Mahmoud I | | PH : | Frederick IV of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian VI | | PH : | Ashraf, Shah of Persia, murdered | | RP : | Pope Benedict XIII dies; Cardinal Lorenzo Corsini becomes Pope Clement XII | | RP : | Mathew Tindal: Christianity as Old as the Creation | | RP : | John and Charles Wesley found Methodist sect at Oxford | | ED : | Martin Wright: Introduction to the Law of Tenures, on English land law | | DL : | Edinburgh Royal Infirmary founded | | DL : | Reduction of slavery in China under the Emperor Yung Cheng |
|
|
| | PH : | The infamous Rebecca Incident near Havanna Cuba sets the stage for the War of Jenkin's Ear | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Moral Essays | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Magnificat
in D Major
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : A "Lean Diet" with Cooking Utensils | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna between England, Holland, Spain, and the Holy Roman Emperor | | PH : | Russia, Prussia, and the emperor agree to oppose Stanislas I in Poland | | RP : | Ralph Cudworth: Treatise Concerning Eternal and Immutable Morality | | RP : | Mass expulsion of Protestants from Salzburg | | ED : | Voltaire: Histoire de Charles XII | | ST : | Dr John Arbuthnot: An Essay Concerning the Nature of Ailments, advocates dieting | | DL : | 10 Downing Street, Westminster, London residence of British prime ministers, built |
|
|
| | LT : | Poor Richards Almanac first appears in print | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo : The Education
of the Virgin Mary | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : The Basin of San Marco | | RP : | Conrad Beissel founds Seventh Day Baptists (Ephrata Community) in Germantown, Pa | | RP : | George Berkeley: The Minute Philosopher | | RP : | The Moravian Brethren start missionary work | | ED : | J.J.Moser: Foundations of International Law | | M : | Academie of Ancient Music founded in London | | M : | Covent Garden Opera House, London, opened | | M : | J.G. Walther: Musik-Lexikon, first of its kind | | ST : | Hermann Boerhaave: Elements of Chemistry | | DL : | Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard's Almanack issued | | M : | Joseph Haydn born 1 April | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard born 5 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo : The Banquet of Cleopatra | | PH : | The War of the Polish Succession | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Imitations of Horace | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater : The Fair at Bezons | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : Allegory of Music | | PH : | War of Polish Succession begins | | PH : | France declares war against Emperor Charles VI | | RP : | Alexander Pope: Essay on Man | | DL : | Latin language abolished in English courts | | DL : | The Serpentine, Hyde Park, laid out | | VA : | Hubert Robert born 22 May | | M : | François Couperin dies 12 September |
|
|
| | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo : The Triumph of
Zephyr and Flora | | LT : | Alexander Pope: Essay on Man | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach :
Coffeehouse Canatas
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Christmas Oratorio
| | PH : | War breaks out between Turkey and Persia | | PH : | Anglo-Russian trade agreement | | RP : | Mme de Lambert, in her Avis d'une Mère à sa Fille, recommends university education for women | | ED : | University of Göttingen founded by King George I | | RP : | The Koran translated into English by George Sale | | VA : | Sir James Thornhill dies 13 May | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby born 3 September | | VA : | George Romney born 15 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : Piazza San Marco | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Italian Concerto
| | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : The Lunch of Oysters | | PH : | End of the Turko-Persian war | | M : | Imperial ballet school at St. Petersburg | | ST : | Linnaeus: Systema naturae | | ST : | French scientist Benoît de Maillet: Telliamed, evolutionary hypothesis | | DL : | The Boston Evening Post issued | | DL : | Royal Burgess Golfing Society, Edinburgh, founded |
|
|
| | PH : | Russia and Austria at war with Turkey (ends 1739)
| | PH : | Chi'en Lung becomes Emperor of China
| | VA : | William Hogarth : The Pool of Bethesda | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater : The Chinese Hunt | | PH : | Stanislas I abdicates as King of Poland | | PH : | Theodor von Neuhof elected King of Corsica | | PH : | Chi-en Lung becomes Emperor of China | | PH : | War between Russia and Turkey | | RP : | Joseph Butler: Analogy of Religion | | RP : | English statutes against witchcraft repealed | | RP : | Pope Clement XII condemns Freemasonry | | RP : | William Warburton: The Alliance between Church and State | | DL : | Manufacture of glass begins in Venice at Murano | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Joseph Pater dies 25 July |
|
|
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Berenice
including famous 'Minuet'
| | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : The Triumph of Venice | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : The Grand Turk Giving a
Concert to his Mistress | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : Halt During the Hunt | | VA : | François Le Moyne : Time Saving Truth from Falsehood and Envy | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy : A Hunting Meal | | PH : | Last of the Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany, dies; Francis, Duke of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, receives Tuscany; Stanislas of Poland acquires Lorraine | | LT : | Licensing Act restricts number of London theatres, and all plays before public performance to be subjected to censorship of Lord Chamberlain | | LT : | Ignacio de Luzán Claramunt de Suelves y Gurrea: Poética, laying down classic rules in Spanish literary composition | | RP : | Alexander Cruden: Concordance of the Holy Scripture | | RP : | Vincent de Paul canonised by Pope Clement XII | | RP : | Lady Mary Wortley Montagu: The Nonsense of Common Sense | | ED : | William Oldys: The British Librarian | | RP : | John Wesley: Psalms and Hymns, published in Charleston | | ST : | René de Réaumur: History of the Insects | | VA : | François Le Moyne dies 4 June |
|
|
| | VA : | William Hogarth : Lord Hervey and his friends | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna Closes the War of Polish Succession between France and Austria. Lorraine guaranteed to France
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Serse
(Xerxes), including 'Largo'
| | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : The Marriage Contract | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : Summer | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret : Winter | | DL : | Papal bull "In eminenti" against Freemasonry | | ED : | Lodovico Antonnio Muratori: Antiquites Italicae | | ST : | Daniel Bernoilli: Hydrodynamica, pressure and velocity of fluids | | DL : | First cuckoo clocks in Black Forest district | | VA : | Benjamin West born 10 October |
|
|
| | RP : | The Methodist Church founded by John Wesley
| | PH : | War of Jenkins Ear begins
| | PH : | Nadir Shah sacks Delhi | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Saul
including 'Dead March'
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Israel in Egypt
| | VA : | François Boucher : Morning Coffee | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Louis, Grand Dauphin of France
| | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Louis Tocque | | PH : | Sack of Delhi by Persians under Nadir Shah | | RP : | Crown Prince Frederick of Prussia: Anti-Machiavell, against Machiavelli's philosophy of monarchy | | RP : | David Hume: A Treatise of Human Nature | | RP : | Moravian Church founded in America by Spengenberg | | ST : | American astronomer John Winthrop published his Notes on Sunspots | | DL : | Foundling Hospital established in London |
|
|
| | VA : | William Hogarth : The Shrimp Girl | | PH : | War of the Austrian Succession | | VA : | François Boucher : The Toilet of Venus | | M : | George Frideric Handel : 12 Concerti Grossi
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni : 6 Violin Sonatas
| | VA : | William Hogarth : Captain Coram | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta : A Boy Holding a Pear | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta : The Soothsayer | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Marie Leczinska, Queen of France
| | PH : | Frederick William I of Prussia dies; succeeded by his son Frederick II, the Great | | PH : | Charles VI dies; succeeded by his daughter Maria Theresa | | PH : | Anne, daughter of Peter the Great dies; succeeded by Czar Ivan VI | | RP : | Pope Clement XII dies; succeeded by Cardinal Prospero Lambertini as Pope Benedict XIV | | ST : | Louis Castel: Optique des colours | | ED : | University of Pennsylvania founded | | ED : | Berlin Academy of Science founded by Frederick the Great | | DL : | Frederick the Great introduces freedom of press and freedom of worship in Prussia | | DL : | Smallpox epidemic in Berlin | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of a Boy with a Book
| | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : Bacchanal | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : The Rape of Europa |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Pellegrini dies | | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Messiah
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Goldberg Variations
| | VA : | François Boucher : Leda & the Swan | | PH : | Maria Theresa accepts crown of Hungary | | PH : | Czar Ivan VI deposed and imprisoned; Elizabeth, daughter of Peter the Great, becomes Czarina | | LT : | Thomas Betterton: A History of the English Stage | | LT : | Founding of Burgtheater, Vienna | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, sermon delivered at Enfield, Mass. | | RP : | David Hume: Essays, Moral and Political | | ST : | Botanical Garden, Upsala, founded by Linnaeus | | DL : | Highway Act in England to improve roads | | ED : | Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, England, opened | | VA : | Henry Fuseli born 7 February | | M : | Antonio Vivaldi dies 28 July |
|
|
| | PH : | Charles Albert, Elector of Bavaria, elected and crowned emperor as Charles VII | | PH : | Peace of Berlin ends First Silesian War | | RP : | Etienne Fourmont: Grammatica Sinaica | | ED : | Charles Viner: Legal Encyclopaedia | | ST : | Swiss astronomer Anders Celsius invents centigrade thermometer | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Prussian
Sonatas
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Well-Tempered Clavier,
second book
| | VA : | William Hogarth : The Graham Children | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Marie Adelaide of France as Flora
|
|
|
| | VA : | William Hogarth : Characters and Caricaturas | | PH : | Maria Theresa crowned at Prague | | PH : | Alliance between Austria and Saxony | | RP : | Pogroms in Russia | | ST : | French geographer Jean d'Anville "Map of Italy" | | ED : | University of Erlangen, Germany, founded | | M : | Luigi Boccherini born 19 February | | VA : | Alexandre Francois Desportes dies 20 April | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld born 20 June | | VA : | Nicolas Lancret dies 14 September |
|
|
| | PH : | King George's War (ends 1748) American phase of the War of the Austrian Succession GO ! | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Württemberg
Sonatas
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Opera, Semele
| | VA : | Pietro Longhi : The Display of the Elephant | | PH : | France declares war on England and on Maria Theresa | | PH : | Second Silesian War begins | | RP : | George Berkeley: A Chain of Philosophical Reflexions and Inquiries | | RP : | Ruling Arab family Sa-Udi adopts teachings of Abd-al-Wahhab, becomes Wahhabi | | M : | Madrigal Society, London, founded | | ST : | Jean d'Alembert: Traité de l'équilibre et du mouvement des fluides | | LT : | Alexander Pope dies 21 May |
|
|
| | PH : | Jacobite Rebellion | | VA : | François Boucher : Diana's
Return from the Hunt | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Achilles at the
Court of Lycomedes | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Louis XV of France
| | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Marie Adelaide of France as Diana
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Swan Attacked by a Dog | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : A Girl with a Kitten | | PH : | Emperor Charles VII dies; Francis, husband of Maria Theresa, elected Holy Roman Emperor, first of the Lorraine-Tuscany line | | PH : | Peace of Dresden: Prussia recognises Pragmatic Sanction but retains Silesia | | PH : | Ishege becomes Shogun of Japan | | RP : | Philip Doddridge: The Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul | | ST : | Charles Bonnet: Traité d'insectologie | | ST : | Ewald Jurgen von Kleist invents the capacitor (Leydon Jar), a fundamental electrical circuit element | | DL : | Earliest Oddfellows Lodge in England | | M : | The quadrille becomes a fashionable dance in France |
|
|
| | PH : | Alliance between Russia and Austria against Prussia | | PH : | Philip V of Spain dies; succeeded by Ferdinand VI | | PH : | Christian VI of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick V | | RP : | Denis Diderot: Pensées philosophiques | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: A Treatise Concerning Religious Affections | | ST : | Jean-Etienne Guettard draws first geological map of France | | ED : | College of New Jersey founded; becomes Princeton University, 1896 | | DL : | Wearing of tartans prohibited in Great Britain | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Cornard Wood | | VA : | Pietro Longhi : The Tooth Puller | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes born 30 March |
|
|
| | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : View of Verona and the River Adige from the Ponte Nuovo | | PH : | Nadir Shah is assasinated | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Musical Offering
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : Westminster Bridge, London, | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo : Drunken Silenus | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of Gabriel Huquier, engraver | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of a Man | | PH : | William IV of Orange-Nassau becomes hereditary stadholder of the seven provinces of the Netherlands | | PH : | Prusso-Swedish alliance for mutual defence | | PH : | Nadir Shah murdered; Ahmed Shah becomes King of Afghanistan | | ED : | Biblioteca Nazionale founded in Florence, Italy | | ED : | Biographia Britannica | | LT : | Benjamin Franklin: Plain Truth | | ST : | Sugar discovered in beetroot | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck born 2 July |
|
|
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : Warwick Castle | | VA : | William Hogarth : The Gate of Calais | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of Madame
Maria Leszczynska
| | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Maurice, Comte de Saxe, Marshal of France
| | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : View of Naples
| | PH : | Shah Rukh, grandson of Nadir Shah, ruler of Persia | | LT : | Marie-Thérese Geoffin opens salon as meeting place for Parisian men of letters | | RP : | Archibald Bower: History of the Popes | | RP : | David Hume: Philosophical Essays Concerning Human Understanding | | M : | Holywell Music room, Oxford, opened | | ST : | Leonhard Euler: Analysis Infinitorum, on pure analytical mathematics | | ST : | English physician John Fothergill describes diphtheria | | ST : | Thomas Lowndes founds chair of astronomy at Cambridge | | DL : | Abolition of hereditary jurisdiction in Scotland | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David born 30 August | | PH : | 18 October - Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends King George's War, restoring the status quo ante in the colonies; general recognition of Pragmatic Sanction and of Francis I as Holy Roman Emperor |
|
|
| | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Magnificat
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Instrumental, Music for the Royal Fireworks
| | M : | George Frideric Handel : Oratorio, Solomon
including 'Arrival of the Queen of Sheba'
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : The Art of the Fugue
(unfinished)
| | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach : Mass
in B Minor
| | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal : London- Westminster Abbey | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Madame de Sorquainville
| | PH : | Consolidation Act of British navy | | RP : | Denis Diderot: Lettre sur les aveugles à l'usage de ceux qui voient | | RP : | David Hartley: Observations on Man | | DL : | François Philidor: Analyse des échecs, a study of chess, written by the famous composer | | ED : | Philadelphia Academy founded, becomes University of Pennsylvania, 1791 | | VA : | Alessandro Magnasco dies | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe born 28 August |
|
|
| | RP : | The Jewish sect of Hasidism is founded by Baal Shem Tov | | PH : | The Capital of the Maratha confederacy in India becomes Poona | | VA : | The neoclassical art movement begins in Europe | | M : | The Waltz becomes a popular dance form in Europe | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Concerto
in Bb for flute
| | VA : | François Boucher : The Interrupted Sleep | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Mr. and Mrs. Andrews | | VA : | William Hogarth : The Artist's Servants | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : The Duchess of Parma
and
her daughter Isabelle | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Farmhouse
| | ED : | Portuguese Giacobbo Rodriguez Pereire invents sign language for deaf-mutes | | PH : | John V of Portugal dies; succeeded by José I | | LT : | First playhouse opens in New York | | ED : | Dictionnaire de l'art de vérifier les dates des faits historiques ed. by the Benedictine monks of St.Maur | | RP : | King Frederick the Great: Oeuvres du Philosophe de Sanssouci | | RP : | Baal Shem founds Jewish sect of Chassidim in Carpathian mountain region | | VA : | Neoclassicism, as reaction against baroque and rococo, spreading over Europe | | M : | Johann Breitkopf, Leipzig music publisher, uses movable type for printing music | | ST : | French astronomer Nicolas de Lacaille leads expedition to Cape of Good Hope to determine solar and lunar parallax | | ST : | Johann Tobias Mayer: "Map of the Moon" | | DL : | First Westminster Bridge, London, finished | | M : | Johann Sebastian Bach dies 28 July | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Mademoiselle de Coislin |
|
|
| | LT : | Diderots' first volume of the Encyclopeie is published | | ST : | The Lightening conductor is invented by Benjamin Franklin | | VA : | Pietro Longhi : The Rhinoceros | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Self-Portrait, 1751 | | VA : | Richard Wilson : Portrait of Francesco Zuccarelli | | PH : | Frederick II of Sweden dies; succeeded by his brother-in-law, Adolphus Frederick | | PH : | William IV of Holland dies; his widow, Anne, daughter of George II of England, becomes regent | | PH : | China invades Tibet | | ED : | French Encyclopédie published | | RP : | David Hume: Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals | | RP : | Powers of Portuguese Inquisition curtailed by government | | ST : | Linnaeus: Philosophia Botanica | | M : | Francesco Geminiani: The Art of Playing on the Violin | | M : | The minuet becomes Europe's fashionable dance | | M : | "War of the Operas" divides Paris into pro-Italian and pro-French music lovers | | ED : | Ecole supérieure de guerre, Paris, founded | | ED : | Göttinger wissenschaftliche Akademie founded | | DL : | British calendar altered by Act of Parliament: 1 January henceforth to be beginning of New Year | | DL : | First mental asylums in London | | M : | Tomaso Albinoni dies 17 January |
|
|
| | PH : | Treaty of Aranjuez between Spain and the Holy Roman Empire | | DL : | Great Britain adopts Gregorian calendar on Sept 14 | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: Misrepresentations Corrected and Truth Vindicated | | RP : | David Hume: Political Discourses | | RP : | William Law: The Way to Divine Knowledge | | M : | Charles Avison : Essay on Musical Expression | | PH : | Chinese invade and conquer Tibet | | VA : | Charles-Antoine Coypel dies | | VA : | Pietro Longhi : Theatrical Scene | | VA : | Jean-François de Troy dies 26 January | | M : | Johann Friedrich Reichardt born 25 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : John Plampin | | ST : | Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus publishes his system of plant classification | | VA : | The founding of the British Museum | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Mlle Ferrand Meditating on Newton | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau : Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Oudry | | RP : | Robert Lowth: De sacra poesi Hebraeorum | | RP : | English Act of Parliament permits naturalisation of Jews | | ED : | British Museum, London, granted royal foundation charter | | ST : | Linnaeus: Species Plantorum | | DL : | British Marriage Act forbids weddings by unauthorised persons | | DL : | Vienna Stock Exchange founded |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seven Years (French and Indian) War unofficially begins | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : Storm with a Shipwreck | | RP : | Jonathan Edwards: Inquiry into Freedom of the Will | | ED : | David Hume: History of Great Britain | | RP : | Rousseau: L'Inégalité par les hommes: discours | | RP : | John Woolman: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes | | DL : | Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures founded in England | | ED : | King's College, New York, founded; becomes Columbia University, 1784 | | ED : | First female M.D. (University of Halle, Germany) | | VA : | Giovanni Batista Piazetta dies 28 April |
|
|
| | PH : | The French and Indian War officially begins in America GO ! | | LT : | The Dictionary of the English Language is published by Samuel Johnson | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto : Saints in Glory | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs : Semiramis Receives the
Message
of the Babylonion Revolt | | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Portrait of the Artist's Wife | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour : Portrait of the Marquise de Pompadour
| | PH : | Landgrave of Hesse sells mercenaries to England for defence of Hanover | | PH : | End of Anglo-Aust. alliance | | ED : | Samuel Johnson : Dictionary of the English Language | | RP : | Benjamin Franklin: Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of countries | | RP : | Francis Hutchson: A System of Moral Philosophy | | RP : | Immanuel Kant's doctoral thesis: The True Measure of Forces | | RP : | J.J. Winckelmann: Gedanken über die Nachahmung der griechischen Werke | | ED : | University of Moscow founded | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry dies 30 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : Courtyard of the Castle
at Köningstein from the South | | PH : | The Black Hole of Calcutta, 123 British soldiers are alledged to have died there | | PH : | Treaty of Westminster; alliance between Britain and Prussia | | PH : | Treaty of Versailles; alliance between France and Austria | | PH : | British Rule India | | VA : | François Boucher : The Marquise
de Pompadour | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Die Vermählung
Amors mit Psyche | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : The Town and Harbour of Toulon | | PH : | Anglo-Prussian Treaty of Westminster | | PH : | Britain declares war on France - Seven Year's War | | PH : | 120 British soldiers imprisoned and die in India ("Black Hole of Calcutta") | | LT : | Russian royal Court Theatre founded at St. Petersburg | | ED : | Thomas Birch: History of the Royal Society of London | | RP : | Edmund Burke: Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful | | RP : | Alban Butler: Lives of the Saints, vol.1 | | RP : | Arthur Collins: The Peerage of England finished | | RP : | Mirabeau: Ami des hommes ou traité de la population | | ED : | Voltaire finished his Siècle de Louis XIV | | DL : | First chocolate factory in Germany | | DL : | Porcelain factory founded at Sèvres | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart born 27 January | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn born 4 March |
|
|
| | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Ekaterina Golovkina | | RP : | Denis Diderot: Entretiens sur le fils natural | | RP : | Richard Price: Review of the Principal Questions in Morals | | ED : | Royal Library, London, transferred to British Museum | | DL : | The London Chronicle appears | | M : | Johann Wenzel Anton Stamitz dies 27 March | | M : | Domenico Scarlatti dies 23 July | | VA : | William Blake born 28 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : The Painter's Daughters | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni : Annunciation | | VA : | Louis Tocqué : Portrait of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna
| | DL : | Samuel Johnson: The Idler, weekly periodical | | RP : | Pope Benedict XIV dies; succeeded by Carlo della Torre Rezzonico as Pope Clement XIII | | RP : | Emerich de Vattel: Le Droit des gens | | RP : | Claude Adrien Helvétius: De l'esprit | | ED : | Serjeant's Inn (London Court) formed | | M : | First English manual on guitar playing published | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon born 4 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto : Justice and Peace | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : View of Vienna from the Belvedere | | LT : | Candide written by Voltaire | | DL : | The Botanical Gardens founded at Kew in London | | PH : | Cherokee War against the English begins | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier : Portrait of a Lady as a Vestal Virgin | | PH : | King Ferdinand VI of Spain dies; succeeded by Charles II | | RP : | Alexander Gerard: An Essay on Taste | | ED : | Oliver Goldshmith: An Enquiry Into the Present State of Polite Learning in Europe | | RP : | Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal | | RP : | Adam Smith: Theory of Moral Sentiments | | VA : | William Chambers: Treatise on Civil Architecture | | ST : | Franz Aepinus: Testamen theoriae electricitatis et magnetesmi | | ED : | Bavarian Academy of Science founded | | ED : | British Museum opened (at Montagu House) | | DL : | The Publish Ledger, London daily paper, appears | | M : | George Frideric Handel dies 14 April |
|
|
| | PH : | George III becomes King of England | | PH : | Catherine II, The Great becomes ruler of Russia | | PH : | King George II of England dies; succeeded by his grandson George III | | LT : | James Macpherson: Fragments of Ancient Poetry, Collected in the Highlands, famous literary fraud | | VA : | First exhibition of contemporary art at Royal Society of Arts, London | | M : | Noverre, ballet master at Stuttgart, publishes his Letter on Dancing and Ballets | | ED : | First British school for deaf and dumb opened by Thomas Braidwood, Edinburgh | | DL : | Josiah Wedgewood founds pottery works at Etrurua, Staffordshire | | ST : | Botanical Gardens in Kew, London, opened | | DL : | Rules of whist laid down by Edmund Hoyle | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Sonatas with Varied Repeats
| | VA : | George Stubbs : Mares and Foals in a Landscape | | VA : | Richard Wilson : Solitude | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : Mountain Landscape with Washerwomen and Fisherman |
|
|
| | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Ballet, Don Juan
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphonies
No.6, No.7 and No.8 ('Morning', 'Midday' and 'Evening')
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Laundress | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Village Betrothal | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni : Diana & Cupid | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs : Parnassus
| | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Mrs. Martin | | PH : | Ieharu, the new Shogun of Japan | | LT : | Benjamin Victor: History of the Theatres of London and Dublin | | RP : | Henry Home: An Introduction to the Art of Thinking | | ST : | Russian scientist and poet Mikhail V. Lomonosov discovers the atmosphere of Venus | | ST : | B.G. Morgagni: On the Causes of Diseases, beginning of pathological anatomy | | ST : | Johann Peter Süssmilch initiates study of statistics | | ED : | First French veterinary school founded at Lyons | | ST : | Society of Arts, London, opens first exhibition of agricultural machines |
|
|
| | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Queen Charlotte | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Orfeo ed Euridice
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : William Pointz | | VA : | George Stubbs : Whistlejacket | | VA : | Richard Wilson : Lake Albano | | PH : | Czarina Elizabeth of Russia dies; succeeded by Peter III, who dies by assassination; succeeded by Catherine II | | PH : | Treaty of Hamburg between Sweden and Prussia | | PH : | Russo-Prussian alliance against Austria signed | | PH : | Truce between Prussia, Saxony, and the Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | Robert Lowth: Introduction to English Grammar | | RP : | George Campbell: Dissertation on Miracles | | ED : | John Parkhurst: Hebrew and English Lexicon | | RP : | Rousseau: Du Contrat social, ou principes du droit politique | | ED : | Sorbonne Library, Paris, opened | | VA : | Stuart and Revett: Classical Antiquities of Athens, Vol I | | M : | Benjamin Franklin improves the harmonica, turning it into a practical musical instrument | | ST : | At Carron ironworks in Stirlingshire, Scotland, cast iron converted for the first time into malleable iron |
|
|
| | PH : | The Seven Years war ends with the Treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg GO ! | | PH : | Augustus III dies; he is succeeded (1764) by Stanislaw II, the last king of Poland | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Filial Piety | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Oudry : Still-life with Pheasant | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : The Cupid Seller | | RP : | Voltaire: Treatise on Tolerance | | ED : | Frederick the Great establishes village schools in Prussia |
|
|
| | VA : | German historian Johann Winckelmann publishes his History of the Art of Antiquity | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.22, 'The Philosopher'
| | PH : | Pontiac's Rebellion in Ohio valley | | PH : | Stanislas Poniatowski elected King of Poland | | PH : | Hyder Ali usurps throne of Mysore | | RP : | Confiscation of Church lands in Russia | | PH : | Deposed Czar Ivan VI murdered in prison | | RP : | Jesuits suppressed in France | | LT : | The Literary Club founded in London by Dr. Johnson, with Burke, Gibbon, Goldsmith, Reynolds, etc. | | LT : | Literary salons founded in Paris by Mme. Necker and Mlle. de Lespinasse | | RP : | Cesare Beccaria-Conesana: On Crimes and Punishments | | RP : | Charles Bonnet: Contemplation de la nature | | ED : | Brown University, Providence, R.I. founded | | RP : | Voltaire: Philosophical Dictionary | | VA : | J.J. Winckelmann: History of Ancient Art | | ST : | James Watt invents condenser, first step toward steam engine | | DL : | London introduces practice of numbering houses | | PH : | April - Sugar Act passed by Parliament to offset expenses of the French and Indian War | | M : | Johann Mattheson dies 17 April | | PH : | July - James Otis publishes The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved | | VA : | William Hogarth dies 26 October |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Studies of a Cat | | PH : | Joseph II becomes the Holy Roman Emperor | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto dies | | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Lady Sarah Bunbury
Sacrificing to the Graces | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto : The Ruins of the Old
Kreuzkirche in Dresden | | PH : | British Parliament passes Stamp Act for taxing American colonies GO ! | | PH : | Emperor Francis I, Maria Theresa's husband dies; their son Joseph II succeeds as Holy Roman Emperor, becomes co-regent with his mother | | RP : | A.R.J. Turgot: Refléxions sur la formation et la distribution des richesses | | ST : | Spallanzani suggests preserving by means of hermetic sealing | | DL : | Bank of Prussia founded by Frederick the Great | | VA : | Charles-André van Loo dies 15 July |
|
|
| | ST : | The Nautical Almanac provides the first practical method for determining longitude | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Six Easy Keyboard Sonatas
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Swing | | VA : | Allan Ramsay : Portrait of David Hume | | PH : | Repeal of Stamp Act, but Declaratory Act states Britain's right to tax American colonies GO ! | | PH : | Frederick V of Denmark dies; succeeded by the mad Christian VII | | LT : | Theatre Royal, Bristol, opens, oldest British theatre still in use | | RP : | Czarina Catherine the Great grants freedom of worship in Russia | | ED : | Adam Ferguson: Essay on the History of Civil Society | | VA : | Lessing: Laokoon, against Winckelmann's theories | | ST : | Louis de Bougainville sets out on voyage to Pacific on which he discovers Tahiti, the Soloman Islands, and New Guinea | | DL : | First paved sidewalk laid in Westminster, London | | VA : | Jean-Marc Nattier dies 7 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Russian-Turkish War | | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson born | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Pittoni dies | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Alceste
| | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : Academie | | PH : | Townshend Duties: taxes on imports of tea, glass, paper, and dyestuffs in American colonies; non-importation agreement at public protest meeting in Boston GO ! | | PH : | First Mysore War | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Spain, Parma, and the Two Sicilies | | RP : | Moses Mendelssohn: Phaedon, or the Immortality of Soul | | VA : | J.J. Winckelmann: Monumenti antichi inediti | | M : | Rousseau: Dictionnaire de musique | | ST : | Astronomer Royal, Nevill Maskelyne issues Nautical Almanac | | ED : | Maria Theresa and Joseph II introduce educational reforms in Austria | | ST : | Joseph Priestley: The History and Present State of Electricity | | DL : | Electrical machine with glass pane becomes a fashionable toy |
|
|
| | DL : | The first modern Circus is formed in England by Philip Astley | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : Experiment with the Air-Pump | | PH : | Ali Bey, leader of the Mamelukes, Sultan of Egypt | | PH : | Gurkhas conquer Nepal | | RP : | Abraham Booth: Reign of Grace | | RP : | Joseph Priestley: Essay on the First Principles of Government | | RP : | Swedenborg: Delititiae sapientiae | | VA : | Founding of the Royal Academy, London, with Joshua Reynolds as president | | ST : | James Cook sails on first circumnavigation | | DL : | New criminal code, on humanist principles, introduced in Austria | | VA : | Giovanni Antonio Canal dies 20 April | | VA : | John Crome born 22 December |
|
|
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.48, 'Maria Theresa'
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : Inspiration | | DL : | Privy council in London decides to retain tea duty in American colonies | | RP : | Charles Bonnet: Palingénésie philosophique | | RP : | Pope Clement XIII dies; Lorenzo Ganganelli becomes Pope Clement XIV | | RP : | Johann Gottfried von Herder: Kritische Wälder | | ST : | N.J. Cugnot constructs first steam road carriage | | DL : | The Morning Chronicle issued in London | | DL : | Johann Friedrich Oberlin opens first crêche at Steintal, Alsace |
|
|
| | DL : | Louis, the future king of France, marries Marie Antoinette | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Paride ed Elena
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Portrait of Jonathan Buttall | | VA : | George Stubbs : A Horse Frightened by a Lion | | VA : | Benjamin West : Self Portrait | | VA : | Benjamin West : The Death of General Wolfe | | RP : | Edmund Burke: Thoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents | | RP : | Kant: De mundi sensibilie et intelligibilis forma et principiis | | ST : | James cook discovers Botany Bay, Australia | | ED : | Elementary school education reformed in Austria | | ST : | English "Quack" John Hill introduces method of obtaining specimens for microscopic study | | ST : | Leonhard Euler: Introduction to Algebra | | DL : | First public restaurant opens in Paris | | DL : | Visiting cards introduced in England | | VA : | Giambattista Tiepolo dies 27 March | | LT : | William Wordsworth born 7 April | | VA : | Baron François Gérard born 4 May | | VA : | François Boucher dies 30 May | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven born 17 December | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Love Letter | | VA : | Hubert Robert : The Burning of the Hötel-Dieu during the Night of 29-30 December 1772
|
|
|
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Meeting | | PH : | Gustav III succeeds his father as king of Sweden | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin : Self Portrait at the Easel | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet : Clair de lune | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : The Alchemist in Search of the Philosophers Stone | | PH : | Adolphus Frederick of Sweden dies; succeeded by Gustavus III | | ED : | Encyclopaedia Britannica, first edition | | RP : | John William Fletcher: Five Checks to Antinomianism | | ED : | William Robertson: History of America | | VA : | Horace Walpole: Anecdotes of Painting | | ST : | Luigi Galvani discovers electrical nature of nervous impulse | | ST : | The Smeatonian Club for engineers founded in London | | DL : | The Assembly room, Bath, England, opened | | DL : | New York Hospital founded | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros born 16 March | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott born 15 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Louis Tocqué dies | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Poems | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Symphony
No.45, 'Farewell'
| | PH : | Boston Assembly demands rights of colonies, threatens secession | | DL : | Royal Marriage Act in Britain to prevent undesirable royal marriages | | PH : | First Partition of Poland | | LT : | The Göttinger Hainbund, society of young patriotic German poets, formed | | ED : | Herder: On the Origin of Speech, on comparative philology | | RP : | Inquisition abolished in France | | RP : | Mirabeau: Essai sur le despotisme | | RP : | F.S. Sullivan, Irish jurist: Lectures on the Feudal Law and the Constitution and Laws of England | | M : | Flight and Kelly, London firm of organ builders, produces first barrel organs | | ST : | Leonhard Eurler: Lettres à une princesse d'Allemagne, on mechanics, optics, acoustics, and astronomy | | ST : | Daniel Rutherford and Joseph Priestley independently discover nitrogen | | DL : | Judge William Murray decides in the Somerset case that a slave is free on landing in England | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge born 21 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Götz von Berlichingen | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Exsultate, Jubilate
('Exult, Rejoice') for soprano and orchestra.
| | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Ladies Adorning
a Term of Hymen | | VA : | Hubert Robert : Landscape with an Arch and The Dome of St Peter's in Rome
| | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : Young Greek Maidens Deck Sleeping Cupid With Flowers | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien : Lover Crowning His Mistress | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : The Iron Forge Viewed from Without | | LT : | Swedish national theatre established in Stockholm | | RP : | Pope Clement XIV dissolves Jesuit Order | | RP : | John Eerskine: Institutes of the Law in Scotland | | RP : | Joseph II expels Jesuits from the Empire | | M : | Charles Burney: The Present State of Music in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United Provinces | | M : | The waltz becomes fashionable in Vienna | | ED : | Philadelphia Museum founded | | DL : | 10 May - British East India Company Regulating Act | | DL : | 29-30 November - Boston Tea Party: protest against tea duty |
|
|
| | PH : | Louis XVI becomes King of France | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: The Sorrows of Werther | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Iphigénie en Aulide
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.29
| | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli : Landscape with the Education of Bacchus | | PH : | Quebec Act, to secure Canada's loyalty to Great Britain, established Roman Catholicism in Canada | | PH : | Louis XV, King of France, dies; succeeded by his grandson Louis XVI | | PH : | First Continental Congress meets GO ! | | PH : | Accession of Abdul Hamid I as Sultan of Turkey | | LT : | Lord Chesterfield: Letters to His Son, on how a gentleman should behave | | RP : | John Campbell: A Political Survey of Great Britain | | RP : | John Cartwright: American Independence, the Glory and Interest of great Britain | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Poland | | RP : | Anne Lee of Massachusetts settles in New York to begin a spiritualist revival | | ST : | Aust. physician F.A. Mesmer uses hypnosis for health purposes | | ED : | Swiss educator Johan Heinrich Pestalozzi founds school for orphaned and neglected children in Zurich to enable them to lead productive lives | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich born 5 September |
|
|
| | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Devotional Pieces | | VA : | Gavin Hamilton : Priam Pleading with Achilles
for the Body of Hector | | PH : | Peasant's revolts in Bohemia against servitude | | PH : | American Revolution begins GO ! | | RP : | Cardinal Gianangelo Braschi elected in Feb as Pope Pius VI after a long conclave | | RP : | Justus Moser: Patriotische Phantasien, plea for one organic Germany | | ST : | Digitalis used for first time as a diuretic in dropsy | | ST : | J.C. Fabricius: Systema entomolgiae, classification of insects | | ST : | Pierre-Simon Girard invents water turbine | | ST : | James Watt perfects his invention of the Steam engine | | DL : | First British banks' clearinghouse established in Lombard Street, London | | DL : | First Thames Regatta | | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner born 23 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : A Young Girl Reading | | PH : | Treaty of Copenhagen between Russia and Denmark | | RP : | John Cartwright: Take your Choice, on parliamentary reform | | ED : | Edward Gibbon: Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire | | RP : | Richard Price:Observations on Civil Liberty and the Justice and Policy of the War with America | | RP : | Adam Smith: An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations | | M : | Charles Burney: History of Music | | M : | Concerts of Ancient Music, London | | DL : | U.S. Congress institutes a national lottery | | DL : | Military ski competitions in Norway | | VA : | Corrado Giaquinto dies | | M : | Ernst Theodor Amadeus Hoffmann born 24 January | | VA : | John Constable born 11 June | | PH : | 4 July - Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence GO ! |
|
|
| | RP : | Christianity introduced in Korea | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Armide
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Paternal Curse | | LT : | Court and National Theatre, Mannheim, founded | | RP : | Joseph Priestley: Disquisition Relating to Matter and Spirit | | ST : | American engineer David Bushnell invents torpedo | | ST : | Lavoisier proves that air consists mainly of oxygen and nitrogen | | DL : | Stars and Stripes adopted as Continental Congress flag | | M : | Heinrich Heine born 13 December |
|
|
| | PH : | War of Bavarian Succession | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Lessons for Children of Two to Three Years Old and Lessons for Children of Three Years Old | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck : Opera, Iphigénie en Tauride
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Portrait of Count
Stroganov as a Child | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : The Wicked
Son Punished | | VA : | Benjamin West : Romeo and Juliet | | PH : | American colonies sign treaties with France and Holland GO ! | | RP : | G.L.L. Buffon: Epoques de la Nature | | RP : | J.A. Deluc: Lettres physiques et morals sur les montagnes | | M : | La Scala, Milan, opened | | ST : | James cook discovers Hawaii | | DL : | Act of Congress prohibits import of slaves into the U.S. | | VA : | Giovanni Battista Piranesi dies 9 November |
|
|
| | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Heilig
for two choruses
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart :
Sinfonia Concertante
| | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : Firework Display at the Castel Sant' Angelo in Rome | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britian | | PH : | British war against Mahrattas in India | | LT : | Samuel Johnson: Lives of the Poets | | RP : | David Hume: Dialogues of Natural Religion (posth.) | | ST : | James Rennel: "Bengal Atlas" | | DL : | First children's clinic, London | | DL : | The Derby established at Epson racetrack, Surrey, England | | DL : | Pope Pius VI begins draining Pontine Marshes | | DL : | First 'velocipedes' appear in Paris | | VA : | Anton Raphael Mengs dies 29 June | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin dies 6 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : Education is Everything | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : Fête at Rambouillet | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze : Young Woman
in a White Hat | | PH : | Henry Grattan demands Home Rule for Ireland | | PH : | Gordon riots in London ("No Popery") | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Bohemia and Hungary | | PH : | Empress Maria Theresa dies; succeeded by her son Joseph II | | PH : | Outbreak of Second Mysore War | | PH : | Rebellion in Peru against Spanish rule | | RP : | Gaetano Filangieri: Science of Legislation | | M : | Spanish dance 'bolero' invented | | M : | Sébastien Erard makes first modern pianoforte | | ST : | Circular saw invented by Gervinus | | ST : | American Academy of Sciences founded at Boston | | DL : | Scheller constructs first fountain pen | | DL : | The British Gazette and Sunday Monitor, first Sunday newspapers, appear in London | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres born 29 August | | VA : | Bernardo Bellotto dies 17 October | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard : The Stolen Kiss |
|
|
| | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Nightmare | | ST : | William Herschel discovers the Planet Uranus | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Hymns in Prose for Children | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Sonata
No.11 in A
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Horn Concerto
No.4
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Serenade No.10
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Idomeneo
| | PH : | Warren Hastings deposes Rajah of Benares, plunders treasure of the Nabob of Oudh | | ED : | Clarendon Press, Oxford, established | | RP : | Franciscan monks settle at Los Angeles | | DL : | Joseph II grants patent of religious tolerance and freedom of press in Austria | | RP : | Kant: Critique of Pure Reason, fundamental work of modern philosophy | | RP : | Moses Mendelssohn: On the Civil Amelioration of the Condition of the Jews | | M : | Johann Adam Hiller establishes the Gewandhaus concerts at Leipzig | | ST : | Herschel discovers the planet Uranus | | ST : | Composition of mineral tungsten discovered | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Aust. dominions |
|
|
| | VA : | Henry Fuseli : The Three Witches | | LT : | William Blake: Poetical Sketches | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Abduction from the Seraglio
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Six string quartets
published as Opus 33
| | VA : | Francesco Guardi : Concert | | VA : | George Romney : Lady Hamilton as 'Nature' | | PH : | Tippoo Sahib succeeds Hyder Ali in Mysore | | PH : | Rama I founds new dynasty in Siam, makes Bangkok his capital | | PH : | Pope Pius VI in Vienna fails to persuade Joseph II to rescind program of tolerance | | RP : | Joseph Priestley: A History of the Corruptions of Christianity | | ED : | Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, founded | | RP : | Dugald Stewart: Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind | | ST : | Montgolfier brothers construct air balloon | | ST : | James Watt invents double-acting rotary steam engine | | PH : | Bank of North America established in Philadelphia | | VA : | Richard Wilson dies 15 May | | M : | Nicolò Paganini born 27 October |
|
|
| | ST : | First successful hot-air ballon flight
| | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Perronneau dies | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.36, 'Linz'
| | PH : | Great Britain recognises American independence | | DL : | Joseph II enforces Germ. language in Bohemia | | DL : | Famine in Japan | | ST : | William Herschel: Motion of the Solar System in Space | | RP : | Kant: Prolegomen to Any Possible Metaphysics | | RP : | Moses Mendelssohn: Jerusalem, plea for freedom of conscience | | RP : | Charles Simeon begins evangelical movement at Cambridge | | DL : | Bank of Ireland founded | | DL : | Civil marriage and divorce in Aust. dominions |
|
|
| | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Portrait of Mrs. Siddons
as the Tragic Muse | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : The Oath of the Horatii | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Lady Macbeth | | PH : | Treaty of Constantinople: Turkey agrees to Russian annexation of the Crimea | | PH : | Joseph II abrogates constitution in Hungary, suppressing feudal rights | | RP : | First Anglican bishop for the colonies | | ED : | Bengal Asiatic Society (study of Sanskrit) founded by William Jones | | RP : | Bernardin de Saint-Pierre: Etudes de la nature | | RP : | Herder: Ideas Toward a Philosophy of History | | RP : | Kant: Notion of a Universal History in a Cosmopolitan Sense | | RP : | John Wesley's Deed of Declaration, the charter of Wesleyan Methodism | | ST : | Swiss inventor Aimé Argant designs oil burner | | ST : | Eng. mathematician George Atwood accurately determines acceleration of a free-falling body | | ST : | Joseph Bramah constructs first patent lock | | ST : | Goethe discovers human intermaxillary bone | | ST : | Scot. millwright Andrew Meikle invents threshing machine | | ED : | First school for the blind in Paris | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Denmark | | VA : | Allan Ramsay dies 10 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : Mrs. Richard Brinsley Sheridan
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.20
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.21
| | VA : | George Stubbs : Haymaking | | PH : | Der Fürstenbund (League of German Princes) formed by Frederick the Great against Joseph II | | PH : | Commercial Treaty signed between Prussia and the U.S. | | LT : | The Reverend James Wilmot of Warwickshire identifies Francis Bacon, as author of Shakespeare's plays | | ED : | Educational reforms in Germany | | RP : | Kant: Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Ethics | | PH : | James Madison's Religious Freedom Act abolishes religious tests in Virginia | | RP : | William Paley: Principles of Moral and Political Philosophy | | ST : | Salsano: seismograph for measuring earthquakes | | VA : | Pietro Longhi dies 8 May |
|
|
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.38, 'Prague'
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.23
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Marriage of Figaro
| | M : | Joseph Haydn :
'Paris' symphonies (including No.82 and No.83, 'The Bear' and 'The Hen')
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.24
| | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Oedipus Cursing His Son, Polynices | | PH : | Frederick the Great dies; succeeded by his nephew Frederick William II | | LT : | Berlin Court Theatre opens | | RP : | Mennonites from Central Europe settle in Canada | | ST : | William Herschel: Catalogue of Nebulae | | ST : | M.H.Klaproth, Ger. chemist, discovers uranium | | ST : | American inventor H.James Rumsey designs first mechanically driven boat | | ST : | Earliest attempts at internal gas lighting in Germany and England | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber born 18 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough : The Woodsman | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Serenade, Eine kleine Nachtmusik
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Il dissoluto punito, ossia Il Don Giovanni
('The Rake Punished, or Don Giovanni')
| | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds : Heads of Angels | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : The Death of Socrates
| | VA : | Hubert Robert : The Pont du Gard | | VA : | George Romney : Miss Constable | | PH : | Aust. Netherlands declared province of Hapsburg monarchy | | PH : | Parliament of Paris demands summoning of States-General | | PH : | Turkey declares war on Russia | | RP : | John Adams: A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the U.S.A. | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Defence of usury | | ED : | Imperial Russian Dictionary with 285 words in 200 languages | | RP : | James Madison: The Vices of the Political System of the United States | | ST : | Lavoisier: Méthode de nomenclature chimique | | DL : | Dollar currency introduced in the US | | DL : | English settlement founded for freed slaves in Sierra Leone | | VA : | Pompeo Girolamo Batoni dies 4 February |
|
|
| | DL : | London's Daily Universal Register becomes the Times | | LT : | William Blake: Natural Religion | | M : | C.P.E. Bach : Double Concerto
for Harpsichord, Piano and Orchestra in Eb
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.39
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Concerto
for Flute and Harp in C Major
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.40
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Symphony
No.41 ('Jupiter')
| | PH : | Austria declares war on Turkey | | DL : | Brit. parliamentary motion for abolition of slave trade | | PH : | George III's first attack of mental illness; regency crisis in England | | RP : | Kant Critique of Practical Reason | | ED : | John Lemprière: Classical Dictionary | | RP : | Hannah More: Thoughts on the Importance of the Manners of the Great to General Society | | ST : | James Hutton: New Theory of the Earth | | ST : | Marquis Pierre Simon de Laplace: Laws of the Planetary System | | DL : | Bread riots in France | | DL : | First German cigar factory opens | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron born 22 January | | VA : | Maurice Quentin de La Tour dies 17 February | | VA : | Thomas Gainsborough dies 2 August | | M : | C.P.E. Bach dies 14 December | | VA : | Francesco Zuccarelli dies 30 December |
|
|
| | PH : | George Washington elected the First President of the United States GO ! | | PH : | The French Revolution begins | | ST : | Planetary satellites of Saturn, Enceladus and Mimas were discovered by Herschel | | LT : | William Wordsworth: An Evening Walk | | LT : | William Blake: Songs of Innocence | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, Cosi fan tutte
('Women Are All the Same')
| | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : The Lictors Bring to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons
| | VA : | George Romney : Tom Hayley as Robin Goodfellow
| | PH : | King George II of England recovers | | PH : | Aust. Netherlands declare independence as Belgium | | PH : | Abdul Hamid I dies; succeeded as Sultan of Turkey by his nephew Selim III | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation | | M : | Charles Burney: History of Music | | ST : | Antoine Jussieu: Genera plantarum, modern classification of plants | | ED : | Pennsylvania State University | | DL : | Journal des dèbates founded in Paris | | DL : | Tammany founded as benevolent institution, but shortly after becomes political | | VA : | Claude-Joseph Vernet dies 3 December |
|
|
| | LT : | William Blake: Marriage of Heaven and Hell | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: An Address to the Opposers of the Repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Thor in the Boat of Hymir | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby : An Italian Landscape with Mountains and a River | | PH : | Joseph of Austria dies; succeeded by his brother Leopold II | | PH : | Festival of Champs de Mars, Paris; Louis XVI accepts the constitution | | PH : | Third Mysore War | | LT : | Royal Literary Fund initiated by David Williams | | RP : | Edmund Burke: Reflections on the Revolution in France | | RP : | Jews in France are granted civil liberties | | RP : | Kant : Kritik der Urteilskraft | | RP : | The first Roman Catholic bishop consecrated in America | | M : | First musical competition in America | | ST : | Lavoisier: Table of Thirty-One Chemical Elements | | RP : | Alexander Raditcheff: Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a plea for the emancipation of serfs | | DL : | Washington, D.C., founded | | PH : | First session of the Supreme Court of the U.S. | | VA : | William Blake : The Marriage of Heaven & Hell |
|
|
| | LT : | William Blake: The French Revolution | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Epistle to William Wilberforce, Esq. on the Rejection of the Bill for Abolishing the Slave Trade of 1791 | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Requiem Mass
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : German Dances
(set of 3), 'Sleigh Ride'
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Piano Concerto
No.27
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Clarinet Concerto
| | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart : Opera, The Magic Flute
| | VA : | Benjamin West : The Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Paradise | | PH : | Louis XVI, trying to leave France with his family is caught at Varennes and returned to Paris | | PH : | Massacre of the Champ de Mars, Paris | | PH : | Fr. National Assembly dissolves | | PH : | First ten amendments to U.S. constitution (Bill of Rights) ratified GO ! | | PH : | Canada Constitutional Act divides the country into two provinces, Upper and Lower Canada | | RP : | Herder: Ideen zur Philosophie die Geschichte der Menschheit | | RP : | Thomas Paine: The Rights of Man, Part I | | RP : | Philippe Pinel: Traitè mèdico-philosophique sur l'aliènation mentale | | M : | The waltz becomes fashionable in England | | DL : | Bank of North America founded | | DL : | Wilberfource's motion for abolition of slave trade carried through Parliament | | ED : | London School of Veterinary Surgery founded | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault born 26 September | | M : | Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dies 5 December |
|
|
| | LT : | The Old Farmers Almanac is published for the first time | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Remarks on Gilbert Wakefield's Enquiry into . . . Public or Social Worship | | M : | Joseph Haydn :
'London' symphonies (including No.94 'The Surprise')
| | PH : | Peace of Jassy ends war between Russia and Turkey | | PH : | Leopold II of Austria dies; succeeded as Holy Roman Emperor by his son Francis II | | PH : | The Girondists form ministry in France; the royal family imprisoned | | PH : | Gustavus II assassinated in Stockholm Opera House: succeeded as King of Sweden by Gustavus IV | | PH : | France declares war on Austria, Prussia, and Sardinia | | DL : | Denmark is the first nation to abolish the slave trade | | PH : | Two political parties formed in the U.S.: The Republican and the Federalist | | RP : | Baptist Missionary Society founded in London | | RP : | Thomas Paine: Rights of Man, Part II | | RP : | Mary Wollstonecraft: Vindication of the Rights of Women | | ST : | Worlds's first chemical society founded, Philadelphia | | ST : | French engineer Claude Chappe invents mechanical semaphore signal | | ST : | Illuminating gas used in England for the first time | | DL : | Libel Act passed in Britain | | DL : | Dollar coinage minted in U.S. | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini born 29 February |
|
|
| | PH : | Reign of Terror in France | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Descriptive Sketches | | LT : | William Blake: America: A Prophecy and Visions of the Daughters of Albion | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Sins of Government, Sins of the Nation | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Marat Assassinated
| | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : Endymion Asleep | | VA : | George Stubbs : William Anderson with Two Saddle-horses
| | PH : | Louis XVI executed | | PH : | Reign of Terror begins | | RP : | Roman Catholicism banned in France | | PH : | Queen Marie Antoinette executed | | PH : | Holy Roman Empire declares war on France | | PH : | Second Partition of Poland | | ED : | Compulsory public education in France from the age of six | | RP : | The Feast of Reason in St. Eustache Church, Paris | | RP : | William Godwin; The Inquiry concerning Political Justice | | RP : | Kant: Religion innherhalb der Grenzen der blossen Vernunft (Religion within the limits of mere reason) | | ST : | Kermadec Islands discovered | | ST : | Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin | | DL : | Board of Agriculture established in Britain | | DL : | U.S. law compels escaped slaves to return to their owners | | VA : | Francesco Guardi dies in January | | LT : | John Clare born 13 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship | | LT : | William Blake: Songs of Innocence and of Experience and The First Book of Urizen | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Self Portrait | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Sir John Sinclair | | VA : | William Blake : God as an Architect | | PH : | "Feast of the Supreme Being" in Paris | | PH : | The Commune of Paris abolished | | PH : | Jacobin Club closed | | PH : | Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Britian | | PH : | Agha Mohammed founds the Kajar dynasty in Persia | | PH : | U.S. Navy established | | LT : | Drury Lane Theatre, London, reopened | | ST : | Erasmus Darwin: Zoonomia, or the Laws of Organic Life | | RP : | Thomas Paine: The Age of Reason | | ST : | Adrien Legendre: Elèments de gèomètrie | | ST : | First telegraph, Paris - Lille | | DL : | Slavery abolished in French colonies | | ED : | Ecole Normale founded in Paris | | ED : | Ecole Polytechnique, the word's first technical college, opens in Paris | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant born 3 November |
|
|
| | LT : | William Blake: The Song of Los | | M : | Joseph Haydn :
Six more 'London' symphonies (including No.100 'The Military', and No.101, 'The Clock'
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Jean-Baptiste Isabey and his Daughter | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Miss Eleanor Urquhart | | PH : | Bread riots and White Terror in Paris | | PH : | Napoleon appointed commander-in-chief, Italy | | PH : | Secret treaty between Austria and Russia for Third Partition of Poland; joined by Prussia | | PH : | Third Partition of Poland | | PH : | King Stanislas II abdicates | | PH : | Treaty of San Lorenzo between U.S. and Spain settles boundary with Florida | | RP : | Freedom of worship in France | | RP : | Kant: Zum ewigen Frieden | | M : | Paris Conservatoire de Musique founded | | ST : | Joseph Bramah invents hydraulic press | | ED : | Institute National, Paris, to replace the abolished academies | | ST : | Metric system adopted in France | | DL : | Speenhamland Act for poor relief in Britain | | VA : | Sir Joshua Reynolds dies 23 February | | LT : | Joseph Rodman Drake born 7 August | | LT : | John Keats born 31 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems on Various Subjects | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Trumpet Concerto
| | PH : | John Adams elected second president of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britain | | PH : | Agha Mohammed of Persia siezes Khurasan in Khuzistan | | PH : | Kau-Tsung, great Manchu Emperor of China dies, succeeded by Kia-King | | RP : | Louis de Bonald: Thèorie du pouvoir politique et religieux | | RP : | Jean Jacques Cambacérès: Projet de code civil | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Considérations sur la France | | RP : | Richard Watson: An Apology for the Bible | | ST : | G.L.C. Cuvier founds the science of comparative zoology | | ST : | C.W.Hufeland: Macrobiotics, or The Art to Prolong One's Life | | ST : | Engl. physician Edward Jenner introduces vaccination against smallpox | | ST : | J.T. Lowitz prepares pure ethyl alcohol | | DL : | Edict of Peking forbids import of opium into China | | DL : | Freedom of press in France | | ED : | Royal Technical College, Glasgow, founded | | VA : | Camille Corot born 16 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems, Second Edition | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Six string quartets
published as Opus 76 (including 'Emperor Quartet')
| | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : Portrait of Jean-Baptiste Belley | | PH : | Napoleon proclaims Venetian Constitution, founds Ligurian Republic in Genoa | | PH : | Peace of Campo Formio between France and Austria | | PH : | Final treaty of Polish partition | | PH : | Frederick William II dies; succeeded as King of Prussia by his son Frederick William III | | PH : | Fath Ali, Shah of Persia | | RP : | Chateaubriand: Essai historique, politique, et moral sur les révolutions | | RP : | Kant: Metaphysik der Sitten | | RP : | Schelling: Idden zu einer Philosophie der Natur | | RP : | Wackenroder and Tieck: Outpourings of a Monk, romantic religious essays | | RP : | William Wilberforce: Practical View of the Religious System | | ST : | Thomas Bewick: British Birds | | ST : | J.L.Langrange: Théorie des fonctions analytiques | | ST : | Ger. astronomer H.W.M.Olbers publishes his method of calculating the orbits of comets | | ST : | Nicolas de Saussure: Recherches chimiques sur la végétation | | DL : | First copper pennies minted in England and first one-pound notes issued | | M : | Franz Schubert born 31 January | | VA : | Joseph Wright of Derby dies 29 August | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti born 29 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Lyrical Ballads | | M : | Joseph Haydn : Oratorio
The Creation
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.1
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : Buttermere Lake: A Shower | | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Cupid and Psyche | | PH : | French capture Rome: proclaim Roman Republic; Pope Pius VI leaves the city for Valence | | PH : | Napoleon master of Egypt | | PH : | King Ferdinand IV of Naples declares war on France and enters Rome | | PH : | Treaty of Hyderabad between Britain and the Nizam | | PH : | The last King of Poland, Augustus Stanislas II dies | | RP : | T.R.Malthus: Essay on the Principle of Population | | ST : | Ger. inventor Aloys Senefelder invents lithography | | DL : | Income tax of 10% of all incomes over £200 introduced in Britain as wartime measure | | VA : | Gavin Hamilton dies 4 January | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix born 26 April |
|
|
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Die Maske
three-act singspiel
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Pathétique Piano Sonata
| | PH : | Austria declares war on France | | PH : | Britain joins Russo-Turk alliance | | PH : | Kingdom of Mysore divided between Britain and Hyderabad | | RP : | Church Missionary Society founded in London | | RP : | Fichte: System der Sittenlehre | | RP : | Herder: Metakritik, attacks Kant and Fichte | | RP : | Schlegel: Geschichte der Poesie der Griechen und Römer | | RP : | Schleiermacher: Reden über die Religion | | ED : | Universities of Cologne and Mainz closed | | ED : | Egyptian Institute founded at Cairo | | ED : | Pestalozzi's school in Burgdorf, Switzerland, opened | | ED : | Rosetta Stone found - deciphering of hieroglyphics now possible |
|
|
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.1
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : Nude Maja | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Portrait of Madame Récamier | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Portrait of Lieutenant Colonel William Shirriff H.E.I.C.S.
| | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn : Lady Anne Torphicen | | VA : | William Blake : Job and his Daughters | | PH : | U.S. federal offices are moved from Philadelphia to Washington, D.C. - the new capital city | | PH : | Napoleon appoints committee of jurists to draw up Civil Code | | RP : | Cardinal Barnaba Chiaramonti elected Pope Pius VII | | RP : | Fichte: Der geschlossene Handelsstaat | | RP : | Arnold Heeren: European Political Systems | | RP : | Schelling: System des transzendentalen Idealismus | | RP : | Church of United Brethren in Christ founded in the U.S. | | ST : | German physician F.J. Gall founds practice of phrenology | | ST : | William Herschel discovers existence of infrared solar rays | | ED : | Royal College of Surgeons, London, founded | | ST : | Alessandro Volta produces electricity from cell; first battery of zinc and copper plates | | ST : | Eli Whitney makes muskets with interchangeable parts | | DL : | Letter post introduced in Berlin | | DL : | Robert Owen takes over New Lanark mills and starts social reforms |
|
|
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Overture, Musica per la chiesa
| | M : | Joseph Haydn : Oratorio
The Seasons
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Moonlight' Piano Sonata
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.3
| | PH : | Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland comes into force | | PH : | Peace of Lunéville between Austria and France marks the actual end of the Holy Roman Empire | | PH : | Thomas Jefferson inaugurated President of U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Czar Paul I assassinated; succeeded by Alexander I | | RP : | K.F. Gauss: Disquisitiones arithmeticae | | RP : | Hegel and Schelling published the Critical Journal of Philosophy | | ST : | M.F.X. Bichat: Anatomie générale | | ST : | American civil engineer Robert Fulton produces the first submarine "Nautilus" | | ST : | J.J. Lalande catalogues 47,390 stars | | DL : | Bank of France founded | | DL : | The Union Jack becomes official flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland | | ST : | Victoria Regia discovered in Amazon Territory | | M : | Vincenzo Bellini born 3 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.2
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Madame Récamier | | PH : | Napoleon becomes President of Italian Republic | | PH : | Peace of Amiens between Britain and France | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Civil and Penal Legislation | | ED : | G.F. Grotefend deciphers Babylonian cuneiform | | RP : | Daniel Webster: The Rights of Neutral Nations in Time of War | | VA : | Period of the Classicist Empire style | | ST : | John Dalton introduces atomic theory into chemistry | | ST : | William Herschel discovers binary stars | | ST : | German naturalist Gottfried Trevinarus coins the term "biology" | | DL : | Peerage published in London by John Debrett | | DL : | The Duke of Richmond introduces horse racing at Goodwood | | DL : | "Health and Morals of Apprentices" Act in Britain | | VA : | George Romney dies 15 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in G
(lost)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Kreutzer' Violin Sonata
| | PH : | Swiss cantons regain independence (Act of Mediation) | | PH : | U.S. buys large tract of land from Louisiana Purchase GO ! | | PH : | Second Mahratta War against Sindhia of Gwalior | | RP : | Greek patriot Adamantios Coräes publishes his Present Conditions of Civilisation in Greece | | RP : | Joseph Lancaster: Improvements in Education as it Respects the Industrious Classes | | ST : | Claude Berthollet: Essai de statique chimique | | ST : | Lazare Carnot: Principes fondamentaux de l'équilibre et du mouvement | | ST : | Robert Fulton propels a boat by steam power | | ST : | Henry Shrapnel invents shell | | ST : | Building of Caledonian Canal begins | | ED : | Technical College, Prague, founded | | M : | Adolphe Adam born 24 July | | M : | Hector Berlioz born 11 December |
|
|
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Waldstein' Piano Sonata
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.3 ('Eroica')
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : The Passage
of the St. Gothard | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon in the
Pesthouse at Jaffa | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Innocence Preferring Love to Wealth
| | PH : | Napoleon, proclaimed emperor by Senate and Tribunate, is crowned in the presence of Pope Pius VII in Paris | | PH : | Francis II assumes the title of Emperor of Austria as Francis I | | PH : | Spain declares war on Britain | | RP : | British and Foreign Bible Society founded in London | | PH : | Code Napoléon promulgated | | ST : | Thomas Brown Inquiry into the Relation of Cause and Effect | | VA : | English Water Colour Society founded | | ST : | Thomas Bewick completes his History of British Birds | | DL : | The first dahlias in England | | M : | Mikhail Glinka born 1 June |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Elegiac Stanzas | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lay of the Last Minstrel | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Mass in D Minor
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Die lustigen Musikanten
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : 24 Caprices
for solo violin
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Opera, Fidelio
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Appasionata' Piano Sonata
| | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : The Empress Josephine | | VA : | Benjamin West : The Fatal Wounding of Sir Philip Sidney | | PH : | Thomas Jefferson begins his second term as President of U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Treaty of St. Petersburg by Britain and Russia against France, joined by Austria | | PH : | Napoleon crowned as King of Italy in Milan | | PH : | Peace of Pressburg between Austria and France; Bavaria and Württemberg becomes kingdoms | | PH : | Establishment of modern Egypt; Mehemet Ali proclaimed Pasha | | RP : | Hosea Ballou: A Treatise on Atonement | | RP : | Lord Liverpool: Treatise on the Coins of the Realm | | ST : | Rockets, originally constructed by Sir William Congreve, are reintroduced as weapons into the British army | | ST : | F.W.A. Sartürner isolates morphine | | DL : | Napoleon abandons French revolutionary calendar | | ED : | Pestalozzi school at Yverdun, Switzerland | | VA : | Jean-Baptiste Greuze dies 21 March | | M : | Luigi Boccherini dies 28 May |
|
|
| | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Fugitive Pieces privately printed | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Symphony,
Eb
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Razumovsky' String Quartets
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Violin Concerto
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.4
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.4
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Napoleon | | PH : | Joseph Bonaparte named King of Naples | | PH : | Louis Bonaparte named King of Holland | | PH : | Napoleon's Berlin Decree begins "Continental System" | | PH : | Confederation of Rhine founded | | PH : | Peace of Posen: Saxony is made a kingdom | | ED : | J.C. Adelun: Mithridates, a History of Languages and Dialects | | RP : | Fichte: Bericht über die Wissenschaftslehre | | ED : | Institute de France created by combining Académie Française with other academies | | RP : | James Madison: An Examination of the British Doctrine which Subjects to Capture a Neutral Trade not Open in Time of Peace | | RP : | Napoleon establishes a consistorial organisation for Jews in France | | ST : | P.A. Latreille: Genera Crustaceorum et Insectorum | | ST : | Sir Francis Beaufort designs scale to indicate wind strength | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning born 6 March | | VA : | George Stubbs dies 10 July | | VA : | Jean Honoré Fragonard dies 22 August |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Poems in two volumes | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hours of Idleness | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet
for piano, two violins, viola, doublebass
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Quintet
for harp, two violins, viola, cello
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Singspiel, Liebe und Eifersucht
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Symphonies
No.1 and No.2
| | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : Portrait of Count Alexander Osterman-Tolstoy
| | PH : | Treaty of Tilsit between Napoleon, the Czar, and the King of Prussia | | PH : | Jerome Bonaparte becomes King of Westphalia | | PH : | Napoleon ensures dictatorship by suppressing Tribunate | | PH : | Sultan Selim III of Turkey deposed and succeeded by Mustafa IV | | DL : | Baron von Stein emancipates serfs | | PH : | France invades Portugal: dethroned Portuguese royal family flees to Brazil | | RP : | U.S. Evangelical Association, founded by Jacob Albright, holds its first convention | | PH : | Commercial Law Code introduced in France | | RP : | Hegel: Phänomenologie des Geistes | | RP : | Gottlieb Hufeland: New Foundations of Political Economy | | ST : | Charles Bell: System of Comparative Surgery | | ED : | Alexander von Humboldt and Bonpland: Voyage aux régions équinoxiales du nouveau continent, 1799-1804, on Spanish America (first of 30 volumes) | | DL : | Horse racing: First Ascot Gold Cup | | DL : | England prohibits slave trade | | DL : | Street lighting by gas in London |
|
|
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Colossus | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Marmion | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Faust | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Canzoni
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Der Trank der Unsterblichkeit
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Für Elise' (completed 1810)
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Symphonies No.5 and No.6
| | VA : | Baron François Gérard : Caroline Murat and her Children | | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson : The Entombment of Atala | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros : Napoleon on the Battlefield
of Eylau on 9 February 1807 | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon : David Johnston | | DL : | U.S. prohibits importation of slaves from Africa | | PH : | Joseph Bonaparte becomes king of Spain, Joachim Murat becomes King of Naples | | PH : | Erfurt Congress | | PH : | Rebellion in Madrid: King Joseph flees; Napoleon takes city | | LT : | Théâtre St. Philippe, New Orleans, opened | | RP : | John Dalton: New System of Chemical Philosophy | | RP : | J.F. Fries: New Critique of Reason | | RP : | Napoleon abolishes the Inquisition in Spain and Italy | | RP : | Schlegel: Von der Sprache und Weisheit der Inder | | ST : | J.L.Gay-Lussac: The Combination of Gases | | ST : | The source of the Ganges River discovered | | DL : | Baronetage published in London by John Debrett | | DL : | Disappearance of fashion of pigtails in men's hair | | ED : | Extensive excavations begin at Pompeii | | DL : | Henry Crabb Robinson, the first war correspondent, sent by The Times of London to Spain to report on the Peninsular War | | VA : | Hubert Robert dies 15 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Abbey in an Oak Forest | | VA : | Joseph Marie Vien dies | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Elective Affinities | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: English Bards and Scotch Reviewers | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Piano Trio
| | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Miserere in Bb
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Incidental music
to the play Turandot
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Piano Concerto No.5 ('Emperor')
| | PH : | Treaty of Dardanelles between Britain and Turkey | | PH : | War between France and Austria | | PH : | Peace of Schönbrunn | | PH : | Austria joins Continental System | | PH : | James Madison becomes 4th President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | King Gustavus IV of Sweden deposed; succeeded by Charles XIII | | PH : | Marshal Jean Bernadotte elected Crown Prince of Sweden | | PH : | Treaty of friendship between Britain and the Sikhs at Amritsar | | PH : | Napoleon annexes Papal States; Pope Pius VII taken prisoner | | PH : | Ecuador gains independence from Spain | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn born 3 February | | M : | Joseph Haydn dies 31 May | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson born 6 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Morning in the Riesengebirge | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lady in the Lake | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Overture and incidental music to Egmont
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Cloister Graveyard in the Snow | | PH : | Napoleon annexes Holland, Hanover, Bremen, Hamburg, Lauenburg, and Lübeck | | PH : | Venezuela breaks away from Spain | | RP : | Lazare Carnot: De la défense des places fortes | | RP : | Société de Amis formed in Geneva by Protestant revivalists | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Essay on the Generation of Political Constitutions | | VA : | The "Nazarenes" founded by J.F. Overbeck to revive German religious art | | ST : | Gail and Spurzheim: Anatomie et physiologie du systèm nerveux | | ST : | Samuel Hahnemann founds homeopathy | | ST : | François Appert develops techniques for canning food | | DL : | First public billiards rooms in England at the Piazza, Covent Garden, London | | M : | Frederic Chopin born 1 March | | M : | Robert Schumann born 8 June |
|
|
| | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld: Eighteen Hundred And Eleven, A Poem | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Abu Hassan
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Archduke' Piano Trio
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Jupiter and Thetis | | PH : | George III of England insane; Prince of Wales becomes Prince Regent | | DL : | Austria bankrupt | | PH : | Paraguay independent of Spain | | RP : | K.A. Böttiger: Kunstmythologie | | PH : | Civil Code introduced in Austria | | RP : | "Great Schism" of Welsh Protestants; two thirds leave Anglican Church | | ED : | Barthold G. Niebuhr: Roman History | | ED : | J.P.A. Récusat: Essai sur la langue et la littérature | | ED : | University of Christiania, Oslo, founded | | ED : | National University of Nicaragua founded | | DL : | John Rennie begins the building of Waterloo Bridge, London | | M : | Prague Conservatoire is opened | | ST : | Amadeo Avogadro: hypothesis of the molecular composition of gases | | ST : | Sir Charles Bell: New Idea of the Anatomy of the Brain | | ST : | S.O. Poisson: Traité de Mécanique | | DL : | French Press Agency founded (later to becomes Agence Havas) | | DL : | "Luddites" destroy industrial machines in North England | | M : | Franz Liszt born 22 October |
|
|
| | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold cantos I and II, published | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Aurora
| | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La scala di seta
('The Silken Ladder')
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Symphonies No.7 and No.8
| | VA : | Jacques-Louis David : Napoleon in His Study
| | PH : | U.S. declares war on Britain GO ! | | RP : | Baptist Union of Great Britain formed | | ED : | H.F. Genesius: Hebrew and Chaldaic Dictionary | | RP : | Hegel: Die objective Logik | | RP : | Jews in Prussia emancipated (Hardenberg reforms) | | VA : | Elgin Marbles brought to England | | M : | Founding of Gesellschaft der Musikfreunde, Vienna | | VA : | Swiss explorer Burckhardt discovers the Great Temple of Abu Simbel | | ST : | Georges Cuvier: Recherches sur les ossements fossiles de quadrupèdes | | ST : | Humphry Davy: Elements of Chemical Philosophy | | ST : | Philippe Girard invents machine for spinning flax | | ST : | Laplace: Thérie analytique | | DL : | Royal Yacht Squadron founded | | DL : | Gas, Light and Coke Company, London developed by F.A. Winsor | | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau born 15 April | | LT : | Robert Browning born 7 May |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Rokeby | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: Aus meinem Leben: Dichtung und Wahrheit | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Giaour and The Bride of Abydos | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, L'italiana in Algeri
('The Italian Girl in Algiers')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Le streghe
('Witches Dance')
| | PH : | Prussia declares war on France | | PH : | Austria declares war on France | | PH : | French expelled from Holland; return of William of Orange | | PH : | Simón Bolivar becomes dictator of Venezuela | | PH : | Mexico declares itself independent | | RP : | J.F. Herbart: Introduction to Philosophy | | RP : | Methodist Missionary Society founded | | RP : | Robert Owen: A New View of Society | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Über die vierfache Wurzel des Satzes vom sureichenden Grunde | | M : | London Philharmonic Society founded | | DL : | Last gold guinea coins issued in England | | M : | The waltz conquers the European ballrooms | | M : | Richard Wagner born 22 May | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi born 10 October |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: The Excursion | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Waverly | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Corsair and Lara published | | M : | Franz Schubert : Song, Gretchen am Spinnerade
('Gretchen and the Spinning Wheel')
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Third of May, 1808 | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Grand Odalisque | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Raphael
and the Fornarina | | PH : | Napoleon abdicates and is banished to Elba | | PH : | Louis XVIII enters Paris and takes up the throne as his hereditary right | | PH : | Congress of Vienna opens | | PH : | Christian Frederick of Denmark elected King of Norway | | PH : | Treaty of Ghent ends British-American war GO ! | | PH : | Hanover proclaimed a kingdom | | PH : | Lord Hastings, Governor-General of India, declares war on the Gurkhas (Nepal) | | ED : | Chateaubriand: De Buonaparte et le Bourbons | | RP : | Pope Pius VII returns to Rome and restores the Inquisistion | | RP : | Savigny: The Claim of Our Age on Legislation | | VA : | Dulwich Gallery, London, opened | | M : | J.N. Maelzel invents the metronome | | ST : | Berzelius: Theory of Chemical Proportions and the Chemical Action of Electricity | | ST : | M.J.B. Orfila: Toxicologie générale | | ST : | At Killingworth Colliery, George Stephenson constructs the first practical steam locomotive | | DL : | English Statute of Apprentices (1563) repealed | | M : | Johann Friedrich Reichardt dies 27 June | | VA : | Jean-François Millet born 4 October |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Collected Poems | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Guy Mannering | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Lord of the Isles | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Biographia Literaria | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Hebrew Melodies | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Clarinet Quintet
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Songs, Der Erlkönig, Heidenröslein
| | PH : | Napoleon leaves Elba; the "Hundred Days"; Napoleon abdicates again and is banished to St. Helena | | PH : | Swiss Federal Pact ratified; the Confederation now consists of 22 cantons | | PH : | Joachim Murat, King of Naples executed after attempt to regain Naples | | PH : | Brazil declares itself an independent empire | | RP : | Protestant Baseler Missiongesellschaft founded | | RP : | T.R. Malthus: An Inquiry into the Nature and Progress of Rent | | ED : | Savigny: History of Roman Law in the Middle Ages | | RP : | Dugald Stewart: Progress of Metaphysical, Ethical, and Political Philosophy | | VA : | The Biedermeier styles arrives | | ST : | Miner's safety lamp invented | | ST : | Augustin Fresnel: research on the diffraction of light | | ST : | Lamarck: Histoire naturelle des animaux | | ST : | L.J. Prout: hypothesis on relation between specific gravity and atomic weight | | DL : | Apothecaries Act forbids unqualified doctors to practice in Britain | | DL : | British income tax ended | | DL : | British road surveyor John Macadam constructs roads of crushed stone | | DL : | Eruption of Sumbawa Volcano in Indonesia - more than 50,000 dead | | ED : | Technological College, Vienna, founded | | VA : | Ernest Meissonier born 21 February |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Tales of my Landlord | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Childe Harold canto III and The Prisoner of Chillon | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: The Siege of Corinth and Parisina | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann : Opera, Undine
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphonies
No.4 'Tragic', and No.5
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Il barbiere di Siviglia
('The Barber of Seville')
| | PH : | Maria I, Queen of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son, Dom John VI | | PH : | Argentina declared independent | | PH : | Prince Metternich opens Diet of German Confederation at Frankfurt | | RP : | American Bible Society founded | | ED : | Nikolai Karamzin: History of the Russian Empire | | ST : | Sir David Brewster invents kaleidoscope | | ST : | Stethoscope invented | | DL : | Blackwood's Magazine founded, Edinburgh | | DL : | English economic crisis causes large-scale emigration to Canada and U.S. |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Rob Roy | | LT : | John Keats: Poems | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Manfred | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: Thanatopsis | | M : | Franz Schubert : Songs, Die Forelle ('The Trout'), Der Tod und das Mädchen (Death and the Maiden'), An die Musik
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Armida
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, La gazza ladra
('The Thieving Magpie')
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, La Cenerentola
('Cinderella')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.1
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Cemetery at Dusk | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : City at Moonrise | | PH : | James Monroe inaugurated as fifth President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Wartburg Festival of revolutionary German students | | RP : | August Böckh: The Public Economy of Athens | | RP : | Lutheran and Reformed Churches in Prussia form Evangelical Union | | RP : | Hegel: Encyclopaedia of the Philosophical Sciences | | RP : | H.F.R. de Lamennais: Essai sur l'indifférence en matière de religion | | ED : | Juan Llorente, a former secretary of the Inquisition, publishes his History of the Inquisition in Spain | | RP : | Joseph de Maistre: Du Pape | | ED : | Braccia Nuova begins building of Vatican Museum, Rome | | ST : | Berzelius discovers selenium and lithium | | ST : | Karl Ritter: Geographie in ihrer Beziehung zu Natur und Geschichte | | DL : | Riots in Derbyshire, England, against low wages | | DL : | Opening of Waterloo Bridge, London (replaced 1945) | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny born 15 February |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Heart of Midlothian | | LT : | John Keats: Endymion | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Beppo and Childe Harold canto IV | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Mosè in Egitto
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Hammerklavier' Piano Sonata
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Wanderer above the Sea of Fog | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : Severed Heads | | PH : | Act suspending Habeas Corpus is repealed | | PH : | Charles XIII of Sweden dies; succeeded by Jean Bernadotte as Charles XIV | | PH : | Chile proclaims its independence | | PH : | Border between Canada and U.S. agreed upon | | ED : | Bonn University founded | | ED : | Josef Dobrovsky: History of the Czech language | | ED : | Henry Hallam: The View of the State of Europe during the Middle Ages | | ED : | Prado Museum, Madrid, founded | | ST : | F.W. Bessel: Fundamenta Astronomiae, catalog of 3,222 stars | | ST : | Berzelius publishes molecular weights of 2,000 chemical compounds | | ST : | Cadmium discovered | | DL : | British Order of St. Michael and St. George instituted by the Prince Regent | | DL : | "Savannah" becomes the first steamship to cross the Atlantic (26 days) | | M : | Charles-François Gounod born 18 June |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Peter Bell and The Waggoner | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Bride of Lammermoor, Ivanhoe, and A Legend of Montrose | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Mazeppa and Don Juan cantos I and II | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Invitation to the Dance
for piano (later orchestrated by Berlioz)
| | M : | Franz Schubert : 'Trout' Quintet
| | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault : The Raft of the Medusa | | VA : | John Crome : Yarmouth Beach | | PH : | Florida purchased by U.S. from Spain | | PH : | Bolivar becomes President of Colombia | | RP : | Georg Hermes: Philosophical Introduction to Christian Theology | | RP : | Jean Sismondi: Nouveaux principes d'economie politique | | ST : | Mitscherelich discovers isomorphism | | ST : | David Napier constructs the flat-bed cylinder for printing | | ST : | Danish physicist Hans Oersted discovers electromagnetism | | DL : | Opening of Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly, London | | VA : | Mehemet Ali presents Cleopatra's Needle to Britain | | DL : | Freedom of the press in France | | DL : | Maximum 12-hour working day for juveniles in England | | M : | Franz von Suppé born 18 April | | LT : | Walt Whitman born 31 May | | VA : | Gustave Courbet born 10 June | | M : | Jacques Offenbach born 20 June | | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann born 13 September |
|
|
| | LT : | John Clare: Poems Descriptive of Rural Life and Scenery | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Battle of Marathon | | LT : | William Blake: Jerusalem | | VA : | John Constable : Dedham Lock and Mill | | VA : | Henry Fuseli : Solitude at Dawn | | PH : | Revolution in Spain - King Ferdinand VII forced to restore Constitution of 1812 | | PH : | King George III of England dies; succeeded by Prince Regent as George IV | | DL : | U.S. Land Law fixes land price at a minimum of $1.25 per acre | | RP : | Thomas Brown: Lectures on the Philosophy of the Human Mind | | RP : | Thomas Erskine: Internal Evidence for the Truth of Revealed Religion | | RP : | J.J. Görres: Germany and the Revolution | | RP : | Jesuits driven out of Rome | | RP : | T. R. Malthus: Principles of Political Economy | | VA : | Discovery of the Venus de Milo | | ST : | André Ampère: Laws of the Electrodynamic Action | | DL : | Washington Colonization Society founds Liberia for repatriation of Negros | | VA : | Benjamin West dies 11 March | | LT : | Joseph Rodman Drake dies 21 September |
|
|
| | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes : The Great He-Goat | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Kenilworth | | LT : | John Clare: The Village Minstrel | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Marino Faliero, Don Juan cantos III-V, Cain, The Two Foscari, and Sardanapalus | | VA : | John Constable : Study of Clouds at Hampstead | | VA : | John Constable : The Hay Wain | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Der Freischütz
| | PH : | James Monroe begins second term as U.S. president | | PH : | Revolution in Piedmont: Victor Emmanuel abdicates, names his brother Charles Felix successor | | PH : | Reign of Terror begins between Greeks and Turks | | PH : | Peru proclaimed independent from Spain, followed by Guatemala, Panama, and Santo Domingo | | ED : | Ecole des Chartes founded in Paris for historical studies | | RP : | George Grote: Statement of the Question of Parliamentary Reform | | RP : | Hegel: Grundlinien der Philosophie des Rechts | | ED : | Champollion deciphers Egyptian hieroglyphics using Rosetta Stone | | ST : | Faraday discovers fundamentals of electromagnetic rotation | | ST : | T.J. Seebeck discovers thermoelectricity | | ST : | Sir Charles Wheatstone demonstrates sound reproduction | | DL : | London Co-operative Society founded | | DL : | Manchester Guardian founded | | LT : | John Keats dies 23 February | | VA : | John Crome dies 22 April |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: Ecclesiastical Sketches | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Fortunes of Nigel and Halidon Hill | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Vision of Judgment | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Dante and Virgil
in Hell | | M : | Franz Schubert : Fantasia
in C, 'Wanderer' Fantasy
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.8, 'Unfinished'
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Mass
in D (Missa Solemnis)
| | VA : | William Blake : The Parable of the Wise and Foolish Virgins | | PH : | Greeks adopt liberal republican constitution and proclaim independence | | PH : | Augustin de Iturbide elected Emperor of Mexico | | PH : | Brazil becomes independent of Portugal | | PH : | Congress of Verona opens to discuss European problem | | PH : | Bottle riots in Dublin, viceroy attacked by Orangemen | | ED : | Colebrooke founds Royal Asiatic Society (study of Eastern languages) | | RP : | Jean B. J. Fourier: Thèorie analytique de la chaleur | | ST : | J.V. Poncelet: Traité des propriétés projectives des figures on projective geometry | | M : | Royal Academy of Music, London, founded | | VA : | Daguerre and Bouton invent the diorama, paintings illuminated in dark room to give illusion of reality | | ST : | A.J. Fresnel perfects lenses for lighthouses | | DL : | Streets of Boston, Mass., lit by gas | | DL : | Sunday Times, London, founded | | M : | Franz Strauss born 26 February | | M : | ErnstTheodor Amadeus Hoffmann dies 25 June | | LT : | Mathew Arnold born 24 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel born | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Macduff's Cross, Peveril of the Peak and Quentin Durward | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron: Don Juan cantos VI-XIV | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Euryanthe
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Moments Musicaux
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Incidental music
to Rosamunde
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Die schöne Müllerin
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Semiramide
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
'Diabelli' Piano Variations
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven : Symphony
No.9 ('Choral')
| | PH : | Mexico becomes republic, Iturbide forced to abdicate | | PH : | Guatemala, San Salvador, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Costa Rica form Confederation of United Provinces of Central America | | PH : | The Monroe Doctrine closes American continent to colonial settlements by European powers GO ! | | RP : | Oxford Union Society founded | | RP : | Pope Pius VII dies; succeeded by Pope Leo XII (Annibale de la Genga) | | RP : | Saint-Simon: Catéchisme des industriels | | ED : | Louis Thiers: Histoire de la Révolution Française | | ED : | Sir Robert Smirke designs British Museum, London | | ST : | Charles Babbage's early attempts to construct a calculating machine | | ST : | Faraday succeeds in liquefying chlorine | | ST : | Charles Macintosh invents waterproof fabric | | ED : | Mechanic's Institute founded in London and Glasgow | | ST : | Walter Oudney, discovers Lake Chad in Central Africa | | ST : | British medical journal The Lancet first issued | | DL : | First Cologne Carnival festivities | | DL : | Death penalty for over 100 crimes abolished in Britain | | ED : | George IV presents the library of George III to British Museum | | DL : | Founding of Royal Thames Yacht Club | | DL : | Rugby Football originates at Rugby School, England | | VA : | Pierre-Paul Prud'hon dies 16 February | | VA : | Sir Henry Raeburn dies 8 July |
|
|
| | VA : | Anne-Louis Girodet-Trioson dies | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Massacre at Chios | | M : | Franz Schubert : Sonata
for two pianos, 'Grand Duo'
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Octet
in F
| | M : | Franz Schubert : String Quartet
No.14, 'Der Tod und das Mädchen
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Symphony in B-flat
| | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven :
Last five string quartets
| | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich : Evening | | PH : | Bolivar proclaimed Emperor of Peru | | PH : | Frontier treaty signed between Russia and U.S. | | PH : | U.S. House of Representatives elects John Quincy Adams as president when none of the four candidates wins a majority in the national election GO ! | | ED : | August Böckh: Corpus Inscriptionum Graecum (ed.) | | ED : | Carlo Botta: History of Italy, 1789-1814 | | ED : | Leopold von Ranke: History of the Latin and Teutonic People, 1494-1535 | | RP : | Sunday School Union formed in U.S. | | VA : | National Gallery, London, founded | | ST : | Portland Cement developed | | ST : | Nicolas Carnot: Puissance motrice du feu (on therodynamics) | | DL : | Founding of Athenaeum Club, London | | DL : | Combinations Law of 1799-1800 repealed; British workers are allowed to unionise | | DL : | Le Globe, Paris begins publication | | DL : | R.S.P.C.A. founded in London | | VA : | Jean Louis André Théodore Géricault dies 26 January | | M : | Bedrich Smetana born 2 March | | LT : | George Gordon, Lord Byron dies 19 April | | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme born 11 May | | M : | Anton Bruckner born 4 September |
|
|
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Female Nude
Reclining on a Divan | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Yarrow Revisited, and Other Poems | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Talisman | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Octet
for strings
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Adelson e Salvini
| | VA : | William Blake : The Body of Abel Found by Adam & Eve | | VA : | William Blake : Queen Katherine's Dream | | PH : | Ferdinand IV of Naples dies; succeeded by Francis I | | PH : | Anglo-Russian Treaty of British territory in north-western N. America | | PH : | Bolivia becomes independent of Peru, Uruguay of Brazil | | PH : | Maximilian I, King of Bavaria, dies; succeeded by his son Louis I | | PH : | Czar Alexander I dies; succeeded by Nicholas I | | RP : | William Hazlitt: The Spirit of the Age, or Contemporary Portraits | | RP : | French law makes sacrilege a capital offence | | ED : | Augustin Thierry: Histoire de la Conquête de l'Angleterre par les Normands | | ST : | Faraday isolates benzene | | ST : | Oxygen-hydrogen limelight invented | | ED : | Hungarian Academy of Sciences founded in Budapest | | DL : | Opening of Stockton-Darlington railroad - the first line to carry passengers | | DL : | A Baseball Club organised at Rochester, New York | | DL : | Tea roses from China introduced in Europe | | LT : | Anna Lætitia Barbauld dies 9 March | | VA : | Henry Fuseli dies 16 April | | M : | Johann Strauss II born 25 October | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau born 30 November | | VA : | Jacques-Louis David dies 29 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Woodstock | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: An Essay on Mind and Other Poems published anonymously | | LT : | William Blake: Job | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber : Opera, Oberon
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Symphony
No.9
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.3
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concerto
No.2, including La campanella ('The Little Bell')
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, A Midsummer Night's Dream
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Bianca e Gernando
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Les Francs-juges
| | VA : | William Blake : Satan Inflicting Boils on Job
| | PH : | Treaty of Yandabu ends Burmese War | | PH : | John VI, King of Portugal, dies; succeeded by Peter IV | | PH : | Russia declares war on Persia | | PH : | Dost Mohammed becomes Amir of Kabul | | RP : | Ngüan Ngüan edits the writings of Confucius | | VA : | U.S. Academy of Design founded | | ST : | André Ampère: Electrodynamics | | ST : | N.J. Lobachevsky develops his system of non-Euclidean geometry | | ED : | Munich University founded | | ST : | Galvanometer invented | | DL : | Unter den Linden, Berlin, lit by gas | | ST : | Stamford Raffles founds Royal Zoological Society, London | | DL : | First railroad tunnel, on Liverpool-Manchester line, in England | | M : | Carl Maria von Weber dies 5 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Death of Sardanapalus | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems by Two Brothers | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Surgeon's Daughter and Life of Napoleon | | LT : | John Clare: The Shepherd's Calendar with Village Stories and Other Poems | | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Winterreise
('Winter Journey')
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Nocturne
in E-flat
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
Variations for piano and orchestra on 'La ci darem la mano' (aria from Mozart opera Don Giovanni
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Il pirata
('The Pirate')
| | PH : | Count Kapodistrias elected President of Greece | | PH : | By the Treaty of London the Allies agree to force a truce on the Sultan | | RP : | John Darby founds the Plymouth Brethren | | ED : | Henry Hallam: The Constitutional History of England | | RP : | John Keble: The Christian year | | ST : | J. J. Audubon : Birds of North American | | ST : | Karl von Baer: Epistola de Ova Mammalium et Hominis Generis | | ST : | English physician describes Bright's disease | | VA : | Joseph Niepce produces photographs on a metal plate | | ST : | George Ohm formulates Ohm's Law, defining electrical current potential and resistance | | ST : | James Simpson constructs sand filter for purification of London's water supply | | DL : | Karl Baedeker begins publishing his travel guides | | DL : | Evening Standard, London, appears | | DL : | Sulfur friction matches introduced by John Walker | | M : | Ludwig van Beethoven dies 26 March | | VA : | William Holman Hunt born 26 April | | LT : | William Blake dies 12 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: Anne of Geierstein | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works (3 volumes) and Work without Hope | | M : | Franz Schubert : String Quintet
in C
| | M : | Franz Schubert : Song-cycle, Schwanengesang
('Swan Song')
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Comic Opera, Le Comte Ory
('Count Ory')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, Waverly
| | PH : | Maria II deposed, Dom Miguel proclaimed King of Portugal | | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Mehemet Ali agrees to Britain's demand to quit Greece | | PH : | Uruguay becomes independent republic following Treaty of Rio de Janeiro | | PH : | Liberal revolt in Mexico, Vincente Guerrero becomes president | | DL : | British Test and Corporation Acts repealed; Catholics and Nonconformists may hold public office | | VA : | German scholar K.O. Müller publishes his treatise on Etruscan antiquities | | ED : | University College, London, opened | | ED : | American Dictionary of the English Language, by Noah Webster, published | | ST : | John Franklin publishes an account of his Arctic explorations | | ST : | Cap and ring spinning machines invented | | ST : | Friedrich Wöhler's synthesis of urea begins organic chemistry | | DL : | London weekly Athenaeum issued | | DL : | The Spectator, London weekly periodical, founded | | DL : | Working Men's Party founded in New York | | VA : | Francisco José de Goya Y Lucientes dies 16 April | | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti born 12 May | | M : | Franz Schubert dies 19 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Anthony Frederick Sandys born | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Opera, Guillaume Tell
('William Tell')
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini :
Variations on 'God Save The King' for violin and orchestra
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
Book I of 'Songs Without Words' (Lieder ohne Worte), for piano
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Zaira
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La straniera
('The Foreigner')
| | PH : | Andrew Jackson inaugurated at President of the U.S. GO ! | | DL : | New Act of Parliament establishes an effective police force in London | | PH : | Peace of Adrianople ends Russo-Turk. war | | DL : | Slavery abolished in Mexico | | PH : | President Guerrero of Mexico overthrown by General Anastasio Bustamante | | DL : | Catholic Emancipation Act allows Roman Catholics in Great Britain to sit in Parliament and to hold almost any public office | | RP : | Pope Leo XII dies; Cardinal Francisco Castiglione elected Pope Pius VIII | | M : | The concertina patented | | VA : | L.J.M. Dagueerre forms a partnership with J.N. Niepce for the development of their photographic inventions | | ST : | Dobereiner: classification of similar elements | | ST : | Von Drayse invents the breechloading needle gun | | ST : | American physicist John Henry constructs and early version of the electromagnetic motor | | ST : | Hydropathy, the system of treating diseases by water, developed by Silesian farmer Vincenz Priessnitz | | DL : | The first co-operative stores in America | | DL : | The omnibus becomes part of London public transport | | DL : | First Oxford-Cambridge boat race takes place at Henley; Oxford wins | | DL : | Suttee, the Indian custom of immolating a widow along with her dead husband, abolished in British India | | DL : | The first U.S. patent on a typewriter granted this year | | ST : | The Royal Zoological Society takes over the menagerie at the Tower of London (origin of the London Zoo at Regent's Park) | | PH : | Uruguay declares war against Argentina | | PH : | Treaty of London settles the dispute between the Dutch and their former Belg. subjects | | PH : | Outbreak of First Opium War between Britain and China | | PH : | Frederick IV, King of Denmark dies; succeeded by Christian VIII | | PH : | The independent republic of Natal founded by the Boers | | PH : | Abdul Mejid becomes Sultan of Turkey | | ED : | Franz Bopp identifies Celtic as part of the Indo-European language family | | ED : | John Lloyd Stephens discovers and examines the antiquities of the ancient Maya culture in Central America | | ST : | Charles Goodyear makes possible the commercial use of rubber by discovering the process of "vulcanisation" | | ST : | Metallic element lanthanum discovered | | ST : | Ozone discovered | | ST : | First electric clock built | | DL : | Electrotyping process developed by Moritz Jacobi | | DL : | Abner Doubleday lays out first baseball field and conducts first baseball game ever played | | RP : | Louis Blanc publishes: L'Organization du Travail | | DL : | First Grand National run at Aintree, England | | DL : | Prussia restricts juvenile labour to a maximun of 10 hours a day | | ED : | Lowell Institute, Boston, founded | | DL : | George Weed's anti-slavery pamphlet, Slavery As It Is | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk born 8 May | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais born 8 June | | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein born 28 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Sir Walter Scott: The Doom of Devorgoil, a Melodrama and Auchindrane | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Anna Bolena
('Anne Boleyn')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Abegg Variations,
for piano
| | M : | Nicolò Paganini : Violin Concertos
No.4 and No.5
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Overture, The Hebrides
(Fingal's Cave)
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, I Capuleti e i Montecchi
('The Capulets and the Montagues)
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Symphony Fantastique
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : The 28th July:
Liberty Leading the People | | PH : | Revolution in Paris | | PH : | William IV becomes King of Great Britain and Ireland | | PH : | Charles X, King of France abdicates | | PH : | Louis Philippe, King of the French, "the Citizen King" | | PH : | Peter II, last of the Vladikas dynasty ascends the throne of Montenegro | | PH : | Serbia a fully autonomous state | | RP : | Jeremy Bentham: Constitutional Code for all Nations | | RP : | William Cobbett: Rural Rides | | RP : | The religious society of Mormons (now known as Latter Day Saints) founded by Joseph Smith and his friends in New York | | RP : | Pope Pius VIII dies | | ST : | Robert Brown, Scottish botanist, discovers the cell nucleus in plants | | ST : | Scottish geologist Charles Lyell divides the geological system into three groups which he names eocene, miocene, and pliocene | | ST : | Paraffin discovered | | ST : | Founding of Royal Geographic Society, London | | VA : | End of the Nazarene Brotherhood | | ST : | French tailor Barthélemy Thimmonier devises a machine for utilitarian stitching (beginning of the sewing machine) | | M : | Hans von Bülow born 8 January | | VA : | Camille Pissarro born 10 July | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton born 3 December | | LT : | Christina Rossetti born 5 December | | LT : | Emily Dickinson born 10 December |
|
|
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, La sonnambula
('The Sleepwalker')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, King Lear
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, The Corsair
| | PH : | Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected Leopold I, King of the Belgians | | PH : | Separation of Belgium from the Netherlands | | PH : | Southampton insurrection: Virginia slave revolt led by Nat Turner | | PH : | The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, divided into two parts, the larger of which goes to Belgium | | DL : | Wretched conditions of the working classes in Lyons, France, lead to uprisings | | DL : | Mass demonstrations in Swiss cities lead to introduction for more liberal legislation and the principle of popular sovereignty | | PH : | Emperor Pedro I of Brazil abdicates; succeeded by Pedro II, his son | | DL : | U.S. Copyright law amended: 28 years, renewable for 14 years | | M : | Samuel Francis Smith writes the words to "My Country, Tis of Thee" (one of the national anthems until 1931) | | RP : | Cardinal Mauro Capellari elected Pope Gregory XVI | | RP : | William Miller, leader of the Second Adventists in America, begins his preachings | | ST : | Chloroform invented | | ST : | Sir James Clark Ross determines position of magnetic North Pole | | DL : | The great cholera pandemic, which began in India in 1826, spread from Russia into Central Europe, reaching Scotland in 1832 | | DL : | William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the abolitionist periodical The Liberator, in Boston | | DL : | Légion Etrangère (French Foreign Legion) formed | | DL : | London Bridge opened | | DL : | First horse-drawn trolleys appear in New York |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Poems | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, L'Elisir d'amore
('The Elixir of Love')
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
12 piano studies, Opus 10, including 'Black Key', 'Tristesse', and 'Revolutionary' studies
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : M. Bertin | | DL : | Mass demonstrations at Hambach, Germany, in favour of the liberal and national cause | | DL : | The First Reform Act to enfranchise the upper-middle classes passed by the House of Lords; number of voters increased from 500,000 to 1,000,000 | | PH : | Andrew Jackson re-elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian patriot, founds the organisation "Giovine Italia" (Italian Youth), with the aim of achieving national independence | | RP : | The word "socialism" comes into use in English and French | | ED : | Zurich University founded | | VA : | Ando Hiroshige, great master of Japanese colour prints (Ukiyoe) publishes his series Fifty-three stages of the Tokaido | | DL : | The first French railroad line (from St. Etienne to Andrézieux) begins to carry passengers | | ST : | Hungarian mathematician Bolyai publishes his system of non-Euclidean geometry | | ST : | Reichenback discovers creosote in wood tar | | DL : | New England Anti-Slavery Society founded in Boston | | VA : | Edouard Manet born 23 January | | VA : | Arthur Hughes born 27 January | | LT : | Lewis Carroll born 27 January | | LT : | Johann Wolfgang von Goethe dies 22 March | | LT : | Sir Walter Scott dies 21 September |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Pauline, A Fragment of a Confession published anonymously | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Lucrezia Borgia
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Symphony
No.4, 'Italian'
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann :
Romance in G Minor for Violin and Piano
| | PH : | Prince Otto arrives in Nauplia to occupy the newly erected throne of Greece as King Otto | | PH : | Isabella II proclaimed Queen of Spain, with her mother Maria Christian as regent | | PH : | General Antonio López de Santa Anna becomes President of Mexico; country threatened by civil war | | PH : | Mehemet Ali is given Egypt and Syria; founds the dynasty that rules Egypt until 1952 | | PH : | All German states join the Zollverein (customs union) | | ED : | Franz Bopp: Vergleichende Grammatik | | ST : | Gauss and Weber devise the electromagnetic telegraph which functions over a distance of 9,000 feet | | ST : | The Handbook of Human Physiology by Johannes Müller | | ST : | Wheatstone bridge, for the comparison of electric resistances, inductances, and capacitances devised | | DL : | British Factory Act provides a system for factory inspection | | DL : | Charity bazaars becomes popular in England | | DL : | New York Sun founded | | DL : | Olympic Club of Philadelphia organises two "Town Ball" teams | | DL : | Abolition of slavery in British Empire | | M : | Johannes Brahms born 7 May | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones born 28 August | | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin born 12 November | | M : | Anton von Webern born 3 December |
|
|
| | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Maria Stuarda
('Mary Stuart')
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Symphony on Two Russian Themes
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
12 piano studies, Opus 25, including 'Butterfly and 'Winter Wind' studies
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Le Chalet
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Symphony, Harold in Italy
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Der Abendstern
| | VA : | Eugène Delacroix : Women of Algiers | | PH : | Quadruple Alliance: Britain, France, Spain and Portugal | | RP : | Spanish Inquisition finally suppressed | | PH : | South Australia Act allows establishment of colony there | | PH : | Maria II ascends throne of Portugal | | PH : | Monopoly of the China trade by the East India Company abolished; friction between China and Britain | | PH : | Carlist Wars begin in Spain | | ED : | George Bancroft: History of the United States, first volume | | RP : | Leopold von Ranke: Die Römischen Päpste | | VA : | The Munich Glyptothek completed | | ST : | Françis Arago: Astronomie Populaire | | ST : | Babbage invents the principle of the "Analytical engine" (modern computer) | | ST : | Von Buch: Theory of Volcanism | | ST : | Faraday: Law of Electrolysis | | ST : | McCormick patents his reaping machine | | ST : | Discovery of phenol (carbolic acid) | | DL : | Disastrous fire in the British Houses of Parliament | | DL : | Gabelsberger publishes his system of German shorthand | | DL : | Hansom cabs introduced in London | | DL : | Poor Law Amendment Act decrees that no able-bodied man in Great Britain shall receive assistance unless he enters a workhouse | | ED : | University of Brussels founded | | ED : | Wilkins begins building the National Gallery, London | | VA : | William Morris born 24 March | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas born 19 July | | LT : | Samuel Taylor Coleridge dies 25 July | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas dies 27 September |
|
|
| | LT : | John Clare: The Rural Muse | | LT : | Robert Browning: Paracelsus | | VA : | John Constable : The Glebe Farm | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Lucia di Lammermoor
('The Bride of Lammermoor')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Carnaval,
for piano
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : La danza taretella
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
'Fantaisie-impromptu'
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Ballade
No.1
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, I puritani
('The Puritans')
| | PH : | Francis II, the last Holy Roman Emperor (and Emperor of Austria as Francis I) dies | | PH : | Ferdinand I becomes Emperor of Austria | | PH : | The Municipal Corporation Act revolutionises borough government in England | | PH : | Second Seminole War GO ! | | LT : | Hans Christian Andersen publishes the first four of his 168 tales for children | | LT : | An edict of the German Federal Diet bans the books of Heine Börne, Gutzkow, and other "Young Germany" writers | | RP : | F.G. Dahlmann publishes Politics, traced back to the elements and extents of the given conditions | | RP : | Charles G. Finney: Lectures on Revivals of religion | | RP : | David Friedrich Strauss: The Life of Jesus | | LT : | The expression "L'Art pour l'Art", coined by French philosopher Victor Cousin, comes into general use | | DL : | Halley's Comet reappears | | DL : | U.S. showman P.T. Barnum begins his career with the exhibition of Joyce Heth (alleged to be George Washington's nurse and over 160 years old) | | VA : | Baron Antoine-Jean Gros dies 26 June | | M : | Vincenzo Bellini dies 23 September | | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns born 9 October |
|
|
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Ballet, La Fille du Danube
('The Daughter of the Danube')
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Le Postillon de Longjumeau
('The Postman of Longjumeau')
| | DL : | The People's Charter initiates the first national working-class movement in Great Britain | | RP : | Ralph Waldo Emerson: Nature | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Über den Willen in der Natur | | ST : | John Frederic Daniell develops a voltaic cell which effectively prevents polarisation | | ST : | Acetylene discovered and identified | | M : | "The Lancers" becomes the fashionable dance throughout Europe | | PH : | Boer farmers launch "The Great Trek"; founding of Natal, Transvaal, and Orange Free State | | ST : | Asa Gray: Elements of Botany, first botanical textbook | | VA : | Winslow Homer born | | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema born 8 January | | M : | Léo Delibes born 21 February |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Strafford | | M : | Robert Schumann : Études symphoniques
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Davidsbündlertänz
(Dances of the Adherents of the League of David)
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Grande messe des morts
(Requiem)
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Benvenuto Cellini
| | PH : | William IV, King of Great Britain dies | | PH : | Martin van Buren inaugurated President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Ernst Augustus, successor to William IV as King of Hanover, cancels constitution of 1833 | | PH : | Constitutional revolts in Lower and Upper Canada | | ED : | Founding of the University of Athens | | RP : | Bernhard Bolzano: Wissenschaftslehre | | ED : | Friedrich Fröbel opens his first kindergarten | | ED : | Mount Holyoke Female Seminary opens | | ED : | Horace Mann begins educational reforms in Mass. | | RP : | American Presbyterians split into the "old" and "new" school | | ST : | Wheatstone and W.F. Cooke patent electric telegraph | | ST : | Samuel Morse exhibits his electric telegraph at the College of the City of New York | | ST : | Siméon Poisson publishes Recherches sur la probabilité des jugements | | DL : | England introduces official birth registration | | DL : | Gag Law, aimed at suppressing debate on slavery, passed by U.S. Congress | | VA : | Baron François Gérard dies 11 January | | VA : | John Constable dies 31 March |
|
|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: The Seraphim and Other Poems | | M : | Robert Schumann : Kreisleriana,
for piano
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Scenes from Childhood
'Träumerei'
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Ballade
No.2
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : The Fighting Téméraire | | PH : | First British-Afghan War | | PH : | Anti-Corn Law League established in Manchester | | LT : | Gustav Schwab: Die schönsten Sagen des klassischen Altertums | | RP : | French philosopher Auguste Comte gives the basic social science of sociology its name | | VA : | London National Gallery opened | | ST : | F.W. Bessel makes the first definite parallax measurement for a fixed star | | ST : | The Daguerre-Niepce method of photography presented to the Académie des Sciences and the Académie des Beaux Arts | | DL : | The New York Herald is the first U.S. newspaper to employ European correspondents | | DL : | The first travelling post office, running between Birmingham and Liverpool, England | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch born 6 January | | M : | Georges Bizet born 25 October |
|
|
| | M : | Frederic Chopin :
24 piano preludes, including 'Raindrop' prelude and Prelude in E-Minor
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Sonata
No.2
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Romeo and Juliet,
Dramatic Symphony
| | DL : | First bicycle constructed by Macmillan | | VA : | Paul Cézanne born 19 January | | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky born 21 March | | VA : | Alfred Sisley born 30 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Sordello | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : La Favorite
('The Favourite')
| | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, La fille du régiment
('The Daughter of the Regiment')
| | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Rienzi
| | M : | Richard Wagner : A Faust Overture
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Song-cycle, Dichterliebe
(Poet's Love)
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Song-cycle, Frauenliebe un Leben
(Women's Love and Life)
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Collection of Songs, Proshchaniye s Peterburgom
('Farewell to St. Petersburg')
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Incidental music
for the play Knyaz Kholmsky ('Prince Kholmsky')
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Volkslied
(on a poem by Heine)
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Am Strande
(on a poem by Burnes)
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Ihr Bildnis
| | PH : | Frederick William III, King of Prussia, dies; succeeded by Frederick William IV | | PH : | London Conference on Turko-Egyptian conflict signs the Protocol des Droits | | PH : | Lower and Upper Canada united by Act of Parliament | | PH : | William II ascends the throne of the Netherlands after abdication of his father William I | | RP : | French socialist writer Pierre Joseph Proudhon: Qu'est-ce que la propriété | | VA : | Nelson's Column erected in Trafalgar Square, London | | ST : | Louis Agassiz: Etudes sur les Glaciers | | DL : | Botanical Gardens at Kew, London, opened | | DL : | Transportation of criminals from England to New South Wales comes to end | | DL : | Penny postage established in Great Britain | | DL : | Washington Temperance Society formed | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky born 7 May | | VA : | Caspar David Friedrich dies 7 May | | M : | Nicolò Paganini dies 27 May | | LT : | Thomas Hardy born 2 June | | VA : | Claude Monet born 14 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: Death in the School Room | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Der fliegende Holländer
('The Flying Dutchman')
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Nabucco
('Nebuchadnezzar')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.1, 'Spring'
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Ballade
No.3
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Ballet, Giselle
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Song cycle, Les Nuits d'été
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Die gute Nacht, die ich dir sage
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann : Gedichte aus Rückert's Liebesfrühling
| | PH : | Britain's sovereignty proclaimed over Hong Kong | | PH : | William Henry Harrison dies one month after his inauguration, John Tyler succeeds him GO ! | | DL : | U.S.S. "Creole", carrying slaves from Virginia to Louisiana, is seized by the slaves and sails into Nassau where they become free | | PH : | New Zealand becomes British colony | | PH : | Lajos Kossuth becomes Hungarian nationalist leader | | PH : | Turkey's sovereignty guaranteed by the five Great Powers | | DL : | The London humorous periodical Punch begins to appear | | RP : | Carlye: On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History | | RP : | Emerson: Essays, First Series | | RP : | Ludwig Feuerback: Das Wesen des Christentums | | M : | Adolphe Sax invents the saxophone | | ST : | Bessel deduces a value 1/299 for the ellipticity of the earth | | ST : | Hypnosis discovered | | DL : | Barnum opens the "American Museum", and exhibition of freaks, curios, etc., in New York City | | ED : | The first university degrees granted to women in America | | VA : | Berthe Morisot born 14 January | | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier born 18 January | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir born 25 February | | M : | Antonin Dvorák born 8 September | | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille born 6 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau : Under the Birches | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Franklin Evans | | LT : | William Wordsworth: Poems, Chiefly of Early and Late Years | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: The Cry of the Children | | LT : | Robert Browning: Dramatic Lyrics | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti : Opera, Linda di Chamounix
('Linda of Chamonix')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Piano Quintet
in E-flat
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Stabat mater
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
more incidental music to A Midsummer Night's Dream
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Symphony
No.3, 'Scotch'
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Opera, Rusian and Lyudmila
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Ballade
No.4
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Odalisque with a Slave | | PH : | Webster-Ashburton Treaty between Great Britain and the U.S. defines Canadian frontier | | PH : | Treaty of Nanking ends Opium War between Britain and China | | DL : | Riots and strikes in the industrial areas in the north of England | | PH : | Orange Free State set up by the Boers | | ED : | Macaulay: Lays of Ancient Rome | | M : | New York Philharmonic Society founded | | RP : | Martin Tupper: Proverbial Philosophy, second series | | ST : | Doppler publishes On the Colored Light of the Binary Stars (Doppler Effect) | | ST : | Joseph Henry's discovery of the oscillatory character of electrical discharge | | ST : | Ether first used to produce surgical anaesthesia | | ST : | Julius Robert von Mayer (German physicist) publishes On the Forces of the Inanimate Nature (beginnings of thermodynamics) | | M : | The polka, a lively dance of Czech origin, comes into fashion | | DL : | Queen Victoria makes her first railroad journey, Windsor to Paddington, London | | M : | Jules Massenet born 12 May | | M : | Arthur Sullivan born 13 May |
|
|
| | PH : | Military revolt in Spain drives General Espartero from power: Isabella II declared of age and Queen of Spain | | PH : | Maori revolts against Britain in New Zealand | | PH : | Serbian Skupstina summons Prince Alexander Karageorgevich to the throne | | LT : | D.D. Emmett produces the first minstrel show | | ED : | William H. Prescott: History of the Conquest of Mexico | | RP : | George Borrow: The Bible in Spain | | RP : | Thomas Carlyle: Past and Present | | RP : | John Stuart Mill: Logic | | ED : | British Archaeological Association and Royal Archaeological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland founded | | ST : | Oliver Wendell Homes: The Contagiousness of Puerperal Fever | | ST : | Alexander von Humboldt: Asie centrale | | ST : | James Prescott Joule determines the amount of work required to produce a unit of heat | | ST : | Metallic element erbium discovered | | DL : | American social reformer Dorothea Dix reveals in a report to the Mass. legislature the shocking conditions in prisons and asylums | | DL : | Guy's Hospital Football Club founded in London | | DL : | S.S. "Great Britain", first propeller-driven ship to cross the Atlantic | | DL : | Congress grants S.F.B. Morse $30,000 to build first telegraph line (Washington to Baltimore) | | DL : | Worlds' first night club, "Le Bal des Anglais", opens in Paris | | DL : | Beginning of skiing as sport (Norway) |
|
|
| | DL : | First painted Christmas card appears |
|
|
| | M : | Edvard Grieg born 15 June |
|
|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: publishes a two-volume edition of Poems | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Overture, Morning, Noon and Night in Vienna
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Piano Sonata
No.3
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Overture, Roman Carnival
(from Benvenuto Cellini)
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : Rain, Steam and Speed
The Great Western Railway | | PH : | Charles XIV, King of Sweden and Norway since 1818 dies; succeeded by his son as Oscar I | | RP : | Emerson: Essays, second series | | ED : | Bishop Nikolais Grundtvig founds the first institute for adult education | | ST : | Hermann Günther Grassmann: Die Ausdehnungslehre (Calculus of extension) | | DL : | First public bath and wash houses opened in Liverpool, England | | DL : | Rochdale Society of Equitable Pioneers founded | | DL : | German humorous weekly paper Fliegende Blätter | | DL : | Wood-pulp paper invented by Friedrich Gottlob Keller | | PH : | Treaty of Tangier ends French war in Morocco | | PH : | Revolts of the weavers in Silesia | | PH : | China and the U.S. sign first treaty of peace, amity, and commerce | | ST : | A.W. Kinglake: Eothen | | DL : | Young Men's Christian Association founded in England | | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov born 18 March | | VA : | Henri Rousseau born in Laval, France` | | VA : | Mary Cassatt born 22 May |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: of Dramatic Romances and Lyrics | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Tannhäuser
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Piano Concerto
in A-minor
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn :
'Spring Song' and 'Bee's Wedding' from 'Songs Without Words'
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Capriccio brillante
(First Spanish Overture)
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Cello Sonata
| | PH : | James K. Polk inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Anglo-Sikh War begins | | PH : | Swiss Sonderbund for the protection of Catholic cantons formed | | ED : | Thomas Carlyle: Oliver Cromwell's Letters and Speeches | | RP : | Friedrich Engels: The Condition of the Working Class in London | | ED : | Sir Austen Layard begins excavations in Nineveh | | RP : | Max Stirner: Der Einzige und sein Eigentum (egocentric anarchistic philosophy) | | VA : | First artistic photo portraits by David Octavius Hill | | ST : | Hydraulic craned patented | | ST : | Power loom for manufacturing carpets is constructed | | ST : | Arthur Cayler: Theory of Linear Transformations | | ST : | First submarine cable laid across English channel | | ST : | Machine for combing cotton and wool patented | | ST : | Acetic acid synthesised | | ST : | Compound steam engine developed | | DL : | Knickerbocker Baseball Club codifies rules of baseball | | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré born 12 May | | VA : | Walter Crane born |
|
|
| | VA : | Camille Corot : Forest of Fontainebleau | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Overture, Poet and Peasant
| | M : | Felix Mendelssohn : Oratorio, Elijah
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Hungarian Rhapsodies
for piano
| | M : | Frederic Chopin : Barcarolle
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Dramatic cantata, The Damnation of Faust
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann :
Cadenzas for Beethoven's C minor and G major concerti
| | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner : Angel Standing in a Storm | | PH : | Treaty of Lahore ends First Sikh War | | PH : | Revolts break out in Poland | | PH : | Louis Napoleon escapes from the fortress of Ham to London | | RP : | Evangelical Alliance founded, London | | RP : | Pope Gregory XVI dies; succeeded by Cardinal Mastai-Rerretti as Pope Pius IX | | RP : | Friedrich Vischer: Aesthetics | | RP : | Theodor Waitz: Foundation of Psychology | | RP : | William Whewell: Elements of Morality | | RP : | Brigham Young leads the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake, Utah | | DL : | Electric arc lighting at the Opéra, Paris | | ST : | F.G.J. Henle: Manual of Rational Pathology | | ST : | Ether first used as an anaesthetic in dentistry | | ST : | Nitroglycerine first prepared | | DL : | Famine in Ireland caused by failure of potato crop | | ED : | Smithsonian Institution, Washington, founded | | PH : | 13 May - U.S. declares war against Mexico GO ! |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Princess | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Blessed Damozel | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Macbeth
(later revised)
| | PH : | Liberia proclaimed independent republic | | PH : | Sonderbund War in Switzerland; Catholic cantons refuse to dissolve union | | ED : | W.H. Prescott: History of the Conquest of Peru | | ED : | Louius Blanc: History of the Revolution | | RP : | Karl Marx attacks Proudhon's Philosophy of Poverty in The Poverty of Philosophy | | RP : | The Mormons found Salt Lake City | | RP : | Leopold von Ranke: Neun Bücher preussicher Geschichte | | ST : | George Bool: Mathematical Analysis of Logic | | ST : | Evaporated milk made for the first time | | DL : | First Swiss railroad between Baden and Zurich opens | | ST : | Helmholtz: On the Conservation of Energy | | ST : | I.T. Semmelweis, Hungarian physician, discovers connection between childbed fever and puerperal infection | | DL : | British Factory Act restricts the working day for women and children (between 13 and 18) to 10 hours | | DL : | First Roman Catholic working men's club, Cologne, Germany | | DL : | Gold discoveries in California lead to first gold rush | | M : | Felix Mendelssohn dies 4 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Isabella | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Lohengrin
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Trois études de concert
(including 'Un Sospiro')
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Les Préludes
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage
(Years of Pilgrimage) for piano, Book I
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Overture, Kamarinskaya
| | PH : | King Christian VIII of Denmark dies; succeeded by Frederick III | | PH : | Revolt in Paris; Louis Philippe abdicates, Louis Napoleon elected President of French Republic in December | | PH : | Revolutions in Venice, Berlin, Milan and Parma | | PH : | Second Sikh War begins | | PH : | Sardinia declares war on Austria | | PH : | Revolutions in Vienna, the emperor abdicates in favour of his nephew who becomes Emperor Francis Joseph I | | PH : | Nasr-ed-Din becomes Shah of Persia | | PH : | Switzerland, by its new constitution, becomes a federal union | | PH : | Ibrahim, Viceroy of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas | | PH : | Revolt in Rome; Pius IX flees to Gaeta | | ED : | Jakob Grimm: History of the German Language | | ED : | Macaulay: History of England | | RP : | Communist Manifesto issued by Marx and Engels | | RP : | Spiritualism becomes popular in U.S. | | DL : | Böttger: first safety matches | | ST : | First appendectomy by Hancock | | DL : | Serfdom abolished in Austria | | RP : | Bismarck founds the Neue Preussische Zeitung, Marx the Neue Rheinische Zeitung | | DL : | First Public Health Act in Britain | | DL : | First settlers arrive in New Zealand | | DL : | New York News Agency founded (will become Associated Press in 1856) | | DL : | Sebastian Kneipp introduces cold-water cures as Worrishofen, Germany | | PH : | 2 February - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican-U.S. war GO ! | | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry born 27 February | | M : | Gaetano Domenico Maria Donizetti dies 8 April | | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin born 7 June | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte born 19 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Mathew Arnold: The Strayed Reveller and other Poems | | VA : | Gustave Courbet : Stonebreakers | | M : | Robert Schumann : Incidental music
to Byron's verse-drama Manfred
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage
Book II
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Totentanz, (Dance of Death), for piano and orchestra
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Piano Concertos
No.1 and No.2
| | PH : | Rome proclaimed a republic under Guiseppe Mazzini | | PH : | Charles Albert of Sardinia abdicates in favour of his son Victor Emmanuel II | | PH : | Peace of Milan ends war | | PH : | Zachary Taylor inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | German National Assembly passes constitution; elects King Frederick William IV of Prussia "Emperor of the Germans"; he refuses to accept | | PH : | Hungarian Diet proclaims independence | | PH : | Revolts in Dresden and Baden | | RP : | French enter Rome and restore Pope Pius IX | | ED : | J.M. Kemble: History of the Saxons in England | | ED : | Who's Who begins publication | | ST : | Fizeau measures speed of light | | ST : | Amyl isolated | | ED : | Bedford College for Women, London, founded | | DL : | Amelia Bloomer begins American women's dress reform | | VA : | John William Waterhouse born 6 April | | M : | Frederic Chopin dies 17 October |
|
|
| | LT : | William Wordsworth: The Prelude | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: In Memoriam | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: The Letters of a Traveller | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Sonnets from the Portuguese | | LT : | Robert Browning: Christmas Eve and Easter Day | | VA : | Camille Corot : Morning,
the Dance of the Nymphs | | M : | Robert Schumann : Symphony
No.3, 'Rhenish'
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Liebersträume
(Dreams of Love), for piano
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Consolations
for piano
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Giralda
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Te Deum
| | VA : | William Holman Hunt : Claudio and Isabella | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : A Converted British Family
Sheltering a Christian Missionary
from the Persecution of the Druids | | PH : | Outbreak of Anglo-Kaffir War | | PH : | Prussia and Denmark sign Peace of Berlin on Schleswig-Holstein | | PH : | U.S. President Zachary Taylor dies; Millard Fillmore becomes 13th president GO ! | | PH : | Taiping rebellion in China; Hung Hiu-tseun proclaims himself emperor | | RP : | Church council to manage Protestant churches in Prussia | | ED : | Public Libraries Act in Britain | | RP : | Schopenhauer: Parerga und Paralipomena | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Social Statics, beginnings of sociology | | M : | Foundation of Bach-Gesellschaft to publish the complete works of J.S. Bach | | ST : | R.W. Bunsen produces gas burner | | ST : | Rudolf Clausius formulates second law of thermodynamics, and kinetic theory of gases | | ST : | The speed of nervous impulse established | | ST : | Pafnut Chebyshev: On Primary Numbers | | DL : | Old age insurance in France | | ST : | Royal Meteorological Society founded | | ED : | School of Mines, London (to becomes College of Science and Technology), founded | | ED : | University of Sydney, Australia, established | | LT : | William Wordsworth dies 23 April |
|
|
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Ophelia | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Casa Guidi Windows | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : Harvest | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Rigoletto
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Mazeppa
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Transcendental Studies
for piano
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Souvenir d'une nuit d'été à Madrid
(Second Spanish Overture)
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Symphony No.2, Ocean
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Mariana | | PH : | Cuba declares its independence | | PH : | Beginning of Basuto War | | PH : | Coup d'état of Louis Napoleon; plebiscite in France favours new constitution | | PH : | Danilo II converts Montenegro into a secular principality | | RP : | Vincenzo Gioberti: Il Rinnovamento civile d'Italia | | ST : | Franz Neumann: law of electromagnetic induction | | ST : | Isaac Singer devises the continuous stitch sewing machine | | RP : | Mary Carpenter: Reformatory Schools...for Juvenile Offenders | | DL : | First double-decker bus introduced | | DL : | The New York Times appears | | DL : | Maine and Illinois begins to enforce prohibition against liquor | | VA : | Joseph Mallord William Turner dies 19 December |
|
|
| | LT : | William Cullen Bryant: The Fountain, and other Poems | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Empedocles on Etna, and Other Poems | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk : El Sitio Zaragoza
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Il Trovatore
('The Troubadour')
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Opera, Si j'étais roi
('If I Were King')
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Sonatas No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Thomas the Fool
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Ophelia | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : A Huguenot on St Bartolomew's Day | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : On English Coasts | | PH : | South African Republic (Transvaal) established | | PH : | New French constitution gives president monarchical powers, Louis Napoleon proclaims himself Emperor Napoleon III | | PH : | Outbreak of Second Burmese War | | RP : | The Convocation of the Church of England revived | | ST : | Delisle begins the study of modern paleography | | RP : | First Plenary Council of American Roman Catholics held in Baltimore | | ED : | Rank: History of France | | ST : | C.F. Gerhardt: New Theory of Organic Compounds | | ST : | David Livingstone explores Zambezi | | ST : | Dutch army surgeon Mathysen impregnates bandages with plaster | | ST : | Herbert Spencer: The Development Hypothesis (first use of the word "evolution") | | ST : | James Sylvester: Calculus of Forms | | DL : | The U.S. imports sparrows from Germany as defence against caterpillars | | DL : | First Congress of Co-operative Societies meets in London | | DL : | Formation of United All-English Cricket Eleven | | VA : | Edwin Austin Abbey born |
|
|
| | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Reconciliation | | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton born | | VA : | Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee born | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Poems with the famous "preface" (Arnold's first important critical essay) | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Traviata
('The Woman Gone Astray')
| | M : | Robert Schumann : Scenes
from Goethe's Faust, for chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Piano Sonata
in B-minor
| | VA : | William Holman Hunt : The Awakening Conscience | | PH : | Peace between Britain and Burma | | PH : | Crimean War begins | | PH : | Maria II of Portugal dies; succeeded by her son Pedro V | | RP : | Johann Herzog: Encyclopaedia of Protestant Theology | | ED : | Mommsen: History of Rome | | RP : | Hippolyte Taine: Essai sur les fables de La Fontaine | | M : | Henry Steinway and his three sons begins the New York firm of piano manufacturers | | ED : | Melbourne University founded | | ST : | Alexander Wood uses hypodermic syringe for subcutaneous injections | | ST : | Queen Victoria allows choloroform to be administered to her during the birth of her seventh child, thus ensuring its place as an anaesthetic in Britain | | DL : | Telegraph system established in India | | DL : | Vaccination against smallpox made compulsory in Britain | | VA : | Howard Pyle born | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh born 30 March |
|
|
| | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Das Rheingold
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Symphonic Poem, Orpheus
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Oratorio, The Childhood of Christ
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : Joan of Arc | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : The Scapegoat | | PH : | Convention of Bloemfontein | | PH : | Britain and France conclude alliance with Turkey and declare war on Russia | | PH : | "War for Bleeding Kansas" between free and slave states in U.S. GO ! | | PH : | Elgin Treaty between Britain and U.S. on Canadian trade | | RP : | George Boole: An Investigation of the Laws of Thought, on Which are Founded the Mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities | | RP : | Jewish seminary established at Breslau | | DL : | Juvenile Offenders Act in Great Britain | | RP : | Pope Pius IX declares the dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary to be an article of faith | | ST : | Christian Ehrenberg: Microgeology | | ST : | Laryngoscope invented | | ST : | First form of lightbulb developed | | ST : | Georg Riemann: On the Hypotheses Forming the Foundation of Geometry | | ED : | University College, Dublin, founded | | DL : | Northcote-Trevelyan report leads to British Civil Service Commission | | ED : | Working Men's College, London, founded | | PH : | Abbas I, Viceroy of Egypt assassinated; succeeded by Mohammed Said | | M : | Leoš Janácek born 3 July | | M : | John Phillip Sousa born 6 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : April Love | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Autumn Leaves | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Leaves of Grass | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Maud | | LT : | Robert Browning: Men and Women | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Poems, Second Series | | VA : | Gustave Courbet : The Painter's Studio | | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Les Deux aveugles
('The Two Blind Men')
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Symphony in C
| | PH : | Czar Nicholas I of Russia dies; succeeded by Alexander II | | PH : | Britain and Afghanistan join against Persia in Treaty of Peshawar | | PH : | Taiping Rebellion ends | | RP : | Henry Milman: History of Latin Christianity | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Principles of Psychology | | DL : | George Audemars patents rayon production | | ED : | Professorship of technology created at Edinburgh University | | ST : | Printing telegraph invented | | ST : | Tungsten steel developed | | ST : | Mathew Maury: Physical Geography of the Sea | | DL : | First iron Cunard steamer crosses Atlantic | | DL : | Founding of The Daily Telegraph, London | | DL : | London sewers modernised after outbreak of cholera | | ST : | Florence Nightingale introduces hygienic standards into military hospitals during Crimean War |
|
|
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Home from the Sea | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Fisherman and the Siren | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Die Walküre
('The Valkyrie')
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Dante Symphony
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Valse-fantaisie, ('Fantasy Waltz') for orchestra
| | M : | Adolphe Adam : Ballet, Le Corsaire
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Operetta, Le Docteur Miracle
| | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres : The Source | | DL : | Queen Victoria institutes the Victoria Cross | | PH : | Reform edict in Turkish Empire; peace conference in Paris recognises integrity of Turkey | | PH : | Anglo-Chin. war begins | | PH : | Brit.-Persian war begins | | ED : | J.A. Foude: History of England from the Fall of Wolsey to the Deafeat of the Armada | | ED : | Theodor Goldstücker: Sanskrit Dictionary | | RP : | Rudolf Lotze: Mikrokosmos | | RP : | Hippolyte Taine: Les Philosophes classiques du XIXe siècle en France | | ED : | Alexis de Tocqueville: L'Ancien régime et la révolution | | ST : | Pure cocaine extracted from cocoa beans | | ED : | Neanderthal skull found in Feldhofer Cave near Düsseldorf | | DL : | "Big Ben" cast at Whitechapel Bell Foundry | | VA : | John Singer Sargent born | | M : | Heinrich Heine dies 17 February | | M : | Adolphe Adam dies 3 May | | M : | Robert Schumann dies 29 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Aurora Leigh | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Simon Boccanegra
(later revised)
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Faust Symphony
| | PH : | Peace of Paris ends Anglo-Persian war | | PH : | Indian Mutiny against British rule | | PH : | Garibaldi forms Italian National Association for unification of the country | | PH : | Irish Republican Brotherhood (Fenians) founded | | ED : | Henry T. Buckle: History of Civilisation in England | | RP : | Ernest Renan: Etudes d'histoire religieuse | | VA : | Victoria and Albert Museum, London, opened | | M : | Charles Hallé founds the Hallé concerts in Manchester | | ST : | Pasteur proves that fermentation is caused by living organisms | | DL : | Alpine Club, London, founded | | DL : | Financial and economic crisis throughout Europe, caused by speculation in U.S. railroad shares | | DL : | Matrimonial Causes Act in Britain | | DL : | First safety elevator installed | | ED : | Science Museum, South Kensington, London, founded | | DL : | Transatlantic cable laid | | DL : | Czar Alexander II begins the emancipation of serfs in Russia | | M : | Mikhail Glinka dies 15 February | | M : | Edward Elgar born 2 June |
|
|
| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Scherz, List und Rache
('Joke, Trick and Revenge')
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Un Ballo in maschera
('A Masked Ball')
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Polkas, Champagne and Tritsch-Tratsch
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, Orphée aux enfers
('Orpheus in the Underwold'), later revised
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Serenade
No.1 for orchestra
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, The Trojans
| | PH : | Treaty of Tientsin ends Anglo-Chin. war | | PH : | British proclaim peace in India | | PH : | Prince William of Prussia declared regent for the insane King Frederick William IV | | PH : | Alexander Karageorgevich deposed by Serbian Diet; Milos Obrenovic declared king | | RP : | The Blessed Virgin Mary reputed to have appeared at Lourdes, France | | RP : | Henry Carey: Principles of Social Science | | ED : | Thomas Carlyle: Frederick the Great | | RP : | The Paulist Fathers founded by American Catholic priest Issac Hecker | | RP : | Lionel de Rothschild becomes first Jewish member of British Parliament | | RP : | Philip Schaff: History of the Christian Church | | M : | New York Symphony gives its first public concert | | ST : | T.H. Huxley: The Theory of the Vetebrate Skulls | | ST : | Mirror galvanometer invented | | DL : | National Association of Baseball Players organised in America | | DL : | Ottawa becomes capital of Canada | | DL : | South Foreland lighthouse lit by electricity | | M : | Giacomo Puccini dies 29 November | | M : | Giacomo Puccini born 23 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Knight of the Sun | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Symphony No.1, La Nuit des Tropiques
| | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : On the Oise | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : The Flood-Gate at Optevoz | | VA : | Camille Corot : La Toilette | | M : | Richard Wagner : Music drama, Tristan and Isolde
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : Symphonic Poem, Wallenstein's Camp
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Opera, Faust
(later revised)
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Concerto No.1
| | PH : | Treaty of Alliance between Sardinia and France | | PH : | France declares war on Austria, armistice followed by peace of Billafranca, formalised by Treaty of Zurich | | PH : | King Ferdinand of the Two Sicilies dies; succeeded by Francis II | | PH : | King Oscar I of Sweden dies; succeeded by Charles XV | | PH : | German National Association formed; aimed at uniting German under Prussia | | ST : | Charles Darwin: On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection | | RP : | Ferdinand Lassalle: The Italian War and the Mission of Prussia | | RP : | Karl Marx: Critique of Political Economy | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Essay on Liberty | | ED : | Rank: History of England in the 16th and 17th Centuries | | RP : | Ernest Renan: Essais de morale et de critique | | ED : | L.F.K.Tischendorf discovers Codex Sinaiticus | | ED : | Pasquale Villari: Life of Savonarola | | ED : | Anthropological Society, Paris, founded | | ST : | F.L.G. Planté: first practical storage battery | | ST : | Steamroller invented | | DL : | French tightrope walker Charles Blondin crosses Niagara Falls on tightrope | | DL : | Work on Suez Canal begun | | LT : | A E Housman born 26 March | | VA : | Georges Seurat born 2 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Poems Before Congress | | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Acceleration
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Mephisto Waltz
No.1, for piano
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Serenade
No.2 for orchestra
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : The Black Brunswicker | | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau : Springtime | | PH : | Treaty of Turin cedes Nice and Savoy to France | | PH : | Garibaldi and his 1,000 redshirts ("i Mille") take Palermo and Naples | | PH : | Garibaldi proclaims Victor Emmanuel II King of Italy | | PH : | Second Maori War begins | | PH : | Treaty of Peking | | PH : | Abraham Lincoln elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | RP : | English Church Union founded | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Considerations on Representative Covernment | | RP : | Charles de Montalembert: Les Moines d'Occident | | ED : | J.L. Motley: The History of the United Netherlands | | RP : | Russian Orthodox Church establishes monastery in Jerusalem | | ST : | The elements cesium and rubidium discovered | | ST : | G.T. Fechner: Elements of Psychophysics | | ST : | Lenoir constructs first practical internal-combustion engine | | DL : | Cork linoleum invented | | DL : | The Catholic Times published | | DL : | Food and Drugs Act enacted in Britain | | DL : | British Open Golf Championship started | | DL : | Primitive form of typewriter: Christopher Sholes | | DL : | First horse-drawn tram | | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz born 29 May | | M : | Gustav Mahler born 7 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Early Italian Poets | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: On Translating Homer | | VA : | Camille Corot : Orpheus Leading Eurydice
from the Underworld | | M : | Arthur Sullivan : The Tempest,
incidental music
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Variations and fugue on a theme of Handel for piano
| | VA : | Ernest Meissonier : The French Campaign | | PH : | Frederick William IV of Prussia died; succeeded by William I | | PH : | Outbreak of Civil War in the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | The King of Naples surrenders, Italy proclaimed a kingdom by Parliament, with Victor Emmanuel II as king | | PH : | Warsaw Massacre- troops fire at demonstrators against Russian rule | | DL : | Emancipation of Russian serfs | | PH : | Sultan Abdul Mejid of Turkey dies; succeeded by his brother Abdul Aziz | | PH : | Pedro V of Portugal dies; succeded by Louis I | | ED : | Vladimir Dahl: Dictionary of the Living Russian Tongue | | RP : | Ferdinand Lassalle: System of Assigned Rights | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Education: Moral, Intellectual, Physical | | RP : | Arthur P. Stanley: Lectures on the History of the Eastern Church | | M : | Royal Academy of Music, London, founded | | ST : | Archaeopteryx: skeleton of link between reptiles and bird discovered | | ST : | Thallium discovered | | ST : | First machine-chilled cold storage unit built | | DL : | Daily weather forecasts are begun in Britain | | DL : | Queen Victoria creates the Order of the Star of India | | DL : | U.S. introduces passport system | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning dies 29 June | | VA : | John William Godward born 9 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Christina Rossetti: Goblin Market and Other Poems | | LT : | Elizabeth Barret Browning: Last Poems (posth.) | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk : Union
| | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Queen of Spades
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, La Forza del destino
('The Force of Destiny')
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Musical scherzo, Perpetuum Mobile
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : String Quartet
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Quintet
| | M : | Hector Berlioz : Opera, Beatrice and Benedict
| | PH : | King Otto I of Greece resigns after military revolt | | ED : | James Bruce: The Holy Roman Empire | | ED : | George Rawlinson: The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient Eastern World | | RP : | Herbert Specner: First Principles | | ST : | Lion Foucault successfully measures the speed of light | | ST : | Helmholtz: The Doctrine of the Sensations of Tones | | DL : | Swiss humanist Jean Henri Duanant proposes in his book Souvenir de
Solferinio the foundation of an international Voluntary
relief organisation - the Red Cross | | DL : | International Exhibition, London | | M : | Frederick Delius born 29 January | | VA : | Gustav Klimt born 14 July | | M : | Claude Debussy born 22 August |
|
|
| | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Ophelia | | VA : | Jessie Willcox Smith born | | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel : The Birth of Venus | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Opera, Die Loreley
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : Opera, The Brandenburgers in Bohemia
| | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini : Petite messe solennelle
('Little Solemn Mass')
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso
for violin and orchestra
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
String Quartet No.2
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Opera, Les Pêcheurs de perles
('The Pearl Fishers')
| | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme : The Dance of the Almeh | | VA : | Edouard Manet : Olympia | | PH : | Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation GO ! | | PH : | Mohammed Said, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Ismail | | PH : | William, Prince of Denmark, becomes George I, King of Greece | | PH : | Civil War breaks out in Afghanistan after the death of Dost Mohammed | | PH : | Frederick VII, King of Denmark dies, succeeded by Christian IX | | PH : | French capture Mexico City and proclaim Archduke Maximilian of Austria emperor | | ED : | S.R. Gardiner: History of England...1603-1642 | | RP : | T.H. Huxley: Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature | | ED : | A.W. Kinglake: The Invasion of Crimea | | RP : | Charles Lyell: The Antiquity of Man | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Utilitarianism | | ED : | University of Mass, Amherst, founded as Mass. Agricultural College | | DL : | Ebenezer Butterick develops first paper dress patterns | | ST : | Sir Francis Galton: Meteorographica or Methods of Mapping the Weather | | ED : | National Academy of Sciences founded Washington, D.C. | | ST : | Microstructure of steel discovered leading to development of science of metallurgy | | DL : | Grand Prix de Paris first run at Longchamp | | DL : | A.F. Nadar makes ascent in his balloon "Le Géant" | | DL : | U.S. Congress establishes free city mail delivery | | DL : | Roller skating introduced to America | | VA : | Eugène Delacroix dies 13 August | | VA : | Paul Signac born | | M : | Pietro Mascagni born 7 December | | VA : | Edvard Munch born 12 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Dramatis Personae | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Biographical operetta, Franz Schubert
| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Frithjof
for baritone, female voices and orchestra
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Morning Papers
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Belle Hélène
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Symphony
(subsequently withdrawn by the composer)
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Opera, Mireille
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
in D-minor, known as 'Number 0'
| | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Pink Dress | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Painter's Honeymoon | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : Golden Hours | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : La Loge | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Portrait of Alfred Sisley | | PH : | Peace of Vienna; Denmark cedes Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg to Austria and Prussia | | PH : | Abraham Lincoln re-elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | PH : | King Maximilian II of Bavaria dies; succeeded by Louis II | | DL : | First International Workingmen's Association founded by Karl Marx, London and New York | | LT : | Deutsche Shakespeare-Gesellscahft founded at Weimar | | RP : | Cesare Lombroso: Genius and Madness | | RP : | Cardinal Newman: Apologia pro Vita Sua | | RP : | Syllabus Errorum issued by Pope Pius Ix: condemns Liberalism, Socialsm, and Rationalism | | ST : | Joseph Bertrand: Treatise on Differential and Integral Calculus | | ST : | Louis Pasteur invents pasteurisation (for wine) | | DL : | Geneva Convention establishes the neutrality of battlefield medical facilities | | DL : | Octavia Hill begins London tenement-dwelling reforms | | DL : | Knights of Pythias founded, Washington, D.C. | | DL : | Neue Freie Presse founded in Vienna | | DL : | "In God We Trust" first appears on U.S. coins | | LT : | John Clare dies 20 May | | M : | Richard Strauss born 11 June | | VA : | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec born 24 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Gustave Courbet : Woman with a Parrot | | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Goodnight | | VA : | Arthur Hughes : Sir Galahad | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Drum Taps | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Essays in Criticism | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Madame Valpincon
with Chrysanthemums | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Beautiful Galathea
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song, Après un rêve
('After a Dream')
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphony
No.1, 'Bells of Zlonice'
| | M : | Franz Strauss : Horn concerto
in c minor
| | PH : | Confederate States of America surrender at Appomattox on 9 April GO ! | | PH : | Abraham Lincoln assassinated; succeeded by Andrew Johnson GO ! | | PH : | King Leopold I of Belgium dies; succeeded by his son Leopold II | | DL : | Thirteenth Amendment to U.S. Constitution abolishes slavery | | PH : | Outbreak of war between Boers of Orange Free State and Basutos | | RP : | Henri Baudrillart: La Liberté du travail | | RP : | W.E.H. Lecky: A History of the Rise and Influence of Rationalism in Europe | | RP : | J.S. Mill: Auguste Comte and Positivism | | ST : | Line geometry invented (Julius Plücker) | | RP : | J.R. Seeley: Ecce Homo | | DL : | Atlantic cable finally completed | | ST : | Benzene ring theory explains the structure of aromatic compounds | | ED : | Mass Institute of Technology, founded | | ST : | Gregor Mendel enunciates his Law of Heredity | | DL : | Pasteur succeeds in curing silkworm disease, saving the French silk industry | | ST : | Ivan M. Sechenov: Reflexes of the Brain, on physiological basis of psychic processes | | RP : | Christian Revival Association organised (later the Salvation Army) | | DL : | First carpet sweeper comes into use | | DL : | Ku Klux Klan founded, Pulaski, Tenn. | | DL : | London Metropolitan Fire Service established | | DL : | First railroad sleeping cars appear | | DL : | San Francisco Examiner and San Francisco Chronicle founded | | DL : | First train holdup at North Bend, Ohio | | DL : | Edward Whymper climbs the Matterhorn | | ED : | First woman (Maria Mitchell) appointed as professor of astronomy, Vassar College | | LT : | William Butler Yeats born 13 June | | M : | Jean Sibelius born 8 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Claude Monet : The Women in the Garden | | LT : | Christina Rossetti: Prince's Progress and Other Poems | | VA : | Gustave Courbet : A Thicket of Deer at the
Stream of Plaisir-Fontaine | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Lament | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Light Cavalry
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Don Carlos
(later revised)
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony
No.1, 'Winter Daydreams'
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Irish Symphony
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : Comic Opera, The Bartered Bride
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Vie parisienne
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Songs
'The Seminarist', 'Darling Savishna'
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Années de Pèlerinage
Book III
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Ballet, La Source
also known as Naila
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Opera, La joie fille de Perth
| | VA : | Claude Monet : Jeanne-Marguerite Lecadre | | PH : | Alexander Xuza, Prince of Rumania, dethroned; succeeded by Karl, Prince of Hohenzollern, as King Carol I | | PH : | Treaty of Vienna ends Austro-Ital. war | | PH : | Revolts in Crete against Turkish rule | | ED : | Pierre Larousse: Grand dictionnaire universel du XIX siècle | | RP : | Friedrich Lange: History of Materialism | | RP : | American Evangelical Alliance founded | | ST : | Aeronautical Society of Great Britain founded | | ST : | Ernst Haeckel: General Morphology (fundamental law of biogenetics) | | ST : | Dynamite invented | | ST : | Underwater torpedo invented | | DL : | "Black Friday" on London Stock Exchange | | DL : | Dr. T.J. Barnardo opens his first home for destitute children at Stepney, London | | M : | Erik Satie born 17 May | | VA : | Wassily Kandinsky born in Moscow |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: Democratic Vistas I | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: On the Study of Celtic Literature | | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, La Grand'tante
('The Great Aunt')
| | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, The Jolly Robbers
| | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg
('The Mastersingers of Nuremberg')
| | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Art and Literature | | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltzes, The Blue Danube and An Artist's Life
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : Opera, Dalibor
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : 'Symphonic Picture', Sadko
(later revised as an opera)
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Grande-Duchesse de Gérolstein
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song
'Gathering Mushrooms'
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : St John's Night on the Bare Mountain
for orchestra (later revised by Rimsky and Mussorgsky)
| | M : | Franz Liszt : Oratorio, Christus
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Lyric Pieces
for Piano, Book I
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony
No.1
| | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Artist's Family
on a Terrace near Montpellier | | VA : | Edouard Manet : The Execution | | VA : | Ernest Meissonier : Information: | | VA : | Alfred Sisley : Avenue of Chestnut Trees
Near Le Celle St. Cloud | | VA : | Gavin Hamilton : The Oath of Brutus | | VA : | William Holman Hunt : Self Portrait | | DL : | The Queensberry Rules, by John Graham Chambers of the London Amateur Athletic Club | | PH : | Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy created by "Ausgleich"; Francis Joseph I crowned King of Hungary at Budapest | | PH : | Brit. Parliamentary Reform Act | | ST : | Discovery of S. African diamond field | | ED : | E.A. Freeman: History of the Norman Conquest | | PH : | Fenian outrages in Ireland and in Manchester | | ST : | Gold discovered in Wyoming | | ST : | Livingstone explores Congo | | RP : | Marx: Das Kapital, vol. I | | PH : | N. German Confederation founded | | PH : | Napoleon III withdraws his support from Maximilian in Mexico; Maximilian executed | | VA : | Paris World's Fair introduces Japanese art to the West | | DL : | Pierre Michaux begins to manufacture bicycles | | RP : | Pope Pius IX, on the 18th centenary of the St. Peter and St. Paul, announces his intention to hold an ecumenical council | | LT : | Reclams Universal Bibliothek, first of all paperback series, founded at Leipzig | | RP : | Walter Bagehot: The English Constitution | | VA : | Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres dies 14 January | | VA : | Arthur Rackham born | | VA : | Pierre-Etienne-Théodore Rousseau dies 22 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Rape | | VA : | Edouard Manet : The Balcony | | VA : | Jean-François Millet : Spring | | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti : La Pia de'Tolomei | | LT : | Walt Whitman: Democratic Vistas II | | LT : | Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book | | VA : | Gustave Courbet : The Source | | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel : The Fallen Angel | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto
No.1 in G-minor
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Polka, Thunder and Lightning
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Tales from the Vienna Woods
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Symphony
No.2, 'Antar' (later revised as an 'Oriental Suite')
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Operetta, La Périchole
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Piano Concerto
in A-minor
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Mass
No.3, for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
A German Requiem
| | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille : View of the Village | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : Acme and Septimius | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : Jonathon's Token to David | | RP : | A.H. Stephens: A Constitutional View of the War between the States | | ED : | Aust. schools freed from Church control | | RP : | Bakunin founds Alliance internationale de la démocratie sociale | | ST : | Charles Darwin: The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication | | VA : | Development of French impressionist style | | DL : | Earliest recorded bicycle race at the Parc de St. Cloud, Paris | | RP : | Ernst Haeckel: Natural History of Creation | | PH : | King Michael III of Serbia assassinated; succeeded by Milan IV | | PH : | Revolution in Spain; Queen Isabella II is deposed and flees to France | | PH : | Shogun Kekei of Japan abdicates; shogunate abolished; Meiji dynasty restored | | ST : | Skeleton of Cro-Magnon man from Upper Paleolithic age found in France | | DL : | The game of badminton devised at the Kuke of Beaufort's residence, Badminton Hall, Gloucestershire | | PH : | U.S. President Johnson impeached for violating Tenure-of-Office Act but acquitted by Senate GO ! | | DL : | Whitaker's Almanack appears in England | | DL : | 14th Amendment to U.S. Constitution prohibits voting discrimination, denies government office to certain Civil War rebels, and repudiates Confederate war debts | | M : | Giaocchino Antonio Rossini dies 13 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Berthe Morisot : The Mother and
Sister of the Artist | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Holy Grail and Other Poems | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Culture and Anarchy | | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Oratorio, Der Turm zu Babel
('The Tower of Babel')
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Song, None But the Lonely Heart
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture fantasy, Romeo and Juliet
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Oratorio, The Prodigal Son
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Hungarian Dances for piano duet
| | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Le Grenouillere | | DL : | British debtors' prisons are abolished | | ST : | Celluloid invented | | RP : | Eduard Hartmann: The Philosophy of the Unconscious | | DL : | First Nihilist Congress meets at Basel, Switzerland | | DL : | First postcards introduced in Austria | | ST : | Francis Galton: Hereditary Genius, pioneering treatise on eugenics | | PH : | General Grant inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | ED : | Girton College, Cambridge, founded | | RP : | J.S. Mill: On the Subjection of Women | | RP : | Mathew Arnold: Culture and Anarchy | | ST : | Mendeleyev formulates his periodic law for the classification of the elements | | DL : | Opening of Suez Canal by Empress Eugénie | | PH : | Parliamentary system reintroduced in France | | PH : | U.S. National Prohibition Party formed in Chicago | | RP : | W.E.H. Lecky: A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlesmagne | | RP : | Walter Bagehot: Physics and Politics, etx. | | M : | Hector Berlioz dies 8 March | | M : | Louis Moreau Gottschalk dies 18 December | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson born 22 December | | VA : | Henri Matisse born |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: Passage to India | | LT : | Christina Rossetti: Commonplace and Other Short Stories | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: Poems | | LT : | William Blake: Hesiod | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Aida
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Overture di ballo
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Vienna Blood
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, The Nursery
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Ballet, Coppélia
| | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille : The Artist's Studio | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : The Knight Errant | | ED : | Dictionary of American Biography issued for the first time | | PH : | Bismarck's "Ems Telegram" | | PH : | End of Red River Rebellion; Manitoba becomes Canadian province | | RP : | First Vatican Council promulgates the dogma of papal infallibility | | M : | Founding of Société Nationale de Musique, France | | ST : | Heinrich Schliemann begins to excavate Troy | | PH : | Isabella of Spain abdicates in favour of Alfonso XII | | ED : | Keble College, Oxford, founded | | PH : | Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern accepts Span. throne but is forced to withdraw by the head of the House of Hohenzollern, King William I, following Fr. protest | | PH : | Revolt in Paris and proclamation of the Third Republic | | ST : | T.H. Huxley: Theory of Biogenesis | | DL : | W. G. Grace and his brothers found the Gloucester Cricket Club | | M : | Franz Lehár born 30 April | | VA : | Frederick Maxfield Parrish born 25 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Desperate Remedies | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Friendship's Garland | | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Siegfried
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Hymn,
'Onward Christian Soldiers'
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : The Merchant of Venice,
incidental music
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Omphale's Spinning Wheel
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Opera, Djamileh
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Jeux d'enfants
for piano duet
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Der Demon
| | RP : | "Kulturkampf" against Catholic Church in Prussia | | RP : | Adolph Wagner: The Social Question | | M : | Albert Hall, London, opened | | DL : | Bank Holidays introduced in England and Wales | | DL : | Brit. Act of Parliament legalises labour unions | | ST : | Charles Darwin: The Descent of Man | | RP : | First congress of Old Catholics meets in Munich | | RP : | Italian Law of Guarantees allows the Pope possession of Vatican | | RP : | Jehovah's Witnesses founded | | RP : | John Ruskin: Fors Clavigera | | ST : | Leprosy bacillus discovered | | ED : | Mommsen: Roman Constitutional Law | | DL : | P.T. Barnum opens his circus, "The Greatest Show on Earth", in Brooklyn, N.Y. | | ST : | Pneumatic rock drill invented | | PH : | The Commune in Paris rules for two months | | DL : | The Great Fire in Chicago | | PH : | William I, King of Prussia, proclaimed Ger. Emperor at Versailles, Peace of Frankfurt | | VA : | Jean-Frédéric Bazille dies 28 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Gareth and Lynette | | LT : | Christina Rossetti: Sing-Song: a Nursery Rhyme Book | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The Stealthy School of Criticism, Rossetti's reply to The Fleshy School of Poetry is printed in The Athenaeum | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Under the Greenwood Tree | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Children on a Doorstep | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : At the Races in the Country | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny : Landscape with Cattle | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Odysseus
for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony
No.2, 'Little Russian'
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Funeral March of a Marionette
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Georges Bizet :
Incidental music to Alphonse Daudet's play L'Arlésienne
| | VA : | Berthe Morisot : The Cradle | | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti : Veronica Veronese | | VA : | Alfred Sisley : The Rest by the Stream | | ST : | Automatic railroad air brake perfected | | DL : | Bakunin expelled from the First International at the Hague conference | | DL : | Ballot Act in Britain, voting by secret ballot | | ST : | Billroth makes first resection of esophagus | | PH : | Civil war in Spain - Carlists are defeated and Don Carlos escapes to France | | DL : | Compulsory military service introduced in Japan | | RP : | D.F. Strauss: The Old Faith and the New | | ST : | Edison perfects the "duplex" telegraph | | DL : | First U.S. ski club founded at Berlin, N.H. | | DL : | First international soccer game, England vs. Scotland | | PH : | Grant re-elected President of the U.S. GO ! | | RP : | Jesuits expelled from Germany | | PH : | T. F. Burgers elected President of Transvaal Republic | | PH : | Three-Emperors League established in Berlin; alliance between Germany, Russia, and Austria-Hungary | | PH : | U.S. General Amnesty Act pardons most ex-Confederates | | VA : | Aubrey Beardsley born | | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams born 12 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: A Pair of Blue Eyes | | LT : | Mathew Arnold: Literature and Dogma | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Wheel of Fortune | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : String Quartet
in E-minor
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Phaeton
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Cello Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.3
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Opera, Le Roi l'a dit
('The King has Spoken')
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Variations on a Theme by Haydn ('St.Anthony Variations') for orchestra
| | VA : | Edouard Manet : La Gare | | DL : | Abolition of slaves markets and exports in Zanzibar | | M : | Carl Rosa Opera Company founded | | VA : | Colour photographs first developed | | DL : | Famine in Bengal | | DL : | Financial panic in Vienna (May) and New York (Sept) | | DL : | First typewriters produced | | DL : | Germany adopts the mark as its unit of currency | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: The Study of Sociology | | RP : | Hippolyte Taine: Les Origines de la France contemporaine | | DL : | Initiation of modern cricket county championship | | ST : | James Clerk Maxwell: Electricity and Magnetism | | ST : | Jean Charcot: Leçons sur les maladies du systèm nerveux | | DL : | Lawn tennis first introduced under the name Sphairistike | | ST : | Payer and Weyprecht discover Franz Josef Land (islands in the Arctic Ocean) | | PH : | Republic proclaimed in Spain | | DL : | The cities of Buda and Pest are united to form the capital of Hungary | | PH : | Thiers falls and MacMahon is elected French President | | DL : | Vienna World Exhibition | | ED : | Walter Pater: Studies in the History of the Renaissance | | RP : | Wilhelm Wundt: Physiological Psychology | | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov born 1 April | | LT : | Walter de la Mare born 25 April |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: A Prayer of Columbus and Song of the Redwood Tree | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Far From the Madding Crowd | | M : | Richard Wagner : Der Ring des Nibelungen
('The Ring of the Nibelungs'), completed
| | M : | Richard Wagner : Opera, Götterdämmerung
('Twilight of the Gods')
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Requiem Mass
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Die Fledermaus
('The Bat')
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Variations on a theme of Beethoven
for two pianos
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphonic Poem, Danse macabre
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, Sunless
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Pictures at an Exhibition
for piano (orchestrated later by Ravel and others)
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Boris Godunov
(later revised by Rimsky)
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.4 'Romantic'
| | M : | Georges Bizet : Opera, Carmen
| | VA : | Berthe Morisot : The Butterfly Chase | | ST : | A.T. Still founds osteopathy | | PH : | Alfonso XII, son of Queen Isabella, proclaimed King of Spain | | DL : | Civil marriage is made compulsory in Germany | | PH : | End of Ashanti war | | RP : | Ernst Haeckel: Anthropogenie | | DL : | First American zoo established in Philadelphia | | VA : | First impressionist exhibition | | RP : | Henry Sidgwick: Methods of Ethics | | M : | Paris Opéra completed | | DL : | Pressure-cooking methods for canning foods introduced | | DL : | Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children founded in New York | | ST : | Streptococci and staphylococci discovered | | PH : | Swiss Constitution revised | | DL : | Tennis introduced to the U.S. | | DL : | Union Générale des Postes established in Berne, Switzerland | | LT : | Robert Frost born 26 March | | M : | Arnold Schoenberg born 13 September | | M : | Gustav Holst born 21 September | | M : | Charles Ives born 20 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Queen Mary | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte : The Floor Strippers | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony
No.3, 'Polish'
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Trial by Jury
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Piano Concerto
No.4
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Song-cycle, Songs and Dances of Death
(plus additional song, 'The Field Marshal', in 1877)
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Incidental music
to the play Peer Gynt
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Serenade
for Strings
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Der Makkabäer
('The Maccabees')
| | VA : | Claude Monet : Woman with a Parasol | | VA : | Berthe Morisot : A Woman at her Toilette | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Young Woman with a Veil | | ST : | Element gallium discovered | | RP : | Emile Laveleye: Le Protestantisme et le Catholicisme | | DL : | First roller-skating rink opens in London | | DL : | First swim across English Channel - Captain Matthew Webb | | ED : | Heinrich Schliemann: Troy and Its Remains | | PH : | Japanese courts of law are reformed | | PH : | Kwang Hsu becomes Emperor of China | | ED : | London Medical School for Women founded | | RP : | Mary Baker Eddy: Science and Health | | DL : | Public Health Act is passed in Britain | | PH : | Rebellion in Cuba | | RP : | Religious orders abolished in Prussia | | PH : | Risings in Bosnia and Herzegovina against Turk. rule | | VA : | The "Hermes" of Praxiteles found at Olympia, Greece | | RP : | Theosophical Society founded by Helena Blavatsky | | VA : | Jean-François Millet dies 20 January | | VA : | Camille Corot dies 22 February | | M : | Maurice Ravel born 7 March | | M : | Georges Bizet dies 3 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Star | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Hand of Ethelberta | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Fatinitza
| | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Mirror of Venus | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Marche Slave
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky :
Variations on a Rococo Theme for cello and orchestra
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphonic fantasy, Francesca da Rimini
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, Swan Lake
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : String Quartet
No.1 ('From My Life')
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Quintet
for piano and wind instruments
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Ballade
in G-minor
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Ballet, Sylvia
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Symphony
No.1
| | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Ball at the
Moulin de la Galette | | VA : | John William Waterhouse : After The Dance | | ST : | Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone | | ST : | Anthrax bacillus discovered | | M : | Bayreuth Festspielhaus opens with first complete performance of Wagner's Ring des Nibelungen | | DL : | Deutsche Richsbank opens | | RP : | F.H. Bradley: Ethical Studies | | DL : | First Chin. railroad is completed | | DL : | First tennis tournament in U.S. | | ED : | Heinrich Schliemann excavates Mycenae | | ED : | Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, opens | | PH : | Korea becomes an independent nation | | RP : | Lombroso: The Criminal | | PH : | Montenegro declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Serbia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Sultan Abdul Aziz deposed in May; his successor, Murad V, deposed in August and succeeded by Abdul Hamid II | | DL : | World Exhibition at Philadelphia | | VA : | Second Impressionist Exhibition | | M : | Manuel de Falla born 23 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Frank Cadogan Cowper born | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte : Street in Paris:
A Rainy Day | | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Sorcerer
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Ballad,
'The Lost Chord'
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Opera, Samson and Delilah
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Stabat Mater
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphonic Variations
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Symphony
No.2
| | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti : A Sea Spell | | DL : | "Blue Cross" Founded to fight alcoholism by Swiss theologian Louis Lucien Rochet | | ST : | Canals on Mars observed by Giovanni Schiaparelli | | ST : | Edison invents phonograph | | DL : | Famine in Bengal | | PH : | First Kaffir War | | DL : | First public telephones (U.S.) | | RP : | J.C.F. Zöllner: Treatise of Spiritualism | | ST : | Lord Rayleigh: Treatise on Sound | | ST : | Oxygen liquefied | | DL : | Patent Protection Law enacted in Germany | | PH : | Porfirio Diaz- President of Mexico | | PH : | Queen Victoria proclaimed Empress of India | | PH : | Russia declares war on Turkey and invades Rumania; Serbia declares war on Turkey | | PH : | Satsuma revolt in Japan suppressed | | VA : | Third impressionist exhibition, Paris | | VA : | Third Impressionist Exhibition | | VA : | Raoul Dufy born | | VA : | Frank E. Schoonover born | | VA : | Gustave Courbet dies 31 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Return of the Native | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte : The Orange Trees | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony
No.4
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Eugene Onegin
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, H.M.S. Pinafore
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Serenade
for Wind Instruments
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák :
Slavonic Dances, first series
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Violin Concerto in D
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Piano Concerto
in F-minor
| | VA : | Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : Miranda | | M : | A. W. Ambros: Geschichte der Musik | | PH : | Anti-Socialist Law enacted in Germany | | DL : | Bicycle Touring Club founded in England | | DL : | C.I.D., New Scotland Yard, established in London | | RP : | Charles Pierce: How to Make Our Ideas Clear (Philosophy of Pragmatism) | | VA : | Cleopatra's Needle is moved to London | | DL : | Deutscher Fussballverein, Hanover, founded | | DL : | Electric street lighting is introduced in London | | DL : | First European crematorium established at Gotha, Germany | | DL : | First bicycles manufactured in America | | M : | George Grove begins Dictionary of Music and Musicians | | RP : | George Romanes: A Candid Examination of Theism | | RP : | German historian Heinrich Treitschke begins racial anti-Semite movement, and Berlin court preacher Adolf Stoecker founds Christlich-Soziale Arbeiterpartei | | PH : | Greece declares war on Turkey | | ST : | Iodoform first used as an antiseptic | | DL : | Karl Benz builds motorised tricycle with top speed of seven miles per hour | | ST : | Microphone invented | | DL : | Paris World Exhibition | | RP : | Pope Pius IX dies; Cardinal Count Pecci succeeds as Leo XIII | | DL : | Repeater rifle produced | | PH : | Turk-Russ. armistice signed | | PH : | Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy dies; succeeded by his son Humbert I | | ED : | W.E. Lecky: History of England in the Eighteenth Century | | VA : | Charles-François Daubigny dies 19 February | | VA : | Malevich born | | M : | Franz Schreker born 23 March | | LT : | John Masefield born 1 June | | LT : | William Cullen Bryant dies 12 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Mary Cassatt : The Cup of Tea | | VA : | Mary Cassatt : At the Opera | | M : | Franz von Suppé : Operetta, Boccaccio
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Pirates of Penzance
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana :
Cycle of symphonic poems, collectively entitled Má Vlast ('My Fatherland')
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, May Night
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky :
'The Song of the Flea'
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : String Quartet
No.1
| | VA : | Edouard Manet : In the Conservatory | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Irene Cahen d'Anvers | | RP : | A.J. Balfour: Defence of Philosophic Doubt | | PH : | Alexander of Battenberg elected Prince Alexander I of Bulgaria | | RP : | Anti-Jesuit Laws introduced in France | | DL : | Brit. churchman W. L. Blackly proposes a scheme for old-age pensions | | ST : | First electric tram exhibited at Berlin Trade Exhibition | | RP : | Henry George: Progress and Poverty | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: Principles of Ethics | | PH : | Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, deposed; succeeded by Tewfik | | DL : | London's first telephone exchange established | | RP : | Mary Baker Eddy becomes pastor of Church of Christ, Scientist, Boston | | PH : | Peace signed with Zulu chiefs | | RP : | Robert Giffen: Essay on Finance | | ST : | Saccharin discovered | | ST : | Scandium discovered | | DL : | The public granted unrestricted admission to the British Museum | | PH : | Treaty of Gandamak | | ED : | Treitschke: History of Germany in the XIXth Century | | VA : | Fourth Impressionist Exhibition | | M : | Ottorino Respighi born 9 July | | LT : | Wallace Stevens born 2 October | | VA : | Paul Klee born |
|
|
| | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : Dancers in Pink | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Ballads and Other Poems | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Trumpet-Major | | VA : | Mary Cassatt : Lydia in a Loge
Wearing a Pearl Necklace | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte : View Across a Balcony | | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel : Phèdre | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Golden Stairs | | M : | Jules Massenet : Oratorio, La Vierge
('The Virgin')
| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Scottish Fantasia
for violin and orchestra
| | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Temptation | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Serenade for Strings
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Capriccio Italien
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture, 1812
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Roses from the South
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Violin concerto
No.3
| | M : | Jacques Offenbach : Opera, Les Contes d'Hoffmann
('The Tales of Hoffmann'); orchestration completed posthumously by Ernest Guiraud
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Sorochintsky Fair
(completed by Anatol Lyadov and others)
| | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky : Opera, Khovanshchina
(completed by Rimsky)
| | M : | Gustav Mahler :
Starts on song settings Des Knaben Wunderhorn ('Youth's Magic Horn')
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphony
No.6
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Opera, Jean de Nivelle
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : In the Steppes of Central Asia
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Academic Festival and Tragic overtures
| | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein : Opera, Kupets Kalashnikov
('The Merchant Kalashnikov')
| | VA : | Alfred Sisley : The Chemin de By
through Woods at Roches-Coutaut: | | DL : | Canned fruits and meats first appear in stores | | ST : | Chicken cholera vaccine developed by Pasteur | | ST : | First practical electric lights devised | | RP : | John Claird: Philosophy of Religion | | M : | London Guildhall School of Music founded | | ST : | Malarial parasite discovered | | DL : | New York streets are first lit by electricity | | PH : | Pacific War: Chile against Bolivia and Peru | | DL : | Parcel post introduced in England | | PH : | Transvaal declares itself independent of Britain | | DL : | World Exhibition takes place in Melbourne | | VA : | Fifth Impressionist Exhibition | | M : | Jacques Offenbach dies 5 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: The Cup | | LT : | Christina Rossetti: A Pageant and Other Poems | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti: The King’s Tragedy and Ballads and Sonnets with The House of Life | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: A Laodicean | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Dance Class | | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Hérodiade
| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Kol Nidrei
Adagio on Hebrew melodies, for cello and orchestra
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Patience
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Violin Sonata
No.1
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Snow Maiden
| | M : | Edvard Grieg :
Norwegian Dances for piano duet
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.6
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Ballade
for piano and orchestra
| | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier : Pièces pittoresques
('Picturesque Pieces') for piano
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : String Quartet
No.2
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Piano Concerto No.2
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : At the Tepidarium | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir : Luncheon of
the Boating Party | | PH : | Austro-Serbian treaty of alliance | | LT : | D'Oyly Carte builds the Savoy Theatre, London | | RP : | Edward Tylor: Anthropology | | DL : | Flogging abolished in Brit. Army and Navy | | DL : | Freedom of press established in France | | PH : | President Garfield is shot and killed in Sept. and succeeded by Chester Arthur GO ! | | ED : | Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London, opened | | RP : | Persecution of Jews in Russia | | PH : | Political parties founded in Japan | | DL : | The first of all cabarets, "Chat Noir", Paris, founded | | PH : | Treaty of Pretoria: Britain recognises independent Transvaal Republic | | ED : | University College, Liverpool, founded | | ED : | Vatican archives opened to scholars | | VA : | Sixth Impressionist Exhibition | | M : | Béla Bartók born 25 March | | M : | Modest Petrovich Mussorgsky dies 28 March | | VA : | Pablo Ruiz y Picasso born |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: Specimen Days and Collect | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Two on a Tower | | VA : | Mary Cassatt : Girl Sewing | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Evening Mood | | M : | Richard Wagner : Music drama, Parsifal
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Iolanthe
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Oratorio, La Rédemption
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Incidental music
to Victor Hugo's play Le Roi s'amuse, ('The King's Pleasure')
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Prelude and Fugue in G major
| | VA : | Edouard Manet : Bar at the Folies-Bergere | | DL : | Bank of Japan founded | | M : | Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra founded | | RP : | Besant: All Sorts and Conditions of Men | | ED : | Charles University, Prague, divided into Ger. and Czech institutions | | ST : | Edison designs first hydroelectric plant in Wisconsin | | RP : | Leslie Stephen: Science of Ethics | | DL : | London Chamber of Commerce established | | RP : | Nietzche: Die fröliche Wissenschaft | | PH : | Prince Milan Obrenovich of Serbia proclaims himself king | | DL : | Queen Victoria gives Epping Forest to the nation | | DL : | Recoil-operated machine gun patented | | PH : | Triple Alliance between Italy, Austria, and Germany | | DL : | U.S. bans Chinese immigrants for 10 years | | RP : | Viennese physician Joseph Breuer uses hypnosis to treat hysteria (beginnings of psychoanalysis) | | DL : | World Exhibition in Moscow | | VA : | Seventh Impressionist Exhibition | | LT : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies 10 April | | VA : | Dante Gabriel Rossetti dies 10 April | | VA : | Georges Braque born | | M : | Igor Stravinsky born 17 June | | VA : | Edward Hopper born in New York | | VA : | Newell Convers Wyeth born | | M : | Zoltán Kodály born 16 December |
|
|
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Eine Nacht in Venedig
('A Night in Venice')
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Horn Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Bedrich Smetana : String Quartet
No.2
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.7
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Scherzo Capriccioso
| | M : | Léo Delibes : Opera, Lakmé
(including the famous 'Flower Duet' and the 'Bell Song')
| | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier : Rhapsody España
for orchestra
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Symphony
No.3
| | DL : | Bismarck introduces sickness insurance in Germany | | DL : | Brooklyn Bridge, New York, opened to traffic | | RP : | F. H. Bradley: The Principles of Logic | | RP : | Fabian Society founded in London | | ST : | First skyscraper built in Chicago, 10 stories | | RP : | Jr. R. Seeley: The Expansion of England | | RP : | Lester War: Dynamic Sociology | | M : | Metropolitan Opera House, New York, founded | | RP : | Nietzche: Thus Spake Zarathustra | | DL : | Orient Express Paris- Istanbul makes its first run | | PH : | Paul Kruger - President of South African Republic | | ST : | Robert Kock describes a method of preventive inoculation against anthrax | | M : | Royal College of Music, London, founded | | ST : | Synthetic fibre produced | | DL : | U.S. Civil Service reforms begin | | DL : | U.S. frontiersman W. F Cody ("Buffalo Bill") organises his "Wild West Show" | | DL : | World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam | | M : | Richard Wagner dies 13 February | | VA : | Edouard Manet dies 30 April | | M : | Sir George Dyson born 28 May | | M : | Edgard Varèse born 22 December |
|
|
| | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Manon
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Princess Ida
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Le villi
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Song-cycle, Lieder eines fahrenden Gesellen
('Songs of a Wayfarer')
| | M : | Edvard Grieg :
'Butterfly' and 'To the Spring' from Lyric Pieces, Book 3
| | M : | Edvard Grieg :
Holberg Suite
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Te Deum
for chorus and orchestra
| | VA : | Georges Seurat : Bathing at Asnieres | | DL : | Le Matin, Paris, issued | | PH : | Berlin Conference of 14 nations on African affairs | | DL : | Divorce re-established in France | | ST : | Electrical precipitation discovered | | DL : | First deep tube (underground railroad), London | | ST : | First practical steam turbine engine invented | | PH : | Fr. Law excludes members of former dynasties from presidency | | DL : | Gold discovered in the Transvaal, rise of Johannesburg | | RP : | Herbert Spencer: The Man versus the State | | ST : | Ilya Mechinikov: Theory of Phagocytes | | RP : | Kropotkin: Paroles du'un revolte | | PH : | London Convention on Transvaal | | ED : | Oxford English Dictionary begins publication | | ST : | Tetanus bacillus discovered | | M : | Bedrich Smetana dies 12 May | | LT : | Gerard Manley Hopkins born 28 July | | LT : | Sara Teasdale born 8 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Tiresias and Other Poems | | LT : | Christina Rossetti: Time Flies | | VA : | Mary Cassatt : The Sisters | | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Cid
| | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Cantata, Achilleus
for solo voices, chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Manfred Symphony
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Mikado
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Operetta, Der Zigeunerbaron
('The Gypsy Baron')
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Petite Symphonie
for wind instruments
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Oratorio, Mors et Vita
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphony
No.7
| | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier : Opera, Gwendoline
| | M : | Johannes Brahms : Symphony
No.4
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : A Tale from Homer | | ED : | Albert Sorel: Europe and the French Revolution | | DL : | First Leipzig Fair | | PH : | Grover Cleveland inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | RP : | Henry Maine: Popular Government | | DL : | John M. Fox introduces golf to America | | RP : | Karl Marx: Das Kapital, vol 2 (posth.) | | PH : | King Alfonso XII of Spain dies; Queen Maria Christina becomes regent | | ST : | Pasteur devises a rabies vaccine to cure hydrophobia | | ST : | Sir Francis Galton prove the individuality of fingerprints | | RP : | The Mormons split into polygamous and monogamous sections | | RP : | Tolstoi: My Religion | | M : | Alban Berg born 9 February | | M : | Domenico Scarlatti born 26 October |
|
|
| | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson: Locksley Hall Sixty Years After | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Mayor of Casterbridge | | VA : | Hilaire Germain Edgar Degas : The Tub | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Child at Bath | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Otello
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Cantata, The Golden Legend
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Wedding Cake Caprice
caprice for piano and strings
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Carnival of the Animals
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Symphony
No.3, 'Organ Symphony'
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Piano Quartet
No.2
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák :
Slavonic Dances, second series
| | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier : Souvenirs de Munich
for piano duet
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Symphony
No.3 (completed by Glazunov)
| | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite española
for piano
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, The Gladiator
| | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais : Bubbles | | VA : | Georges Seurat : Sunday Afternoon in the
Park of the Island Grand Jatte | | RP : | Adolf von Harnack: History of Dogma | | PH : | Alexander of Bulgaria abdicates after coup d'état; Stefan Stambulov becomes regent | | ST : | Aluminum produced by electrolysis | | DL : | American Federation of Labor founded | | ST : | Aminopyrine and acitanelide discovered | | RP : | Andrew Carnagie: Triumphant Democracy | | ED : | Auguste Fournier: Napoleon I (3 vols) | | ED : | British School of Archaeology opens at Athens | | M : | Charles Mustel of Paris invents the celesta | | DL : | English Lawn Tennis Association founded | | PH : | First Indian National Congress meets | | RP : | Fluorine produced | | ST : | Germanium discovered | | PH : | Gladstone introduces bill for Home Rule in Ireland | | ST : | Hydroelectric installations are begun at Niagara Falls | | PH : | King Louis II of Bavaria dies; succeeded by Otto I; his uncle Luitpold becomes regent | | ED : | Pasteur Institute, Paris, founded | | RP : | Richard von Krafft-Ebing: Psychopathia Sexualis | | ST : | Steam first used to sterilise surgical instruments | | VA : | Last Impressionist Exhibition | | LT : | Emily Dickinson dies 15 May | | M : | Franz Liszt dies 31 July | | LT : | Joyce Kilmer born 6 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Woodlanders | | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel : Cleopatra Testing Poisons
on Condemned Prisoners | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : The Depths | | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, Ruddigore
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Spanish Capriccio
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.8
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song, Claire de lune
('Moonlight')
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Pavane
for orchestra (and optional chorus)
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Piano Quintet
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Florida Suite
| | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier : Opera, Le Roi malgré lui
('The Reluctant King')
| | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin : Opera, Prince Igor
(completed by Korsakov and Glazunov)
| | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Rapsodia española
for piano and orchestra (later arranged for piano)
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Double Concerto for violin and cello
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Women of Amphissa | | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Cantata, Blest Pair of Sirens
| | VA : | John William Waterhouse : Merriamne Leaving the
Judgement Seat of Herod | | LT : | Antoine founds the Théâtre Libre in Paris | | DL : | Edison and Swan combine to produce Ediswan electrical lamps | | PH : | First Colonial Conference opens in London | | VA : | H.W. Goodwin invents celluloid film | | LT : | I. Donnelly: The Great Cryptogram, Francis Bacon's Cypher in the So-called Shakespeare Play | | ST : | Joseph Lockyer: The Chemistry of the Sun | | ST : | Phenacetin, an analgesic drug, discovered | | PH : | Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg elected King of Bulgaria | | DL : | Queen Victoria celebrates her Golden Jubilee | | PH : | Union Indo-Chinoise organised by France | | M : | Alexander Porfiryevich Borodin dies 27 February | | VA : | Juan Gris born | | VA : | Marc Chagall born 7 July | | VA : | Marcel Duchamp born | | LT : | Rupert Brooke born 3 August | | M : | Christoph Willibald Gluck dies 15 November | | LT : | Marianne Moore born 15 November | | VA : | Georgia O'Keeffe born | | M : | Ernst Toch born 7 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: November Boughs | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Wessex Tales | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Overture fantasy, Hamlet
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Yeoman of the Guard
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Juan
| | M : | Erik Satie : Trois gymnopédies,
for piano
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Russian Easter Festival Overture
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Symphonic Suite, Scheherazade
| | M : | Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Cavalleria rusticana
('Rustic Chivalry')
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Salut d'amour
| | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier : Marche Joyeuse
for orchestra
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, Semper fidelis
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Roses of Heliogabalus | | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : The Vision after the Sermon | | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton : The Call to Arms | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh : Night Cafe | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh : Sunflowers | | VA : | John William Waterhouse : The Lady of Shalott | | DL : | "Jack the Ripper" murders six women in London | | DL : | The Financial Times, London, first published | | RP : | Bernard Bosanquet: Logic, or the Morphology of Knowledge | | DL : | Cecil Rhodes amalgamates Kimberley diamond companies | | DL : | Dunlop invents pneumatic tire | | VA : | Eastman perfects "Kodak" box camera | | DL : | First of all beauty contests held in Spa, Belgium | | RP : | G.J. Romanes: Mental Evolution in Man | | PH : | Ger. Emperor William I dies in May; succeeded by his son Frederick III, who dies in June and is succeeded by his son William II, the "Kaiser" | | ED : | James Bryce: The American Commonwealth | | RP : | James Martineau: The Study of Religion | | ST : | Nikola Tesla constructs electric motor | | ST : | Radio waves are identified as belonging to same family as light waves | | LT : | Mathew Arnold dies 15 April | | LT : | T S Eliot born 26 September |
|
|
| | VA : | Alexandre Cabanel dies |
|
|
| | LT : | W.B. Yeats: The Wanderings of Oisin and Other Poems |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Browning: Asolando | | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Esclarmonde
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Sleeping Beauty
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : Operetta, The Gondoliers
| | M : | Johann Strauss II : Waltz, Emperor
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Death and Transfiguration
| | M : | Charles-François Gounod : Méditation sur le prélude de Bach
for soprano and instrumental accompaniment (popularly known as the 'Ave Maria')
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Shylock
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphony
No.8
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Petite suite
(including 'En bateau')
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, The Washington Post March
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, The Thunderer
| | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : The Yellow Christ | | VA : | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec : Toilette | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh : Self-Portrait
with Bandaged Head | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh : The Starry Night | | VA : | Alexander Gustave Eiffel designs the Eiffel Tower for the Paris World Exhibition | | DL : | Barnum and Bailey's Circus at Olympia, London | | PH : | Benjamin Harrison inaugurated as 23rd President of the U.S. GO ! | | ED : | Catholic University, Washington D.C., opens | | ST : | Cordite invented | | RP : | Henri Bergson: Essai sur les données immédiates de la conscience | | PH : | Johannes IV, Emperor of Abyssinia dies; succeeded by Menelik II | | PH : | London County Council formed | | DL : | London Dock Strike | | PH : | Milan Obrenovich abdicates from Serbian throne in favour of his son | | PH : | Pedro II abdicates; Brazil proclaimed a republic | | DL : | Punch card system created | | ST : | Schiaparelli discovers synchronous rotations of planets Mercury and Venus | | RP : | T.H. Huxley: Agnosticism | | PH : | The Aust. Crown Prince, Archduke Rudolf, commits suicide at his hunting lodge at Mayerling | | DL : | The first May Day celebration, Paris | | ST : | Von Mehring and Minkowski prove that the pancreas secretes insulin, preventing diabetes | | LT : | Gerard Manley Hopkins dies 8 June | | LT : | Robert Browning dies 12 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Paul Cézanne : The Card Players | | VA : | Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Basket of Apples | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, The Queen of Spades
| | M : | Erik Satie : Trois gnossiennes,
for piano
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Mlada
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Concert overture
'Froissart'
| | M : | Claude Debussy :
Rêverie, for piano
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Suite bergamasque
for piano (including 'Clair de lune')
| | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Piano Suite, España
| | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme : Pygmalian and Galatea | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Bath of Psyche | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh : Crows in the Wheatfields | | PH : | Accession of Queen Wilhelmina; Luxembourg separated from the Netherlands | | RP : | Alfred Marshall: Principles of Economics | | ST : | Azoimide produced from organic sources | | PH : | Cecil Rhodes- Premier of Cape Colony | | DL : | Daughters of the American Revolution founded | | ST : | Emil von Behring announces the discovery of antitoxins | | ST : | First Eng. electrical power station, Deptford | | PH : | First general election in Japan | | PH : | Ger. Social Democrats adopt Marxist program at Erfurt Congress | | DL : | Global influenza epidemics ("Russian Flu") | | RP : | J.G. Frazer: The Golden Bough | | ST : | Rubber gloves used for the first time in surgery | | DL : | Swiss government introduces social insurance | | ST : | The first entirely steel -framed building erected in Chicago | | RP : | William Booth: In the Darkest England and the Way Out | | RP : | William James: The Principles of Psychology | | VA : | Vincent van Gogh dies 29 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Walt Whitman: Goodbye My Fancy | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: A Group of Noble Dames and Tess of the d'Urbervilles | | M : | Charles Ives : Variations
on America (organ)
| | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Star of Bethlehem | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch : Violin Concerto
No.3
| | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : Work Interrupted | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Opera, Yolanta
| | M : | Arthur Sullivan : 'Romantic Opera', Ivanhoe
| | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns : Africa
fantasy for piano and orchestra
| | M : | Pietro Mascagni : Opera, L'amico Fritz
('Friend Fritz')
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Overture, Carnival
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák :
Dumky Piano Trio
| | M : | Johannes Brahms :
Clarinet Quintet
| | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann :
Cadenzas for Mozart: Piano Concerto in D Minor
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Kiss | | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : We hail the Mary | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : The Return of Persephone | | RP : | Rerum novarum, papal encyclical on the condition of the working classes | | DL : | All-Deutschland Verband founded | | ST : | Beginnings of wireless telegraphy | | DL : | Earthquake in Japan kills as many as 10,000 people | | PH : | Franco-Russ. entente | | RP : | Goldwin Smith: The Canadian Question | | ED : | In Java Dutch anthropologist Eugène Dubois discovers Pithecanthropus erectus (Java Man) | | LT : | J.T. Grein founds Independent Theatre Society, London | | RP : | R.W. Church: History of the Oxford Movement (posth.) | | ST : | Samuel P. Langley: Experiments in Aerodynamics | | ST : | Trans-Siberian railroad construction begins | | PH : | Triple Alliance - Germany, Austria, Italy - renewed for 12 years | | DL : | W.L. Judson invents clothing zipper | | DL : | Widespread famine in Russia | | PH : | Young Turk Movement, hoping to secure liberal reforms, is formed in Geneva | | M : | Léo Delibes dies 16 January | | VA : | Ernest Meissonier dies 31 January | | VA : | Georges Seurat dies 29 March | | M : | Sergei Prokofiev born 23 April |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Pursuit of the Well-Beloved | | M : | Giuseppe Verdi : Opera, Falstaff
| | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Ballet, The Nutcracker
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, En Saga
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Morceaux de Fantasie
for piano (including Prelude in C-sharp Minor)
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Serenade
for Strings
| | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : Spirit of the Dead Watching | | VA : | John William Godward : The Betrothed | | VA : | Edvard Munch : Melancholy | | ST : | Diesel patents his internal-combustion engine | | RP : | Emile Fagguet: Politiques et moralistes du six-neuvième siècle | | ST : | First automatic telephone switchboard introduced | | DL : | First cans of pineapples | | PH : | Giolitti becomes Premier of Italy | | PH : | Grover Cleveland elected U.S. President GO ! | | DL : | Iron and steel workers strike in U.S. | | PH : | Prince Ito becomes premier of Japan | | PH : | Tewfik, Khedive of Egypt, dies; succeeded by Abbas II | | ST : | Viscose discovered (manufacture of rayon) | | M : | Arthur Honegger born 10 March | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish born 7 May | | M : | Darius Milhaud born 4 September | | LT : | Alfred, Lord Tennyson dies 6 October |
|
|
| | LT : | W.B. Yeats: The Celtic Twilight | | VA : | Mary Cassatt : The Bath | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky : Symphony
No.6, 'Pathétique'
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Karelia Suite
| | M : | Erik Satie : Danses gothiques,
for piano
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Manon Lescaut
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, La Bonne Chanson
('The Good Song')
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : String Quartet
'American'
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Symphony
No.9 'From the New World'
| | M : | Claude Debussy : String Quartet
in G-Minor
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, Manhattan Beach
| | VA : | Edvard Munch : Death in the Sick-Room | | VA : | Edvard Munch : The Scream | | VA : | "Art Nouveau" appears in Europe | | RP : | F.H. Bradley: Appearance and Reality | | PH : | Franco-Russ. alliance signed | | DL : | Henry Ford builds his first car | | ED : | Imperial Institute, South Kensington, London, founded | | DL : | Karl Benz constructs his four-wheel car | | PH : | Second Irish Home Rule bill passed by Commons but rejected by Lords | | RP : | W.T. Stead: If Christ Came to Chicago | | DL : | World Exhibition in Chicago | | M : | Charles-François Gounod dies 18 October | | M : | Pyotr Tchaikovsky dies 6 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Life's Little Ironies | | M : | Charles Ives : 67th Psalm
| | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Thaïs
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.2 'Resurrection'
| | M : | Anton Bruckner : Symphony
No.9 (Finale unfinished at his death)
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Prélude à l'après-midi d'un faune
for orchestra
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Spring | | VA : | Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee : The Magic Crystal | | VA : | Edvard Munch : Ashes | | VA : | Edvard Munch : Despair | | ST : | Argon discovered | | DL : | Baron de Boubertin founds committee to organise modern Olympic Games | | RP : | Benjamin Kidd: Social Revolution | | ST : | Berliner uses a horizontal gramophone disc instead of a cylinder as a record for sound reproduction | | ST : | Cinematograph invented | | PH : | Czar Alexander III dies; succeeded by his son Nicholas II | | DL : | Death duties introduced in Britain | | DL : | Edison opens his Kinetoscope Parlor, New York | | ST : | Flagstaff Observatory erected, Arizona, U.S. | | PH : | Korea and Japan declare war on China | | DL : | New York Jockey Club founded | | ED : | Pollock and Maitland: History of English Law Before the Time of Edward I | | ED : | Sidney and Beatrice Webb: History of Trade Unionism | | ST : | Swed. explorer Sven Hedin travels in Tibet | | ST : | The Plague bacillus discovered | | VA : | Norman Rockwell born | | M : | Hans von Bülow dies 12 February | | VA : | Gustave Caillebotte dies 21 February | | M : | Emmanuel Chabrier dies 13 September | | LT : | ee cummings born 14 October | | M : | Anton Grigoryevich Rubinstein dies 20 November | | LT : | Christina Rossetti dies 29 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples | | PH : | American pressure leads to arbitration of the British boundary dispute with Venezuela | | PH : | A revolt against Spanish rule breaks out in Cuba | | LT : | W.B. Yeats: Poems | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau : The Abduction of Psyche | | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Til Eulenspiegel's Merry Pranks
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Four Lemminkäinen Legends
including The Swan of Tuonela
| | M : | Erik Satie : Messe des pauvres,
a Latin Mass with psalms, for voices and organ or piano
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Christmas Eve
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Cello Concerto
| | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton : Flaming June | | VA : | Edvard Munch : Madonna | | VA : | Edvard Munch : Puberty | | VA : | Edvard Munch : Self-Portrait with a Burning Cigarette | | VA : | Gustav Klimt : Love | | ST : | Auguste and Louis Lumière invent a motion-picture camera | | RP : | Cardinal Vaughan lays foundation stone of Westminster Cathedral | | PH : | End of Chin.-Jap war | | DL : | First public film show in Paris, at the Hôtel Scribe | | RP : | Karl Marx: Das Kapital, vol. 3 (posth.) | | DL : | King C. Gillette invents the safety razor | | ST : | Konstantin Isiolkovski formulates the principle of rocket reaction propulsion | | ED : | London School of Economics and Political Science founded | | ST : | Machine constructed for the liquefaction of air | | ST : | Marconi invents radio telegraphy | | LT : | Oscar Wilde's unsuccessful libel action against the Marquis of Queensberry | | M : | Robert Newman arranges the first Promenade Concerts at Queen's Hall, London | | RP : | Sigmund Freud: Studien über Hysterie | | RP : | Thomas Masaryk: The Czech Question | | ST : | Wilhelm Röntgen discovers x-rays | | VA : | Berthe Morisot dies 2 March | | M : | Franz von Suppé dies 21 May | | M : | Carl Orff born 10 July | | LT : | Robert Graves born 24 July | | M : | Paul Hindemith born 16 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: The Torrent and the Night Before | | LT : | A E Housman: A Shropshire Lad | | M : | Charles Ives : String Quartet, No.1 "Revival Service"
| | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones : Hope | | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Also sprach Zarathustra
('Thus Spake Zoroaster')
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La Bohème
('Bohemian Life')
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.3
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Opera, Koanga
(including 'La Calinda')
| | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Opera, Pepita Jiménez
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, El capitan
| | VA : | John William Waterhouse : Hylas and the Nymphs | | DL : | Daily Mail issued | | VA : | Die Jugend and Simplicissimus, two important Ger. art magazines, appear in Munich | | DL : | Beginning of Klondike gold rush | | ST : | Ernest Rutherford: magnetic detection of electrical waves | | DL : | First modern Olympics held in Athens | | RP : | Five annual Nobel Prizes established | | PH : | Further massacres of Armenians in Constantinople | | ST : | Helium discovered | | RP : | Henri Bergson: Matière et mémoire | | PH : | Nasr-ed-Din, Shah of Persia, assassinated | | VA : | National Portrait Gallery, London, moved from Bethnal Green to Westminster | | ST : | Niagara Falls hydroelectric plant opens | | ST : | Radioactivity discovered | | DL : | Royal Victorian Order founded | | PH : | Russia and China sign Manchuria Convention | | RP : | Theodor Herzl: Der Judenstaat, foundation of Zionism | | VA : | Lord Frederic Leighton dies 25 January | | M : | Clara Wieck Schumann dies 20 May | | VA : | Sir John Everett Millais dies 13 August | | VA : | William Morris dies 3 October | | M : | Anton Bruckner dies 11 October | | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson born 25 November | | VA : | David Alfaro Siqueiros born |
|
|
| | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: The Children of the Night | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Well-Beloved | | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Don Quixote
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Lyric Pieces
Book 9
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Symphonic Dances
for orchestra
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Dolly Suite
for piano duet (later orchestrated)
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, The Stars and Stripes Forever
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : Her eyes are with her thoughts... | | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin : Where do we come from? | | DL : | Katzenjammer Kids, first Amer. comic strip, begun | | PH : | Crete proclaims union with Greece; Turkey declares war on Greece; Peace of Constantinople | | DL : | Founding of Royal Automobile Club, London | | RP : | Havelock Ellis: Studies in the Psychology of Sex | | ST : | J.J. Thomson discovers electron | | ST : | Julius Hann: Handbook of Climatology | | PH : | King of Korea proclaims himself emperor | | DL : | Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee | | ST : | Ronal Ross discovers malaria bacillus | | DL : | Severe famine in India | | RP : | Sidney and Beatrice Webb: Industrial Democracy | | VA : | Sir Henry Tate donates Tate Gallery, London, to the Brit. people | | DL : | The Sultan of Zanzibar abolishes slavery | | PH : | William McKinley inaugurated as President of the U.S. GO ! | | DL : | World Exhibition at Brussels | | RP : | Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland | | M : | Johannes Brahms dies 3 April |
|
|
| | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Wessex Poems | | M : | Charles Ives : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonic Poem, Ein Heldenleben
('A Hero's Life')
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Tsar's Bride
| | M : | Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Iris
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Bride Elect
| | VA : | John William Waterhouse : Ariadne | | VA : | Gustav Klimt : Pallas Athene
| | PH : | "The Boxers", an anti-foreign, anti-Western organisation formed in China | | RP : | Bismarck: Reflections and Memoirs | | ST : | Dysentery bacillus discovered | | PH : | Empress Elizabeth of Austria murdered by Ital. anarchist in Geneva | | ST : | Ger. Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin builds his airship | | DL : | Paris Métro opened | | PH : | Paul Kruger re-elected President of Transvaal | | ST : | Photographs first taken utilising artificial light | | ST : | Radium and polonium discovered | | ST : | Ramsay discovered the inert atmospheric gases zenon, crypton, and neon | | VA : | The Mackintosh School of Art in Glasgow | | PH : | U.S. declares war on Spain over Cuba; Treaty of Paris GO ! | | LT : | Lewis Carroll dies 14 January | | VA : | Aubrey Beardsley dies | | LT : | Walt Whitman dies 26 March | | M : | Ernst Bacon born 26 May | | VA : | Sir Edward Coley Burne-Jones dies 17 June | | VA : | Maurits Cornelis Escher born | | M : | George Gershwin born 26 September | | VA : | René Magritte born |
|
|
| | LT : | W.B. Yeats: The Wind Among the Reeds | | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Cendrillon
('Cinderella')
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Finlandia
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Verklärte Nacht
('Transfigured Night'), for string sextet (arranged later for string orchestra)
| | M : | Erik Satie : Ballet, Jack-in-the-box
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Pavane pour une infante défunte
for piano (later orchestrated)
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Enigma Variations, Sea Pictures
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Paris: the Song of a Great City
nocturne for orchestra
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Nocturnes
for orchestra
| | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Catalonia, suite populaire
for orchestra
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : March, Hands across the Sea
| | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema : The Baths of Caraculla | | VA : | Edvard Munch : The Dance of Life | | VA : | Edvard Munch : The Dead Mother | | RP : | Alexander Bain: The Realisation of the Possible | | ST : | Alpha and beta rays discovered in radioactive atoms | | PH : | Boer War between Britain and the Boers | | RP : | Ernst Haeckel: Die Welträtsel | | PH : | First Peace Conference at The Hague | | ST : | First magnetic recording of sound | | RP : | H.S. Chamberlain: The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century | | RP : | James Ward: Naturalism and Agnosticism | | RP : | John Dewey: School and Society | | PH : | London borough councils established | | RP : | Pope Leo XIII's bull Testem Benevolentiae condemns the "Americanism" of Isaac Thomas Hecker | | M : | Francis Poulenc born 7 January | | VA : | Alfred Sisley dies 29 January | | M : | Johann Strauss II dies 3 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Paul Cézanne : Chateau Noir | | PH : | The Foraker Act establishes a government for Puerto Rico | | PH : | Boxer risings in China against Europeans | | PH : | Commonwealth of Australia created | | DL : | First Nobel Prizes awarded | | ED : | Sigmund Freud: The Interpretation of Dreams | | DL : | World Exhibition in Paris | | VA : | Wallace Collection, London, opens | | VA : | Gaugin : Noa Noa, report on his travels through Tahiti | | ST : | F.E. Dorn discovers radon | | ST : | Arthur Evan's excavations in Crete | | RP : | Shintoism reinstated in Japan against Buddhist influence | | RP : | Bertrand Russell : A Critical Exposition of the Philosophy of Leibniz | | VA : | Paul Cézanne : Mont Sainte-Victoire
above the Tholonet Road | | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Legend of Tsar Saltan
(including 'The Flight of the Bumblebee' and 'The Tsar's Departure and Farewell')
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Tosca
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.4
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Requiem Mass
(final version)
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Oratorio
'The Dream of Gerontius'
| | M : | Antonin Dvorák : Opera, Rusalka
| | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton : Godspeed | | PH : | King Umberto I, king of Italy, assassinated; succeeded by his son, Victor Emmanuel III | | VA : | Fauvist movement in painting begins, led by Henri Matisse | | ST : | Max Planck Formulates Quantum Theory | | M : | Aaron Copland born 14 November | | M : | Arthur Sullivan dies 22 November |
|
|
| | ST : | First Trans-Atlantic radio signal | | PH : | Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by her son, Edward VII | | PH : | U.S. President McKinley assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt sworn in as successor GO ! | | PH : | Queen Victoria dies, succeeded by Edward (VII) | | PH : | Peace of Peking ends Boxer uprising | | RP : | Rudolf Steiner founds anthroposophy | | VA : | Picasso's blue period | | VA : | The Siegesallee in Berlin : 32 marble statues of members of the House of Hohenzollern | | M : | Ragtime jazz develops in the U.S. | | ST : | Marconi transmits telegraphic radio messages from Cornwall to Newfoundland | | M : | Charles Ives : Three Harvest Home Chorales
| | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Le Jongleur de Notre Dame
('The Juggler of Notre Dame')
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Jeux d'eau
('Fountains'), for piano
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Pomp and Circumstance
March No.1 ('Land of Hope and Glory')
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Concert overture
'Cockaigne'
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Opera, A Village Romeo and Juliet
('Walk to the Paradise Garden' added later)
| | VA : | John William Godward : The Tease | | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton : Accolade | | VA : | Gustav Klimt : Judith I
| | M : | Giuseppe Verdi dies 27 January | | VA : | Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec dies 9 September | | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo born 22 November |
|
|
| | VA : | Paul Cézanne : Still Life with Apples,
a Bottle, and a Milk Pot | | PH : | Boer War ends | | DL : | The Teddy Bear is introduced | | PH : | Anglo-Japanese treaty recognises the independence of China and Korea | | PH : | Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy renewed for another six years | | RP : | William James The Varieties of Religious Experience | | RP : | Benedetto Croce : Philosophy of the Spirit | | M : | Enrico Caruso makes his first phonograph recording | | DL : | King Edward VII establishes Order of Merit | | DL : | Martinique volcanic fire destroys the town of St. Pierre | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Captain Craig | | LT : | John Masefield: Salt-Water Ballads | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: Songs of Childhood | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Poems of the Past and Present | | M : | Charles Ives : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Des Knaben Wunderhorn
completed
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Franz Lehár : Concert waltz, Gold und Silber
('Gold and Silver')
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Appalachia
for voices and orchestra
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Opera, Pelléas et Mélisande
| | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton : Triston and Isolde | | VA : | Gustav Klimt : Portrait of Emilie Floge
| | M : | William Turner Walton born 29 March |
|
|
| | ST : | First flight at Kitty Hawk | | VA : | First silent movie, The Great Train Robbery | | PH : | Entente Cordiale established | | PH : | King Alexander I of Serbia and Queen Draga murdered ;
Peter Karageorgevich accedes to the throne as Peter I | | PH : | Coronation durbar for Edward Vi, King-emperor, at Delhi | | RP : | G.E. Moore : Principia Ethica | | RP : | Cardinal Guiseppe Sarto installed - Pope Pius X | | M : | Oscar Hammerstein builds the Manhattan Opera House, New York | | M : | First recording of an opera : Verdi's Ernani | | ED : | Universities of Liverpool and Manchester founded | | ST : | Electrocardiograph invented | | VA : | Deutsches Museum, Munich, opens | | DL : | First Tour de France | | DL : | Ford Motor Company founded | | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Poems published | | M : | Manuel de Falla : Piano Pieces, Allegro de concierto
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Symphonia Domestica
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Incidental music
to the play Kuolema ('Death')
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Symphonic Poem, Pelleas und Melisande
| | M : | Erik Satie : (Trois) morceaux en forme de poire
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Shéhérazade
for mezzo-soprano and orchestra
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Ten Piano Preludes
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Opera, Jenûfa
(later revised)
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Estampes
('Engravings'), for piano (including 'Jardins sous la pluie')
| | VA : | John William Waterhouse : Windflowers | | VA : | Eugène Henri Paul Gauguin dies 9 May | | VA : | Camille Pissarro dies 13 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Russo-Japanese War begins | | PH : | Theodore Roosevelt elected president GO ! | | PH : | Hereros and Hottentots revolt in German South-west Africa | | LT : | Abbey Theatre, Dublin, founded | | RP : | Church and state separated in France | | ED : | Freud : The Psychopathology of Everyday Life | | RP : | Max Weber : The Protestant Ethic and the Birth of Capitalism | | M : | First radio transmission of music at Graz, Austria | | M : | London Symphony Orchestra gives its first concert | | ST : | First telegraphic transmission of photographs - Munich to Nuremburg | | DL : | Ten-hour work day established in France | | DL : | Carl Lindstrom Company founded in Berlin for the production
of phonographs and phonograph records | | VA : | Anthony Frederick Sandys dies | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: Henry Brocken | | M : | Charles Ives : Thanksgiving
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Madame Butterfly
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Kindertotenlieder
('Songs of the Death of Children')
| | M : | Edvard Grieg : Lyric Suite
for orchestra
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Overture
'In the South'
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Sea Drift
for baritone and orchestra
| | VA : | John William Godward : Dolce Far Niente | | VA : | John William Waterhouse : Psyche Entering Cupid's Garden | | PH : | Entente Cordiale: Britain and France settle their international differences | | ST : | General theory of radioactivity by Rutherford and Soddy | | DL : | New York City subway opens | | VA : | Jean Léon Gérôme dies 10 January | | M : | Antonin Dvorák dies 1 May | | VA : | Salvador Dali born |
|
|
| | PH : | "Bloody Sunday" - Russian Revolution of 1905 | | ST : | Einstein proposes his theory of relativity | | PH : | Norwegian parliament decides on separation from Sweden;
Prince Charles of Denmark elected King Haakon VII of Norway | | PH : | Sinn Fein Party founded in Dublin | | DL : | William Haywood and others found the International Workers of the World (Wobblies) | | LT : | Police censure closes Shaw's Mrs. Warren's Profession after one performance | | RP : | George Santayana : The Life of Reason | | VA : | Picasso begins his "Pink Period" | | DL : | First motor buses in London | | DL : | First neon lights appear | | M : | Manuel de Falla : Opera, La Vida Breve
('The Short Life')
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Opera, Salome
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Incidental music
to the play Pelléas et Mélisande
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, Tale of the Invisible City of Kitezh
| | M : | Maurice Ravel :
Introduction and Allegro for flute, clarinet, harp, and string quartet
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphonies
No.6 and No.7
| | M : | Franz Lehár : Operetta, Die lustige Witwe
('The Merry Widow')
| | M : | Edward Elgar :
Introduction and Allegro for Strings
| | M : | Frederick Delius : A Mass of Life
for soloists, chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Images, Book I
for piano
| | M : | Claude Debussy : La mer
('The sea'), for orchestra
| | M : | Franz Strauss dies 31 May | | VA : | Sir Adolph William Bouguereau dies 19 August |
|
|
| | DL : | Finland is the first European country to give women the right to vote | | M : | The English Hymnal, edited by Percy Dearmer and Ralph Vaughan Williams | | RP : | Franz X. Wernz, the Jesuit general, reforms the order's plan for studies | | RP : | Albert Schweitzer : The Quest of the Historical Jesus | | M : | Mozart Festival in Salzburg | | ST : | The term "allergy" introduced to medicine | | DL : | Simplon Tunnel between Italy and Switzerland opens | | M : | Anton von Webern : Rondo
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphonic fantasy, Pohjola's Daughter
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Symphonic Poem, Summer Evening
(later revised)
| | M : | John Phillip Sousa : Comic Opera, The Free Lance
| | DL : | San Francisco earthquake and three-day fire; more than 500 dead | | ST : | Roald Amundsen, Norwegian explorer, fixes magnetic North Pole | | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich born 25 September | | VA : | Paul Cézanne dies 22 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Ten Rules of War established at the second Hague Peace Conference | | VA : | Picasso introduces Cubism | | DL : | Typhoid Mary captured for the first time | | DL : | First completely synthetic man-made substance (plastic) | | PH : | English and French agree on Siamese independence | | RP : | Henri Bergson : L'Evolution créatrice | | RP : | William James : Pragmatism | | RP : | Alfred Adler : Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Psychical Compensation | | RP : | United methodist Church established in Britain | | RP : | Papal encyclical Pascendi gregis condemns modernism | | VA : | First Cubist exhibition in Paris | | DL : | Boy Scouts founded | | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Sonnets to Duse, and Other Poems | | VA : | Frank Cadogan Cowper : Vanity | | M : | Anton von Webern : Quintet
for strings and piano
| | M : | Charles Ives : Central Park in the Dark
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.3
| | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov : Opera, The Golden Cockerel
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.8 'Symphony of a Thousand'
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Brigg Fair: An English Rhapsody
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Images, Book II
for piano
| | VA : | Gustav Klimt : Danae
| | VA : | Gustav Klimt : The Kiss | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden born 21 February | | M : | Edvard Grieg dies 4 September |
|
|
| | DL : | Ford introduces the Model-T | | PH : | Three year-old Pu Yi becomes Emperor of China | | PH : | Turks revolt in the Ottoman Empire | | PH : | King Carlos I of Portugal and the crown prince both assassinated; Manuel II becomes king | | PH : | Leopold II transfers the Congo to Belgium | | PH : | Ferdinand I of Bulgaria assumes the title czar and declares his country's independence | | PH : | Crete proclaims union with Greece | | PH : | Union of South Africa established | | VA : | "Ashcan School" established by Robert Henri, John Sloan, George Luks, George Bellows, Everett Shinn | | VA : | Matisse coins the term "Cubism" | | DL : | London hosts the Olympic Games | | ED : | Cairo University opened | | DL : | First Model T produced | | LT : | Thomas Traherne: Centuries of Meditations | | LT : | John Masefield: Captain Margaret | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: the last of three parts of The Dynasts published | | M : | Anton von Webern :
Passacaglia for Orchestra
| | M : | Charles Ives : The Unanswered Question
| | M : | Franz Schreker : Ballet, Der Geburtstag der Infantin
('The Infant's Birthday')
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Rapsodie espagnole
for orchestra
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Gaspard de la nuit
('Phantoms of the Night'), for piano
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Along an Overgrown Path
15 pieces for piano
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Opera, Savitri
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Symphony
No.1 (Adagio)
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Rhapsody, In a Summer Garden
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Children's Corner
for piano (including 'Jimbo's Lullaby' and 'Golliwogg's Cake-walk')
| | M : | Béla Bartók : String Quartet
No.1
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Nightingale
| | DL : | Earthquake kills 150,000 in southern Italy and Sicily | | LT : | Theodore Roethke born 25 May | | M : | Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov dies 21 June | | M : | Olivier Messiaen born 10 December | | M : | Elliott Cook Carter born 11 December |
|
|
| | PH : | Japan's Prince Ito is assassinated | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: The Town down the River | | LT : | John Masefield: Multitude and Solitude and The Tragedy of Nan | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Time's Laughingstocks | | M : | Anton von Webern :
Five movements for String Quartet
| | M : | Anton von Webern :
Six Pieces for Large Orchestra
| | M : | Charles Ives : Piano Sonata
No.1
| | M : | Charles Ives : Washington's Birthday
| | M : | Jules Massenet : Opera, Don Quichotte
('Don Quixote')
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.1, 'A Sea Symphony'
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Song-cycle, On Wenlock Edge
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Opera, Elektra
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Erwartung
('Expectation'), for soprano and orchestra
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Five Orchestral Pieces
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Poem, Isle of the Dead
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto
No.3
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.9
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Song-symphony
Das Lied von der Erde
| | M : | Franz Lehár : Operetta, Der Graf von Luxemburg
('The Count of Luxemburg')
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Suite
No.1, for military band
| | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz : Suite Iberia
for piano
| | ST : | North Pole reportedly reached by American explorers Robert E. Peary and Matthew Henson | | M : | Isaac Manuel Francisco Albéniz dies 18 May | | VA : | Francis Bacon born |
|
|
| | ST : | Halley's comet makes an appearance | | LT : | John Masefield: The Tragedy of Pompey the Great | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: The Return and The Three Mulla Mulgars | | M : | Anton von Webern :
Four Pieces for violin and piano
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis
for strings
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Ma mère l'oye
('Mother Goose'), for two pianos (later orchestrated)
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom
for choir
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Thirteen Piano Preludes
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La fanciulla del West
('The Girl of the Golden West')
| | M : | Gustav Mahler : Symphony
No.10, unfinished
| | M : | Franz Lehár : Operetta, Zigeunerliebe
('Gypsy Love')
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Hymns from the Rig Veda
for chorus and orchestra (one of several sets)
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Opera, Fennimore and Gerda
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book I
for piano (including 'Viole')
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Firebird
| | M : | Samuel Barber born 9 March | | M : | Frank Loesser born 29 June | | VA : | Henri Rousseau dies in Paris | | VA : | William Holman Hunt dies 7 September | | VA : | Winslow Homer dies |
|
|
| | PH : | The Chinese Revolution | | ST : | Structure of an atom discovered
| | DL : | Greenwich Mean Time adopted | | VA : | Mona Lisa is stolen | | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Helen of Troy, and Other Poems | | LT : | John Masefield: The Everlasting Mercy | | LT : | Rupert Brooke: Poems | | M : | Charles Ives : String Quartet
No.2
| | M : | Charles Ives : Symphony
No.3
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Opera, Der Rosenkavalier
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.4
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Gurrelieder
('Songs of Gurra'), for voices and orchestra
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Études-tableux Opus 33
for piano
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Suite
No.2, for military band
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Summer Night on the River
for small orchestra
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Song of the High Hills
for chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Allegro barbaro
for piano
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Petrushka
| | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton : Stiching the Standard | | DL : | Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire in New York; 146 killed | | PH : | Mexican Revolution: Porfirio Diaz, president since 1877, replaced by Francisco Madero | | ST : | First use of aircraft as offensive weapon in Turkish-Italian War | | PH : | Chinese Republic proclaimed after revolution overthrows Manchu dynasty; Sun Yat-sen named president | | ST : | Amundsen reaches South Pole | | PH : | Italy defeats Turks and annexes Tripoli and Libya | | M : | Irving Berlin's Alexander's Ragtime Band | | M : | Gustav Mahler dies 18 May | | VA : | Edwin Austin Abbey | | VA : | Howard Pyle dies |
|
|
| | DL : | Oreo cookies first introduced | | DL : | The Titanic sinks | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: The Listeners and Other Poems | | VA : | Marc Chagall : Adam and Eve | | M : | Franz Schreker : Opera, Der ferne Klang
('The Distant Sound')
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Song-cycle, Pierrot lunaire
('Moonstruck Pierrot')
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Ballet, Daphnis and Chloë
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Fourteen Songs
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : In the Mists
for piano
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Oriental Suite, Beni Mora
| | M : | Frederick Delius : On Hearing the First Cuckoo in Spring
for small orchestra
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Images
for orchestra (including 'Gigue')
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set I
| | VA : | Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Sleeping Beauty | | PH : | Balkan Wars begin | | VA : | Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema dies 25 June | | M : | Jules Massenet dies 13 August | | M : | John Cage born 5 September |
|
|
| | DL : | First crossword puzzle | | DL : | Personal income tax introduced in U.S. | | LT : | John Masefield: Dauber | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: Peacock Pie: A Book of Rhymes | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: A Changed Man | | LT : | Robert Frost: A Boy's Will | | M : | Anton von Webern :
Five Pieces for Orchestra
| | M : | Anton von Webern :
Six Bagatelles for String Quartet
| | M : | Charles Ives : Fourth of July
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.2, 'A London Symphony'
| | M : | Franz Schreker : Opera, Das Spielwerk und die Prinzessin
('The Music Box and the Princess')
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Die Glückliche Hand,
('The Lucky Hand'), drama for orchestra and chorus
| | M : | Erik Satie : Trois embryons desséchés
('Three dried-up embryos')
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Choral Symphony, The Bells
| | M : | Gustav Holst : St. Paul's Suite
for strings
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Opera, Pénélope
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Falstaff
(Symphonic Study)
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Préludes, Book II
for piano
| | M : | Claude Debussy : Ballet, Jeux
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, The Rite of Spring
| | PH : | Balkan Wars end with London peace treaty | | ST : | Henry Ford develops first moving assembly line | | PH : | Bill creating U.S. Federal Reserve System becomes law GO ! | | PH : | Woodrow Wilson becomes 28th U.S. president GO ! | | VA : | Armory Show introduces modern art to U.S.; Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase shocks public | | DL : | Suffragists demonstrate in London | | DL : | Garment workers strike in New York and Boston; win pay raise and shorter hours | | M : | Witold Lutoslawski born 25 January | | M : | Benjamin Britten born 22 November |
|
|
| | PH : | World War I begins GO ! | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Van Zorn | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Satires of Circumstance | | LT : | Robert Frost: North of Boston | | M : | Anton von Webern :
Three Little Pieces for Violincello and Piano
| | M : | Charles Ives : Three Places in New England
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : A Lark Ascending
for violin and orchestra
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, The Oceanides
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Sinfonia drammatica
| | M : | Maurice Ravel :
Trio for piano, violin, cello
| | DL : | Panama Canal officially opened | | PH : | U.S. Marines occupy Veracruz, Mexico, intervening in civil war to protect American interests |
|
|
| | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Rivers to the Sea | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: The Porcupine | | LT : | Rupert Brooke: 1914 and Other Poems | | M : | Charles Ives : Piano Sonata
No.2 "Concord Mass. 1840-60"
| | M : | Manuel de Falla : Noches en los jardines de España
('Nights in the Gardens of Spain')
| | M : | Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El Amor Brujo
('Love, the Magician')
| | M : | Richard Strauss : An Alpine Symphony
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Cello Sonata
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, Le Jardin clos
('The Enclosed Garden')
| | M : | Claude Debussy : 12 Etudes
('Studies'), for piano
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : The Wanderer
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia
based on an old English tune When I Survey the Wondrous Cross
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, O God, Our Help
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Chorale Fantasia, The Old Hundredth
| | PH : | Genocide of estimated 600,000 to 1 million Armenians by Turkish soldiers | | ST : | Albert Einstein's General Theory of Relativity | | VA : | D. W. Griffith's film Birth of a Nation | | VA : | Walter Crane dies | | LT : | Rupert Brooke dies 23 April | | VA : | Arthur Hughes dies 23 December |
|
|
| | LT : | W.B. Yeats: Reveries over Childhood and Youth | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: The Man against the Sky | | LT : | Robert Frost: Mountain Interval | | LT : | Rupert Brooke: Letters From America (posth.) | | M : | Charles Ives : Symphony
No.4
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg :
Second Chamber Symphony
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Fountains of Rome
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Orchestral suite, The Planets
| | M : | Frederick Delius : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Seven Choral Preludes for Organ
Set II
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Jerusalem
| | VA : | John William Waterhouse : I am Half Sick of Shadows | | VA : | John William Waterhouse : Miranda | | VA : | John William Waterhouse : A Tale from Decameron | | PH : | U.S. buys Virgin Islands from Denmark for $25 million | | PH : | President Wilson re-elected with “he kept us out of war” slogan. GO ! | | PH : | Easter Rebellion in Ireland put down by British troops | | ST : | Margaret Sanger opens first birth control clinic | | PH : | 24 April - Irish nationalists launch the Easter rebellion in Dublin, Republic declared and Patrick Pearse announced as first President | | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt born 10 May | | PH : | 22 November - Emperor Franz Josef of Austria-Hungary, dies; he is succeeded by Charles I |
|
|
| | LT : | First Pulitzer Prizes awarded | | PH : | Russian Revolution | | PH : | U.S. enters World War I | | LT : | W.B. Yeats: The Wild Swans at Coole | | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Love Songs | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Merlin | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Moments of Vision | | LT : | Robert Graves: Over the Brazier | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock | | M : | Erik Satie : Ballet, Parade
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
first series
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, La rondine
('The Swallow')
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony
No.1 'Classical'
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Rapsodie nègre
for baritone and instrumental ensemble
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Excursions of Mr. Broucek
| | M : | Gustav Holst : The Hymn of Jesus
for chorus and orchestra
| | M : | Béla Bartók : String Quartet
No.2
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Wooden Prince
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Les Noces
('The Wedding'), for voices, percussion and four pianos
| | PH : | Balfour Declaration promises Jewish homeland in Palestine. | | RP : | Sigmund Freud's Introduction to Psychoanalysis | | VA : | John William Waterhouse dies 10 February |
|
|
| | DL : | Daylight Saving
Time introduced | | PH : | Russian Czar Nicholas II and his family are killed | | LT : | Robert Graves: Fairies and Fusiliers | | M : | Franz Schreker : Opera, Die Gezeichneten
('The Stigma Bearers')
| | M : | Erik Satie : Socrate,
for voices and instruments
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Il trittico
('The Triptych'), three one-act operas
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Trois mouvements perpétuels
for piano
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Orchestral rhapsody, Taras Bulba
| | M : | Edward Elgar : String Quartet
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Opera, Duke Bluebeard's Castle
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : The Soldier's Tale,
for speaker, chamber ensemble, dancers
| | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry : Elégie
| | DL : | Worldwide influenza epidemic strikes; by 1920, nearly 20 million will be dead ("Spanish Flu") | | PH : | Russian Civil War between Reds (Bolsheviks) and Whites (anti-Bolsheviks) | | PH : | German Kaiser abdicates (Nov.); hostilities cease on the Western Front | | VA : | Gustav Klimt dies 6 February | | M : | Claude Debussy dies 25 March | | LT : | Joyce Kilmer dies 30 July | | M : | Leonard Bernstein born 25 August | | M : | Sir Charles Hubert Hastings Parry dies 7 October |
|
|
| | DL : | Prohibition begins in the U.S. | | LT : | John Masefield: Reynard the Fox | | M : | Manuel de Falla : Ballet, El sombrero de tres picos
('The Three-Cornered Hat')
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Ballet, La Boutique fantastique
('The Fantastic Toy Shop') - based on music by Rossini
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Love for Three Oranges
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Le Bestiaire
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Symphonic Suite
'Protée'
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Le Boeuf sur le toit
('The Ox on the Roof')
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Song-cycle, The Diary of One Who Disappeared
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Orchestral suite, Masques et Bergamasques
| | M : | Edward Elgar : Cello Concerto,
Piano Quintet
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Ballet, The Miraculous Mandarin
| | PH : | Third International (Comintern) establishes Soviet control over international Communist movements | | PH : | Versailles Treaty, incorporating Woodrow Wilson's draft Covenant of League of Nations, signed by Allies and Germany; rejected by U.S. Senate GO ! | | PH : | Mahatma Gandhi initiates satyagraha (“truth force”) campaigns, beginning his nonviolent resistance movement against British rule in India | | ST : | Alcock and Brown make first trans-Atlantic nonstop flight | | VA : | Pierre-Auguste Renoir dies 3 December |
|
|
| | PH : | U.S. Dept. of Justice "red hunt" nets thousands of radicals; aliens deported | | ST : | First commercial radio broadcast aired | | LT : | Harlem Renaissance begins | | PH : | League of Nations established | | DL : | Women granted the right to vote in U.S. | | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Flame and Shadow | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Lancelot | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Sacred Wood | | M : | Franz Schreker : Opera, Der Schatzgräber
('The Treasure Digger')
| | M : | Erik Satie : Musique d'ameublement
('Furniture music')
| | M : | Erik Satie : Trois petites pièces montées
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Symphonies
of Wind Instruments
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Pulcinella
| | PH : | Treaty of Sèvres dissolves Ottoman Empire | | PH : | Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Costa Rica, Finland, Luxembourg are admitted to the League of Nations | | LT : | Howard Nemerov born 1 March | | M : | Max Christian Friedrich Bruch dies 20 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Irish Free State proclaimed | | VA : | John William Godward dies | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Avon's Harvest | | LT : | Marianne Moore: Poems published without her knowledge | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: Memoirs of a Midget | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Offrandes
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, King David
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.3, 'Pastoral'
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Façade
settings of poems by Edith Sitwell
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Concerto
No.3
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Suite for orchestra, Saudades do Brasil
('Memories of Brazil')
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Les Mariés de la Tour Eiffel
('The Newlyweds of the Eiffel Tower'), written with "Les Six"
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Opera, Katya Kabanová
| | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré : Song-cycle, L'Horizon chimerique
('The Elusive Horizon')
| | PH : | Reparations Commission fixes German liability at 132 billion gold marks;
German inflation begins | | PH : | Major treaties signed at Washington Disarmament Conference limit naval tonnage and pledge to respect territorial integrity of China | | PH : | Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania are admitted to the League of Nations | | LT : | Richard Wilbur born 1 March | | M : | Camille Saint-Saëns dies 16 December |
|
|
| | PH : | Kemal Atatürk founds modern Turkey | | ST : | King Tut's tomb found | | PH : | Mussolini marches on Rome | | LT : | The Reader's Digest first published | | VA : | Edmund Blair Leighton dies | | LT : | A E Housman: Last Poems | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Late Lyrics and Earlier | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Waste Land | | LT : | ee cummings: The Enormous Room | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Amériques
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Suite, 1922
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Skating Rink
| | M : | Manuel de Falla : Chamber opera, El Retablo de Maese Pedro
('Master Peter's Puppet Show')
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Opera, Belfagor
| | M : | Gustav Holst : A Fugal Overture
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Opera, The Perfect Fool
| | VA : | Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Morning | | VA : | Frederick Maxfield Parrish : Daybreak | | PH : | Hungary is admitted to the League of Nations | | M : | Lukas Foss born 15 August | | VA : | Lucien Freud born |
|
|
| | DL : | Talking movies invented | | LT : | Wallace Stevens: Harmonium | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: Come Hither and The Riddle, and Other Stories | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: The Famous Tragedy of the Queen of Cornwall | | LT : | Robert Frost: New Hampshire | | LT : | ee cummings: Tulips and Chimneys | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Octandre
| | M : | Edgard Varèse : Hyperprism
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Das Marienleben
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Pacific 231
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.6
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Ancient Airs and Dances
second series
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Ballet, La Création du monde
('The Creation of the World')
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Psalmus hungaricus
for voices and orchestra
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : String Quartet
No.1, 'The Kreutzer Sonata'
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Cunning Little Vixen
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Dance Suite
for orchestra
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Octet
for Wind Instruments
| | PH : | Adolf Hitler's "Beer Hall Putsch" in Munich fails | | PH : | Occupation of Ruhr by French and Belgian troops to enforce reparations payments | | DL : | Widespread Ku Klux Klan violence in U.S. | | DL : | Earthquake destroys third of Tokyo | | M : | George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue | | M : | Bessie Smith, known as "the Empress of the Blues", makes her first record | | LT : | William Butler Yeats wins Nobel Prize in Literature | | PH : | Ethiopia, Ireland are admitted to the League of Nations | | PH : | Dominican Republic is admitted to the League of Nations | | VA : | Roy Lichtenstein born |
|
|
| | DL : | First Olympic winter games | | LT : | Marianne Moore: Observations | | LT : | John Masefield: Sard Harker | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: The Happy Marriage | | LT : | Robert Graves: Poems: 1914-26 | | VA : | Frank Cadogan Cowper : The Damsel of the Lake,
Called Nimue the Enchantress | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Intégrales
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : String Trio
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphony
No.7
| | M : | Franz Schreker : Opera, Irrelohe
('Flames of Madness')
| | M : | Erik Satie : Ballet, Relâche
| | M : | Erik Satie : Ballet, Mercure
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, The Pines of Rome
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Tzigane
('Gypsy'), for violin plus orchestra or piano
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Ballet, Les Biches
('The Little Darlings')
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Wind sextet, Mládi
('Youth')
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Choral Symphony
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Opera, At the Boar's Head
| | M : | George Gershwin : Rhapsody in Blue
for piano and jazz band
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Symphony for Organ and Orchestra
(later arranged without organ)
| | PH : | Adolf Hitler is sentenced to five years in prison where he writes Mein Kampf; released after eight months
| | PH : | Death of Lenin; Stalin wins power struggle, rules as Soviet dictator until death in 1953 | | LT : | Robert Frost wins first of four Pulitzers | | PH : | Italian Fascists murder Socialist leader Giacomo Matteotti | | PH : | Teapot Dome scandal | | M : | Gabriel Urbain Fauré dies 4 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Hitler's Mein Kampf published
| | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Roman Bartholow and Dionysus in Doubt | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: Broomsticks and Other Tales | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: The Pot of Earth | | LT : | Thomas Hardy: Human Shows | | LT : | ee cummings: & and XLI Poems | | M : | Paul Hindemith : Concerto
for Orchestra
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Prelude and Fugue
| | M : | Sir George Dyson : Children's Suite After Walter De La Mare
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Overture, Portsmouth Point
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Opera, L'Enfant et les sortilèges
('The Child and the Magic Spells')
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, The Steel Step
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Opera, The Makropulos Affair
| | M : | George Gershwin : Concerto
in F, for piano and orchestra
| | VA : | Frederick Maxfield Parrish : The Knave | | PH : | Locarno conferences seek to secure European peace by mutual guarantees | | ST : | John Logie Baird, Scottish inventor, transmits human features by television | | ST : | John T. Scopes convicted and fined for teaching evolution in a public school in Tennessee "Monkey Trial"; sentence set aside | | VA : | Robert Rauschenberg born | | PH : | Costa Rica withdraws from the League of Nations | | M : | Pierre Boulez born 26 March | | VA : | John Singer Sargent dies | | M : | Erik Satie dies 1 July |
|
|
| | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Dark of the Moon | | LT : | John Masefield: Odtaa | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: Streets on the Moon | | VA : | Frank Cadogan Cowper : La Belle Dame Sans Merci | | M : | Paul Hindemith : Opera, Cardillac
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Opera, Judith
| | M : | Manuel de Falla : Concerto
for harpsichord and chamber ensemble
| | M : | Jean Sibelius : Symphonic Poem, Tapiola
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Piano Concerto
No.4
| | M : | Giacomo Puccini : Opera, Turandot
(the final scene completed by Franco Alfano after Puccini's death)
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Opera, Háry János
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Sinfonietta
for orchestra
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Glagolitic Mass
for soloists, choir and orchestra
| | M : | George Gershwin :
Three Piano Preludes
| | M : | George Gershwin : Musical, O, Kay!
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Piano Concerto
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Out of Doors
for piano
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto
No.1
| | DL : | General strike in Britain brings nation's activities to standstill | | PH : | U.S. marines dispatched to Nicaragua during revolt; they remain until 1933 | | PH : | Germany is admitted to the League of Nations, Brazil withdraws | | VA : | Mary Cassatt dies 14 June | | VA : | Claude Monet dies 5 December |
|
|
| | DL : | BBC founded | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Tristram | | VA : | Marc Chagall : Lovers with Flowers | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Arcana
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Opera, Antigone
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Three Botticelli Pictures
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : The Birds
suite for small orchestra (based on 17th and 18th century pieces about birds)
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, The Fiery Angel
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Marosszék
for piano (later orchestrated)
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Tone poem, Egdon Heath
| | M : | George Gershwin : Musical, Funny Face
| | M : | George Gershwin : Musical, Strike Up the Band
| | M : | Béla Bartók : String Quartet
No.3
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Opera-oratorio, Oedipus Rex
| | M : | Franz Schreker : Christophorus
| | PH : | German economy collapses - Socialists riot in Vienna; general strike follows acquittal of Nazis for political murder | | PH : | Trotsky expelled from Russian Communist Party | | ST : | Charles A. Lindbergh flies first successful solo nonstop flight from New York to Paris | | ST : | Philo T. Farnsworth demonstrates working television model | | ST : | Georges Lemaître proposes Big Bang Theory | | DL : | Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs in the season; record stands for next 34 years | | VA : | The Jazz Singer, with Al Jolson, first part-talking motion picture | | LT : | Galway Kinnell born 1 February | | VA : | Juan Gris dies |
|
|
| | LT : | First Oxford English Dictionary published | | ST : | Penicillin discovered | | LT : | W.B. Yeats: The Tower | | VA : | Sir Frank Bernard Dicksee dies | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: The Hamlet of A. MacLeish | | M : | Anton von Webern : Symphony
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Symphony
on a Hymn Tune
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, Four Saints in Three Acts
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Le banquet céleste
for organ
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Trois petites liturgies de la Presence Divine
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, Sir John in Love
(including 'Greensleeves')
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Nose
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg :
Variations for Orchestra
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Symphonic Poem, Roman Festivals
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Boléro
for orchestra
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Opera, Christopher Columbus
| | M : | Franz Lehár : Operetta, Das Land des Lächelns
('The Land of Smiles')
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : String Quartet
No.2, 'Intimate Letters'
| | M : | Leoš Janácek : Opera, From the House of the Dead
| | M : | Gustav Holst : A Moorside Suite
for brass band
| | M : | George Gershwin : Symphonic Poem, An American in Paris
| | M : | Béla Bartók : String Quartet
No.4
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Apollon musagète
| | M : | Franz Schreker : Der singende Teufel
| | PH : | Kellogg-Briand Pact, outlawing war, signed in Paris by 65 nations GO ! | | RP : | Anthropologist Margaret Mead publishes Coming of Age in Samoa | | LT : | Thomas Hardy dies 11 January | | VA : | Andy Warhol born | | M : | Leoš Janácek dies 12 August | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen born 22 August | | VA : | Helen Frankenthaler born in New York City |
|
|
| | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Cavender's House | | LT : | Robert Graves: Goodbye to All That | | M : | Ernst Toch : Bunte Suite
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Viola Concerto
| | PH : | Trotsky expelled from U.S.S.R. | | PH : | Lateran Treaty establishes independent Vatican City | | DL : | In U.S., stock market prices collapse, with U.S. securities losing $26 billion—first phase of Depression and world economic crisis | | ST : | Edwin Powell Hubble proposes theory of expanding universe | | M : | Andre Previn born 6 April |
|
|
| | ST : | Pluto discovered | | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night | | LT : | Sara Teasdale: Stars To-night | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: On the Edge | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: New Found Land | | LT : | Robert Frost: Selected Poems | | LT : | T S Eliot: Ash-Wednesday | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: Paid on Both Sides and Poems | | M : | Anton von Webern : Quartet
for
Violin, Clarinet, Tenor Saxaphone, Piano
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Diptyque
for organ
| | M : | Ernst Toch : Gesprochene Musik
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Ballet, Job, a Masque for Dancing
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Ballet, The Age of Gold
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Prelude and scherzo
for military band, Hammersmith
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Choral Fantasia
| | M : | George Gershwin : Musical, Girl Crazy
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Piano Variations
(later orchestrated)
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Symphony
of Psalms
| | PH : | Britain, U.S., Japan, France, and Italy sign naval disarmament treaty | | ST : | Cyclotron developed | | M : | Stephen Sondheim born 22 March |
|
|
| | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Matthias at the Door | | LT : | Robert Graves: Poems: 1926-1930 | | LT : | T S Eliot: Thoughts After Lambeth | | LT : | ee cummings: CIOPW and ViVa | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Ionisation
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Das Unaufhörliche
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cris du monde
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Opera, Amphion
| | M : | Sir George Dyson : The Canterbury Pilgrims
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Cantata, Belshazzar's Feast
| | M : | Maurice Ravel : Piano Concerto
in G
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Hammersmith
for orchestra
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Overture, The School for Scandal
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Dover Beach
for solo baritone and string quartet
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Norma
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky :
Violin Concerto
| | PH : | Spain becomes a republic with overthrow of King Alfonso XIII | | PH : | German industrialists finance 800,000-strong Nazi party | | PH : | Mukden Incident begins Japanese occupation of Manchuria | | ST : | Harold C. Urey discovers heavy hydrogen | | DL : | The Star Spangled Banner officially becomes U.S. national anthem | | DL : | Notorious Scottsboro trial begins, exposing depth of Southern racism in U.S. | | PH : | Mexico is admitted to the League of Nations |
|
|
| | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Nicodemus | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador | | M : | Ernst Bacon : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Opera, Arabella
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Opera, The Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District
(later revised as Katerina Izmaylova)
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Opera, Moses and Aaron
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Concerto
in D-minor, for two pianos and orchestra
| | M : | George Gershwin : Musical, Of Thee I Sing
| | M : | George Gershwin : Cuban Overture
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Sinfonietta
| | M : | Franz Schreker : Der Schmied von Gent
| | PH : | Nazis lead in German elections with 230 Reichstag seats | | DL : | Famine in U.S.S.R. | | DL : | In U.S., Congress sets up Reconstruction Finance Corporation to stimulate economy. | | DL : | Veterans march on Washington—most leave after Senate rejects payment of cash bonuses; others removed by troops under Douglas MacArthur | | PH : | Iraq, Turkey are admitted to the League of Nations | | M : | John Phillip Sousa dies 6 March |
|
|
| | PH : | Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany | | LT : | W.B. Yeats: The Winding Stair and Other Poems | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Talifer | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: Conquistador | | LT : | A E Housman: The Name and Nature of Poetry | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism | | LT : | ee cummings: Eimi | | VA : | Marc Chagall : Solitude | | M : | Paul Hindemith : String Trio
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : L'Ascension
(for orchestra, later for organ)
| | M : | Sir George Dyson : St Paul's Voyage to Melita
| | M : | Ottorino Respighi : Opera, La Fiamma
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Lieutenant Kijé
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Dances of Galánta
for orchestra
| | M : | Gustav Holst : Brook Green Suite
for strings
| | M : | Vincenzo Bellini : Opera, Beatrice di Tenda
| | PH : | Reichstag fire in Berlin; Nazi terror begins | | PH : | Germany and Japan withdraw from League of Nations | | PH : | Roosevelt inaugurated; launches New Deal GO ! | | DL : | In U.S. Prohibition repealed | | PH : | U.S.S.R. recognised by U.S. | | PH : | Germany, Japan withdraw from the League of Nations | | LT : | Sara Teasdale dies 29 January | | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki born 6 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Marc Chagall : Bouquet with Flying Lovers | | PH : | Mao Zedong begins the Long March | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson: Amaranth | | LT : | Robert Graves: I, Claudius and Claudius the God | | LT : | T S Eliot: After Strange Gods | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Ecuatorial
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Symphony, Mathis der Maler
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Ballet, Sémiramis
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.4
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini
(including '18th Variation'), for piano and orchestra
| | M : | Pietro Mascagni : Opera, Nerone
('Nero')
| | M : | Franz Lehár : Opera, Giuditta
| | M : | Béla Bartók : String Quartet
No.5
| | PH : | Hitler becomes führer. | | PH : | U.S.S.R. admitted to League of Nations | | PH : | Afghanistan, Ecuador, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics are admitted to the League of Nations | | M : | Edward Elgar dies 23 February | | M : | Franz Schreker dies 21 March | | M : | Gustav Holst dies 25 May | | M : | Frederick Delius dies 10 June | | M : | Harrison Birtwistle born 15 July |
|
|
| | PH : | Germany issues the anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws | | VA : | Jessie Willcox Smith dies | | LT : | Wallace Stevens: Ideas of Order | | LT : | T S Eliot: Murder in the Cathedral | | LT : | ee cummings: No Thanks and Tom | | M : | Paul Hindemith : Viola concerto, Der Schwanendreher
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Opera, Mathis der Maler
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : La nativite de Seigneur
for organ
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Film music, Mayerling
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Jeanne d’Arc au bûcher
('Joan of Arc at the Stake')
| | M : | Sir George Dyson : Nebuchadnezzar
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Concerto
No.2
| | M : | George Gershwin : Opera, Porgy and Bess
| | PH : | Nazis repudiate Versailles Treaty, introduce compulsory military service | | DL : | Roosevelt opens second phase of New Deal in U.S., calling for social security, better housing, equitable taxation, and farm assistance | | PH : | Mussolini invades Ethiopia; League of Nations invokes sanctions | | PH : | Paraguay withdraws from the League of Nations of Nations | | LT : | Edwin A Robinson dies 6 April | | VA : | Malevich dies | | VA : | Paul Signac dies | | M : | Alban Berg dies 24 December |
|
|
| | PH : | Spanish Civil War begins | | PH : | King George V dies; succeeded by son, Edward VIII, who soon abdicates to marry an American-born divorcée, and is succeeded by brother, George VI | | M : | Steve Reich dies | | LT : | Marianne Moore: The Pangolin and other verse | | LT : | Robert Frost: A Further Range | | LT : | ee cummings: 1/20 | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: Look Stranger! | | M : | Edgard Varèse : Density 21.5
for flute solo
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Twilight
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Songs of Eternity
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, The Plow that Broke the Plains
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Song-cycles, Poèmes pour Mi
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Tarantella
for Male Chorus and Orchestra
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphony
No.3
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Peter and the Wolf
for narrator and orchestra
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, Romeo and Juliet
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Suite provençale
| | M : | Mikhail Glinka : Opera, Zhizn'za tsarya
('A Life for the Tzar')
| | M : | George Gershwin : Film music, Shall We Dance
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Samuel Barber : String Quartet
| | M : | Aaron Copland : El Salón México
for orchestra
| | M : | Béla Bartók :
Music for Strings, Percussion and Celesta
| | PH : | Germans occupy Rhineland, Italy annexes Ethiopia, Rome-Berlin Axis proclaimed (Japan will join in 1940) | | PH : | War between China and Japan begins, to continue through World War II | | PH : | Japan and Germany sign anti-Comintern pact; joined by Italy in 1937 | | PH : | Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua withdraw from the League of Nations | | M : | Ottorino Respighi dies 18 April | | LT : | A E Housman dies 30 April |
|
|
| | PH : | Japan invades China | | LT : | Wallace Stevens: The Man With the Blue Guitar | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: On This Island | | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, The River
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Ballet, Filling Station
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : O sacrum convivum!
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Coronation march, Crown Imperial
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Mass in G-Major
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Song-cycle, Tel jour, telle nuit
| | M : | Carl Orff : Cantata, Carmina Burana
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Suite for 2 pianos, Scaramouche
| | M : | George Gershwin : Film music, A Damsel in Distress
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Sonata
for 2 pianos and percussion (later orchestrated)
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Variations on a Theme of Frank Bridge
| | VA : | Picasso's Guernica mural | | PH : | Hitler repudiates war guilt clause of Versailles Treaty; continues to build German power | | PH : | Egypt is admitted to the League of Nations,El Salvador and Italy withdraw | | VA : | David Hockney born | | M : | George Gershwin dies 11 July | | M : | Maurice Ravel dies 28 December |
|
|
| | VA : | Marc Chagall : The Three Candles | | VA : | Marc Chagall : Madonna of the Village | | LT : | Broadcast of "The War of the Worlds" causes panic | | LT : | Robert Graves: Collected Poems | | LT : | Robert Graves: Count Belisarius | | M : | Paul Hindemith : Ballet, Nobilissima visione
| | M : | Arthur Honegger : Oratorio, Cantique des cantiques
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Cantata, Alexander Nevsky
(based on the film score)
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Concerto
for organ, strings, and timpani
| | M : | Carl Orff : Opera, Der Mond
('The Moon')
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Adagio for Strings
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Ballet, Billy the Kid
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Violin Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Concerto
'Dumbarton Oaks'
| | PH : | Hitler marches into Austria; political and geographical union of Germany and Austria proclaimed | | PH : | Munich Pact—Britain, France, and Italy agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia | | DL : | In U.S. the Fair Labor Standards Act establishes minimum wage | | PH : | Chile, Venezuela withdraw from the League of Nations |
|
|
| | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: America Was Promises | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Family Reunion and The Idea of a Christian Society | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: Journey to a War | | M : | Paul Hindemith : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Les corps glorieux
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Ballet, Pocahontas
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Serenade to Music
for voices and orchestra
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto de Aranjuez
for guitar and orchestra
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Variations on a Hungarian Folksong
('The Peacock'), for orchestra
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Film Score, Of Mice and Men
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Quiet City, for orchestra
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Mikrokosmos
for piano
| | M : | Béla Bartók : String Quartet
No.6
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Song cycle, Les Illuminations
| | M : | Benjamin Britten :
Violin concerto
| | PH : | Russo-Finnish War begins | | DL : | New York World's Fair opens | | DL : | Gone with the Wind premieres | | PH : | In U.S., Roosevelt submits $1,319-million defence budget, proclaims U.S. neutrality, and declares limited emergency | | ST : | Einstein writes FDR about feasibility of atomic bomb | | PH : | Hungary, Peru, Spain withdraw from the League of Nations, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is expelled from the League | | PH : | Germany invades Poland; occupies Bohemia and Moravia; renounces pact with England and concludes 10-year non-aggression pact with U.S.S.R | | LT : | William Butler Yeats dies 18 January | | PH : | World War II begins | | VA : | Arthur Rackham dies |
|
|
| | PH : | Rumania withdraws from the League of Nations | | VA : | Stone Age cave paintings found in France | | LT : | John Masefield: Basilissa | | LT : | T S Eliot: Notes Towards the Definition of Culture | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: Another Time | | M : | John Cage : Bacchanale
for prepared piano
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Cello Concerto
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Ballet, The Four Temperaments
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Symphony
No.2 (Americana)
| | M : | Anton von Webern :
Variations for Orchestra
| | M : | Anton von Webern : Cantatas
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | Arthur Honegger :
Solo Violin Sonata
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Overture, Scapino
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Piano Quintet
| | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov : Symphonic Dances
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata
No.6
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Ballet, Moïse
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Concerto
for orchestra
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Film Score, Our Town
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Sinfonia da Requiem
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Symphony
in C
| | PH : | Russo-Finnish War ends; Finns lose one-tenth of territory in peace treaty | | PH : | Hitler invades Norway, Denmark (April 9), the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg (May 10), and France (May 12) | | PH : | Churchill becomes Britain's prime minister | | PH : | Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania annexed by U.S.S.R. | | DL : | The first official network television broadcast is put out by NBC | | PH : | June - Canadian National Resources Mobilisation Act | | VA : | Paul Klee dies |
|
|
| | LT : | Theodore Roethke: Open House | | LT : | Marianne Moore: What Are Years? | | LT : | John Masefield: In the Mill | | LT : | Robert Graves: The Long Weekend | | LT : | ee cummings: Fifty Poems | | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Quatour pour la fin du temps
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Paganini Variations
for two pianos
| | M : | Sir George Dyson : Concerto
for Violin and Orchestra in E flat
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.7, 'Leningrad'
| | PH : | Germany attacks the Balkans and Russia | | ST : | Manhattan Project (atomic bomb research) begins | | PH : | Roosevelt enunciates "four freedoms" GO ! |
|
|
| | DL : | T-shirt introduced | | LT : | Wallace Stevens: Notes Towards a Supreme Fiction | | LT : | Robert Frost: A Witness Tree | | M : | John Cage : Credo in Us
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Ludus tonalis
| | M : | Lukas Foss : Oratorio, The Prairie
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Film Score, The First of the Few
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Horn Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Ode to Napoleon,
for speaker and chamber ensemble
| | M : | Arnold Schoenberg : Piano Concerto
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata
No.7
| | M : | Carl Orff : Opera, Die Kluge
('The Clever Woman')
| | M : | Aaron Copland : A Lincoln Portrait
for speaker and orchestra
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Ballet, Rodeo
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Symphony
No.1, 'Jeremiah'
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : A Ceremony of Carols
| | PH : | Declaration of United Nations signed in Washington on 1 January GO ! | | PH : | Nazi leaders attend Wannsee Conference to coordinate the "final solution to the Jewish question", the systematic genocide of Jews known as the Holocaust | | ST : | Enrico Fermi achieves nuclear chain reaction | | DL : | More than 120,000 Japanese and persons of Japanese ancestry living in western U.S. moved to "relocation centers", some for the duration of the war | | PH : | Haiti withdraws from the League of Nations |
|
|
| | LT : | Robert Graves: Wife to Mr Milton | | LT : | T S Eliot: Four Quartets | | M : | John Cage : Tosses as it Is Untroubled
for prepared piano
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Symphonic Metamorphoses on Themes of Carl Maria von Weber
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto heroíco
for piano and orchestra
| | M : | Carl Orff : Cantata, Catulli Carmina
('Songs of Catullus')
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Ballet, Fancy Free
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Concerto
for Orchestra
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Serenade for Tenor, Horn and Strings
| | PH : | Mussolini deposed | | PH : | U.S. President freezes prices, salaries, and wages to prevent inflation | | DL : | Income tax withholding introduced in U.S. | | PH : | 14-24 January - Casablanca Conference: Churchill and Roosevelt meet, Stalin declines | | M : | Sergei Rachmaninov dies 28 March |
|
|
| | LT : | Marianne Moore: Nevertheless | | LT : | ee cummings: 1 x 1 | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: For the Time Being and The Sea and the Mirror | | M : | John Cage : A Book of Music
for two prepared pianos
| | M : | John Cage : Perilous Night
for prepared piano
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : The Harmony of Morning
for Female Chorus and Small Orchestra
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Film Score, Henry V
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Violin Sonata
No.2
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Ballet, Cinderella
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Piano Sonata
No.8
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony
No.5
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Ballet, Appalachian Spring
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Musical, On The Town
| | PH : | Bretton Woods Conference creates International Monetary Fund and World Bank | | PH : | Dumbarton Oaks Conference—U.S., British Commonwealth, and U.S.S.R. propose establishment of United Nations | | VA : | Edvard Munch dies 23 January | | VA : | Wassily Kandinsky dies |
|
|
| | ST : | First electronic computer (ENIAC) built | | LT : | Robert Frost: A Masque of Reason | | M : | John Cage : Three Dances
for two prepared pianos
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Douze Notations
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Piano Concerto
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Metamorphosen,
for strings
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.9
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Film Score, Ivan the Terrible
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : L'histoire de Babar
for narrator and piano
| | M : | Carl Orff : Die Bernauerin
('Bernauer's Wife'), for voices and orchestra
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Suite française
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Cello Concerto
| | M : | Béla Bartók : Piano Concerto
No.3
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, Peter Grimes
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ebony Concerto
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Symphony
in Three Movements
| | M : | Tomaso Albinoni :
Adagio in G minor (arranged by Remo Giazotto)
| | PH : | FDR dies on 12 April; Harry Truman becomes president GO ! | | PH : | Hitler commits suicide 30 April | | PH : | Germany surrenders 7 May; V-E Day declared 8 May | | PH : | U.S. drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima (6 Aug. ) and Nagasaki (9 Aug.) | | M : | Pietro Mascagni dies 24 August | | PH : | Japan signs official surrender on 2 September : V-J Day GO ! | | M : | Anton von Webern dies 15 September | | M : | Béla Bartók dies 26 September | | VA : | Newell Convers Wyeth dies | | PH : | United Nations founded 24 October GO ! |
|
|
| | PH : | Juan Perón becomes President of Argentina | | LT : | Robert Graves: King Jesus | | M : | Pierre Boulez : Sonatina
for flute and piano
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Sonata
No.1
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Piano Quintet
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Cello Sonata
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, The Mother of Us All
| | M : | Manuel de Falla : Cantata, Atlántida
('Atlantis') unfinished, later completed by Ernesto Halffter
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Oboe Concerto
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Ballet, Medea
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Symphony
No.3 (including Fanfare for the Common Man')
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra
| | DL : | Benjamin Spock's childcare classic published | | PH : | League of Nations dissolved in April | | PH : | First meeting of UN General Assembly opens in London in January | | PH : | Italy abolishes monarchy in June | | PH : | Verdict in Nuremberg war trial: 12 Nazi leaders (including 1 tried in absentia) sentenced to hang; 7 imprisoned; 3 acquitted | | PH : | Afghanistan, Iceland, Sweden, Thailand admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Manuel de Falla dies 14 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Richard Wilbur: The Beautiful Changes and Other Poems | | LT : | Howard Nemerov: The Image and the Law | | LT : | Robert Frost: A Masque of Mercy and Bush | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: The Age of Anxiety | | M : | John Cage : Seasons
for piano or orchestra
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Clarinet Concerto
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Ballet, The Minotaur
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt :
Three Compositions for piano
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.6
| | M : | William Turner Walton : String Quartet
in A-minor
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Film Score, Hamlet
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Opera, War and Peace
(final version)
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony
No.6
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Concerto
for marimba and vibraphone
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Knoxville: Summer of 1915
for soprano and orchestra
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, Albert Herring
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Cantata, Saint Nicholas
| | PH : | Pakistan and Yemen admitted to the United Nations | | PH : | Peace treaties for Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Finland signed in Paris | | PH : | Soviet Union rejects U.S. plan for UN atomic-energy control | | PH : | Truman proposes Truman Doctrine, which was to aid Greece and Turkey in resisting communist expansion GO ! | | PH : | Marshall Plan for European recovery proposed—a coordinated program to help European nations recover from ravages of war GO ! | | ST : | U.S. Air Force pilot Chuck Yeager becomes first person to break the sound barrier | | PH : | India and Pakistan gain independence from Britain | | LT : | Anne Frank's The Diary of a Young Girl published |
|
|
| | DL : | Policy of Apartheid begun | | PH : | State of Israel founded | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: The Lost Son and Other Poems | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: Actfive and Other Poems | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Cocktail Party | | M : | John Cage : Sonatas and Interludes
for prepared piano
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Le soleil des eaux
(includes voices)
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Sonata
No.2
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Acadian Airs and Dances
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Film score, Louisiana Story
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Turangalila-Symphonie
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt :
Composition for 4 Instruments
| | M : | Richard Strauss : Four Last Songs
for soprano and orchestra
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Violin Concerto
No.1
| | PH : | Gandhi assassinated in New Delhi by Hindu fanatic | | PH : | Burma (4 Jan.) and Ceylon (4 Feb.) granted independence by Britain | | PH : | Communists seize power in Czechoslovakia | | PH : | Organization of American States (OAS) Charter signed at Bogotá, Colombia | | PH : | Independent Republic of Korea is proclaimed, following election supervised by UN | | PH : | United States of Indonesia established as Dutch and Indonesians settle conflict | | DL : | Truman ends racial segregation in military | | M : | Franz Lehár dies 24 October |
|
|
| | PH : | Communist People's Republic of China formally proclaimed by Chairman Mao Zedong
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: The Melodramatists | | LT : | Robert Graves: Seven Days in New Crete | | M : | Paul Hindemith : Horn Concerto
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto en modo galante
('Concerto in the Galant Style'), for cello and orchestra
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Piano Concerto
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Piano Sonata
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Film Score, The Heiress
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Symphony
No.2, 'The Age of Anxiety'
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Spring Symphony
| | PH : | Israel admitted to the United Nations | | DL : | South Africa institutionalizes apartheid | | PH : | Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) established 23 May,
German Democratic Republic (East Germany) established under Soviet rule 7 Oct. | | PH : | Start of North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)—treaty signed by 12 nations GO ! | | M : | Richard Strauss dies 8 September |
|
|
| | DL : | First modern credit card introduced | | ST : | First organ transplant | | PH : | Korean War begins GO ! | | ST : | U.S. President Truman orders construction of hydrogen bomb | | LT : | Richard Wilbur: Ceremony and Other Poems | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Cocktail Party | | LT : | ee cummings: Xaipe | | M : | John Cage : String Quartet
in Four Parts
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Cello Concerto
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Messe de la Pentecote
| | PH : | Indonesia admitted to the United Nations | | PH : | McCarthyism begins in U.S. | | PH : | Truman orders development of hydrogen bomb |
|
|
| | DL : | Colour television introduced | | PH : | Truman signs peace treaty with Japan, officially ending WWII | | LT : | Wallace Stevens: The Necessary Angel | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: Praise to the End! | | LT : | Marianne Moore: Collected Poems | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: Writes libretto for Stravinsky's Rake's Progress | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kreuzspiel
| | M : | John Cage : Concerto
for Prepared Piano and Chamber Orchestra
| | M : | John Cage : Music of Changes
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Symphony
for Concert Band
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : String Quintet
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : 5 Songs from William Blake
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Livre d'orgue
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Little Suite
for orchestra
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Opera, The Pilgrim's Progress
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Opera, Trouble in Tahiti
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, Billy Budd
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Opera, The Rake's Progress
| | ST : | European Coal and Steel Community formed | | PH : | Libya gains independence | | M : | Arnold Schoenberg dies 13 July |
|
|
| | ST : | Polio Vaccine Created | | PH : | George VI dies; his daughter Princess Elizabeth becomes queen at age 25 | | LT : | John Masefield: So Long to Learn | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: The Trojan Horse | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Spiel
(revised, 1973)
| | M : | John Cage : 4'33"
| | M : | John Cage : Music for Carillon
No.1
| | M : | John Cage : Williams Mix
| | M : | John Cage : Piano Solo, Waiting (1952)
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Structures for 2 pianos
Book I
| | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams : Symphony
No.7 'Sinfonnia antartica' (based on film score, Scott of the Antarctic)
| | M : | Sergei Prokofiev : Symphony
No.7
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Ten Old American Songs
| | ST : | AEC announces "satisfactory" experiments in hydrogen-weapons research; eyewitnesses tell of blasts near Enewetak |
|
|
| | ST : | DNA discovered | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: The Waking, Poems | | LT : | Robert Graves: The Nazarene Gospel Restored | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kontra-Punkte
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Coronation march, Orb and Sceptre
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.10
| | M : | Carl Orff : Trionfo di Afrodite
for voices and orchestra
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Ouverture méditerranéenne
| | PH : | Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower inaugurated president of United States GO ! | | PH : | Stalin dies 5 March: Malenkov becomes Soviet premier; Beria, minister of interior; Molotov, foreign minister | | PH : | East Berliners rise against Communist rule; quelled by tanks | | PH : | Dag Hammarskjöld begins term as UN secretary-general | | PH : | Egypt becomes republic ruled by military junta | | PH : | Korean armistice signed 27 July GO ! | | PH : | Tito becomes president of Yugoslavia | | M : | Sergei Prokofiev dies 5 March | | VA : | Raoul Dufy dies |
|
|
| | ST : | First atomic submarine launched | | LT : | Wallace Stevens: Collected Poems | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Confidential Clerk | | M : | Pierre Boulez : Le marteau sans maitre
with voice
| | M : | Edgard Varèse : Déserts
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Opera, Lord Byron
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Dance Preludes
for clarinet and piano
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Concerto
for orchestra
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : String Quartets
No.1 and No.2
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Opera, Troilus and Cressida
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Fantasía para un gentilhombre
('Fantasia for a Gentleman'), for guitar and orchestra
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto serenata
for harp and orchestra
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Opera, The Tender Land
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Film music, On the Waterfront
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, The Turn of the Screw
| | PH : | Soviet Union grants sovereignty to East Germany | | PH : | Dien Bien Phu, French military outpost in Vietnam, falls to Vietminh army | | DL : | U.S. Supreme Court (in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka) unanimously bans racial segregation in public schools GO ! | | PH : | Eisenhower launches world atomic pool without Soviet Union | | PH : | Eight-nation Southeast Asia defence treaty (SEATO) signed at Manila GO ! | | DL : | Dr. Jonas Salk starts inoculating children against polio | | PH : | Algerian War of Independence against France begins | | M : | Charles Ives dies 19 May | | VA : | Henri Matisse dies |
|
|
| | DL : | Disneyland opens | | PH : | Warsaw Pact signed | | DL : | McDonald's corporation founded | | LT : | Walter de la Mare: A Beginning, and Other Stories | | LT : | Robert Graves: The Greek Myths | | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Oiseaux exotiques
for piano, wind and percussion
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Film Score, Richard III
| | PH : | Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Finland, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Jordan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Nepal, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sri Lanka admitted to the United Nations | | PH : | Nikolai A. Bulganin becomes Soviet premier, replacing Malenkov | | PH : | Churchill resigns; Anthony Eden succeeds him | | PH : | West Germany becomes a sovereign state | | PH : | Western European Union (WEU) comes into being | | PH : | Argentina ousts Perón | | DL : | Rosa Parks refuses to sit at the back of the bus :
Martin Luther King, Jr., leads black boycott of Montgomery, Ala., bus system (1 Dec.); desegregated service begins 21 Dec. 1956 | | LT : | Wallace Stevens dies 2 August | | M : | Arthur Honegger dies 27 November |
|
|
| | PH : | Grace Kelly marries Prince Rainier III of Monaco | | PH : | Workers' uprising against Communist rule in Poznan, Poland, is crushed in June; rebellion inspires Hungarian students to stage a protest against Communism in Budapest in Oct. Hungarian rebellion forces Soviet troops to withdraw from Budapest in Oct. | | DL : | T.V. remote control invented | | LT : | Richard Wilbur: Things of This World | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Gesang der Junglinge
(electronic work)
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Zeitmasse
| | M : | John Cage : Music for Piano
(nos 1-84)
| | M : | Edgard Varèse : Good Friday Procession in Verges
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter :
Variations for Orchestra
| | M : | Ernst Toch : Third Symphony
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Cello Concerto
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Flute Sonata
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Opera, Dialogues des carmélites
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Opera, Candide
| | PH : | Japan, Morocco, Sudan, and Tunisia admitted to the United Nations | | PH : | Egypt takes control of Suez Canal in July, Israel launches attack on Egypt's Sinai
peninsula and drives toward Suez Canal in Oct., British and French invade Port Said
on the Suez Canal on 5 Nov., Cease-fire forced by U.S. pressure stops British, French, and Israeli advance 6 Nov. | | PH : | Imre Nagy announces Hungary's withdrawal from Warsaw Pact; Soviet troops enter and reclaim Budapest in Nov. | | PH : | Morocco gains independence | | LT : | Walter de la Mare dies 22 June |
|
|
| | PH : | European Economic Community established | | ST : | Soviet satellite Sputnik launches "Space Age" | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: The Exorcism | | LT : | Howard Nemerov: Homecoming Game | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Gruppen
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Sonata
No.3
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Refrains and Choruses
for wind quintet
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Opera, Die Harmonie der Welt
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Elegy
| | M : | Ernst Bacon :
Great River Symphony
| | M : | Ernst Bacon : Concerto Grosso
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : All Set
for jazz ensemble
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Partita
for orchestra
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Piano Concerto
No.2
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.11, 'The Year 1905'
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Opera, Vanessa
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Musical, West Side Story
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, Noye's Fludde
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Ballet, Agon
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Lyrics, West Side Story
| | PH : | Eisenhower Doctrine calls for aid to Mideast countries which resist armed aggression from Communist-controlled nations | | DL : | Little Rock, Arkansas, school integration crisis | | PH : | Ghana and Malaysia admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Jean Sibelius dies 20 September |
|
|
| | ST : | NASA founded | | VA : | Frank Cadogan Cowper dies | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: Words for the Wind | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: J.B. | | LT : | T S Eliot: The Elder Statesman | | LT : | ee cummings: 95 Poems | | M : | John Cage : Aria
for solo voice
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Figure-Double-Prisme
| | M : | Edgard Varèse : Poème électronique
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Catalogue d'oiseaux
for piano
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Funeral Music
for strings
| | PH : | Egypt and Syria merge into United Arab Republic | | PH : | Khrushchev becomes premier of Soviet Union as Bulganin resigns | | PH : | Eisenhower orders U.S. Marines into Lebanon at request of President Chamoun, who fears overthrow | | PH : | New French constitution adopted 28 Sept., de Gaulle elected president of 5th Republic | | PH : | Guinea admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Ralph Vaughan Williams dies 26 August |
|
|
| | PH : | Cuban President Batista resigns and flees — Castro becomes dictator of Cuba | | LT : | The Sound of Music opens on Broadway | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Zyklys
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Refrain
| | M : | John Cage : Fontana Mix
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Monody for Corpus Christi
for soprano, flute, horn and violin
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Song cycle, Mostly About Love
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Symphony
No.1
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Cello Concerto
No.1
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Gloria
for soprano, choir, and orchestra
| | M : | Carl Orff : Opera, Oedipus der Tyrann
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Ballet, Dance Panels
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Lyrics, Gypsy
| | PH : | Alaska and Hawaii become states | | ST : | Leakeys discover hominid fossils | | ST : | St. Lawrence Seaway opens, allowing ocean ships to reach Midwest |
|
|
| | ST : | Lasers invented | | LT : | Howard Nemerov: A Commodity of Dreams | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kontakte
(electronic work)
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Carré
| | M : | John Cage : Theater Piece :, from guidelines 8 performers create their own actions and sounds
| | M : | John Cage : Cartridge Music
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Precis
a piano solo
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Three Sonatas
for Nine Instruments
| | M : | Lukas Foss : Time Cycle
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Missa pro defunctis
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Scontri
('Collisions'), for orchestra
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Symphony
No.2
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : String Quartet
No.8
| | M : | Carl Orff : Christmas play, Ludus de Nato Infante Mirificus
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, A Midsummer Night's Dream
| | PH : | American U-2 spy plane, piloted by Francis Gary Powers, shot down over Russia ; Khrushchev kills Paris summit conference as a result | | PH : | Communist China and Soviet Union split in conflict over Communist ideology | | PH : | Senegal, Ghana, Nigeria, Madagascar, and Zaire (Belgian Congo) gain independence | | PH : | Cuba begins confiscation of $770 million of U.S. property | | PH : | Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Somalia and Togo admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | PH : | Berlin Wall built | | ST : | Soviets launch first man in space | | LT : | Richard Wilbur: Advice to a Prophet and Other Poems | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: I Am! Says the Lamb | | M : | Pierre Boulez : Structures for 2 pianos
Book II
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : The World Discovered
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Double Concerto
for Harpsichord and Piano with 2 Chamber Orchestra
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Venetian Games
for chamber orchestra
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Composition
for synthesizer
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Vision and Prayer
| | M : | Darius Milhaud : Symphony
No.12, 'Rurale'
| | M : | Zoltán Kodály : Symphony
in C-Major
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : War Requiem
| | PH : | Robert Frost recites The Gift Outright at John F. Kennedy's inauguration as president of U.S. | | PH : | U.S. breaks diplomatic relations with Cuba 3 Jan.; Cuba invaded at Bay of Pigs by an estimated 1,200 anti-Castro exiles aided by U.S.; invasion crushed 17 April | | PH : | Mauritania, Mongolia, Sierra Leone and United Republic of Tanzania admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | VA : | Marc Chagall : Dance | | VA : | Andy Warhol exhibits his Campbell's Soup Can | | PH : | Cuban Missile Crisis | | LT : | Robert Frost: In the Clearing | | LT : | ee cummings: Adventures in Value | | M : | John Cage : 4'33" No.2 or 0'0" :
solo to be performed in any way by anyone
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Pli selon pli
(includes soprano)
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Entr'acts
for flute, viola and harp
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Organ Concerto
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Genesis I, Elementi
('The Elements') for string trio
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Genesis II, Canti strumentali
('Instrumental Songs') for orchestra
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.13, 'Babi-Yar'
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Clarinet Sonata
| | M : | Francis Poulenc : Oboe Sonata
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Piano Concerto
| | M : | Aaron Copland : Connotations
for orchestra
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum
| | PH : | France agrees to Algeria's independence | | PH : | Burundi, Jamaica, Western Samoa, Uganda, and Trinidad and Tobago become independent | | RP : | Pope John XXIII opens Second Vatican Council — Council holds four sessions, finally closing 8 Dec., 1965 | | ST : | Rachel Carson's Silent Spring | | ST : | Lt. Col. John H. Glenn, Jr., is first American to orbit Earth—three times in 4 hr 55 min | | PH : | Algeria, Burundi, Jamaica, Rwanda, Trinidad and Tobago and Uganda admitted to the United Nations | | LT : | ee cummings dies 3 September |
|
|
| | LT : | Theodore Roethke: Party at the Zoo and Sequence, Sometimes Metaphysical published (posth.) | | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Music for Sleep
(a child-performed lullabye)
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Narration: a description of the passing of the year"
for acapella chorus
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Chorales
for Orchestra
| | M : | Paul Hindemith : Mass
| | M : | Lukas Foss : Echoi
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Couleurs de la cité céleste
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Three Poems of Henri Michaux
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Philomel
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Symphony
No.3, 'Kaddish'
| | M : | Benjamin Britten :
Cello Symphony
| | ST : | Artificial heart implanted in human for first time; patient lives for four days | | RP : | Pope John XXIII dies; succeeded by Cardinal Montini, who becomes Paul VI | | PH : | U.K.'s Profumo scandal | | PH : | Civil rights rally held by 200,000 blacks and whites in Washington, D.C.; Martin Luther King delivers "I have a dream" speech | | PH : | Washington-to-Moscow "hot line" communications link opens, designed to reduce risk of accidental war | | PH : | President Kennedy shot and killed by sniper in Dallas, Tex. Lyndon B. Johnson becomes president same day | | PH : | Kenya achieves independence | | PH : | Kenya and Kuwait admitted to the United Nations | | LT : | Robert Frost dies 29 January | | M : | Francis Poulenc dies 30 January | | LT : | Theodore Roethke dies 1 August | | VA : | Georges Braque dies | | M : | Paul Hindemith dies 28 December |
|
|
| | PH : | Civil Rights Act passes in U.S. | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: The Far Field published (posth.) | | LT : | Howard Nemerov: The Next Room of the Dream | | LT : | Robert Graves: The Hebrew Myths | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Mixtur
(electronic work)
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Momente
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Ring a Dumb Carillon
for soprano,clarinet and percussion
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Entr'acts and Sappho Fragments
for soprano,flute,oboe,violin,viola,harp and percussion
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Three Movements
for Fanfares, for chamber orchestra
| | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson : Feast of Love
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Et exspecto resurrectionem mortuorum
for wind and percussion
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Ensemble
for synthesizer
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Church Parable, Curlew River
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Anyone Can Whistle
| | DL : | The Beatles appear on The Ed Sullivan Show | | PH : | Congress approves Gulf of Tonkin resolution | | DL : | Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., and more than 2,600 other blacks arrested in Selma, Ala., during three-day demonstrations against voter-registration rules | | PH : | Malawi, Malta and Zambia admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Sir George Dyson dies 28 September | | M : | Ernst Toch dies 1 October |
|
|
| | PH : | U.S. sends troops to Vietnam | | LT : | Theodore Roethke: On the Poet and His Craft published (posth.) | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden: About the House | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Mikrophonie
I-II (electronic works)
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Éclats
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Tragoedia
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Concerto
for Piano
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Paroles tissees
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Chichester Psalms
| | PH : | U.S. Marines land in Dominican Republic as fighting persists between rebels and Dominican army | | DL : | Medicare, senior citizens' government medical assistance program, begins | | PH : | Gambia, Maldives and Singapore admitted to the United Nations | | LT : | T S Eliot dies 4 January | | M : | Edgard Varèse dies 8 November |
|
|
| | LT : | Theodore Roethke: The Collected Poems of Theodore Roethke published (posth.) | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Telemusik
(electronic work)
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Adieu
| | M : | Steve Reich : Melodica
for tape
| | M : | Steve Reich : Come Out
for tape
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : The Visions of Francesco Petrarca
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Post-Partitions
for Piano
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : String Quartet
No.11
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Opera, Antony and Cleopatra
| | M : | Igor Stravinsky : Requiem Canticles
for voices and orchestra
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Opera, Punch and Judy
| | PH : | Barbados, Botswana, Guyana and Lesotho admitted to the United Nations | | VA : | Frederick Maxfield Parrish dies 10 March |
|
|
| | LT : | Archibald MacLeish: Herakles | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Prozession
(electronic work)
| | M : | Steve Reich : Violin Phase
for 4 violins or violin and tape
| | M : | Steve Reich : My Name Is
for 3 or more tape recorders, performers, and audience
| | M : | Lukas Foss : Baroque Variations
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski :
Second Symphony
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto andaluz
for four guitars and orchestra
| | M : | Samuel Barber : Agnus Dei
for choir
| | ST : | Dr. Christiaan N. Barnard and team of South African surgeons perform world's first successful human heart transplant — patient dies 18 days later | | PH : | Israeli and Arab forces battle; six-day war ends with Israel occupying Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip, and east bank of Suez Canal | | PH : | Biafra secedes from Nigeria | | PH : | Democratic Yemen admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Zoltán Kodály dies 6 March | | LT : | John Masefield dies 12 May | | VA : | Edward Hopper dies | | VA : | René Magritte dies |
|
|
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Kurzwellen
(electronic work)
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Stimmung
| | M : | Steve Reich : Pendulum Music
for 3 or more microphones, amplifiers, loudspeakers, and performers
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : e. e. cummings is der Dichter
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Domaines
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Livre pour cordes
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Relata II
for orchestra
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Down by the Greenwood Side
| | PH : | Martin Luther King, Jr., civil rights leader, is slain in Memphis | | PH : | Czechoslovakia is invaded by Russians and Warsaw Pact forces to crush liberal regime | | PH : | Equatorial Guinea, Mauritius and Swaziland admitted to the United Nations | | VA : | Marcel Duchamp dies |
|
|
| | ST : | ARPANET, the precursor of the Internet, created | | PH : | Yasser Arafat becomes leader of the PLO | | LT : | Richard Wilbur: Walking to Sleep: New Poems and Translations | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Hymnen
(includes tape)
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Fresco
| | M : | John Cage : HPSCHD
(with Lejaren Hiller)
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Meditations sur le mystere de la Sainte Trinité
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : La transfiguration de Notre Seigneur Jesus Christ
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Concerto, for Orchestra
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Muzyka staropolska
('Old Polish Music'), for brass and strings
| | M : | William Turner Walton : Film Score, Battle of Britain
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.14
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto madrigal
for two guitars and orchestra
| | PH : | Richard M. Nixon is inaugurated 37th president of the U.S. | | ST : | Apollo 11 astronauts—Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., and Michael Collins—take man's first walk on moon | | DL : | Woodstock Festival | | M : | Frank Loesser dies 28 June |
|
|
| | PH : | Rhodesia severs last tie with British crown and declares itself a racially segregated republic | | PH : | Biafra surrenders after 32-month fight for independence from Nigeria | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Mantra
(electronic work)
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Éclats/Multiples
an extension of Éclats
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Signals
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Concerto
for cello
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : String Quartet
No.3
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Phonemena
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Company
| | PH : | Senate repeals Gulf of Tonkin resolution | | PH : | U.S. troops invade Cambodia | | PH : | Fiji admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Trans
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : ....explosante-fixe
| | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich : Symphony
No.15
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Mass
for singers, players and dancers
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Follies
| | PH : | UN seats Communist China and expels Nationalist China | | PH : | Twenty-sixth Amendment to U.S. Constitution lowers voting age to 18 | | PH : | Bahrain, Bhutan, Oman, Qatar and United Arab Emirates admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Igor Stravinsky dies 6 April |
|
|
| | LT : | Theodore Roethke: Straw for the Fire, From the Notebooks of Theodore Roethke published (posth.) | | LT : | Howard Nemerov: Reflections on Poetry and Poetics | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Ylem
(electronic work)
| | M : | Steve Reich :
Clapping Music, for 2 musicians clapping
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : The Triumph of Time
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Symphony
No.2, 'Copernican'
| | PH : | President Nixon makes unprecedented eight-day visit to Communist China and meets with Mao Zedong | | PH : | Britain takes over direct rule of Northern Ireland in bid for peace | | PH : | Start of the Watergate scandal | | PH : | Eleven Israeli athletes at Olympic Games in Munich are killed after eight members of
an Arab terrorist group invade Olympic Village; five guerrillas and one policeman are also killed | | PH : | "Christmas bombing" of North Vietnam | | VA : | Frank E. Schoonover dies | | LT : | Marianne Moore dies 5 February | | VA : | Maurits Cornelis Escher dies |
|
|
| | M : | Steve Reich :
Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ
| | M : | Benjamin Britten : Opera, Death in Venice
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, A Little Night Music
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : The Mask of Orpheus
| | PH : | Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark enter European Economic Community | | DL : | Supreme Court rules on Roe v. Wade | | PH : | Vietnam War ends with signing of peace pacts | | PH : | Greek military junta abolishes monarchy and proclaims republic | | PH : | U.S. bombing of Cambodia ends, marking official halt to 12 years of combat activity in Southeast Asia | | PH : | Chile's Marxist president, Salvadore Allende, is overthrown | | PH : | Fourth and biggest Arab-Israeli conflict begins as Egyptian and Syrian forces attack Israel as Jews mark Yom Kippur, holiest day in their calendar | | PH : | Bahamas, Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic admitted to the United Nations | | VA : | Pablo Ruiz y Picasso dies | | LT : | Wystan Hugh Auden dies 28 September |
|
|
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Inori
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Des canyons aux étoiles
| | PH : | House Judiciary Committee adopts three articles of impeachment charging
President Nixon with obstruction of justice, failure to uphold laws, and
refusal to produce material subpoenaed by the committee; Richard M. Nixon announces he
will resign the next day, the first president to do so - Vice President Gerald R. Ford
of Michigan is sworn in as 38th president of the U.S. on 9 August | | PH : | Bangladesh, Grenada and Guinea-Bissau admitted to the United Nations | | VA : | David Alfaro Siqueiros dies | | M : | Darius Milhaud dies 22 June |
|
|
| | VA : | Marc Chagall : Rest | | M : | Pierre Boulez : Rituel in memoriam Maderna
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : A Mirror on Which to Dwell
for Soprano and 9 players
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Les espaces du sommeil
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Reflections
for piano and synthesized tape
| | PH : | Pol Pot and Khmer Rouge take over Cambodia | | ST : | Apollo and Soyuz spacecraft take off for U.S.-Soviet link-up in space | | PH : | Cape Verde, Comoros, Mozambique, Papua New Guinea, Sao Tome and Principe, Suriname and admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Dmitry Shostakovich dies 9 August |
|
|
| | LT : | Richard Wilbur: The Mind-Reader: New Poems | | LT : | Richard Wilbur: The Mind-Reader: New Poems | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Amour
| | M : | Steve Reich :
Music for Eighteen Musicians
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : A Symphony of Three Orchestras
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Concerti
for Violin, Small Orchestra, and Tape
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Symphony
No.3 'Symphony of Sorrowful Songs'
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Songfest
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Pacific Overtures
| | DL : | U.S. celebrates bicentennial | | ST : | Mysterious disease that eventually claims 29 lives strikes American Legion convention in Philadelphia "Legionnaire's Disease" | | PH : | Jimmy Carter elected U.S. president | | PH : | Angola, Samoa and Seychelles admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Benjamin Britten dies 4 December |
|
|
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: Collected Poems | | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Opera, Sirius
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Opera, Samstag aus Licht
| | M : | Karlheinz Stockhausen : Opera, Donnerstag aus Licht
| | M : | John Cage : Telephones and Birds
(3 performers, telephone announcements and recordings)
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Messagesquisse
| | ST : | Scientists report using bacteria in lab to make insulin | | PH : | Deng Xiaoping, purged Chinese leader, restored to power as "Gang of Four" is expelled from Communist Party | | PH : | Nuclear-proliferation pact, curbing spread of nuclear weapons, signed by 15 countries, including U.S. and U.S.S.R | | PH : | Djibouti and Viet Nam admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: Figures of Thought | | M : | John Cage : Variations
VIII, for no music or recordings
| | M : | John Cage : Pools,
for conch shells and tape
| | M : | John Cage : l treno,
3 happenings for prepared trains
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Syringa
a Cantata for Soprano and Small Ensemble
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto pastoral
for flute and orchestra
| | PH : | Rhodesia's prime minister Ian D. Smith and three black leaders agree on transfer to black majority rule | | PH : | U.S. Senate approves Panama Canal neutrality treaty; votes treaty to turn canal over to Panama by year 2000 | | DL : | Supreme Court, in Bakke case, bars quota systems in college admissions but affirms constitutionality of programs giving advantage to minorities | | RP : | Pope Paul VI, dies; new Pope, John Paul I, dies after only 34 days in office; succeeded by Karol Cardinal Wojtyla of Poland as John Paul II | | PH : | "Framework for Peace" in Middle East signed by Egypt's president Anwar Sadat and Israeli premier Menachem Begin after 13-day conference at Camp David led by President Carter | | RP : | Jim Jones's followers commit mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana | | PH : | Dominica and Solomon Islands admitted to the United Nations | | VA : | Norman Rockwell dies |
|
|
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: By Al Lebowitz's Pool | | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : A Solo Requiem
for soprano and 2 pianos
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Sweeny Todd
| | ST : | Oil spills pollute ocean waters in Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico | | PH : | Vietnam and Vietnam-backed Cambodian insurgents announce fall of Phnom Penh, Cambodian capital, and collapse of Pol Pot regime | | PH : | Shah leaves Iran after year of turmoil; revolutionary forces under Muslim leader, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, take over | | ST : | Nuclear power plant accident at Three Mile Island, Pa., releases radiation | | PH : | Carter and Brezhnev sign SALT II agreement | | PH : | Nicaraguan president Gen. Anastasio Somoza Debayle resigns and flees to Miami; Sandinistas form government | | PH : | Iranian militants seize U.S. embassy in Teheran and hold hostages | | PH : | Soviet invasion of Afghanistan stirs world protests | | PH : | Saint Lucia admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: Sentences | | M : | Pierre Boulez : Notations I-IV
based on the earlier Douze Notations
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Concerto
for oboe and harp
| | DL : | Smallpox eradicated | | PH : | 8-year Iran-Iraq war begins | | PH : | Ronald Reagan elected president in Republican sweep | | DL : | Mount St. Helens Erupts | | DL : | Ted Turner Establishes CNN | | PH : | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines as well as Zimbabwe admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | M : | Steve Reich : Tehillim :
Psalms for 4 sopranos, percussion, woodwinds, electric organ and string quartet
| | M : | John Cage :
Thirty Pieces for Five Orchestras
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : The Head of the Bed
for voice and chamber ensemble
| | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo : Concierto como un divertimento
('Concerto like a Divertimento'), for cello and orchestra
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Merrily We Roll Along
| | ST : | New Plague Identified as AIDS | | DL : | Personal Computers (PC) Introduced by IBM | | PH : | Antigua and Barbuda, Belize and Vanuatu admitted to the United Nations | | PH : | Antigua and Barbuda, Belize and Vanuatu admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Samuel Barber dies 23 January |
|
|
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : Lullabies and Dances
for violin and piano
| | PH : | Falkland Islands Invaded by Argentina | | M : | Carl Orff dies 29 March | | LT : | Archibald MacLeish dies 20 April |
|
|
| | M : | Steve Reich :
Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices, and Organ
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Opera, Saint François d'Assise
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski : Third Symphony
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Morephonemena
for 12 unaccompanied voices
| | PH : | Reagan announces defence plan called Star Wars | | PH : | Saint Kitts and Nevis admitted to the United Nations | | M : | William Turner Walton dies 8 May |
|
|
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: Inside the Onion | | M : | Steve Reich : Desert Music
for orchestra
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Opera, The Mask of Orpheus
| | M : | Olivier Messiaen : Livre du saint sacrement
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Sunday in the Park with George
| | PH : | Indira Gandhi, India's Prime Minister, Killed by Two Bodyguards | | PH : | Brunei Darussalam admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | M : | Steve Reich : New York Counterpoint
for clarinet and tape
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Penthode
| | M : | Milton Byron Babbitt : Concerto
for Piano and Orchestra
| | DL : | Famine in Ethiopia | | ST : | Hole in the Ozone Layer Discovered | | PH : | Mikhail Gorbachev Calls for Glasnost and Perestroika | | VA : | Marc Chagall dies 28 March | | LT : | Robert Graves dies 7 December |
|
|
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Dérives I
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Earth Dances
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : String Quartet
No. 4
| | ST : | Chernobyl Nuclear Accident | | PH : | Iran-Contra Scandal Unfolds | | ST : | U.S.S.R. Launches Mir Space Station | | PH : | U.S. Bombs Libya | | VA : | Georgia O'Keeffe dies |
|
|
| | LT : | Howard Nemerov: War Stories | | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Into the Woods
| | ST : | DNA First Used to Convict Criminals | | DL : | New York Stock Exchange Suffers Huge Drop on "Black Monday" | | VA : | Andy Warhol dies |
|
|
| | LT : | Richard Wilbur: New and Collected Poems | | M : | Steve Reich : Different Trains
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Répons
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Le visage nuptial
(includes 2 solo voices, chorus, and full orchestra)
| | M : | Henryk Mikolaj Górecki : String Quartet
No.1, 'Already it is Dark'
| | M : | Leonard Bernstein : Concerto, for orchestra
|
|
|
| | M : | Pierre Boulez : Dérives II
| | PH : | Berlin Wall Falls | | VA : | Salvador Dali dies | | M : | Virgil Garnett Thomson dies 30 September |
|
|
| | M : | Elliott Cook Carter : Violin Concerto
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Assassins
| | ST : | Hubble Telescope Launched Into Space | | PH : | Lech Walesa Becomes First President of Poland | | PH : | Liechtenstein and Namibia admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Ernst Bacon dies 16 March | | M : | Leonard Bernstein dies 15 October | | M : | Aaron Copland dies 2 December |
|
|
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Opera, Gawain: The Green Knight
| | PH : | Collapse of the Soviet Union | | PH : | Operation Desert Storm | | DL : | South Africa Repeals Apartheid Laws | | PH : | Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Estonia, Federated States of Micronesia, Latvia, Lithuania, Marshall Islands and Republic of Korea admitted to the United Nations | | LT : | Howard Nemerov dies 5 July |
|
|
| | M : | Andre Previn : Song cycle, Honey and Rue
| | PH : | Official End of the Cold War | | PH : | Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, San Marino, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Olivier Messiaen dies 27 April | | VA : | Francis Bacon dies | | M : | John Cage dies 12 August |
|
|
| | M : | Andre Previn : Sonata
written for Yo-Yo Ma
| | M : | Witold Lutoslawski :
Fourth Symphony
| | PH : | Andorra, Czech Republic, Eritrea, Monaco, Slovak Republic and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | M : | Harrison Birtwistle : Opera, The Second Mrs Kong
| | M : | Stephen Sondheim : Music and Lyrics, Passion
| | ST : | Channel Tunnel Opens, Connecting Britain and France | | PH : | Nelson Mandela Elected President of South Africa | | PH : | Rwandan Genocide Begins | | PH : | Palau admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Witold Lutoslawski dies 7 February |
|
|
| | DL : | Ebola Virus Spreads in Zaire |
|
|
| | PH : | Taliban overthrows Afghan government |
|
|
| | ST : | Hale-Bopp Comet Visible | | ST : | Scientists Clone Sheep | | VA : | Roy Lichtenstein dies |
|
|
| | M : | Andre Previn : Opera, A Streetcar Named Desire
|
|
|
| | PH : | NATO Attacks Serbia | | PH : | Kiribati, Nauru and Tonga admitted to the United Nations | | M : | Joaquín Rodrigo dies 6 July |
|
|
| | PH : | Tuvalu, Serbia and Montenegro admitted to the United Nations |
|
|
| | PH : | Switzerland and Timor-Leste admitted to the United Nations |
|
